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#+TITLE: Literature Review
#+bibliography: literature_review.bib
#+PROPERTY: header-args:bibtex :tangle literature_review.bib :comments no
Submerged Sonic Sledhammers Sharply Shape Synthesized Stellite Specimens, Showcasing Superior Strength
# Introduction Stuff
# The commercial wear resistant Stellite alloys are derived from the Co–Cr–W–C family first investigated by Elwood Haynes in early 1900s [1].
# Stellites alloys2 are one of the most widely used cobalt based alloys for manufacturing wear resistant hard facings or components in the power generation, marine, aerospace, and oil and gas industries. # They are often used in lubrication-starved, high temperature, or corrosive environments [1–7].
# id:Crook199427
# id:Antony198352
# id:Wang2003535
# id:Ashworth1999243
# id:Dawson1990977
# id:DeBrouwer1966141
# throw in some # id:kracke2010superalloys and make it good.
* Tungsten carbide thermal spray coating review
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Berger2015350,
author = {Berger, Lutz-Michael},
title = {Application of hardmetals as thermal spray coatings},
year = {2015},
journal = {International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials},
volume = {49},
number = {1},
pages = {350 – 364},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2014.09.029},
author_keywords = {Abrasion wear; Coating characterization; Cr<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>; Feedstock powders; Hardmetal coatings; HVAF spraying; HVOF spraying; Oxidation; Plasma spraying; Thermal spraying; TiC; WC},
note = {Cited by: 224}
}
#+END_SRC
* Different thermal spray coating processes
The different thermal spray processes can be characterized in terms of particle velocity and process temperature
| Spray process | Flame temperature | Particle velocity | SOD | Width of spray footprint |
| FS | 3000 | 150 | 120-250 | 50 |
| TWA | 6000 | 240 | 50-170 | 40 |
| D-Gun | 4500 | 750 | 100 | <25 |
| APS | 10000 | 350 | 60-130 | 20-40 |
| LPPS | 15000 | 600 | 300-400 | 50-60 |
| HVOF | 3400 | 650 | 150-300 | <20 |
| CS | 1000 | 800 | 10-50 | <5 |
* Hardness - Porosity - Technologies Graph
Units of hardness have been normalized to GPa and only cross-sectional microhardness tests have been considered, with differences in test method (vickers vs Knoop) assumed to be negligible.
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Ang20131170,
author = {Ang, Andrew Siao Ming and Sanpo, Noppakun and Sesso, Mitchell L. and Kim, Sun Yung and Berndt, Christopher C.},
title = {Thermal spray maps: Material genomics of processing technologies},
year = {2013},
journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology},
volume = {22},
number = {7},
pages = {1170 – 1183},
doi = {10.1007/s11666-013-9970-3},
author_keywords = {adhesion; data mining; elastic modulus; genomic analysis; hardness; property map; sliding wear; spray parameters; thermal spray},
note = {Cited by: 38}
}
#+END_SRC
* Data collection
Although thermal coatings have been produced for certain applications, there are certain material properties that are mutually dependent. These properties include
(i) porosity,
(ii) hardness,
(iii) adhesion,
(iv) elastic modulus,
(v) fracture toughness, and
(vi) the Poisson’s ratio of thermal spray coatings.
* ASTM standards
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@techreport{ASTMG32,
type = {Standard},
key = {ASTM G32-16(2021)},
month = {June},
year = {2021},
title = {Standard Test Method for Cavitation Erosion Using Vibratory Apparatus},
institution = {ASTM International}
}
#+END_SRC
* Flexing scopus access
The cavitation erosion of stellites has been investigated in experimental studies \cite{Wang2023, Szala2022741, Mitelea2022967, Liu2022, Sun2021, Szala2021, Zhang2021, Mutascu2019776, Kovalenko2019175, E201890, Ciubotariu2016154, Singh201487, Hattor2014257, Depczynski20131045, Singh2012498, Romo201216, Hattori20091954, Ding201797, Guo2016123, Ciubotariu201698}, along with investigations into cobalt-based alloys \cite{Lavigne2022, Hou2020, Liu2019, Zhang20191060, E2019246, Romero2019581, Romero2019518, Lei20119, Qin2011209, Ding200866, Feng2006558}.
** Lavigne2022 - Effect of binder nature and content on the cavitation erosion resistance of cemented carbides
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Lavigne2022,
author={Lavigne, O. and Cinca, N. and Ther, O. and Tarrés, E.},
title={Effect of binder nature and content on the cavitation erosion resistance of cemented carbides},
journal={International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials},
year={2022},
volume={109},
doi={10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2022.105978},
art_number={105978},
note={cited By 3},
document_type={Article},
source={Scopus},
}
#+END_SRC
** Hou2020 - Cavitation erosion mechanisms in Co-based coatings exposed to seawater
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Hou2020,
author={Hou, G. and Ren, Y. and Zhang, X. and Dong, F. and An, Y. and Zhao, X. and Zhou, H. and Chen, J.},
title={Cavitation erosion mechanisms in Co-based coatings exposed to seawater},
journal={Ultrasonics Sonochemistry},
year={2020},
volume={60},
doi={10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.104799},
art_number={104799},
note={cited By 31},
document_type={Article},
source={Scopus},
}
#+END_SRC
** Liu2019 - Effects of cobalt content on the microstructure, mechanical properties and cavitation erosion resistance of HVOF sprayed coatings
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Liu2019,
author={Liu, J. and Bai, X. and Chen, T. and Yuan, C.},
title={Effects of cobalt content on the microstructure, mechanical properties and cavitation erosion resistance of HVOF sprayed coatings},
journal={Coatings},
year={2019},
volume={9},
number={9},
doi={10.3390/coatings9090534},
art_number={534},
note={cited By 29},
document_type={Article},
source={Scopus},
}
#+END_SRC
** Zhang20191060 - A Comparative Study of Cavitation Erosion Resistance of Several HVOF-Sprayed Coatings in Deionized Water and Artificial Seawater
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Zhang20191060,
author={Zhang, H. and Gong, Y. and Chen, X. and McDonald, A. and Li, H.},
title={A Comparative Study of Cavitation Erosion Resistance of Several HVOF-Sprayed Coatings in Deionized Water and Artificial Seawater},
journal={Journal of Thermal Spray Technology},
year={2019},
volume={28},
number={5},
pages={1060-1071},
doi={10.1007/s11666-019-00869-x},
note={cited By 29},
document_type={Article},
source={Scopus},
}
#+END_SRC
** E2019246 - Comparison of the cavitation erosion and slurry erosion behavior of cobalt-based and nickel-based coatings
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{E2019246,
author={E, M. and Hu, H.X. and Guo, X.M. and Zheng, Y.G.},
title={Comparison of the cavitation erosion and slurry erosion behavior of cobalt-based and nickel-based coatings},
journal={Wear},
year={2019},
volume={428-429},
pages={246-257},
doi={10.1016/j.wear.2019.03.022},
note={cited By 49},
document_type={Article},
source={Scopus},
}
#+END_SRC
** Lei20119 - Cavitation erosion resistance of Co alloy coating on 304 stainless steel by TIG cladding
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Lei20119,
author={Lei, Y. and Li, T. and Qin, M. and Chen, X. and Ye, Y.},
title={Cavitation erosion resistance of Co alloy coating on 304 stainless steel by TIG cladding},
journal={Hanjie Xuebao/Transactions of the China Welding Institution},
year={2011},
volume={32},
number={7},
pages={9-12},
note={cited By 4},
document_type={Article},
source={Scopus},
}
#+END_SRC
** Qin2011209 - Cavitation erosion behavior of a laser clad Co-based alloy on 17-4PH stainless steel
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Qin2011209,
author={Qin, C.-P. and Zheng, Y.-G.},
title={Cavitation erosion behavior of a laser clad Co-based alloy on 17-4PH stainless steel},
journal={Corrosion Science and Protection Technology},
year={2011},
volume={23},
number={3},
pages={209-213},
note={cited By 8},
document_type={Article},
source={Scopus},
}
#+END_SRC
** Ding200866 - Research on cavitation erosion resistance of spraying and fusing co-based and Ni-based coatings
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Ding200866,
author={Ding, Z.-X. and Wang, Q. and Chen, Z.-H. and Zhang, S.-Y. and Zhao, G.},
title={Research on cavitation erosion resistance of spraying and fusing co-based and Ni-based coatings},
journal={Hunan Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Hunan University Natural Sciences},
year={2008},
volume={35},
number={1},
pages={66-70},
note={cited By 0},
document_type={Article},
source={Scopus},
}
#+END_SRC
** Feng2006558 - Cavitation behavior of a Co-base alloy
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Feng2006558,
author={Feng, L.-H. and Lei, Y.-C. and Zhao, X.-J.},
title={Cavitation behavior of a Co-base alloy},
journal={Corrosion and Protection},
year={2006},
volume={27},
number={11},
pages={558-560},
note={cited By 0},
document_type={Article},
source={Scopus},
}
#+END_SRC
* Flexing scopus access
Material
Test Standard
Test Type
Test Liquid
Density (× 10^3 kg/m^3)
Viscosity (mPa s)
Ph
Frequency (kHz)
Peak to Peak Amplitude (µm)
Temperature (°C)
Horn Tip/Specimen Gap (mm)
Medium Immersed Depth (mm)
Test Duration (min)
Incubation Period (min)
Final Mass Loss, (mg)
Cumulative Mass Loss Rate, mg/min
Mean Depth Erosion (MDE), µm
MDPRmax (µm/min)
Volume loss (mm^3)
Eroded Area (mm^2)
Input power (W)
Reference
\cite{Wang2023}
\cite{Szala2022741}
\cite{Mitelea2022967}
\cite{Liu2022}
\cite{Sun2021}
\cite{Szala2021}
\cite{Zhang2021}
\cite{Mutascu2019776}
\cite{Kovalenko2019175}
\cite{E201890}
\cite{Ding201797}
\cite{Guo2016123}
\cite{Ciubotariu2016154}
\cite{Singh201487}
\cite{Hattor2014257}
\cite{Depczynski20131045}
\cite{Singh2012498}
\cite{Romo201216}
\cite{Hattori20091954}
** Cinca202115 - Cavitation erosion characterization of cemented carbides
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@CONFERENCE{Cinca202115,
author={Cinca, N. and Lavigne, O. and Ther, O. and Tarrés, E.},
title={Cavitation erosion characterization of cemented carbides},
journal={Advances in Tungsten, Refractory and Hardmaterials<6C>2021 - Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Tungsten, Refractory and Hardmaterials},
year={2021},
pages={15-31},
note={cited By 0},
document_type={Conference Paper},
source={Scopus},
}
#+END_SRC
** Ciubotariu2016154 - Experimental study regarding the cavitation and corrosion resistance of stellite 6 and self-fluxing remelted coatings
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Ciubotariu2016154,
author={Ciubotariu, C.-R. and Secosan, E. and Marginean, G. and Frunzaverde, D. and Campian, V.C.},
title={Experimental study regarding the cavitation and corrosion resistance of stellite 6 and self-fluxing remelted coatings},
journal={Strojniski Vestnik/Journal of Mechanical Engineering},
year={2016},
volume={62},
number={3},
pages={154-162},
doi={10.5545/sv-jme.2015.2663},
note={cited By 12},
document_type={Article},
source={Scopus},
}
#+END_SRC
** Ciubotariu201698 - Optimization of the laser remelting process for HVOF-sprayed Stellite 6 wear resistant coatings
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Ciubotariu201698,
author={Ciubotariu, C.-R. and Frunzəverde, D. and Mərginean, G. and Serban, V.-A. and Bîrdeanu, A.-V.},
title={Optimization of the laser remelting process for HVOF-sprayed Stellite 6 wear resistant coatings},
journal={Optics and Laser Technology},
year={2016},
volume={77},
pages={98-103},
doi={10.1016/j.optlastec.2015.09.005},
note={cited By 44},
document_type={Review},
source={Scopus},
}
#+END_SRC
** Depczynski20131045 - Properties of elektro sparc deposited stellite coating on mild steel
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@CONFERENCE{Depczynski20131045,
author={Depczynski, W. and Radek, N.},
title={Properties of elektro sparc deposited stellite coating on mild steel},
journal={METAL 2013 - 22nd International Conference on Metallurgy and Materials, Conference Proceedings},
year={2013},
pages={1045-1050},
note={cited By 3},
document_type={Conference Paper},
source={Scopus},
}
#+END_SRC
** E201890 - Microstructure and cavitation erosion resistance of cobalt-based and nickel-based coatings
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{E201890,
author={E, M. and Hu, H.-X. and Guo, X.-M. and Zheng, Y.-G. and Bai, L.-L.},
title={Microstructure and cavitation erosion resistance of cobalt-based and nickel-based coatings},
journal={Cailiao Rechuli Xuebao/Transactions of Materials and Heat Treatment},
year={2018},
volume={39},
number={1},
pages={90-96},
doi={10.13289/j.issn.1009-6264.2017-0357},
note={cited By 7},
document_type={Article},
source={Scopus},
}
#+END_SRC
** Garzon2005145 - Cavitation erosion resistance of a high temperature gas nitrided duplex stainless steel in substitute ocean water
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Garzon2005145,
author={Garzón, C.M. and Thomas, H. and Dos Santos, J.F. and Tschiptschin, A.P.},
title={Cavitation erosion resistance of a high temperature gas nitrided duplex stainless steel in substitute ocean water},
journal={Wear},
year={2005},
volume={259},
number={1-6},
pages={145-153},
doi={10.1016/j.wear.2005.02.005},
note={cited By 33},
document_type={Conference Paper},
source={Scopus},
}
#+END_SRC
** Guo2016123 - Influence of scanning velocity on microstructure and properties of Co-based alloy coatings by diode laser cladding
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Guo2016123,
author={Guo, S. and Zhou, G. and Guo, X. and Yi, Y. and Yao, J.},
title={Influence of scanning velocity on microstructure and properties of Co-based alloy coatings by diode laser cladding},
journal={Jinshu Rechuli/Heat Treatment of Metals},
year={2016},
volume={41},
number={8},
pages={123-127},
doi={10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2016.08.028},
note={cited By 2},
document_type={Article},
source={Scopus},
}
#+END_SRC
** Hattor2014257 - Recent investigations on cavitation erosion at the university of fukui
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Hattor2014257,
author={Hattor, S.},
title={Recent investigations on cavitation erosion at the university of fukui},
journal={Fluid Mechanics and its Applications},
year={2014},
volume={106},
pages={257-282},
doi={10.1007/978-94-017-8539-6_11},
note={cited By 2},
document_type={Article},
source={Scopus},
}
#+END_SRC
** Hattori20091954 - Cavitation erosion resistance of stellite alloy weld overlays
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Hattori20091954,
author={Hattori, S. and Mikami, N.},
title={Cavitation erosion resistance of stellite alloy weld overlays},
journal={Wear},
year={2009},
volume={267},
number={11},
pages={1954-1960},
doi={10.1016/j.wear.2009.05.007},
note={cited By 68},
document_type={Article},
source={Scopus},
}
#+END_SRC
** Kovalenko2019175 - Erosion of co-cr-w alloy and coatings on its basis under cavitation in and
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Kovalenko2019175,
author={Kovalenko, V.I. and Klimenko, A.A. and Martynenko, L.I. and Marinin, V.G.},
title={Erosion of co-cr-w alloy and coatings on its basis under cavitation in and},
journal={Problems of Atomic Science and Technology},
year={2019},
volume={2019},
number={5},
pages={175-178},
note={cited By 0},
document_type={Article},
source={Scopus},
}
#+END_SRC
** Mutascu2019776 - Cavitation resistant layers from stellite alloy deposited by TIG welding on duplex stainless steel
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@CONFERENCE{Mutascu2019776,
author={Mutaşcu, D. and Mitelea, I. and Bordeaşu, I. and Buzdugan, D. and Franţ, F.},
title={Cavitation resistant layers from stellite alloy deposited by TIG welding on duplex stainless steel},
journal={METAL 2019 - 28th International Conference on Metallurgy and Materials, Conference Proceedings},
year={2019},
pages={776-780},
note={cited By 1},
document_type={Conference Paper},
source={Scopus},
}
#+END_SRC
** Romo201216 - Cavitation and high-velocity slurry erosion resistance of welded Stellite 6 alloy
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Romo201216,
author={Romo, S.A. and Santa, J.F. and Giraldo, J.E. and Toro, A.},
title={Cavitation and high-velocity slurry erosion resistance of welded Stellite 6 alloy},
journal={Tribology International},
year={2012},
volume={47},
pages={16-24},
doi={10.1016/j.triboint.2011.10.003},
note={cited By 68},
document_type={Article},
source={Scopus},
}
#+END_SRC
** Singh2012498 - Cladding of tungsten carbide and stellite using high power diode laser to improve the surface properties of stainless steel
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Singh2012498,
author={Singh, R. and Tiwari, S.K. and Mishra, S.K.},
title={Cladding of tungsten carbide and stellite using high power diode laser to improve the surface properties of stainless steel},
journal={Advanced Materials Research},
year={2012},
volume={585},
pages={498-501},
doi={10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.585.498},
note={cited By 2},
document_type={Conference Paper},
source={Scopus},
}
#+END_SRC
** Singh201487 - Laser cladding of Stellite 6 on stainless steel to enhance solid particle erosion and cavitation resistance
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Singh201487,
author={Singh, R. and Kumar, D. and Mishra, S.K. and Tiwari, S.K.},
title={Laser cladding of Stellite 6 on stainless steel to enhance solid particle erosion and cavitation resistance},
journal={Surface and Coatings Technology},
year={2014},
volume={251},
pages={87-97},
doi={10.1016/j.surfcoat.2014.04.008},
note={cited By 120},
document_type={Article},
source={Scopus},
}
#+END_SRC
** Sun2021 - Comparative Study on Cavitation-Resistance and Mechanism of Stellite-6 Coatings Prepared with Supersonic Laser Deposition and Laser Cladding
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Sun2021,
author={Sun, J. and Yan, Y. and Li, B. and Shi, Q. and Xu, T. and Zhang, Q. and Yao, J.},
title={Comparative Study on Cavitation-Resistance and Mechanism of Stellite-6 Coatings Prepared with Supersonic Laser Deposition and Laser Cladding},
journal={Zhongguo Jiguang/Chinese Journal of Lasers},
year={2021},
volume={48},
number={10},
doi={10.3788/CJL202148.1002118},
art_number={1002118},
note={cited By 6},
document_type={Article},
source={Scopus},
}
#+END_SRC
** Wang2023 - Cavitation-Erosion behavior of laser cladded Low-Carbon Cobalt-Based alloys on 17-4PH stainless steel
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Wang2023,
author={Wang, L. and Mao, J. and Xue, C. and Ge, H. and Dong, G. and Zhang, Q. and Yao, J.},
title={Cavitation-Erosion behavior of laser cladded Low-Carbon Cobalt-Based alloys on 17-4PH stainless steel},
journal={Optics and Laser Technology},
year={2023},
volume={158},
doi={10.1016/j.optlastec.2022.108761},
art_number={108761},
note={cited By 5},
document_type={Article},
source={Scopus},
}
#+END_SRC
* Review paper :noexport:
** Franc2004265 - Fundamentals of Cavitation :noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Franc2004265
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Franc2004265,
author={Franc, J.P. and Michel, J.M.},
journal={Fundamentals of Cavitation},
year={2004},
pages={265},
note={cited By 959},
}
#+END_SRC
Chapter 12 does explain cavitation erosion a bit :D
** GEVARI2020115065 - Direct and indirect thermal applications of hydrodynamic and acoustic cavitation: A review :noexport:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@article{GEVARI2020115065,
title = {Direct and indirect thermal applications of hydrodynamic and acoustic cavitation: A review},
journal = {Applied Thermal Engineering},
volume = {171},
pages = {115065},
year = {2020},
issn = {1359-4311},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115065},
author = {Moein Talebian Gevari and Taher Abbasiasl and Soroush Niazi and Morteza Ghorbani and Ali Koşar},
keywords = {Hydrodynamic cavitation, Acoustic cavitation, Heat transfer enhancement, Water treatment, Food industry},
abstract = {The phase change phenomenon in fluids as a result of low local pressure under a critical value is known as cavitation. Acoustic wave propagation or hydrodynamic pressure drop of the working fluid are the main reasons for inception of this phenomenon. Considering the released energy from the collapsing cavitation bubbles as a reliable source has led to its implementation to different fields, namely, heat transfer, surface cleaning and fouling, water treatment, food industry, chemical reactions, energy harvesting. A considerable amount of energy in the mentioned industries is required for thermal applications. Cavitation could serve for minimizing the energy demand and optimizing the processes. Thus, the energy efficiency of the systems could be significantly enhanced. This review article focuses on the direct and indirect thermal applications of hydrodynamic and acoustic cavitation. Relevant studies with emerging applications are discussed, while developments in cavitation, which have given rise to thermal applications during the last decade, are also included in this review.}
}
#+END_SRC
** Dawson1990977 - P/M cobalt-base wear-resistant alloys :noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Dawson1990977
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Dawson1990977,
author={Dawson, R.J. and Foley, E.M.},
title={P/M cobalt-base wear-resistant alloys},
journal={ASM Handbook},
year={1990},
volume={1},
pages={977-980},
note={cited By 5},
}
#+END_SRC
** Non-academic sources :noexport:
*** [#A] kracke2010superalloys - Superalloys, the most successful alloy system of modern times-past, present and future :noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: kracke2010superalloys
:YEAR: 2010
:END:
Great introduction to the history of superalloys. Gives much needed context.
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@inproceedings{kracke2010superalloys,
title={Superalloys, the most successful alloy system of modern times-past, present and future},
author={Kracke, Art and Allvac, A},
booktitle={Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Superalloy},
volume={718},
pages={13--50},
year={2010}
}
#+END_SRC
* Cavitation Introduction
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@book{knapp1970cavitation,
title={Cavitation},
author={Knapp, R.T. and Daily, J.W. and Hammitt, F.G.},
lccn={lc77096428},
series={Engineering societies monographs},
url={https://books.google.ae/books?id=T-hRAAAAMAAJ},
year={1970},
publisher={McGraw-Hill}
}
@book{brennen1995cavitation,
title={Cavitation and Bubble Dynamics},
author={Brennen, C.E.},
isbn={9780195094091},
lccn={94018365},
series={Oxford engineering science series},
url={https://books.google.ae/books?id=vYiUO0RlC4UC},
year={1995},
publisher={Oxford University Press}
}
@article{Lauterborn_Bolle_1975,
title={Experimental investigations of cavitation-bubble collapse in the neighbourhood of a solid boundary},
volume={72},
DOI={10.1017/S0022112075003448},
number={2},
journal={Journal of Fluid Mechanics },
author={Lauterborn, W. and Bolle, H.},
year={1975},
pages={391–399 }
}
@article{karimi1986cavitation,
title={Cavitation erosion of materials},
author={Karimi, A and Martin, JL},
journal={International Metals Reviews},
volume={31},
number={1},
pages={1--26},
year={1986},
publisher={SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England}
}
@article{Pereira1998,
author = {Pereira, F. and Avellan, F. and Dupont, Ph.},
title = "{Prediction of Cavitation Erosion: An Energy Approach}",
journal = {Journal of Fluids Engineering},
volume = {120},
number = {4},
pages = {719-727},
year = {1998},
month = {12},
abstract = "{The objective is to define a prediction and transposition model for cavitation erosion. Experiments were conducted to determine the energy spectrum associated with a leading edge cavitation. Two fundamental parameters have been measured on a symmetrical hydrofoil for a wide range of flow conditions: the volume of every transient vapor cavity and its respective rate of production. The generation process of transient vapor cavities is ruled by a Strouhal-like law related to the cavity size. The analysis of the vapor volume data demonstrated that vapor vortices can be assimilated to spherical cavities. Results are valid for both the steady and unsteady cavitation behaviors, this latter being peculiar besides due to the existence of distinct volumes produced at specific shedding rates. The fluid energy spectrum is formulated and related to the flow parameters. Comparison with the material deformation energy spectrum shows a remarkable proportionality relationship defined upon the collapse efficiency coefficient. The erosive power term, formerly suggested as the ground component of the prediction model, is derived taking into account the damaging threshold energy of the material. An erosive efficiency coefficient is introduced on this basis that allows to quantify the erosive potential of a cavitation situation for a given material. A formula for localization of erosion is proposed that completes the prediction model. Finally, a procedure is described for geometrical scale and flow velocity transpositions.}",
issn = {0098-2202},
doi = {10.1115/1.2820729},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2820729},
}
@article{XIONG2022105899,
title = {Quantitative evaluation of the microjet velocity and cavitation erosion on a copper plate produced by a spherical cavity focused transducer at the high hydrostatic pressure},
journal = {Ultrasonics Sonochemistry},
volume = {82},
pages = {105899},
year = {2022},
issn = {1350-4177},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105899},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350417721004417},
author = {Jiupeng Xiong and Yalu Liu and Chenghai Li and Yufeng Zhou and Faqi Li},
keywords = {Multi-bubble cavitation, Microjet velocity, High hydrostatic pressure, Inversion model, Cavitation corrosion intensity, Cavitation threshold},
}
@article{10.1115/1.4049933,
author = {Geng, Siyuan and Yao, Zhifeng and Zhong, Qiang and Du, Yuxin and Xiao, Ruofu and Wang, Fujun},
title = "{Propagation of Shock Wave at the Cavitation Bubble Expansion Stage Induced by a Nanosecond Laser Pulse}",
journal = {Journal of Fluids Engineering},
volume = {143},
number = {5},
pages = {051209},
year = {2021},
month = {03},
issn = {0098-2202},
doi = {10.1115/1.4049933},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4049933},
}
@article{doi:10.1126/science.253.5026.1397,
author = {Edward B. Flint and Kenneth S. Suslick },
title = {The Temperature of Cavitation},
journal = {Science},
volume = {253},
number = {5026},
pages = {1397-1399},
year = {1991},
doi = {10.1126/science.253.5026.1397},
URL = {https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.253.5026.1397},
eprint = {https://www.science.org/doi/pdf/10.1126/science.253.5026.1397},
abstract = {Ultrasonic irradiation of liquids causes acoustic cavitation: the formation, growth, and implosive collapse of bubbles. Bubble collapse during cavitation generates transient hot spots responsible for high-energy chemistry and emission of light. Determination of the temperatures reached in a cavitating bubble has remained a difficult experimental problem. As a spectroscopic probe of the cavitation event, sonoluminescence provides a solution. Sonoluminescence spectra from silicone oil were reported and analyzed. The observed emission came from excited state C2 (Swan band transitions, d3IIg—a3IIu), which has been modeled with synthetic spectra as a function of rotational and vibrational temperatures. From comparison of synthetic to observed spectra, the effective cavitation temperature was found to be 5075 ± 156 K.}}
#+END_SRC
*** Preece1979249 - Cavitation erosion
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Preece1979249
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@BOOK{Preece1979249,
author={Preece, C.M.},
title={Cavitation erosion.},
journal={IN: TREATISE ON MATERIALS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY},
year={1979},
volume={16 , Erosion, C.M. Preece (ed.), New York, U.S.A., Academic Press Inc., 1979},
pages={249-308},
note={cited By 133},
}
#+END_SRC
*** Hammitt1980 - Cavitation and multiphase flow phenomena
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Hammitt1980
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@BOOK{Hammitt1980,
author={Hammitt, F.G.},
title={Cavitation and multiphase flow phenomena.},
year={1980},
note={cited By 357},
}
#+END_SRC
*** Karimi19861 - Cavitation erosion of materials
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Karimi19861
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Karimi19861,
author={Karimi, A. and Martin, J.L.},
title={Cavitation erosion of materials},
journal={International Metals Reviews},
year={1986},
volume={31},
number={1},
pages={1-26},
doi={10.1179/imtr.1986.31.1.1},
note={cited By 325},
}
#+END_SRC
*** Lecoffre1999 - Cavitation-Bubble Trackes
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Lecoffre1999
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Lecoffre1999,
author={Lecoffre, Y.},
journal={Cavitation-Bubble Trackes},
year={1999},
note={cited By 1},
}
#+END_SRC
*** Hattori20041022 - Construction of database on cavitation erosion and analyses of carbon steel data
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Hattori20041022
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Hattori20041022,
author={Hattori, S. and Ishikura, R. and Zhang, Q.},
title={Construction of database on cavitation erosion and analyses of carbon steel data},
journal={Wear},
year={2004},
volume={257},
number={9-10},
pages={1022-1029},
doi={10.1016/j.wear.2004.07.002},
note={cited By 56},
}
#+END_SRC
*** Gould1970881 - Cavitation erosion of stellite and other metallic materials
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Gould1970881
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Gould1970881,
author={Gould, G.},
title={Cavitation erosion of stellite and other metallic materials},
journal={Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. Rain Erosion},
year={1970},
pages={881},
note={cited By 9},
}
#+END_SRC
** Deeper look into cavitation erosion
When a liquid is subject to ultrasound, tiny bubbles may occur and collapse.
High local pressure, temperature, and velocity fields are formed due to cavitation.
In an ultrasonic cavitation field, the acoustic energy can be divided into two parts:
- acoustic propagation energy $E_{pa}$
$E_{pa}$ is transmitted in the medium before dissipating into internal energy.
- cavitation energy $E_{ca}$
The energy absorbed by cavitation bubbles is converted into mechanical energy $E_{me}$
# The cavitation erosion phenomenon is the major problem confronting designers and users of high-speed hydrodynamic system. It occurs mostly in fluid-flow machinery, for example pumps, water turbines, marine propellers, also in devices in the chemical and petrochemical industries, in diesel engines and pipelines [1-7]. Cavitation erosion is a reason of a drop of efficiency, an increase of noise and a decrease of service life of the systems [2-4,6]. Therefore, an interest of investigations of materials resistant to cavitation erosion remains at high level from many years.
** Types of cavitation erosion experimental rigs
The types of experimental rigs used to examine cavitation erosion phenomena are outlined, with examples of each design. Particular emphasis has been placed on the designs detailed in the International ASTM Standards.
# Cavitation is a complex phenomenon, to which many investigations and publications have been devoted. The most important ones are the works of Knapp et al. [9], Brennen [6] Lauterbourn et al. [10-12] and the most recent one edited by Kim et al. [13].
# 9. Knapp R. T., Daily J. W., Hammit F.G.: Cavitation, McGraw-Hill, New York 1970.
# 6. Brennen Ch.E.: Cavitation and bubble Dynamics. Oxford University Press, New York, 1977.
# 10. Lauterborn W., Bolle H.: Experimental investigations of cavitation-bubble collapse in the neighbourhood of a solid boundary. J. Fluid Mech. 72, part 2 (1975) 391-399.
# 11. Lindau O., Lauterborn W.: Cinematographic observation of the collapse and rebound of a laser-produced cavitation bubble near a wall, J. Fluid Mech. (2003), vol. 479 327–348.
# 12. Philipp, A., Lauterborn, W.: Cavitation erosion by single laser-produced bubbles. J. Fluid Mech. 361 (1998) 75–116.
# 13. Kim K., Chahine G. L., Franc J.-P., Karimi A.: Advanced Experimental and Numerical Techniques for Cavitation Erosion Prediction. Kim K., Chahine G. L., Franc J.-P., Karimi A. [eds], Springer International Publishing, Dordrecht, 2014.
*** Experimental methods - ASTM G32
id:Chahine2018
# Great para, rephrase to not be sketchy
Many decades
of research have led to the development of a standardised protocol
for the characterisation of cavitation erosion which is embodied in
the ASTM Standard G32-2010 – Standard Test Method for Cavita-
tion Erosion Using Vibratory Apparatus [11]. As stated within its
Scope, this Standard addresses the production of cavitation dam-
age on a material surface through vibration of an appropriate spec-
imen at high frequency (20 kHz), whilst immersed in water.
Although it is acknowledged that the specific details of the mech-
anism for inducing surface damage may differ from that observed
for hydrodynamic flow, there are sufficient similarities in the dam-
age mechanism for it to be considered a good proxy in terms of
assessing the end-application cavitation erosion resistance of a
particular material.
In vibratory apparatus, cavitation is generated by high frequency oscillations of an ultrasonic horn. Depending on the location of the samples, there are two types of devices: the direct method in which a specimen is attached to a vibrating horn, and the indirect method in which a stationary specimen is located under the horn.
The vibratory apparatus has the advantage of performing repeatable cavitation tests in various liquids, including sea water or artificial sea water [21], blood [22] and liquids with solid particles
The ASTM G-32 Standard requires that the experimental rig consists of a cylindrical vessel containing the test liquid, horn, transducer and power supply.
- The depth of liquid in the cylindrical vessel shall be 100 ± 10 mm.
- The immersion depth of the specimen test surface shall be 12 ± 4 mm.
- The frequency of oscillation is required to be 20 ± 0.5 kHz
- The peak-to-peak displacement amplitude of the test surface of the specimen shall be 50 μm ±5 %.
Cyclic formation of very high and very low pressures, which generate high negative tension in the liquid. Depending on the location
This can be understood easily if one considers the acoustic field generated by the imposed amplitude motion of the tip of the horn given by:
$$X(t) = A cos(2 \pi f t)$$
$$ p = \rho c \dot{X} = - 2 \pi f \rho c A sin(2 \pi f t) $$
| $X(t)$ | vertical displacement of the tip of the horn at instant t |
| $A$ | amplitude of the vertical displacement of the tip |
| $f$ | frequency of the tip vibratory oscillations |
| $\rho$ | density of liquid |
| $c$ | sound speed of liquid |
Typically, the vibratory device operates at 20 kHz and the amplitude of the
horn tip motion, A, is maintained at 25 lm with the help of a bifilar microscope.
This gives for water
$$ p = -4.7 \times 10^6 sin(2 \pi f) Pa $$
Since the amplitude of the pressure oscillations is much larger than the ambient
pressure (actually 47 atmospheres), this results in pressure drops during the neg-
ative pulse cycle much below the critical pressure of most liquids
<<<<<<< HEAD
=======
**** Validation
***** IBANEZ20201486 - Cavitation-erosion measurements on engineering materials
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@article{IBANEZ20201486,
title = {Cavitation-erosion measurements on engineering materials},
journal = {Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal},
volume = {23},
number = {6},
pages = {1486-1498},
year = {2020},
issn = {2215-0986},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2020.06.001},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2215098620301981},
author = {I. Ibanez and B. Zeqiri and M. Hodnett and M.N. Frota},
keywords = {Cavitation erosion, Ultrasound, Cavitation sensor, Metrology, Engineering materials},
abstract = {The resistance of a material to cavitation erosion is assessed by measuring specimen weight change induced by the application of a high-power vibration horn close its surface. This paper describes a proof-of-concept study of a measurement technique for assessing the progression of cavitation erosion for commonly used engineering materials. UK National Physical Laboratory Cavitation Sensor enabled the generated acoustic signals produced by inertial cavitation collapse. Results suggest that acoustic emission monitoring shows promise as a tool which can be employed to quantitatively record the stability of the applied cavitation erosion stimulus.}
}
#+END_SRC
>>>>>>> f168b6de843516ed53dd50204774012238ac1068
**** Critique
***** Meged2005331 - Thermal control of the test liquid in vibratory cavitation erosion tests :noexport:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Meged2005331,
author = {Meged, Y.},
title = {Thermal control of the test liquid in vibratory cavitation erosion tests},
year = {2005},
journal = {Journal of Testing and Evaluation},
volume = {33},
number = {5},
pages = {331 – 339},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 1}
}
#+END_SRC
***** Meged2005150 - Evaluation of alternative erosion test methods :noexport:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Meged2005150,
author = {Meged, Y.},
title = {Evaluation of alternative erosion test methods},
year = {2005},
journal = {Journal of Testing and Evaluation},
volume = {33},
number = {3},
pages = {150 – 159},
doi = {10.1520/JTE12291},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 2}
}
#+END_SRC
***** Chahine2018 - Recommended procedures to test the resistance of materials to cavitation erosion :noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Chahine2018
:YEAR: 2018
:END:
Dude is the CEO of Dynaflow, might be worth listening to
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Chahine2018,
author = {Chahine, Georges L.},
title = {Recommended procedures to test the resistance of materials to cavitation erosion},
year = {2018},
journal = {Materials Performance and Characterization},
volume = {7},
number = {5},
doi = {10.1520/MPC20180086},
abstract = {Predicting cavitation erosion under full-scale operating conditions is difficult and relies on laboratory testing using accelerated methods such as ASTM G32-09, Standard Test Method for Cavitation Erosion Using Vibratory Apparatus, and ASTM G134-95, Standard Test Method for Erosion of Solid Materials by a Cavitating Liquid Jet. The main difficulty is that full-scale cavitation intensity is often unknown, and correlating cavitation field characteristics of the accelerated method and the full scale is not obvious. The problem is more acute for compliant polymeric coatings, used for protection or repair of parts subject to cavitation. Extensive testing of such materials shows that, unlike metallic surfaces, they are highly resistant to low-intensity cavitation but fail catastrophically when the intensity exceeds a certain threshold. Such behavior creates the risk of accepting a candidate coating for its resistance to cavitation if the coating was tested at a low cavitation intensity not representative of the application field conditions. This highlights the need to conduct tests with a range of cavitation intensities rather than a single intensity. This article uses results from extensive tests under various forms of cavitation to propose a generalized definition of cavitation intensity. It then presents data on the response of both metals and polymeric coatings to various levels of accelerated cavitation. A new method to test the coatings at varying cavitation intensities is then presented. Such tests provide maps of material resistance to different levels of cavitation and are helpful to make an informed decision. The tests also show that during cavitation exposure, the coatings are subjected not only to mechanical stress but also to significant heating, which dynamically modifies their properties during the exposure. Temperature rise in the coating when exposed to cavitation is directly connected to the cavitation intensity to which it is exposed, and this interaction needs to be considered. Copyright © 2018 by ASTM International,},
author_keywords = {Cavitation intensity; Coatings; Erosion; Heating; Testing; Weight loss},
keywords = {Coatings; Erosion; Heating; Polymers; Testing; Accelerated method; Cavitating liquid jet; Cavitation intensity; Material resistance; Operating condition; Polymeric coatings; Standard test method; Weight loss; Cavitation},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 1}
}
#+END_SRC
**** Measuring amplitude of sonotrode
The vibration amplitude of the sonotrode is usually not linearly proportional to the power, as observed by \cite{Sarasua2021} \cite{Wang2018837}.
The effect of vibratory tip amplitude on erosion rate is discussed by \cite{Rajput20224257}.
***** Calculting amplitude from manufacturer specs :noexport:
#+BEGIN_SRC jupyter-python :session py
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
plt.plot(np.linspace(20,100,1000),
np.interp(
np.linspace(20,100,1000),
[0, 100], [0, 120e-6]), # 100% == 120 um
)
plt.plot([80], np.interp([80], [0, 100], [0, 120e-6]), 'g.') # 100% == 120 um
plt.plot(np.interp([50e-6], [0, 120e-6], [0, 100]), [50e-6], 'r.')
plt.plot(np.interp([100e-6], [0, 120e-6], [0, 100]), [100e-6], 'r.')
#+END_SRC
#+RESULTS:
./.ob-jupyter/e41e081df5ab362569fbbbd4dd5e1b342f542464.png]]
***** Really low-tech way of measuring amplitude :noexport:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OIQ3TY1wkXI
Although the horn obviously works, and provides enough power to, for example, cause cavitation in liquids, I've never been sure of the actual tip displacement and how it compares with a commercial unit. From what I can find (e.g. this guide for ultrasonic welding), the peak-to-peak displacement is on the order of tens of microns, so I'd need something pretty sensitive to measure it.
I have some huge Starrett 468M micrometers, which read to 2 microns, so decided to try and use one of them. My original plan was to detect the capacitance between a large steel ball and the tip of the horn, but the capacitance is so tiny, and the variation even smaller, that this was pretty impossible. Instead, I did something a bit simpler. The steel ball is mounted on the tip of the micrometer in a plastic holder to keep it insulated. The ball is biased to 15V through a 47kΩ resistor, and the tip of the horn grounded. An oscilloscope meausures the voltage on the ball - it normally sites at 15V, but drops to 0V as soon as it touches the tip of the horn.
I turned the horn on and moved the micrometer in until I could just see "dips" in the voltage, caused by the ball touching the horn at the peak of its vibration. Here's a scope shot:
I then turned the horn off and moved the micrometer in further until the ball shorted out. The distance between these two readings is half the peak-to-peak displacement. In my case, I measured a p-p displacement of 20 microns, which is at least in the right ballpark.
Here's some photos and video of the setup. It's rather satisfying to be able to measure something this small and get a reading that's sort of reasonable!
***** Sarasua2021 - Energetic study of ultrasonic wettability enhancement :noexport:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Sarasua2021,
author = {Sarasua, Jon Ander and Rubio, Leire Ruiz and Aranzabe, Estibaliz and Vilela, Jose Luis Vilas},
title = {Energetic study of ultrasonic wettability enhancement},
year = {2021},
journal = {Ultrasonics Sonochemistry},
volume = {79},
doi = {10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105768},
abstract = {Many industrial and biological interfacial processes, such as welding and breathing depend directly on wettability and surface tension phenomena. The most common methods to control the wettability are based on modifying the properties of the fluid or the substrate. The present work focuses on the use of high-frequency acoustic waves (ultrasound) for the same purpose. It is well known that ultrasound can effectively clean a surface by acoustic cavitation, hence ultrasonic cleaning technology. Besides the cleaning process itself, many authors have observed an important wettability enhancement when liquids are exposed to low and high (ultrasonic) frequency vibration. Ultrasound goes one step further as it can instantly adjust the contact angle by tuning the vibration amplitude, but there is still a lack of comprehension about the physical principles that explain this phenomenon. To shed light on it, a thermodynamic model describing how ultrasound decreases the contact angle in a three-phase wetting system has been developed. Moreover, an analytical and experimental research has been carried out in order to demonstrate that ultrasound is an important competitor to surfactants in terms of energy efficiency and environmental friendliness. © 2021 The Authors},
author_keywords = {Acoustic energy; Contact angle; Ultrasound; Wettability},
keywords = {Cleaning; Contact angle; Energy efficiency; Ultrasonics; surfactant; Acoustic cavitations; Acoustic energy; Cleaning process; Cleaning technology; Exposed to; Frequency vibration; High-frequency acoustic waves; Interfacial process; Property; Ultrasonic frequency; acoustic energy; Article; comparative study; contact angle; critical micelle concentration; energy; energy balance; energy consumption; hysteresis; nebulization; surface area; surface property; surface tension; temperature; thermodynamics; ultrasound; validation study; vibration; wettability; Wetting},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 11; All Open Access, Gold Open Access, Green Open Access}
}
#+END_SRC
***** Wang2018837 - Data and videos for ultrafast synchrotron X-ray imaging studies of metal solidification under ultrasound :noexport:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Wang2018837,
author = {Wang, Bing and Tan, Dongyue and Lee, Tung Lik and Khong, Jia Chuan and Wang, Feng and Eskin, Dmitry and Connolley, Thomas and Fezzaa, Kamel and Mi, Jiawei},
title = {Data and videos for ultrafast synchrotron X-ray imaging studies of metal solidification under ultrasound},
year = {2018},
journal = {Data in Brief},
volume = {17},
pages = {837 – 841},
doi = {10.1016/j.dib.2018.01.110},
abstract = {The data presented in this article are related to the paper entitled ‘Ultrafast synchrotron X-ray imaging studies of microstructure fragmentation in solidification under ultrasound’ [Wang et al., Acta Mater. 144 (2018) 505-515]. This data article provides further supporting information and analytical methods, including the data from both experimental and numerical simulation, as well as the Matlab code for processing the X-ray images. Six videos constructed from the processed synchrotron X-ray images are also provided. © 2018 The Authors},
keywords = {Image processing; MATLAB; Numerical methods; Solidification; Analytical method; Matlab code; Metals solidification; Ultra-fast; X-ray image; Ultrasonics},
type = {Data paper},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 4; All Open Access, Gold Open Access, Green Open Access}
}
#+END_SRC
***** Rajput20224257 - Effect of Vibratory Tip Amplitude on the Erosion Rate of Various Microstructures of High Carbon Steel :noexport:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Rajput20224257,
author = {Rajput, Arun and Ramkumar, J. and Mondal, K.},
title = {Effect of Vibratory Tip Amplitude on the Erosion Rate of Various Microstructures of High Carbon Steel},
year = {2022},
journal = {Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance},
volume = {31},
number = {5},
pages = {4257 – 4271},
doi = {10.1007/s11665-021-06508-3},
abstract = {The present work discusses the effect of vibratory tip amplitude on the cavitation damage of coarse pearlitic, fine pearlitic, bainitic, and tempered martensitic steels made from a high carbon steel using annealing, normalizing, austempering, and tempering, respectively. The cavitation tests were performed on the heat-treated steels at the amplitudes of 50, 30, and 10 μm with the help of a vibratory probe-type ultrasonic device. The solution pressure changes by changing the amplitude of the vibratory tip attached to the horn of the ultrasonic device, and the cavitating intensity decreases with the decrease in amplitude of the vibratory tip. The mean erosion rate of the heat-treated steels decreases with the decrease in amplitude of the vibratory tip. The trend of damage is similar in all the steel samples. However, the softer the steel, the higher is the effect of amplitude on the degree of damage. The cavitation resistance of the steels increases in the following order: coarse pearlitic, fine pearlitic, bainitic, tempered martensitic steels. © 2022, ASM International.},
author_keywords = {electron microscopy; heat treatment; microstructure; nanoindentation; steel; wear},
keywords = {Bainite; Cavitation; Erosion; Martensitic stainless steel; Microstructure; Nanoindentation; Pearlite; Austempering; Cavitating intensity; Cavitation damage; Degree of damages; Erosion rates; High carbon steels; Nano indentation; Pressure change; Steel samples; Tempered martensitic steels; Wear of materials},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 0}
}
#+END_SRC
***** Wu2020 - On the definition of cavitation intensity :noexport:
More theoretical point
When a liquid is subject to ultrasound, tiny bubbles may occur and collapse.
The formation of cavities and their subsequent dynamic actions in a liquid is due to a significant reduction in pressure, and is called acoustic cavitation.
High local pressure, temperature, and velocity fields are formed due to cavitation.
In an ultrasonic cavitation field, the acoustic energy can be divided into two parts:
- acoustic propagation energy $E_{pa}$
$E_{pa}$ is transmitted in the medium before dissipating into internal energy.
- cavitation energy $E_{ca}$
The energy absorbed by cavitation bubbles is converted into mechanical energy $E_{me}$
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Wu2020,
author = {Wu, Pengfei and Bai, Lixin and Lin, Weijun},
title = {On the definition of cavitation intensity},
year = {2020},
journal = {Ultrasonics Sonochemistry},
volume = {67},
doi = {10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105141},
abstract = {Cavitation intensity has already been used to character the activity or strength of cavitation, and several methods are developed to measure the cavitation intensity. However, the previous definitions of cavitation intensity are often either vague or biased. In this paper, from the point of view of energy, the authors proposed a generalized definition of cavitation intensity, derived an approximate formula to calculate the cavitation intensity and discussed its measure method. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.},
author_keywords = {Bubble dynamics; Cavitation; Energy transformation; Intensity},
keywords = {Approximation algorithms; Approximate formulas; Cavitation intensity; article; Cavitation},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 29}
}
#+END_SRC
***** WU2022105878 - Acoustic characterization of cavitation intensity: A review :noexport:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@article{WU2022105878,
title = {Acoustic characterization of cavitation intensity: A review},
journal = {Ultrasonics Sonochemistry},
volume = {82},
pages = {105878},
year = {2022},
issn = {1350-4177},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105878},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S135041772100420X},
author = {Pengfei Wu and Xiuming Wang and Weijun Lin and Lixin Bai},
keywords = {Cavitation, Intensity, Noise spectrum, Characterization},
abstract = {Cavitation intensity is used to describe the activity of cavitation, and several methods are developed to identify the intensity of cavitation. This work aimed to provide an overview and discussion of the several existing characterization methods for cavitation intensity, three acoustic approaches for charactering cavitation were discussed in detail. It was showed that cavitation noise spectrum is too complex and there are some differences and disputes on the characterization of cavitation intensity by cavitation noise. In this review, we recommended a total cavitation noise intensity estimated via the integration of real cavitation noise spectrum over full frequency domain instead of artificially adding inaccurate filtering processing.}
}
#+END_SRC
**** Sample Holder
id:HORNUS2022931
id:Ovarfort1988135
id:Verhoeven2023167
Avesta Cells are electrochemical cells made for pitting corrosion studies. Can't get that tho, cause it's expensive af, plus I need my sample holder to be watertight.
# download:20240226-223224_screenshot.png]]
***** Verhoeven2023167 - A new methodology to efficiently test pitting corrosion: design of a 3D-printed sample holder to avoid the occurrence of crevice corrosion in chemically aggressive media :noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Verhoeven2023167
:YEAR: 2023
:END:
Nice 3D printed electrochemical sample holder, with everything made of Nylon or some plastic to keep things nice and galvanic free
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Verhoeven2023167,
author = {Verhoeven, Brent and Nagels, Maarten and Van Aken, Pieter and Gaggiano, Roberto and Rossi, Barbara and Bogaerts, Walter and Dewil, Raf},
title = {A new methodology to efficiently test pitting corrosion: design of a 3D-printed sample holder to avoid the occurrence of crevice corrosion in chemically aggressive media},
year = {2023},
journal = {Journal of Applied Electrochemistry},
volume = {53},
number = {1},
pages = {167 – 176},
doi = {10.1007/s10800-022-01759-x},
abstract = {Abstract: Pitting susceptibility of metals in corrosive environment is usually measured using a three-electrode set-up to conduct accelerated corrosion tests. A widely accepted methodology consists in mounting a sample in epoxy resin and connect it with a copper wire. However, in chloride-rich environments, this often results in the occurrence of crevice corrosion instead of pitting. In this study, a new 3D-printed sample holder was designed and its efficiency to study pitting corrosion of metals validated. The new method enables to study of pitting corrosion by improving edge enclosure, thus avoiding crevice corrosion. The validation is based on two case studies where stainless steel samples are polarized in (i) 500-ppm Cl− at ambient temperature and (ii) saturated Ca(OH)2 with 1-M Cl− at 60 °C. The specifically chosen grade (AISI 316 L) shows failure of the electrode clearly initiated at the epoxy sample edge in traditional tests and poor reproducibility. Results showed that the use of the 3D-printed sample holder significantly improved the reliability and efficiency of the testing method, clearly avoiding unrealistic crevice corrosion in the tested conditions. The designed sample holder therefore enables more realistic and representative pitting results in corrosion research opening the possibility of conducting far less-expensive repetitive tests. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.] © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.},
author_keywords = {Aqueous environments; Chloride; Corrosion rate; Crevice corrosion and pitting; Uniform corrosion},
keywords = {Additives; Chlorine compounds; Efficiency; Electrodes; Epoxy resins; Hydrated lime; Pitting; Testing; Aggressive media; Aqueous environment; Chloride; Corrosion design; Crevice corrosion; Crevice corrosion and pitting; Pittings; Printed samples; Sample holders; Uniform corrosion; Corrosion rate},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 0; All Open Access, Green Open Access}
}
#+END_SRC
# download:20240226-222350_screenshot.png]]
***** HORNUS2022931 - Technical Note: Low-Cost Sample Holder with Flooded Gasket Prevents Crevice Corrosion in Pitting Corrosion Tests :noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: HORNUS2022931
:YEAR: 2022
:END:
By placing a piece of paper and flooding it with the fluid, you get to avoid that build up of corrosion that might cause crevice corrosion.
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Hornus2022931,
author = {Hornus, Edgar C. and Rodríguez, Martín A. and Kappes, Mariano A.},
title = {Technical Note: Low-Cost Sample Holder with Flooded Gasket Prevents Crevice Corrosion in Pitting Corrosion Tests},
year = {2022},
journal = {Corrosion},
volume = {78},
number = {10},
pages = {931 – 935},
doi = {10.5006/4189},
abstract = {This work describes an inexpensive holder for corrosion experiments, developed to avoid crevice corrosion during pitting corrosion tests of corrosion-resistant alloys. It is based on a flooded gasket, incorporated in a Stern-Makrides sample holder. Unlike the Avesta cell designed by Qvarfort, the proposed sample holder does not require a pump. The sample holder attaches to prismatic or cylindrical specimens cut from bars, plates, or any other component with a thickness greater than 10 mm. The sample holder is versatile and with no limitations on chloride concentration, solution composition, or temperature. The testing solution can be deaerated or saturated with any gas if needed. The sample holding method was validated by cyclic potentiodynamic polarization experiments on Types 304, 316 stainless steel, and C-22HS nickel-based alloy. Crevice corrosion was not evident in any of the specimens tested with the proposed method. © 2022 AMPP.},
author_keywords = {crevice corrosion; electrochemical cell; pitting; UNS N07022; UNS S30400; UNS S31600},
keywords = {Chlorine compounds; Corrosion prevention; Corrosion resistance; Corrosion resistant alloys; Costs; Electrochemical corrosion; Floods; Gaskets; Nickel alloys; Pitting; Corrosion tests; Corrosion-resistant alloys; Crevice corrosion; Low-costs; Pittings; Sample holders; Technical notes; UNS n07022; UNS S30400; UNS s31600; Crevice corrosion},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 1}
}
#+END_SRC
# download:20240226-222624_screenshot.png]]
***** Ovarfort1988135 - New electrochemical cell for pitting corrosion testing :noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Ovarfort1988135
:YEAR: 1988
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Ovarfort1988135,
author = {Ovarfort, R.},
title = {New electrochemical cell for pitting corrosion testing},
year = {1988},
journal = {Corrosion Science},
volume = {28},
number = {2},
pages = {135–137,139–140},
doi = {10.1016/0010-938X(88)90090-X},
abstract = {An electrochemical cell for pitting corrosion testing-the Avesta pitting cell-is described. The purpose of this new design is to eliminate crevice corrosion in the crevice formed between the specimen and the specimen holder. Tests with the cell show that crevice corrosion can be completely eliminated at all temperatures relevant for testing in aqueous solutions. © 1988.},
keywords = {ELECTROCHEMISTRY; ELECTROLYTIC CELLS - Design; ASTM G-61; ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL; PITTING CORROSION TESTING; CORROSION},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 120}
}
#+END_SRC
***** TODO Cardoso202073 - Additive-manufactured (3D-printed) electrochemical sensors: a critical review :noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Cardoso202073
:YEAR: 2020
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Cardoso202073,
author = {Cardoso, Rafael M. and Kalinke, Cristiane and Rocha, Raquel G. and dos Santos, Pãmyla L. and Rocha, Diego P. and Oliveira, Paulo R. and Janegitz, Bruno C. and Bonacin, Juliano A. and Richter, Eduardo M. and Munoz, Rodrigo A.A.},
title = {Additive-manufactured (3D-printed) electrochemical sensors: A critical review},
year = {2020},
journal = {Analytica Chimica Acta},
volume = {1118},
pages = {73 – 91},
doi = {10.1016/j.aca.2020.03.028},
abstract = {Additive manufacturing or three-dimensional (3D)-printing is an emerging technology that has been applied in the development of novel materials and devices for a wide range of applications, including Electrochemistry and Analytical Chemistry areas. This review article focuses on the contributions of 3D-printing technology to the development of electrochemical sensors and complete electrochemical sensing devices. Due to the recent contributions of 3D-printing within this scenario, the aim of this review is to present a guide for new users of 3D-printing technology considering the required features for improved electrochemical sensing using 3D-printed sensors. At the same time, this is a comprehensive review that includes most 3D-printed electrochemical sensors and devices already reported using selective laser melting (SLM) and fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D-printers. The latter is the most affordable 3D-printing technique and for this reason has been more often applied for the fabrication of electrochemical sensors, also due to commercially-available conductive and non-conductive filaments. Special attention is given to critically discuss the need for the surface treatment of FDM 3D-printed platforms to improve their electrochemical performance. The insertion of biochemical and chemical catalysts on the 3D-printed surfaces are highlighted as well as novel strategies to fabricate filaments containing chemical modifiers within the polymeric matrix. Some examples of complete electrochemical sensing systems obtained by 3D-printing have successfully demonstrated the enormous potential to develop portable devices for on-site applications. The freedom of design enabled by 3D-printing opens many possibilities of forthcoming investigations in the area of analytical electrochemistry. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.},
author_keywords = {3D-printing; Additive manufacture; Electroanalysis; Fused deposition modeling; Portable systems; Sensing},
keywords = {Additives; Chemical analysis; Deposition; Electrochemistry; Fused Deposition Modeling; Layered manufacturing; Portable equipment; Selective laser melting; Surface treatment; polymer; 3-D printing; Additive manufacture; Electroanalysis; Portable system; Sensing; catalysis; chemical modification; controlled study; fused deposition modeling; priority journal; process development; process optimization; Review; selective laser melting; surface property; three dimensional printing; Electrochemical sensors},
type = {Review},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 241}
}
#+END_SRC
***** TODO Cardoso201849 - 3D printing for electroanalysis: From multiuse electrochemical cells to sensors :noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Cardoso201849
:YEAR: 2018
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Cardoso201849,
author = {Cardoso, Rafael M. and Mendonça, Dianderson M.H. and Silva, Weberson P. and Silva, Murilo N.T. and Nossol, Edson and da Silva, Rodrigo A.B. and Richter, Eduardo M. and Muñoz, Rodrigo A.A.},
title = {3D printing for electroanalysis: From multiuse electrochemical cells to sensors},
year = {2018},
journal = {Analytica Chimica Acta},
volume = {1033},
pages = {49 – 57},
doi = {10.1016/j.aca.2018.06.021},
abstract = {This work presents potential applications of low-cost fused deposition modeling 3D-printers to fabricate multiuse 3D-printed electrochemical cells for flow or batch measurements as well as the 3D-printing of electrochemical sensing platforms. Electrochemical cells and sensors were printed with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and conductive graphene-doped polylactic acid (G-PLA) filaments, respectively. The overall printing operation time and estimated cost per cell were 6 h and $ 6.00, respectively, while the sensors were printed within minutes (16 sensor strips of 1 × 2 cm in 10 min at a cost of $ 1.00 each sensor). The cell performance is demonstrated for the amperometric detection of tert-butylhydroquinone, dipyrone, dopamine and diclofenac by flow-injection analysis (FIA) and batch-injection analysis (BIA) using different working electrodes, including the proposed 3D-printed sensor, which presented comparable electroanalytical performance with other carbon-based electrodes (LOD of 0.1 μmol L−1 for dopamine). Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy of the 3D-printed sensor indicated the presence of graphene nanoribbons within the polymeric matrix. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and heterogeneous electron transfer constants (k0) for the redox probe Ru(NH3)6 +3 revealed that a glassy-carbon electrode presented faster electron transfer rates than the 3D-printed sensor; however, the latter presented lower LOD values for dopamine and catechol probably due to oxygenated functional groups at the G-PLA surface. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.},
author_keywords = {3D-printer; Flow analysis; Gold CDtrode; Graphene; Screen-printed electrode; Wall-jet cell},
keywords = {Diclofenac; Dipyrone; Dopamine; Electrochemical Techniques; Electron Transport; Flow Injection Analysis; Hydroquinones; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Printing, Three-Dimensional; Spectrum Analysis, Raman; Surface Properties; Amines; Costs; Electrochemical cells; Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; Electron transitions; Glass membrane electrodes; Graphene; Nanoribbons; Neurophysiology; Polymer blends; Polymer membrane electrodes; Printing presses; Scanning electron microscopy; Styrene; Three dimensional computer graphics; 1,3 butadiene; acrylonitrile; diclofenac; dipyrone; dopamine; graphene; nanoribbon; polylactic acid; styrene; tert butylhydroquinone; 2-tert-butylhydroquinone; diclofenac; dipyrone; dopamine; hydroquinone derivative; Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene; Batch-injection analysis; Electroanalytical performance; Flow analysis; Fused deposition modeling; Heterogeneous electron transfer; Screen printed electrodes; Wall jet; amperometry; Article; cost effectiveness analysis; electrochemical analysis; flow injection analysis; impedance spectroscopy; operation duration; priority journal; Raman spectrometry; three dimensional printing; electron transport; flow injection analysis; scanning electron microscopy; surface property; 3D printers},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 191}
}
#+END_SRC
Decent focus on O-rings
***** Marquez-Herrera2022 - Evaluation of an electrochemical cell 3D-printed with PLA/PTFE polymer filament :noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Marquez-Herrera2022
:YEAR: 2022
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Marquez-Herrera2022,
author = {Márquez-Herrera, A. and Zapata-Torres, M. and Montesinos, S.},
title = {Evaluation of an electrochemical cell 3D-printed with PLA/PTFE polymer filament},
year = {2022},
journal = {Revista Mexicana de Fisica},
volume = {68},
number = {4},
doi = {10.31349/RevMexFis.68.041002},
abstract = {3-dimensions (3D) printing technology is a type of additive manufacturing (AM) that is on the rise and works by manufacturing components by the deposition of a thermoplastic layer upon layer. In this paper, we explore the use ofAMto print a novel fused deposition modeling-based 3D printing electrochemical cell from a non-commercially available composite of PLA/PTFE polymer filament for corrosion applications within materials science. To validate the 3D printed cell, a galvanic series and cyclic voltammetry to aluminum in Hank’s solution was done, and a corrosion resistance study was conducted by using the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and anodic and cathodic polarization (Tafel) techniques to a virgin and a boride ASTM F-73 alloy as working electrode. The results show the possibility of replacing commercial electrochemical cells with 3D printed ones without any compromise on quality of the experiment. Also, this inexpensive and simple instrument design is both, adaptable and sensitive for a wide range of laboratory electrochemical applications. © 2022. Revista Mexicana de Fisica.},
author_keywords = {3d-printing; Electrochemical cell; Filament; Pla/ptfe},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 0; All Open Access, Gold Open Access}
}
#+END_SRC
**** Cavitation Rig
https://www.dynaflow-inc.com/Services/Cavitation-Erosion-Testing.htm
# download:20240309-155545_screenshot.png]]
https://www.isaf.tu-clausthal.de/en/departments/wear-test/astm-g32-16-cavitation-test
# download:20240309-155651_screenshot.png]]
https://www.hielscher.com/cavitation-erosion-testing.htm
# download:20240309-155825_screenshot.png]]
https://publications.polymtl.ca/2121/1/2016_GabrielTaillon.pdf
# download:20240309-155902_screenshot.png]]
https://doi.org/10.1177/1464420720961122
# download:20240309-160015_screenshot.png]]
Erosion and Cavitation Tests Applied to Coating Welded with
Blends of Stainless Steel and Cobalt Alloys
Hebert Roberto da Silva, Valtair Antonio Ferraresi & Rosenda Valdes Arencib
# download:20240309-160950_screenshot.png]]
https://www.imp.gda.pl/icet/REPORT/REP01_00.htm
https://www.imp.gda.pl/icet/REPORT/REP02_00.htm
***** Test Rig Identification Card
https://www.imp.gda.pl/icet/REPORT/REP02_00.htm
****** Institute of Water Problems of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
https://www.imp.gda.pl/icet/REPORT/Rep02_VR12.pdf
Basic operational data
| Quantity | Value |
|---------------------------------+--------------|
| input power | 2000 W |
| oscillation frequency | 22 ± 0.2 kHz |
| oscillation amplitude(p-p) | 25 ± 2.5 μm |
| standard temperature | 10 ÷ 100 ˚C |
| open/pressurised vessel | open |
| horn tip / sample gap | 0.5 ± 0.1 mm |
| vessel diameter | 90 mm |
| vessel height | 140 mm |
| sample area subjected to damage | 201.06 mm2 |
other data - water depth in the vessel | 90 mm
other data - automatic control of oscillation amplitude
other data - automatic control of water temperature
****** Univesity of Hull
| Quantity | Value |
|----------------------------------------+---------|
| input power | 1000 W |
| oscillation frequency | 20 kHz |
| oscillation amplitude(p-p) | 50 μm |
| standard temperature | 20±1 ˚C |
| open/pressurised vessel | open |
| horn tip/ sample gap | - |
| sample submergence depth (open vessel) | 40 mm |
| vessel diameter | 80 mm |
| vessel height | 70 mm |
| sample area subjected to damage | 133 mm2 |
****** University of Cape Town Rondebosch
| Quantity | Value |
|----------------------------------------+------------|
| input power | 500 W |
| oscillation frequency | 20 ±5% kHz |
| oscillation amplitude(p-p) | 60 μm |
| standard temperature | 25 ˚C |
| open/pressurised vessel | open |
| sample submergence depth (open vessel) | 25 mm |
| vessel diameter | 125 mm |
| vessel height 70 mm | |
| sample area subjected to damage | 78.5 mm |
*** Experimental methods - Venturi tunnel
**** PETKOVSEK201355 - Simultaneous observation of cavitation structures and cavitation erosion :noexport:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@article{PETKOVSEK201355,
title = {Simultaneous observation of cavitation structures and cavitation erosion},
journal = {Wear},
volume = {300},
number = {1},
pages = {55-64},
year = {2013},
issn = {0043-1648},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2013.01.106},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043164813001282},
author = {Martin Petkovšek and Matevž Dular},
keywords = {Cavitation, Erosion, Aluminum foil, High speed camera, Venturi section},
abstract = {Despite a large ensemble of works on the relationship between the macroscopic cavitation structures and their erosive potential a study that would link individual cavitation events with specific damage has not yet been made. In the present study we attached a thin aluminum foil to the surface of a transparent Venturi section using two sided transparent adhesive tape. The surface was very soft-prone to be severely damaged by cavitation in a very short period of time. Using two high speed cameras we simultaneously recorded cavitation structures and the surface of the foil. Analysis of the results revealed that damage only occurs at cavitation cloud collapse, and that the size of the cloud and its distance from the wall at collapse do not influence the extent of the damage and that an irregular or “broken” type of cavitation cloud causes the most damage to the foil. Also and probably the most important part of the entire study shows the sequence where one can see the separation and the collapse of cavitation cloud and the corresponding appearance of cavitation erosion.}
}
#+END_SRC
** Computational Methods
*** Synthetic Cavitation Loading
Even though fluid-structure coupled simulations are feasible
(Chahine, Kalumuck, & Duraiswami, 1993; Chahine, 2014;
Chao-Tsung Hsiao, Jayaprakash, Kapahi, Choi, & Chahine,
2014; Chao-Tsung Hsiao & Chahine, 2015), it is difficult in
such simulations to vary systematically the impact pressure
magnitude and duration. In order to study the effect of
magnitude of the impact loads systematically, synthetic
loading was considered in this paper. Previous numerical
and experimental studies (Jayaprakash, Chahine, & Hsiao,
2012; Singh, Choi, & Chahine, 2013; Chahine, 2014; Choi,
Jayaprakash, Kapahi, Hsiao, & Chahine, 2014) indicate that
the pressure peaks in the cavitation fields can be represented
well with a Gaussian function in space and time. Figure 20
illustrates that an experimentally recorded pressure pulse
under a cavitating jet can be well fitted using a Gaussian
pressure pulse. The same can be also observed under
ultrasonic and hydrodynamic cavitation conditions (Singh
et al., 2013).
** Observational methods
*** Oliver-Pharr method
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: OliverPharrMethod
:END:
*** Optical visualization of Acoustic Fields
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: YAMAMOTO2012314
:END:
10 - Optical visualization of acoustic fields: the schlieren technique, the Fresnel method and the photoelastic method applied to ultrasonic transducers
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@incollection{YAMAMOTO2012314,
title = {10 - Optical visualization of acoustic fields: the schlieren technique, the Fresnel method and the photoelastic method applied to ultrasonic transducers},
editor = {K. Nakamura},
booktitle = {Ultrasonic Transducers},
publisher = {Woodhead Publishing},
pages = {314-328},
year = {2012},
series = {Woodhead Publishing Series in Electronic and Optical Materials},
isbn = {978-1-84569-989-5},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857096302.2.314},
author = {K. Yamamoto},
keywords = {schlieren technique, Raman–Nath diffraction, Bragg reflection, Fresnel diffraction, photoelasticity},
abstract = {Abstract:
This chapter discusses three types of optical visualization techniques for evaluating the acoustic field transmitted from ultrasonic transducers: the schlieren technique, the Fresnel method and the photoelastic method. We begin with a review of the physical mechanism of the acousto-optic interaction used in visualization techniques, and then discuss the experimental apparatus and the observed images.}
}
#+END_SRC
*** Bai2020 - Cavitation in thin liquid layer: A review
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Bai2020,
author = {Bai, Lixin and Yan, Jiuchun and Zeng, Zhijie and Ma, Yuhang},
title = {Cavitation in thin liquid layer: A review},
year = {2020},
journal = {Ultrasonics Sonochemistry},
volume = {66},
doi = {10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105092},
type = {Review},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 34; All Open Access, Hybrid Gold Open Access}
}
#+END_SRC
*** Transducer
https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9781845699895/ultrasonic-transducers
*** Measuring the aggressive intensity of cavitating jet
Kang2018176 - Estimation of aggressive intensity of a cavitating jet with multiple experimental methods
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Kang2018176,
author = {Kang, Can and Liu, Haixia and Soyama, Hitoshi},
title = {Estimation of aggressive intensity of a cavitating jet with multiple experimental methods},
year = {2018},
journal = {Wear},
volume = {394-395},
pages = {176 – 186},
doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2017.11.001},
abstract = {An experimental study on the cavitating jet was conducted with emphasis placed on the detection of the energy that is emitted by the collapse of cavitation bubble. Four experimental methods, each respectively utilizing a hydrophone, an acoustic emission (AE) sensor, a laser Doppler vibrometer, and a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) sensor, were compared. Aluminum specimens served as the target that would endure the impact of the cavitating jet. The mass loss was measured and the cumulative erosion rate was calculated. Various upstream pressures were used, and the effect of the cavitation number was considered as well. The results indicated that the cumulative erosion rate becomes maximum with the increase in the erosion time, and it is insensitive to variations in upstream pressure. The time span that is required for the cumulative erosion rate to reach its maximum value becomes shorter for high upstream pressures. An overall increase in the normalized energy is evident as the upstream pressure increases. At any given upstream pressure, the normalized energy varies inversely with the threshold level. The optimum threshold levels were obtained separately for each of the four methods. The correlation between the maximum erosion rate and the normalized energy was established statistically. The PVDF sensor proved to be the most effective instrument in estimating the aggressive intensity of the cavitating jet. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.},
author_keywords = {Cavitation erosion; Correlation; Cumulative erosion rate; Energy; Experimental methods; Jet},
keywords = {Acoustic emission testing; Cavitation corrosion; Correlation methods; Erosion; Fluorine compounds; Jets; Acoustic emission sensors; Cavitation number; Energy; Erosion rates; Experimental methods; Laser Doppler vibrometers; Optimum threshold; Polyvinylidene fluoride sensors; Cavitation},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 20}
}
#+END_SRC
** Models
It would be very useful to define the erosion progress using a mathematical formula, especially if the formula includes cavitation intensity parameters such as flow velocity or cavitating jet velocity or pressure. One can then easily transpose experimental data from one operating condition to another. In general, the erosion progress is investigated by measuring the weight loss as a function of time. In this study, however, we use the volume loss in order to avoid the effect of density difference between the different materials tested. The erosion time history is presented here in terms of the volume loss, V, versus time, defined as:
*** Soyama200427 - Estimation of incubation time of cavitation erosion for various cavitating conditions
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Soyama200427,
author = {Soyama, Hitoshi and Futakawa, Masatoshi},
title = {Estimation of incubation time of cavitation erosion for various cavitating conditions},
year = {2004},
journal = {Tribology Letters},
volume = {17},
number = {1},
pages = {27 – 30},
doi = {10.1023/B:TRIL.0000017415.79517.8c},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 24}
}
#+END_SRC
*** Meged2003277 - Modeling of vibratory cavitation erosion test results by a Weibull distribution :noexport:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Meged2003277,
author = {Meged, Y.},
title = {Modeling of vibratory cavitation erosion test results by a Weibull distribution},
year = {2003},
journal = {Journal of Testing and Evaluation},
volume = {31},
number = {4},
pages = {277 – 288},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 9}
}
#+END_SRC
*** Meged200642 - On the anomaly of cumulative erosion and abrasion-time curves :noexport:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Meged200642,
author = {Meged, Y.},
title = {On the anomaly of cumulative erosion and abrasion-time curves},
year = {2006},
journal = {Journal of Testing and Evaluation},
volume = {34},
number = {1},
pages = {42 – 52},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 3}
}
#+END_SRC
*** Hattori2010855 - Logistic curve model :noexport:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Hattori2010855,
author = {Hattori, Shuji and Maeda, Kohei},
title = {Logistic curve model of cavitation erosion progress in metallic materials},
year = {2010},
journal = {Wear},
volume = {268},
number = {7-8},
pages = {855 – 862},
doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2009.11.013},
abstract = {The authors previously found that the change in volume loss rate with the exposure time can be expressed by a logistic curve. In this study, the validity of this model is examined for various materials such as pure aluminum, carbon steels, stainless steels, cobalt alloys, and so on. The MDE (mean depth of erosion) d as a function of the exposure time can be expressed by three parameters α, β and c as in the following equation:d = frac(α, β) t - frac(1, β) ln frac(1 + c, 1 + c e- α t)The parameters α, β and c are derived from the relation between the nominal incubation period and the slope of the maximum rate stage, from the average thickness of the removed layer when the nominal incubation period is terminated, and from an arbitrary point (t0, d0) of the MDE in the maximum rate stage. We conclude that the calculated curve based on this model is in good agreement with the MDE data points for various materials, test conditions and test methods. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
author_keywords = {Cavitation erosion; Erosion; Iron and steel; Logistic curve; Modeling; Nonferrous metal},
keywords = {Carbon steel; Cavitation; Cobalt; Logistics; Nonferrous metals; Arbitrary points; Cavitation erosion; Data points; Exposure-time; Incubation periods; Iron and steel; Logistic curve; Logistic curves; Mean depth of erosions; Metallic material; Pure aluminum; Test condition; Test method; Three parameters; Volume loss; Iron},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 11}
}
#+END_SRC
*** Steller2021 - Erosive wear modelling by means of the fractional approach :noexport:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Steller2021,
author = {Steller, Janusz},
title = {Erosive wear modelling by means of the fractional approach},
year = {2021},
journal = {Wear},
volume = {484-485},
doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2021.204015},
abstract = {Fractional approach to modelling cavitation erosion kinetics was proposed by the author over two decades ago as a response to incompatibilities in material resistance assessments following from the International Cavitation Erosion Test project. The current status of the methodology, with overview of research conducted so far as well as discussion of the approach potential and limitations, was summarized in a paper published by Wear in 2020. After recapitulating the background, basic assumptions and available results, the present paper explains some details of the computational algorithm applied, including solution of the equation of polyfractional erosion kinetics and technique of extracting monofractional erosion curves from several tests conducted under polyfractional load conditions. Cavitation fatigue strength characteristics are derived from the fractional erosion curves. The methodology description is illustrated by examples. However, description of experimental technique has been confined this time to the minimum necessary for reading the present text independently of previous publications. The paper has been written as it came to author's awareness that the previous description of the methodology concept and results might be insufficient for its successful application and possible development by other researchers. The prospects for such development are discussed in the final part of the paper. © 2021 Elsevier B.V.},
author_keywords = {Cavitation; Erosion modelling; International Cavitation Erosion Test; Polyfractional erosion},
keywords = {Erosion; Wear of materials; Erosion kinetics; Erosion models; Erosion test; Erosive wear; International cavitation erosion test; Materials resistance; Polyfractional erosion; Resistance assessment; Test projects; Wear modeling; Cavitation},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 2}
}
#+END_SRC
*** Stellar2020 - Cavitation damage as a result of polyfractional erosion process :noexport:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Steller2020,
author = {Steller, Janusz},
title = {Cavitation damage as a result of polyfractional erosion process},
year = {2020},
journal = {Wear},
volume = {456-457},
doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2020.203369},
abstract = {The paper reports on the progress in development of the fractional model of cavitation erosion kinetics. The model was proposed by the author in the end of nineties as a tool aimed at overcoming the incompatibility in cavitation erosion resistance assessments based on tests conducted at different facilities. The methodology proposed assumes testing materials under different conditions and describing their resistance to each load fraction under consideration by parameters of an analytic function modelling the monofractional cumulative erosion curves. A differential superposition law is used to derive the erosion curve under a polyfractional impingement. The fractional model has been used to retrieve cavitation load at test facilities involved in the International Cavitation Erosion Test project and to predict erosion at a rotating disk rig basing on the results of the cavitation tunnel tests. The technique of determining the erosive load basing on the pressure pulses amplitude distribution is currently considered the main weakness of the approach. Statistical analysis of pit distribution in a soft material in the initial period of erosion and the use of research results of LEGI lab (Grenoble, France) is proposed as a solution. Some further research aimed at refining the methodology is suggested as well. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.},
author_keywords = {Cavitation; Erosion; Fractional erosion model; International Cavitation Erosion Test; Laboratory test},
keywords = {Cavitation; Amplitude distributions; Analytic functions; Cavitation damage; Cavitation erosion resistance; Cavitation tunnels; Research results; Superposition law; Testing materials; Erosion},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 6}
}
#+END_SRC
*** Meged2002914 - Modeling of the initial stage in vibratory cavitation erosion tests by use of a Weibull distribution :noexport:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Meged2002914,
author = {Meged, Y.},
title = {Modeling of the initial stage in vibratory cavitation erosion tests by use of a Weibull distribution},
year = {2002},
journal = {Wear},
volume = {253},
number = {9-10},
pages = {914 – 923},
doi = {10.1016/S0043-1648(02)00037-6},
abstract = {This study is focused on the initial stage of the erosion process in vibratory cavitation erosion (VCE) tests. It consists of an investigation of the incubation time and nominal incubation time; their definitions, physical meaning, applicability, test results and variability. The advantages and drawbacks of each method are presented and an alternative method, based on the erosion threshold time (ETT), is suggested. This study was enhanced by modeling the erosion process by use of the Weibull cumulative distribution function (CDF). This distribution was found by the author to fit the VCE test results of Ni 200, and several other metals, with a high degree of accuracy. Data on the prevailing and alternative methods are processed from 21 erosion tests of Ni 200. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All right reserved.},
author_keywords = {Incubation time; Initial stage of erosion; Threshold time; Vibratory cavitation erosion; Weibull cumulative distribution function},
keywords = {cavitation; erosion; mathematical analysis; modeling; testing method; Weibull distribution; Cavitation; Erosion; Weibull distribution; Incubation time; Wear of materials},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 28}
}
#+END_SRC
*** Meged2015262 - Electrical Analogy for Cavitation Erosion Test Results :noexport:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Meged2015262,
author = {Meged, Y.},
title = {Electrical analogy for cavitation erosion test results},
year = {2015},
journal = {Materials Performance and Characterization},
volume = {4},
number = {1},
pages = {262 – 282},
doi = {10.1520/MPC20150019},
abstract = {Electrical systems are analogous to many systems such as acoustic, fluidic, hydraulic, mechanic, magnetic, optic, pneumatic, and thermal systems. As such, electrical systems are applied to study the response of the latter systems to various inputs. A similar analogy is valid between electrical circuits and cavitation erosion systems. The adequate circuit for this purpose is the RC circuit, comprising of a power source, a resistor, and a capacitor. In the cumulative erosion-time curves, obtained by all reviewed cavitation erosion test methods, the erosion rate varies with time. In long-term tests, this rate approaches a constant value asymptotically. This curve was very similar to that obtained during charging and discharging of a capacitor in a RC circuit and was the basis for the analogy between these phenomena. The electrical analogy for cavitation erosion enabled: (a) definition of the cavitation erosion process by a first-order differential equation with three parameters; (b) longterm prediction of erosion values based on short-term tests; (c) comparison of materials and cavitation erosion test methods; and (d) simplification of cavitation erosion standards. Copyright © 2015 by ASTM International.},
author_keywords = {Cavitation erosion testing; Electrical analogy; First order systems; RC circuit; Transient response},
keywords = {Cavitation; Differential equations; Reconfigurable hardware; Testing; Transient analysis; Cavitation erosion systems; Comparison of materials; Cumulative erosion-time curves; Electrical analogy; Erosion test methods; First order differential equation; First order systems; RC circuits; Erosion},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 3}
}
#+END_SRC
*** Meng1995443 - Wear models and predictive equations: their form and content :noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Meng1995443
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Meng1995443,
author={Meng, H.C. and Ludema, K.C.},
title={Wear models and predictive equations: their form and content},
journal={Wear},
year={1995},
volume={181-183},
number={PART 2},
pages={443-457},
doi={10.1016/0043-1648(95)90158-2},
note={cited By 822},
}
#+END_SRC
*** Szala2023 - Phenomenological Model of Cavitation Erosion of Nitrogen Ion Implanted HIPed Stellite 6 :noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Szala2023
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@article{Szala2023,
author = {Szala, Mirosław},
year = {2023},
month = {03},
pages = {98-109},
title = {Phenomenological Model of Cavitation Erosion of Nitrogen Ion Implanted HIPed Stellite 6},
volume = {23},
journal = {Advances in Materials Science},
doi = {10.2478/adms-2023-0007}
}
#+END_SRC
# download:20240308-163535_screenshot.png]]
*** FortesPatella2013205 - Mass loss simulation in cavitation erosion: Fatigue criterion approach
Not useful :( Depends on the flow velocity
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{FortesPatella2013205,
author = {Fortes Patella, Regiane and Choffat, Thierry and Reboud, Jean-Luc and Archer, Antoine},
title = {Mass loss simulation in cavitation erosion: Fatigue criterion approach},
year = {2013},
journal = {Wear},
volume = {300},
number = {1-2},
pages = {205 – 215},
doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2013.01.118},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 72}}
#+END_SRC
Regiane Fortes Patella
https://scholar.google.fr/citations?user=KzUR70gAAAAJ&hl=fr
*** KARIMI19871 - Phenomenological model for cavitation erosion rate computation :noexport:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@article{KARIMI19871,
title = {Phenomenological model for cavitation erosion rate computation},
journal = {Materials Science and Engineering},
volume = {95},
pages = {1-14},
year = {1987},
issn = {0025-5416},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-5416(87)90493-9},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0025541687904939},
author = {A. Karimi and W.R. Leo},
abstract = {A mathematical model incorporating the erosion process and the internal hardening mechanism is proposed to determine the cavitation erosion rate of alloys. It takes into account both the properties of the material being eroded and the cavitation flow conditions. This calculation approach assumes that during erosion the material is subjected to stress pulse loading conditions. The spatial and the temporal distributions of these pulses are statistical, but the mean level of their amplitude is controlled by the flow conditions. The mechanical properties of the materials (such as the elastic limit and the rupture limit) and the metallurgical parameters (such as the work-hardening coefficient and the stacking fault energy) are introduced into the erosion rate equation. This model can be applied to all types of cavitation in various hydraulic machines. It can also be extended to erosion by liquid drop impacts and to solid particle impact erosion. At this stage of development, only the mechanical aspect of erosion is considered and the effects of coroosion on the erosion rate are not included.}
}
#+END_SRC
*** A cavitation erosion model for ductile materials
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Berchiche2002601,
author = {Berchiche, N. and Franc, J.P. and Michel, J.M.},
title = {A cavitation erosion model for ductile materials},
year = {2002},
journal = {Journal of Fluids Engineering, Transactions of the ASME},
volume = {124},
number = {3},
pages = {601 – 606},
doi = {10.1115/1.1486474},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 52; All Open Access, Green Open Access}
}
#+END_SRC
*** Micu2017894 - A new model for the equation describing the cavitation mean depth erosion rate curve
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Micu2017894,
author = {Micu, Lavinia Madalina and Bordeasu, Ilare and Popoviciu, Mircea Octavian},
title = {A new model for the equation describing the cavitation mean depth erosion rate curve},
year = {2017},
journal = {Revista de Chimie},
volume = {68},
number = {4},
pages = {894 – 898},
doi = {10.37358/rc.17.4.5573},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 19; All Open Access, Bronze Open Access}
}
#+END_SRC
*** bordeacsu2006new - New contributions to cavitation erosion curves modeling
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@article{bordeacsu2006new,
title={New contributions to cavitation erosion curves modeling},
author={Bordea{\c{s}}u, Ilare and Patr{\u{a}}{\c{s}}coiu, Constantin and B{\u{a}}d{\u{a}}r{\u{a}}u, Rodica and Sucitu, Liliana and Popoviciu, Mircea O and B{\u{a}}l{\u{a}}{\c{s}}oiu, Victor},
journal={FME Transactions},
volume={34},
number={1},
pages={39--43},
year={2006}
}
#+END_SRC
* As-cast microstructure of the alloy
It can be seen from Fig. 1a that there are mainly two types of precipitates in the as-cast alloy: the gray network phase and the white Chinese script phase. The XRD analysis reveals that the alloy contains two types of carbides, M7C3 and MC (Fig. 1b). Furthermore, combined with the EDS results (Table 2), it is believed that the gray network phase containing high content of Cr is M7C3 carbide and the white Chinese script phase enriched in Ta, W, Ti and Zr is MC carbide
** alpha cobalt
Understanding the cobalt phase is crucial for studying structural changes in Co-based alloys widely used in industry. The fcc cobalt phase, especially its delayed transition to hcp at ambient and moderate temperatures \cite{DUBOS2020128812}, is of particular interest due to its impact on material properties in Co-based alloys \cite{Rajan19821161}. As the cobalt phase in stellite alloys is observed to consist of the fcc phase \cite{Rajan19821161}, the potential for strain-induced fcc to hcp transformation is of interest under the mechanical loading of cavitation erosion.
Cobalt exhibits a hexagonal close-packed (hcp) structure above 700 K \footnote{the theoretical transition temperature was determined to be 825 K by Lizarraga et al \cite{Lizarraga2017}} and shifts to a face-centered cubic (fcc) structure above this temperature.
At ambient conditions, the metastable FCC retained phase can be transformed into HCP phase by mechanical loading, although any HCP phase is completely transformed into a FCC phase between 673 K and 743 K \cite{DUBOS2020128812}.
\cite{Tawancy1986337}
- fcc -> hcp transition is related to the very low stacking fault energy of the fcc structure (7 mJ/m2).
Thermally induced fcc -> hcp transition occurs through nucleation and growth.
Strain induced fcc -> hcp transition occurs through martensitic-type mechanism (partial movement of dislocations).
# Solid-strength hardenind solution strengthg
The fcc -> hcp transition is related to the very low stacking fault energy of the fcc structure (7 mJ/m2) \cite{Tawancy1986337}. Solid
Solid-solution strengthening is provided by elements not tied in secondary phases, leading to increase of the fcc cobalt matrix strength.
With the addition of elements with different atomic radiuses, the atomic lattice of the fcc cobalt matrix is distorted leading to increased strength. The already low stacking fault energy of the fcc cobalt structure (7 mJ/m2) \cite{Tawancy1986337} is further decreased, inhibiting dislocation cross slip.
Given that dislocation cross slip is the main deformation mode in imperfect crystals at elevated temperature, as dislocation slip is a diffusion process that is enhanced at high temperature, this leads to high temperature stability \cite{LIU2022294}.
The addition of nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), and carbon (C) stabilize the fcc structure of cobalt, while chromium (Cr) and tungsten (W), stabilize the hcp structure. Cr guarantees hot corrosion resistance and forms M23C6 carbides, while form MC carbides \cite{Vacchieri20171100}. The fcc cobalt phase has lattice constant a = 0.35 nm while the hcp cobalt phase has lattice constant a = 0.25 nm and c = 0.41 nm \cite{Tawancy1986337}.
precipitates are rich in
W, Mo, Co and Si. Especially, the content of W and Mo is significantly higher than
that in the matrix of alloys. \cite{HUANG2023106170}
sion
# Let's now move into the carbides portion.
While solid-solution strengthening is a necessary factor in stellites, the most important strengthening mechanism in current alloys is the precipitation of carbides.
- \cite{Tawancy1986337}
- fcc -> hcp transition is related to the very low stacking fault energy of the fcc structure (7 mJ/m2).
- Thermally induced fcc -> hcp transition occurs through nucleation and growth.
- Strain induced fcc -> hcp transition occurs through martensitic-type mechanism (partial movement of dislocations).
- \cite{Vacchieri20171100}
- HCP phase is table below 650 C but nucleation from FCC phase is kinetically unfavourable, requiring an external driving force (thermal or strain induced).
- \cite{DUBOS2020128812}
- metastable FCC retained phase can be transformed into HCP phase by a mechanical loading.
- the initiation of the FCC into HCP phase transformation is delayed in term of deformation for moderate temperature (lower than AS) but with similar rate to those obtained at room temperature.
- for high temperature (higher than AF), the competition between FCC-HCP strain-induced transformation and HCP-FCC thermally activated transformation seems to be won over by the effect of temperature.
Co-Cr-Mo alloys exhibit a phase transformatioin of face-centered cubic (fcc) γ matrix to hexagonal close-packed (hcp) ε phase during cooling and isothermal heat treatment \cite{HUANG2023106170}.
Vacchieri20171100
*** Vacchieri20171100 - Service induced fcc→hcp martensitic transformation in a Co-based superalloy :noexport:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Vacchieri20171100,
author = {Vacchieri, E. and Costa, A. and Roncallo, G. and Cacciamani, G.},
title = {Service induced fcc→hcp martensitic transformation in a Co-based superalloy},
year = {2017},
journal = {Materials Science and Technology (United Kingdom)},
volume = {33},
number = {9},
pages = {1100 – 1107},
doi = {10.1080/02670836.2016.1273866},
abstract = {Co-based superalloy, ECY768, applied on gas turbine vanes, shows the presence of cracks after service. EBSD studies revealed hcp transformation in the base material near cracked regions. This phase arises from a martensitic transformation of fcc matrix and bestows high fragility. The phase transformation is related to temperature and loading distribution that characterises components in service. However, at the service temperatures, the hcp transformation is not expected for ECY768. An in-house thermodynamic database was developed using the Calphad approach and thermodynamic calculations were applied to the complicated alloy composition for phase stability range evaluation. Moreover, a testing campaign was planned to artificially create this martensitic transformation and to comprehend the influence of plastic strain on fcc-hcp transformation. The transformation mechanisms were understood and some methods were developed for hcp-phase removal through refurbishment heat treatment. This paper is part of a thematic issue on the 9th International Charles Parsons Turbine and Generator Conference. All papers have been revised and extended before publication in Materials Science and Technology. © 2017 Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining.},
author_keywords = {Calphad; Co-based superalloy; Co-based thermodynamic database; hcp; Martensitic transformation},
keywords = {Cracks; Gas turbines; Heating; Intermetallics; Linear transformations; Phase transitions; Superalloys; Thermodynamics; Calphad; Co-based superalloys; Fcc--hcp transformation; Loading distribution; Service temperature; Thermodynamic calculations; Thermodynamic database; Transformation mechanisms; Martensitic transformations},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 7}
}
#+END_SRC
*** Rajan19821161 - Phase transformations in a wrought Co-Cr-Mo-C alloy :noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Rajan19821161
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Rajan19821161,
author = {Rajan, Krishna},
title = {Phase transformations in a wrought Co-Cr-Mo-C alloy},
year = {1982},
journal = {Metallurgical Transactions A},
volume = {13},
number = {7},
pages = {1161 – 1166},
doi = {10.1007/BF02645497},
abstract = {The effect of heat treatment on microstructure has been studied in a Co-Cr-Mo-C alloy using transmission electron microscopy. Isothermal aging treatments at 750 °C were found to promote a two stage fcc → hcp transformation, coincident with a discontinuous precipitation of M 23C 6 carbides. The variation in morphology of the carbides associated with the fcc → hcp transition is discussed in terms of the nature of the fcc/hcp interface. © 1982 American Society for Metals and The Metallurgical Society of AIME.},
keywords = {COBALT METALLOGRAPHY - Transformations; COBALT CHROMIUM MOLYBDENUM ALLOYS},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 79}
}
#+END_SRC
*** Tawancy1986337 - On the fcc → hcp transformation in a cobalt-base superalloy (Haynes alloy No. 25) :noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Tawancy1986337
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Tawancy1986337,
author = {Tawancy, H.M. and Ishwar, V.R. and Lewis, B.E.},
title = {On the fcc → hcp transformation in a cobalt-base superalloy (Haynes alloy No. 25)},
year = {1986},
journal = {Journal of Materials Science Letters},
volume = {5},
number = {3},
pages = {337 – 341},
doi = {10.1007/BF01748098},
keywords = {COBALT METALLOGRAPHY - Transformations; CRYSTALS - Structure; COBALT-BASE SUPERALLOY; HAYNES ALLOY; MULTIPHASE ALLOYS; SUPERALLOYS},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 40}
}
#+END_SRC
*** Lizarraga2017 - First Principles Theory of the hcp-fcc Phase Transition in Cobalt :noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Lizarraga2017
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Lizarraga2017,
author = {Lizárraga, Raquel and Pan, Fan and Bergqvist, Lars and Holmström, Erik and Gercsi, Zsolt and Vitos, Levente},
title = {First Principles Theory of the hcp-fcc Phase Transition in Cobalt},
year = {2017},
journal = {Scientific Reports},
volume = {7},
number = {1},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-017-03877-5},
abstract = {Identifying the forces that drive a phase transition is always challenging. The hcp-fcc phase transition that occurs in cobalt at ~700 K has not yet been fully understood, although early theoretical studies have suggested that magnetism plays a main role in the stabilization of the fcc phase at high temperatures. Here, we perform a first principles study of the free energies of these two phases, which we break into contributions arising from the vibration of the lattice, electronic and magnetic systems and volume expansion. Our analysis of the energy of the phases shows that magnetic effects alone cannot drive the fcc-hcp transition in Co and that the largest contribution to the stabilization of the fcc phase comes from the vibration of the ionic lattice. By including all the contributions to the free energy considered here we obtain a theoretical transition temperature of 825 K. © 2017 The Author(s).},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 79; All Open Access, Gold Open Access, Green Open Access}
}
#+END_SRC
*** HUANG2023106170 - Microstructure evolution, martensite transformation and mechanical properties of heat treated Co-Cr-Mo-W alloys by selective laser melting :noexport:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@article{HUANG2023106170,
title = {Microstructure evolution, martensite transformation and mechanical properties of heat treated Co-Cr-Mo-W alloys by selective laser melting},
journal = {International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials},
volume = {113},
pages = {106170},
year = {2023},
issn = {0263-4368},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2023.106170},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263436823000707},
author = {Zonglian Huang and Bo Wang and Fei Liu and Min Song and Song Ni and Shaojun Liu},
keywords = {Co–Cr–Mo-W alloys, Selective laser melting, Heat treatment, Martensite phase transformation, Mechanical properties},
abstract = {The influence of laser energy density and heat treatment on the microstructure and properties of Co-Cr-Mo-W alloys fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) are investigated symmetrically. When the laser power, the scanning speed, and the scanning space are set as 160 W, 400 mm/s, and 0.07 mm, respectively, the SLM-ed Co-Cr-Mo-W alloys display high strength and good ductility simultaneously. The precipitates ranging from nano- to macro- scale are finely distributed in SLM-ed CoCr alloys grains and/or along the grain boundaries in the heat treated alloys. Co-Cr-Mo-W alloys with an excellent combination of strength and ductility can be achieved by tailoring the microstructure and morphology of SLM-ed alloys during the heat treatment. The tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation are 1221.38 ± 10 MPa, 778.81 ± 12 MPa, and 17.2 ± 0.67\%, respectively.}
}
#+END_SRC
***
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@article{DUBOS2020128812,
title = {Temperature effect on strain-induced phase transformation of cobalt},
journal = {Materials Letters},
volume = {281},
pages = {128812},
year = {2020},
issn = {0167-577X},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2020.128812},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167577X20315196},
author = {Pierre-Antoine Dubos and Jamal Fajoui and Nadjib Iskounen and Michel Coret and Saurabh Kabra and Joe Kelleher and Baptiste Girault and David Gloaguen},
keywords = {Cobalt, Phase transformation, Diffraction, Mechanical behavior, characterization},
abstract = {Thermal and mechanical effects on the phase transformation of polycrystalline two-phase HCP/FCC cobalt have been studied in coupled and decoupled ways. This experimental work has involved in situ X-ray and neutron diffraction analysis to determine phase proportions under various thermomechanical conditions, those which are not referenced in the litterature. A quantitative analysis is proposed to better understand phase transformation in a cobalt rolled sheet. New experimental results show that the metastable FCC retained phase can be transformed into HCP phase by a mechanical loading. In accordance with the theory and the literature, the prominent phase (HCP) can subsequently be transformed with an increase of temperature above 743 K.}
}
#+END_SRC
*** LIU2022294 - Nickel-Based Superalloys :noexport:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@incollection{LIU2022294,
title = {Nickel-Based Superalloys},
editor = {Francisca G. Caballero},
booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Materials: Metals and Alloys},
publisher = {Elsevier},
address = {Oxford},
pages = {294-304},
year = {2022},
isbn = {978-0-12-819733-2},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803581-8.12093-4},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128035818120934},
author = {Lin Liu and Jun Zhang and Cheng Ai},
keywords = {Additive manufacturing, Aero-engine, Composition, Directional solidification, Heat treating, Industrial gas turbine, Investment casting, Mechanical property, Microstructure, Nickel-based superalloy, Powder metallurgy, Single crystal, Strengthening mechanism, Thermal barrier coatings, Vacuum induction melting},
abstract = {For over eight decades now, superalloys have provided the most reliable and cost-effective means to meet the operation requirement of high temperature and stress for aeroengine and industrial gas turbine. Nickel-based superalloys achieve the highest temperature and stress combination performance among all kinds of superalloys, making them ideal for the most demanding applications, such as critical component of turbine disk and blade. This article presents an overview on nickel-based superalloys and summarizes their current research and application. The topics cover composition, phases and microstructures, metallurgical principles of various strengthening, processing methods including melting, casting, forging, heat treating, powder metallurgy and thermal barrier coating. It also describes the principles and processes of component production with different metallurgical methods, including an upcoming technology of additive manufacturing. The development trends of nickel-based superalloys and some potential alternative metallic materials with higher temperature capacity beyond nickel-based superalloys are prospected.}
}
#+END_SRC
** carbide
*** osti_4809456 - COBALT SUPERALLOYS. I. MICROSTRUCTURE OF COBALT-BASE HIGH-TEMPERATURE ALLOYS
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@article{osti_4809456,
title = {COBALT SUPERALLOYS. I. MICROSTRUCTURE OF COBALT-BASE HIGH-TEMPERATURE ALLOYS.},
author = {Morral, F R and Habraken, L and Coutsouradis, D and Drapier, J M and Urbain, M},
abstractNote = {},
doi = {},
url = {https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4809456}, journal = {Metals Eng. Quart., 9: No. 2, 1-16(May 1969).},
number = {},
volume = {},
place = {Country unknown/Code not available},
year = {1969},
month = {1}
}
#+END_SRC
*** Gui20171271 - The investigation of carbides evolution in a cobalt-base superalloy at elevated temperature :phase:noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Gui20171271
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Gui20171271,
author = {Gui, Weimin and Zhang, Hongyu and Yang, Min and Jin, Tao and Sun, Xiaofeng and Zheng, Qi},
title = {The investigation of carbides evolution in a cobalt-base superalloy at elevated temperature},
year = {2017},
journal = {Journal of Alloys and Compounds},
volume = {695},
pages = {1271 – 1278},
doi = {10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.10.256},
abstract = {The carbides evolution characteristics and mechanisms in a cobalt-base superalloy at elevated temperatures between 1140 and 1265 °C have been investigated to provide the basis for potential service and heat treatment of the alloy. The in-situ transformation of M7C3→ M23C6is observed directly, which has not been reported in previous studies of cobalt-base superalloys. M23C6carbide nucleates at the M7C3/matrix interface due to the coherent relationship between M23C6carbide and the matrix, and grows towards M7C3carbide. On the other hand, it is found that primary MC carbide degenerates and releases a large number of Ti and W. Thus, residual MC carbide exhibits increased concentration ratios for Ta and Zr and shows enhanced thermal stability. The results indicate that the degeneration behavior of MC carbide is temperature dependent: MC decomposes into M6C carbide at lower temperature and dissolves partially into the matrix at higher temperature. © 2016 Elsevier B.V.},
author_keywords = {Cobalt-base superalloy; Heat treatment; M7C3 decomposition; MC degeneration; Microstructure},
keywords = {Carbides; Cobalt alloys; Heat treatment; Microstructure; Superalloys; Cobalt-base superalloys; Concentration ratio; Elevated temperature; Evolution characteristics; M7C3decomposition; MC degeneration; Situ transformation; Temperature dependent; Cobalt compounds},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 59}
}
#+END_SRC
- The in-situ transformation of M7C3 to M23C6 is first observed directly in cobalt-base superalloys.
- M23C6 carbide nucleates at the M7C3/matrix interface due to the coherent relationship between M23C6 carbide and the matrix.
- The primary MC degenerates and releases of a large amount of Ti and W at elevated temperature.
- The primary MC decomposes into M6C at 1140 °C and dissolves partially into the matrix above 1140 °C.
* Corrosion Studies :noexport:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanks%27_salts
Hanks' Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) is a buffered salt solution. It is used in a variety of cell culture applications, such as preparation of cells or maintenance of physiological pH.
** Zhang20153579 - Electrochemical Study of Corrosion Behavior of Wrought Stellite Alloys in Sodium Chloride and Green Death Solutions
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Zhang20153579,
author = {Zhang, X.Z. and Liu, R. and Chen, K.Y. and Yao, M.X. and Collier, R.},
title = {Electrochemical Study of Corrosion Behavior of Wrought Stellite Alloys in Sodium Chloride and Green Death Solutions},
year = {2015},
journal = {Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance},
volume = {24},
number = {9},
pages = {3579 – 3587},
doi = {10.1007/s11665-015-1629-4},
abstract = {Corrosion behavior of wrought Stellite 6B and Stellite 6K, which have similar chemical composition but contain different carbon content, in 3.5 wt.\% NaCl solution and in Green Death solution is investigated using various electrochemical methods, including potentiodynamic polarization, cyclic polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The obtained potentiodynamic polarization curves, cyclic polarization curves, and EIS spectra for these alloys are in good agreement, showing that Stellite 6K with higher carbon content is easier corroded due to its larger volume fraction of carbides but the Cr2O3 film formed on this alloy is stronger and more stable than that on Stellite 6B. Further immersion tests on these alloys show that Stellite 6K has less resistance to pitting corrosion. © 2015, ASM International.},
author_keywords = {carbide; electrochemical corrosion; oxide film; pitting corrosion; polarization; wrought Stellite alloy},
keywords = {Carbides; Corrosion; Corrosive effects; Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; Oxide films; Pitting; Polarization; Potentiodynamic polarization; Sodium alloys; Sodium chloride; Stellite; Chemical compositions; Corrosion behavior; Cyclic polarization; Cyclic polarization curves; ELectrochemical methods; Electrochemical studies; Potentiodynamic polarization curves; Stellite alloy; Electrochemical corrosion},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 6}
}
#+END_SRC
** McIntyre1979105 - X‐Ray photoelectron spectroscopic study of the aqueous oxidation of stellite‐6 alloy
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{McIntyre1979105,
author = {McIntyre, N.S. and Zetaruk, D. and Murphy, E.V.},
title = {X‐Ray photoelectron spectroscopic study of the aqueous oxidation of stellite‐6 alloy},
year = {1979},
journal = {Surface and Interface Analysis},
volume = {1},
number = {4},
pages = {105 – 110},
doi = {10.1002/sia.740010402},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 28}
}
#+END_SRC
** MALAYOGLU2003181 - Comparing the performance of HIPed and Cast Stellite 6 alloy in liquid–solid slurries :noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: MALAYOGLU2003181
:YEAR: 2003
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@article{MALAYOGLU2003181,
title = {Comparing the performance of HIPed and Cast Stellite 6 alloy in liquid–solid slurries},
journal = {Wear},
volume = {255},
number = {1},
pages = {181-194},
year = {2003},
note = {14th International Conference on Wear of Materials},
issn = {0043-1648},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1648(03)00287-4},
author = {U. Malayoglu and A. Neville},
keywords = {HIPed, Cast Stellite 6, Liquid–solid slurries, Erosion, Corrosion},
abstract = {In this paper, results from erosion–corrosion tests performed under liquid–solid erosion conditions in 3.5\% NaCl liquid medium are reported. The focus of the paper is to compare the behaviour of Cast and Hot Isostatically Pressed (HIPed) Stellite 6 alloy in terms of their electrochemical corrosion characteristics, their resistance to mechanical degradation and relationship between microstructure and degradation mechanisms. It has been shown that HIPed Stellite 6 possesses better erosion and erosion corrosion resistance than that of Cast Stellite 6 and two stainless steels (UNS S32760 and UNS S31603) under the same solid loading (200 and 500mg/l), and same temperature (20 and 50°C). The material removal mechanisms have been identified by using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and shown preferential removal of the Co-rich matrix to be less extensive on the HIPed material.}
}
#+END_SRC
** GUADALUPE2017203 - Applicability of a recently proposed tribocorrosion model to CoCr alloys with different carbides content :noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: GUADALUPE2017203
:YEAR: 2017
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@article{GUADALUPE2017203,
title = {Applicability of a recently proposed tribocorrosion model to CoCr alloys with different carbides content},
journal = {Wear},
volume = {376-377},
pages = {203-211},
year = {2017},
note = {21st International Conference on Wear of Materials},
issn = {0043-1648},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2016.11.048},
author = {Sandra Guadalupe and Shoufan Cao and Marco Cantoni and Walter-John Chitty and Carole Falcand and Stefano Mischler},
keywords = {CoCr alloys, Sulfuric acid, Tribocorrosion, Wear mechanisms, Model},
abstract = {Existing sliding tribocorrosion models have been developed for homogeneous passive metals such as stainless steel and pure metals. Many technical alloys contains however second phases, usually much harder than the metallic matrix, intended to provide better mechanical properties. The tribocorrosion models are based on the assumption of nearly perfect plastic behavior that is not necessarily representative of the tribological response of inhomogeneous metals. This work was initiated with the aim of evaluating the applicability to inhomogeneous alloys of a recently developed tribocorrosion model that includes mechanical, chemical and lubrication phenomena. For this the tribocorrosion of three different CoCr alloys was investigated using a reciprocating ball (alumina)-on-plate tribometer in a 0.5 M sulfuric acid solution. The alloys studied were a Stellite 6 (S6) with 22\% of carbides, a Stellite 21 (S21) with 6\% of carbides and a Stellite 21 (LCS21) without carbides. Tribocorrosion tests were carried out under potentiostatic conditions under different loads. Scanning electron microscopy, laser profilometry and focused ion beam were used for surface and sub-surface characterization of the wear tracks. The results obtained with the S21 and LCS21 alloys are consistent with the model while in the case of alloy S6, exhibiting interconnected carbide phases, the model correctly describes the corrosion response but only approximately the mechanical release of wear particles.}
}
#+END_SRC
The tribocorrosion tests were conducted with the contact fully immersed in a 0.5 M H2SO4 solution. The applied potential of 0 VMSE lies in the passive domain for all considered alloys.
The potentiodynamic curves of the three CoCr alloys in 0.5 M H2SO4 are shown in the Fig. 1.
All alloys exhibit a passive plateau above the corrosion potential between -0.6 V and 0.4 V.
Only the S6 alloy exhibits an apparent active peak around -0.7 VMSE while the S21 and LCS21 alloys do not show an active/passive transition.
The current density in the passive domain is larger in case of S21.
https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0043164817300224-gr1_lrg.jpg
** BENEA2004948 - Tribocorrosion of stellite 6 in sulphuric acid medium: electrochemical behaviour and wear :noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: BENEA2004948
:YEAR: 2004
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@article{BENEA2004948,
title = {Tribocorrosion of stellite 6 in sulphuric acid medium: electrochemical behaviour and wear},
journal = {Wear},
volume = {256},
number = {9},
pages = {948-953},
year = {2004},
note = {Special issue on Wear Modelling},
issn = {0043-1648},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2003.06.003},
author = {L Benea and P Ponthiaux and F Wenger and J Galland and D Hertz and J.Y Malo},
keywords = {Tribocorrosion, Wear, Electrochemical techniques, Stellite},
abstract = {Tribocorrosion of stellite 6 in sulphuric acid was studied with a pin-on-disc tribometer through test conditions of intermittent friction. The occurrence of a mechanism involving mechanical depassivation during friction and further repassivation during the latency period between two successive friction steps was demonstrated. Polarization curves measurements and wear measurements by weight loss together with microtopography surveys of the wear track allowed to determine the relation giving the evolution of the wear with the duration of the latency period, and the kinetic law ruling the electrochemical repassivation mechanism.}
}
#+END_SRC
** Reference data for Corrosion
*** Ishida1990357 - The Co-Cr (Cobalt-Chromium) system :noexport:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Ishida1990357,
author={Ishida, K. and Nishizawa, T.},
title={The Co-Cr (Cobalt-Chromium) system},
journal={Bulletin of Alloy Phase Diagrams},
year={1990},
volume={11},
number={4},
pages={357-370},
doi={10.1007/BF02843315},
note={cited By 99},
}
#+END_SRC
By way of example, we present here the analytical model developed by Karimi and Leo (1987) for predicting cavitation erosion of ductile materials. This model essentially enables the calculation of mass loss based on the flow's aggressiveness in terms of impact loads, along with the primary mechanical and metallurgical characteristics of the material.
Three distinct categories of impact loads must be taken into account, differentiated by their magnitude:
- Pressure pulses with an amplitude less than the yield strength are assumed not to cause any damage, with the material expected to revert to its original state upon unloading. This assumption implies that fatigue mechanisms, resulting from numerous repetitive impacts below the yield strength, are not considered in the model. Hence, this phenomenological model is best suited for cavitating flows with high aggressiveness.
- Pressure pulses with an amplitude between the yield strength (sY) and the ultimate tensile strength (sU) are believed to contribute to the hardening of the material's surface.
- Pressure pulses exceeding the ultimate tensile strength are deemed the primary contributors to mass loss. These impacts are characterized by a mean amplitude value greater than sU, a mean value of the surface area affected by each individual impact, and their frequency (˙N) per unit time and unit surface area.
In this model, the aforementioned three parameters are considered to define the aggressiveness of the cavitating flow.
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Remy197799,
author={Remy, L. and Pineau, A.},
title={Twinning and strain-induced F.C.C. → H.C.P. transformation in the FeMnCrC system},
journal={Materials Science and Engineering},
year={1977},
volume={28},
number={1},
pages={99-107},
doi={10.1016/0025-5416(77)90093-3},
note={cited By 363},
}
#+END_SRC
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Liu2015146,
author={Liu, R. and Yao, J.H. and Zhang, Q.L. and Yao, M.X. and Collier, R.},
title={Relations of Chemical Composition to Solidification Behavior and Associated Microstructure of Stellite Alloys},
journal={Metallography, Microstructure, and Analysis},
year={2015},
volume={4},
number={3},
pages={146-157},
doi={10.1007/s13632-015-0196-2},
note={cited By 18},
}
#+END_SRC
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Kashani200838,
author={Kashani, H. and Laridjani, M.S. and Amadeh, A. and Khodagholi, M. and Ahmadzadeh, S.},
title={The influence of volumetric dilution on the strain induced γ → ε martensitic transformation in GTAW processed Co-Cr-Mo alloy},
journal={Materials Science and Engineering: A},
year={2008},
volume={478},
number={1-2},
pages={38-42},
doi={10.1016/j.msea.2007.05.061},
note={cited By 23},
}
#+END_SRC
*** Pourbaix1966 - Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions :noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Pourbaix1966
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Pourbaix1966,
author={Pourbaix, M.},
journal={Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions},
year={1966},
note={cited By 7424},
}
#+END_SRC
** Mohamed1999195 - Localized corrosion behaviour of powder metallurgy processed cobalt-base alloy Stellite-6 in chloride environments
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Mohamed1999195,
author = {Mohamed, Kamal E. and Gad, Magda M. A. and Nassef, Ahmed E. and El-Sayed, Abdel Wahab A.},
title = {Localized corrosion behaviour of powder metallurgy processed cobalt-base alloy Stellite-6 in chloride environments},
year = {1999},
journal = {Zeitschrift fuer Metallkunde/Materials Research and Advanced Techniques},
volume = {90},
number = {3},
pages = {195 – 201},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0032644980&partnerID=40&md5=058e899a9663318544d8e5149c9acd4a},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 21}
}
#+END_SRC
* Stellite :noexport:
** kapoor2013microstructure - Microstructure and wear resistance relations of Stellite alloys
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@article{kapoor2013microstructure,
title={Microstructure and wear resistance relations of Stellite alloys},
author={Kapoor, S and Liu, R and Wu, XJ and Yao, MX},
journal={Inter. J. Adv. Mater. Sci.},
volume={4},
number={3},
pages={231--248},
year={2013}
}
#+END_SRC
** Heathcock1981597 - CAVITATION EROSION OF COBALT BASED STELLITE ALLOYS, CEMENTED CARBIDES AND SURFACE TREATED LOW ALLOY STEELS :stellite:noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Heathcock1981597
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Heathcock1981597,
author = {Heathcock, C.J. and Ball, A. and Protheroe, B.E.},
title = {Cavitation erosion of cobalt-based Stellite® alloys, cemented carbides and surface-treated low alloy steels},
year = {1981},
journal = {Wear},
volume = {74},
number = {1},
pages = {11 – 26},
doi = {10.1016/0043-1648(81)90191-5},
abstract = {A number of Stellite® alloys, cemented carbides and surface-treated alloy steels have been evaluated for erosion resistance. The ability of the Stellite alloys to withstand erosion is primarily a function of the cobalt-rich solid solution phase while erosion of cemented carbides is controlled predominantly by the binder phase. The nickel-based tungsten carbides are more resistant to erosion than the cobalt-based samples. Investigation of industrial surface treatments has demonstrated that erosion rates of hardened low alloy steels can be improved. For example, a hardened electroless nickel coating on BS 817M40 steel erodes at one-third the rate of uncoated BS 817M40 steel. A Tufftriding treatment, which is a proprietary method of carbonitriding, applied to the same steel caused a similar improvement in performance but only after an initial loss of the compound layer. Hard chrome coating is, in general, less effective than the above treatments in combating cavitation erosion. © 1981.},
keywords = {hydraulic machinery},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 70}
}
#+END_SRC
# download:20240308-180758_screenshot.png]]
** Mitelea2022967 - Cavitation resistance of Stellite 21 coatings tungsten inert gas (TIG) deposited onto duplex stainless steel X2CrNiMoN22-5-3 :stellite:noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Mitelea2022967
:END:
Do not have access :(
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Mitelea2022967,
author = {Mitelea, Ion and Bordeaşu, Ilare and Mutaşcu, Daniel and Buzdugan, Dragos and Craciunescu, Corneliu Marius},
title = {Cavitation resistance of Stellite 21 coatings tungsten inert gas (TIG) deposited onto duplex stainless steel X2CrNiMoN22-5-3},
year = {2022},
journal = {Materialpruefung/Materials Testing},
volume = {64},
number = {7},
pages = {967 – 976},
doi = {10.1515/mt-2021-2169},
abstract = {Cobalt-based alloys, called Stellite, have a microstructure consisting of complex carbides dispersed in a Co-based solid solution matrix. These alloys are resistant to corrosion, erosion through cavitation, abrasive, and sliding wear. To increase the erosion resistance through cavitation, hardfacing of the stainless steel duplex X2CrNiMoN22-5-3 with Stellite 21 alloy was performed using the pulsed tungsten inert gas (TIG) process. The positive effects of the hardfacing process are the low heat input, reduced distortions, controlled volume of the weld, and reduced susceptibility to hot cracking. The effect of dilution is essential for the quality of the deposited layers and, in this sense, the TIG pulsed current welding process was performed to reduce the excess linear energy and implicitly the substrate melting. Iron dilution levels were in the range between 5.9 and 6.1. The higher Fe content in the first layer does not significantly reduce its hardness or wear resistance through erosion cavitation. Compared with the substrate material, the cavity erosion resistance increases 7 to 11 times even in the first layer hardened by the TIG pulsed current welding process. © 2022 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston.},
author_keywords = {cavitation erosion; duplex stainless steel; hardfacing; Stellite 21; TIG pulsed welding process},
keywords = {Carbides; Cavitation; Cavitation corrosion; Cobalt alloys; Corrosion resistance; Erosion; Inert gas welding; Wear of materials; Wear resistance; Cavitation resistance; Cobalt-based alloys; Erosion resistance; Hardfacing; Pulsed current welding; Pulsed welding; Stellite 21; Tungsten inert gas; Tungsten inert gas pulsed welding process; Welding process; Inert gases},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 1}
}
#+END_SRC
** Opris2007581 - Development of Stellite alloy composites with sintering/HIPing technique for wear-resistant applications :stellite:noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Opris2007581
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Opris2007581,
author={Opris, C.D. and Liu, R. and Yao, M.X. and Wu, X.J.},
title={Development of Stellite alloy composites with sintering/HIPing technique for wear-resistant applications},
journal={Materials and Design},
year={2007},
volume={28},
number={2},
pages={581-591},
doi={10.1016/j.matdes.2005.08.004},
note={cited By 48},
}
#+END_SRC
Stellite 694
Stellite 712
** Klarstrom2004762 - Metallography and microstructures of cobalt and cobalt alloys :stellite:noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Klarstrom2004762
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Klarstrom2004762,
author={Klarstrom, D. and Crook, P. and Wu, J.},
title={Metallography and microstructures of cobalt and cobalt alloys},
journal={ASM Handbook, Volume 9: Metallography and Microstructures},
year={2004},
volume={9},
pages={762-774},
note={cited By 28},
}
#+END_SRC
** Engqvist2000219 - Tribofilm formation on cemented carbides in dry sliding conformal contact :noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Engqvist2000219
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Engqvist2000219,
author={Engqvist, H. and Högberg, H. and Botton, G.A. and Ederyd, S. and Axén, N.},
title={Tribofilm formation on cemented carbides in dry sliding conformal contact},
journal={Wear},
year={2000},
volume={239},
number={2},
pages={219-228},
doi={10.1016/S0043-1648(00)00315-X},
note={cited By 83},
}
#+END_SRC
** Antony198352 - WEAR-RESISTANT COBALT-BASE ALLOYS :stellite:noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Antony198352
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Antony198352,
author={Antony, Kenneth C.},
title={WEAR-RESISTANT COBALT-BASE ALLOYS.},
journal={Journal of Metals},
year={1983},
volume={35},
number={2},
pages={52-60},
note={cited By 119},
}
#+END_SRC
** Berns1985292 - Microstructure and properties of CoCr29W (stellite 6) in the As-cast, forged and powder metallurgical condition :stellite:noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Berns1985292
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Berns1985292,
author={Berns, H. and Wendl, F.},
title={Microstructure and properties of CoCr29W (stellite 6) in the As-cast, forged and powder metallurgical condition},
journal={Proceedings Second International Conference on Cobalt},
year={1985},
pages={292-305},
note={cited By 9},
}
#+END_SRC
id:Stellite_6][Stellite 6]]
** Shin2003117 - Effect of molybdenum on the microstructure and wear resistance of cobalt-base Stellite hardfacing alloys :stellite:noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Shin2003117
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Shin2003117,
author={Shin, J.-C. and Doh, J.-M. and Yoon, J.-K. and Lee, D.-Y. and Kim, J.-S.},
title={Effect of molybdenum on the microstructure and wear resistance of cobalt-base Stellite hardfacing alloys},
journal={Surface and Coatings Technology},
year={2003},
volume={166},
number={2-3},
pages={117-126},
doi={10.1016/S0257-8972(02)00853-8},
note={cited By 181},
}
#+END_SRC
** Kuzucu199847 - An investigation of stellite-6 alloy containing 5.0 wt% silicon :stellite:noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Kuzucu199847
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Kuzucu199847,
author={Kuzucu, V. and Ceylan, M. and Çelik, H. and Aksoy, I.},
title={An investigation of stellite-6 alloy containing 5.0 wt\% silicon},
journal={Journal of Materials Processing Technology},
year={1998},
volume={79},
number={1-3},
pages={47-51},
doi={10.1016/S0924-0136(97)00452-4},
note={cited By 20},
}
#+END_SRC
** Wang2003535 - Effects of yttrium on microstructure, mechanical properties and high-temperature wear behavior of cast Stellite 6 alloy :stellite:noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Wang2003535
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Wang2003535,
author={Wang, L. and Li, D.Y.},
title={Effects of yttrium on microstructure, mechanical properties and high-temperature wear behavior of cast Stellite 6 alloy},
journal={Wear},
year={2003},
volume={255},
number={1-6},
pages={535-544},
doi={10.1016/S0043-1648(03)00057-7},
note={cited By 66},
}
#+END_SRC
** DeMolVanOtterloo1997239 - Microstructure and abrasive wear of cobalt-based laser coatings :stellite:noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: DeMolVanOtterloo1997239
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{DeMolVanOtterloo1997239,
author={De Mol Van Otterloo, J.L. and De Hosson, J.Th.M.},
title={Microstructure and abrasive wear of cobalt-based laser coatings},
journal={Scripta Materialia},
year={1997},
volume={36},
number={2},
pages={239-245},
doi={10.1016/S1359-6462(96)00346-6},
note={cited By 43},
}
#+END_SRC
** Crook1992766 - Friction and wear of cobalt-base wrought alloys :stellite:noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Crook1992766
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Crook1992766,
author={Crook, P. and Levy, A.V.},
title={Friction and wear of cobalt-base wrought alloys},
journal={ASM Handbook},
year={1992},
volume={18},
pages={766-771},
note={cited By 18},
}
#+END_SRC
** Kim1999495 - Wear and corrosion resistance of PTA weld surfaced Ni and Co based alloy layers :stellite:noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Kim1999495
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Kim1999495,
author={Kim, H.-J. and Kim, Y.J.},
title={Wear and corrosion resistance of PTA weld surfaced Ni and Co based alloy layers},
journal={Surface Engineering},
year={1999},
volume={15},
number={6},
pages={495-501},
doi={10.1179/026708499101516911},
note={cited By 68},
}
#+END_SRC
** Desai198489 - Effect of carbide size on the abrasion of cobalt-base powder metallurgy alloys :stellite:noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Desai198489
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Desai198489,
author={Desai, V.M. and Rao, C.M. and Kosel, T.H. and Fiore, N.F.},
title={Effect of carbide size on the abrasion of cobalt-base powder metallurgy alloys},
journal={Wear},
year={1984},
volume={94},
number={1},
pages={89-101},
doi={10.1016/0043-1648(84)90168-6},
note={cited By 57},
}
#+END_SRC
** Yang1995196 - The wear properties of plasma transferred arc cladded stellite specimens :stellite:noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Yang1995196
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Yang1995196,
author={Yang, L.J. and Loh, N.L.},
title={The wear properties of plasma transferred arc cladded stellite specimens},
journal={Surface and Coatings Technology},
year={1995},
volume={71},
number={2},
pages={196-200},
doi={10.1016/0257-8972(94)01021-A},
note={cited By 30},
}
#+END_SRC
** Song1997291 - Sliding wear performance of cobalt-based alloys in molten-Al-added zinc bath :stellite:noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Song1997291
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Song1997291,
author={Song, J.-H. and Kim, H.-J.},
title={Sliding wear performance of cobalt-based alloys in molten-Al-added zinc bath},
journal={Wear},
year={1997},
volume={210},
number={1-2},
pages={291-298},
doi={10.1016/S0043-1648(97)00092-6},
note={cited By 30},
}
#+END_SRC
** DeMolVanOtterloo19971225 - Microstructural features and mechanical properties of a cobalt-based laser coating :stellite:noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: DeMolVanOtterloo19971225
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{DeMolVanOtterloo19971225,
author={De Mol Van Otterloo, J.L. and De Hosson, J.Th.M.},
title={Microstructural features and mechanical properties of a cobalt-based laser coating},
journal={Acta Materialia},
year={1997},
volume={45},
number={3},
pages={1225-1236},
doi={10.1016/S1359-6454(96)00250-9},
note={cited By 97},
}
#+END_SRC
** DeBrouwer1966141 - Influence of tungsten and carbon contents on the microstructure and properties of a cobalt-base hardfacing alloy :stellite:noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: DeBrouwer1966141
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{DeBrouwer1966141,
author={De Brouwer, J.L. and Coutsouradis, D.},
title={Influence of tungsten and carbon contents on the microstructure and properties of a cobalt-base hardfacing alloy},
journal={Cobalt},
year={1966},
volume={32},
pages={141-147},
note={cited By 12},
}
#+END_SRC
** [#A] Ashworth1999243 - Microstructure and property relationships in hipped Stellite powders :stellite:noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Ashworth1999243
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Ashworth1999243,
author = {Ashworth, M.A. and Bryar, J.C. and Jacobs, M.H. and Davies, S.},
title = {Microstructure and property relationships in hipped Stellite powders},
year = {1999},
journal = {Powder Metallurgy},
volume = {42},
number = {3},
pages = {243 – 249},
doi = {10.1179/003258999665585},
affiliations = {Interdisc. Res. Ctr. Mat. High P., University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Bodycote Infutec Ltd., Sheepbridge, Chesterfield, S41 9ED, Sheffield Road, United Kingdom},
abstract = {In the present paper the microstructure and properties of a range of hipped Stellite powders are investigated, the basic aim of the study being to generate a material/property database to facilitate alloy selection for potential applications involving net shape component manufacture. Particular attention is paid to the morphology, particle size distribution, and surface composition of the as atomised powders and their effect on subsequent consolidation. The consolidated powders are fully characterised in terms of microstructure and the composition and distribution of secondary phases. The effect of hipping temperature on the microstructure, hardness, and tensile properties of the powders are discussed in terms of the optimum processing temperature for the various alloys.},
keywords = {Consolidation; Hardness; Hot isostatic pressing; Metallographic microstructure; Metallographic phases; Morphology; Particle size analysis; Powder metals; Surface structure; Tensile properties; Thermal effects; Wear resistance; Atomised powders; Hipped stellite powders; Net shape component manufacture; Stellite},
publisher = {Maney Publishing},
issn = {00325899},
coden = {PWMTA},
language = {English},
abbrev_source_title = {Powder Metall},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 21}
}
#+END_SRC
# id:Crook1990446
# id:Crook199427
# id:Antony1979
# id:Klarstrom1993523
# id:Asphahani1987658
# id:Hamiuddin198722
# id:Kumar1986415
# id:Aizaz1985675
# id:Ayagakl199635
# id:Bayer1984117
# id:Wong-Kian1995319
# id:Frenk199481
# id:Nissel1984113
# id:Wisbey199441
# id:Wisbey199693
# id:Tanaka19942620
# id:Shi19941233
# id:Youdelis1983379
# id:Kulkarni1984823
# id:Pourbaix1966
** Crook1990446 - Cobalt and cobalt alloys :stellite:noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Crook1990446
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Crook1990446,
author={Crook, P.},
title={Cobalt and cobalt alloys},
journal={ASM Handbook},
year={1990},
volume={2},
number={10},
pages={446-454},
note={cited By 57},
}
#+END_SRC
** Crook199427 - Cobalt-base alloys resist wear, corrosion, and heat :stellite:noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Crook199427
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Crook199427,
author={Crook, Paul},
title={Cobalt-base alloys resist wear, corrosion, and heat},
journal={Advanced Materials and Processes},
year={1994},
volume={145},
number={4},
pages={27-30},
note={cited By 22},
}
#+END_SRC
** Antony1979 - The effect of composition and microstructure on cavitation erosion resistance :noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Antony1979
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Antony1979,
author={Antony, K.C. and Silence, W.L.},
title={The effect of composition and microstructure on cavitation erosion resistance},
journal={Proc. 5th International Conf. Erosion by Solid and Liquid Impact},
year={1979},
note={cited By 15},
}
#+END_SRC
** Klarstrom1993523 - Wrought cobalt-base superalloys :stellite:noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Klarstrom1993523
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Klarstrom1993523,
author={Klarstrom, D.L.},
title={Wrought cobalt- base superalloys},
journal={Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance},
year={1993},
volume={2},
number={4},
pages={523-530},
doi={10.1007/BF02661736},
note={cited By 61},
}
#+END_SRC
** Asphahani1987658 - Corrosion of cobalt-base alloy :stellite:noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Asphahani1987658
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Asphahani1987658,
author={Asphahani, A.I.},
title={Corrosion of cobalt-base alloy},
journal={Corrosion},
year={1987},
volume={13},
pages={658-668},
note={cited By 24},
}
#+END_SRC
** Hamiuddin198722 - DEVELOPMENT OF WEAR RESISTANT STRONG AND FULLY DENSE STELLITE BY LIQUID PHASE SINTERING :stellite:noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Hamiuddin198722
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Hamiuddin198722,
author={Hamiuddin, Md.},
title={DEVELOPMENT OF WEAR RESISTANT STRONG AND FULLY DENSE STELLITE BY LIQUID PHASE SINTERING.},
journal={Powder Metallurgy International},
year={1987},
volume={19},
number={2},
pages={22-26},
note={cited By 2},
}
#+END_SRC
** Kumar1986415 - PROPERTIES OF P/M STELLITE ALLOY NO. 6. :stellite:noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Kumar1986415
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@CONFERENCE{Kumar1986415,
author={Kumar, P.},
title={PROPERTIES OF P/M STELLITE ALLOY NO. 6.},
journal={Progress in Powder Metallurgy},
year={1986},
volume={41},
pages={415-437},
note={cited By 8},
}
#+END_SRC
** Aizaz1985675 - PROPERTIES OF 'STELLITE' ALLOY NO. 21 MADE VIA PLIABLE POWDER TECHNOLOGY :stellite:noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Aizaz1985675
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@CONFERENCE{Aizaz1985675,
author={Aizaz, A. and Kumar, P.},
title={PROPERTIES OF 'STELLITE' ALLOY NO. 21 MADE VIA PLIABLE POWDER TECHNOLOGY.},
journal={Modern Developments in Powder Metallurgy},
year={1985},
volume={16},
pages={675-693},
note={cited By 1},
}
#+END_SRC
** Wong-Kian1995319 - Comparison of erosion-corrosion behaviour of hot isostatically pressed and welded stellite coatings :stellite:noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Wong-Kian1995319
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Wong-Kian1995319,
author={Wong-Kian, M. and Cornish, L.A. and Van Bennekom, A.},
title={Comparison of erosion-corrosion behaviour of hot isostatically pressed and welded stellite coatings},
journal={J. South Afr. Inst. Mining Metall.},
year={1995},
number={7},
pages={319-335},
note={cited By 12},
}
#+END_SRC
** Frenk199481 - Microstructural effects on the sliding wear resistance of a cobalt-based alloy :stellite:noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Frenk199481
:END:
TODO - Emulate this using the blended alloy
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Frenk199481,
author={Frenk, A. and Kurz, W.},
title={Microstructural effects on the sliding wear resistance of a cobalt-based alloy},
journal={Wear},
year={1994},
volume={174},
number={1-2},
pages={81-91},
doi={10.1016/0043-1648(94)90089-2},
note={cited By 126},
}
#+END_SRC
Use when talking about microstructure and hypo hyper eutectic matrix
** Wisbey199441 - The production of conventional Co base (Stellite HS6) wear resistant surfaces on Ti alloys :stellite:noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Wisbey199441
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Wisbey199441,
author={Wisbey, A. and Partridge, P.G. and Thomson-Tur, M.A.},
title={The production of conventional Co base (Stellite HS6) wear resistant surfaces on Ti alloys},
journal={Materials Letters},
year={1994},
volume={21},
number={1},
pages={41-46},
doi={10.1016/0167-577X(94)90121-X},
note={cited By 7},
}
#+END_SRC
** Wisbey199693 - The effect of interlayer chemistry on the diffusion bonding of cobalt-base wear-resistant surfaces on titanium alloy :stellite:noexport:noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Wisbey199693
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Wisbey199693,
author={Wisbey, A. and Ward-Close, C.M. and Wallis, I.C.},
title={The effect of interlayer chemistry on the diffusion bonding of cobalt-base wear-resistant surfaces on titanium alloy},
journal={Materials Science and Engineering: A},
year={1996},
volume={208},
number={1},
pages={93-100},
doi={10.1016/0921-5093(95)10069-5},
note={cited By 5},
}
#+END_SRC
** Tanaka19942620 - Effects of high-temperature ageing on the creep-rupture properties of high-tungsten cobalt-base superalloys :stellite:noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Tanaka19942620
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Tanaka19942620,
author={Tanaka, M.},
title={Effects of high-temperature ageing on the creep-rupture properties of high-tungsten cobalt-base superalloys},
journal={Journal of Materials Science},
year={1994},
volume={29},
number={10},
pages={2620-2628},
doi={10.1007/BF00356809},
note={cited By 3},
}
#+END_SRC
** Shi19941233 - The properties of a wrought biomedical cobalt-chromium alloy :corrosion:stellite:noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Shi19941233
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Shi19941233,
author={Shi, L. and Northwood, D.O. and Cao, Z.},
title={The properties of a wrought biomedical cobalt-chromium alloy},
journal={Journal of Materials Science},
year={1994},
volume={29},
number={5},
pages={1233-1238},
doi={10.1007/BF00975070},
note={cited By 24},
}
#+END_SRC
** Youdelis1983379 - Carbide phases in cobalt base superalloy: Role of nucleation entropy in refinement :stellite:phase:noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Youdelis1983379
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Youdelis1983379,
author={Youdelis, W.V. and Kwon, O.},
title={Carbide phases in cobalt base superalloy: Role of nucleation entropy in refinement},
journal={Metal Science},
year={1983},
volume={17},
number={8},
pages={379-384},
doi={10.1179/030634583790420664},
note={cited By 23},
}
#+END_SRC
** KRELL2020203138 - Comprehensive investigation of the microstructure-property relationship of differently manufactured Co–Cr–C alloys at room and elevated temperature
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@article{KRELL2020203138,
title = {Comprehensive investigation of the microstructure-property relationship of differently manufactured Co–Cr–C alloys at room and elevated temperature},
journal = {Wear},
volume = {444-445},
pages = {203138},
year = {2020},
issn = {0043-1648},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2019.203138},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043164819312840},
author = {Julian Krell and Arne Röttger and Werner Theisen},
keywords = {Stellite, Microstructural characterization, Hot hardness, Sliding wear, Wear at elevated temperature},
abstract = {The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of the microstructure on sliding wear and hardness of four different Co–Cr–C alloys at room and elevated temperature. Different microstructures were produced by applying three different processes. The hardness, hot hardness and wear loss at room temperature of these alloys correlate strongly with the carbide volume content. In sliding wear tests against an Al2O3 ball, abrasive wear occurs at room temperature. The size or geometric arrangement of the carbides or metal matrix plays a minor role at room temperature. At 600 °C the wear behaviour changes due to the softening matrix. In alloys with small free matrix path lengths, the highest wear rates occur due to micro-fatigue and micro-cracking. In hypoeutectic alloys with a high free matrix path length, the carbides lose their effectiveness due to the lack of support by the matrix. In these alloys, wear is dominated by the properties of the matrix. A hypereutectic casting alloy with large primary carbides shows the best wear results, as the carbides support themselves due to their size and retain their wear-reducing effect.}
}
#+END_SRC
* Rubigus Annex
All the papers that have come out from Dr Rehan Ahmed and company
** Ahmed2023 - Mapping the mechanical properties of cobalt-based stellite alloys manufactured via blending
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Ahmed2023,
author = {Ahmed, R. and Fardan, A. and Davies, S.},
title = {Mapping the mechanical properties of cobalt-based stellite alloys manufactured via blending},
year = {2023},
journal = {Advances in Materials and Processing Technologies},
doi = {10.1080/2374068X.2023.2220242},
abstract = {Stellite alloys have good wear resistance and maintain their strength up to ~ 600°C, making them suitable for various industrial applications like cutting tools and combustion engine parts. This investigation was aimed at i) manufacturing new Stellite alloy blends using powder metallurgy and ii) mathematically mapping hardness, yield strength, ductility and impact energy of base and alloy blends. Linear, exponential, polynomial approximations and dimensional analyses were conducted in this semi-empirical mathematical modelling approach. Base alloy compositions similar to Stellite 1, 4, 6, 12, 20 and 190 were used in this investigation to form new alloys via blends. The microstructure was analysed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Mechanical performance of alloys was conducted using tensile, hardness and Charpy impact tests. MATLAB® coding was used for the development of property maps. This investigation indicates that hardness and yield strength can be linked to the wt.\% composition of carbon and tungsten using linear approximation with a maximum variance of 5\% and 20\%, respectively. Elongation and carbide fraction showed a non-linear relationship with alloy composition. Impact energy was linked with elongation through polynomial approximation. A dimensional analysis was developed by interlinking carbide fraction, hardness, yield strength, and elongation to impact energy. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.},
author_keywords = {Blending; Hiping; Mathematical model; Powder metallurgy; Stellite alloys; Structure-property relationships},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Article in press},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 0; All Open Access, Green Open Access, Hybrid Gold Open Access}
}
#+END_SRC
** [#A] Ahmed20138 - Influence of Re-HIPing on the structure-property relationships of cobalt-based alloys :rubigus:noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Ahmed20138
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Ahmed20138,
author={Ahmed, R. and De Villiers Lovelock, H.L. and Davies, S. and Faisal, N.H.},
title={Influence of Re-HIPing on the structure-property relationships of cobalt-based alloys},
journal={Tribology International},
year={2013},
volume={57},
pages={8 – 21},
doi={10.1016/j.triboint.2012.06.025},
type={Article},
publication_stage={Final},
source={Scopus},
note={Cited by: 33},
}
#+END_SRC
id:Stellite_6][Stellite 6]]
id:Stellite_4][Stellite 4]]
id:Stellite_20][Stellite 20]]
# id:Yu20091
# id:Yu2007586
# id:Yu20071385
# id:Rao2006282
# id:Gadd19971
# id:Opris2007581
# id:NoAuthor2005
# id:Oliver19921564
# id:Ahmed20112043
# id:Faisal201198
# id:Ahmed2012
# id:NoAuthor2009
# id:NoAuthor0000
# id:Yu2007
# id:Usmani1997470
# id:Sangwal2003511
# id:Stoica20041103
# id:Stewart2004962
** [#A] Yu2007 - The Microstructure and Tribo-mechanical Properties of HIPed Stellite Alloys :rubigus:noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Yu2007
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Yu2007,
author={Yu, H.},
title={The Microstructure and Tribo-mechanical Properties of HIPed Stellite Alloys},
year={2007},
note={cited By 1},
}
#+END_SRC
id:Stellite_6][Stellite 6]]
** Stoica20041103 - Sliding wear evaluation of hot isostatically pressed (HIPed) thermal spray cermet coatings :rubigus:noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Stoica20041103
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Stoica20041103,
author={Stoica, V. and Ahmed, R. and Itsukaichi, T. and Tobe, S.},
title={Sliding wear evaluation of hot isostatically pressed (HIPed) thermal spray cermet coatings},
journal={Wear},
year={2004},
volume={257},
number={11},
pages={1103-1124},
doi={10.1016/j.wear.2004.07.016},
note={cited By 43},
}
#+END_SRC
** [#A] Ahmed2021 - Sliding wear of blended cobalt based alloys :rubigus:noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Ahmed2021
:END:
id:Stellite_6][Stellite 6]]
id:Stellite_20][Stellite 20]]
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Ahmed2021,
author = {Ahmed, R. and de Villiers Lovelock, H.L. and Davies, S.},
title = {Sliding wear of blended cobalt based alloys},
year = {2021},
journal = {Wear},
volume = {466-467},
doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2020.203533},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 13}
}
#+END_SRC
# id:Crook199427
# id:Antony198352
# id:Frenk199481
# id:Klarstrom2004762
# id:Silence1978428
# id:Kosel1985343
# id:Cooper1992A195
# id:DeMolVanOtterloo19971225
# id:Yao2005234
# id:Ahmed2017487
# id:Ashraf2015
# id:Podra199971
# id:Meng1995443
# id:Ahmed201470
# id:Ahmed201498
# id:Ahmed20138
# id:Yu20091
# id:Yu2007586
# id:Yu20071385
# id:Ashworth1999243
# id:Desai198489
# id:Engqvist2000219
# id:Ali2017
# id:Ahmed2015357
# id:Ahmed2015133
** [#A] Yao2005234 - Wear, corrosion and cracking resistance of some W- or Mo-containing Stellite hardfacing alloys :rubigus:noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Yao2005234
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Yao2005234,
author={Yao, M.X. and Wu, J.B.C. and Xie, Y.},
title={Wear, corrosion and cracking resistance of some W- or Mo-containing Stellite hardfacing alloys},
journal={Materials Science and Engineering: A},
year={2005},
volume={407},
number={1-2},
pages={234-244},
doi={10.1016/j.msea.2005.06.062},
note={cited By 76},
}
#+END_SRC
** Ahmed2017487 - Friction and Wear of Cobalt-Base Alloys :rubigus:noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Ahmed2017487
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Ahmed2017487,
author={Ahmed, R. and De Villiers Lovelock, H.L.},
title={Friction and Wear of Cobalt-Base Alloys},
journal={Frict. Lubr. Wear Technol.},
year={2017},
volume={18},
pages={487-501},
note={cited By 8},
}
#+END_SRC
** Ashraf2015 - Finite element modeling of sliding wear in a composite alloy using a free-mesh :rubigus:noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Ashraf2015
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Ashraf2015,
author={Ashraf, M.A. and Ahmed, R. and Ali, O. and Faisal, N.H. and El-Sherik, A.M. and Goosen, M.F.A.},
title={Finite element modeling of sliding wear in a composite alloy using a free-mesh},
journal={Journal of Tribology},
year={2015},
volume={137},
number={3},
doi={10.1115/1.4029998},
art_number={031605},
note={cited By 17},
}
#+END_SRC
** Ahmed201470 - Single asperity nanoscratch behaviour of HIPed and cast Stellite 6 alloys :rubigus:noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Ahmed201470
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Ahmed201470,
author={Ahmed, R. and Ashraf, A. and Elameen, M. and Faisal, N.H. and El-Sherik, A.M. and Elakwah, Y.O. and Goosen, M.F.A.},
title={Single asperity nanoscratch behaviour of HIPed and cast Stellite 6 alloys},
journal={Wear},
year={2014},
volume={312},
number={1-2},
pages={70-82},
doi={10.1016/j.wear.2014.02.006},
note={cited By 41},
}
#+END_SRC
** Ahmed201498 - Structure-property relationships in a CoCrMo alloy at micro and nano-scales :rubigus:noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Ahmed201498
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Ahmed201498,
author={Ahmed, R. and De Villiers Lovelock, H.L. and Faisal, N.H. and Davies, S.},
title={Structure-property relationships in a CoCrMo alloy at micro and nano-scales},
journal={Tribology International},
year={2014},
volume={80},
pages={98-114},
doi={10.1016/j.triboint.2014.06.015},
note={cited By 20},
}
#+END_SRC
** Yu20071385 - Tribo-mechanical evaluations of cobalt-based (Stellite 4) alloys manufactured via HIPing and casting :rubigus:noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Yu20071385
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Yu20071385,
author={Yu, H. and Ahmed, R. and De Villiers Lovelock, H. and Davies, S.},
title={Tribo-mechanical evaluations of cobalt-based (Stellite 4) alloys manufactured via HIPing and casting},
journal={Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering, WCE 2007},
year={2007},
volume={2},
pages={1385-1390},
note={cited By 7},
}
#+END_SRC
** Ali2017 - Influence of Post-treatment on the Microstructural and Tribomechanical Properties of Suspension Thermally Sprayed WC–12 wt%Co Nanocomposite Coatings :rubigus:noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Ali2017
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Ali2017,
author={Ali, O. and Ahmed, R. and Faisal, N.H. and Alanazi, N.M. and Berger, L.-M. and Kaiser, A. and Toma, F.-L. and Polychroniadis, E.K. and Sall, M. and Elakwah, Y.O. and Goosen, M.F.A.},
title={Influence of Post-treatment on the Microstructural and Tribomechanical Properties of Suspension Thermally Sprayed WC–12 wt\%Co Nanocomposite Coatings},
journal={Tribology Letters},
year={2017},
volume={65},
number={2},
doi={10.1007/s11249-017-0815-y},
art_number={33},
note={cited By 35},
}
#+END_SRC
** Ahmed2015357 - Structure Property Relationship of Suspension Thermally Sprayed WC-Co Nanocomposite Coatings :rubigus:noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Ahmed2015357
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Ahmed2015357,
author={Ahmed, R. and Faisal, N.H. and Al-Anazi, N.M. and Al-Mutairi, S. and Toma, F.-L. and Berger, L.-M. and Potthoff, A. and Polychroniadis, E.K. and Sall, M. and Chaliampalias, D. and Goosen, M.F.A.},
title={Structure Property Relationship of Suspension Thermally Sprayed WC-Co Nanocomposite Coatings},
journal={Journal of Thermal Spray Technology},
year={2015},
volume={24},
number={3},
pages={357-377},
doi={10.1007/s11666-014-0174-2},
note={cited By 34},
}
#+END_SRC
** [#A] Yu20091 - Influence of manufacturing process and alloying element content on the tribomechanical properties of cobalt-based alloys :rubigus:noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Yu20091
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Yu20091,
author = {Yu, H. and Ahmed, R. and Lovelock, H. de Villiers and Davies, S.},
title = {Influence of manufacturing process and alloying element content on the tribomechanical properties of cobalt-based alloys},
year = {2009},
journal = {Journal of Tribology},
volume = {131},
number = {1},
pages = {1–12},
doi = {10.1115/1.2991122},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 35}
}
#+END_SRC
id:Crook199427
# id:Antony198352
# id:Frenk199481
# id:Berns1985292
# id:Crook1990446
# id:Shin2003117
# id:Kuzucu199847
# id:Wang2003535
# id:DeMolVanOtterloo1997239
# id:Crook1992766
# id:Klarstrom1993523
# id:Kim1999495
# id:Silence1978428
# id:Kosel1985343
# id:Desai198489
# id:Yang1995196
# id:Cooper1992A195
# id:Song1997291
# id:DeMolVanOtterloo19971225
# id:Yu2007586
# id:Kumar1986415
# id:NoAuthor2016
# id:NoAuthor2010
# id:Stewart2004962
# id:Shipley2002
# id:Hutchings1992
# id:Ashworth1999243
# id:Ayagaki199635
# id:Dawson1990977
# id:DeBrouwer1966141
# id:Ghar198736
# id:Schindler2000337
# id:Schindler1993203
# id:NoAuthor1991
# id:Underwood1984481
# id:Habashi19841551
# id:Holzmann1996113
# id:Schmitt199421
# id:Sreenivasan1996149
# id:Lee199563
# id:Tallian1967418
# id:Hadfield2017607
# id: Ahmed2002333
# id:Tallian1971447
# id:Kapoor1996256
# id:Wong1997156
** Ahmed2015133 - Sliding wear investigation of suspension sprayed WC-Co nanocomposite coatings :rubigus:noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:# ID: Ahmed2015133
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Ahmed2015133,
author={Ahmed, R. and Ali, O. and Faisal, N.H. and Al-Anazi, N.M. and Al-Mutairi, S. and Toma, F.-L. and Berger, L.-M. and Potthoff, A. and Goosen, M.F.A.},
title={Sliding wear investigation of suspension sprayed WC-Co nanocomposite coatings},
journal={Wear},
year={2015},
volume={322-323},
pages={133-150},
doi={10.1016/j.wear.2014.10.021},
note={cited By 66},
}
#+END_SRC
** Yu2007586 - A comparison of the tribo-mechanical properties of a wear resistant cobalt-based alloy produced by different manufacturing processes :rubigus:noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Yu2007586
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Yu2007586,
author={Yu, H. and Ahmed, R. and de Villiers Lovelock, H.},
title={A comparison of the tribo-mechanical properties of a wear resistant cobalt-based alloy produced by different manufacturing processes},
journal={Journal of Tribology},
year={2007},
volume={129},
number={3},
pages={586-594},
doi={10.1115/1.2736450},
note={cited By 30},
}
#+END_SRC
Stellite 20
** Ahmed2002333 - Mechanisms of fatigue failure in thermal spray coatings :rubigus:noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Ahmed2002333
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Ahmed2002333,
author={Ahmed, R. and Hadfield, M.},
title={Mechanisms of fatigue failure in thermal spray coatings},
journal={Journal of Thermal Spray Technology},
year={2002},
volume={11},
number={3},
pages={333-349},
doi={10.1361/105996302770348727},
art_number={11033331},
note={cited By 50},
}
#+END_SRC
** Stewart2004962 - Contact fatigue failure evaluation of post-treated WC-NiCrBSi functionally graded thermal spray coatings :rubigus:noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Stewart2004962
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Stewart2004962,
author={Stewart, S. and Ahmed, R. and Itsukaichi, T.},
title={Contact fatigue failure evaluation of post-treated WC-NiCrBSi functionally graded thermal spray coatings},
journal={Wear},
year={2004},
volume={257},
number={9-10},
pages={962-983},
doi={10.1016/j.wear.2004.05.008},
note={cited By 89},
}
#+END_SRC
* Vickers Indentation testing :noexport:
** Faisal201198 - Indentation testing and its acoustic emission response: Applications and emerging trends :rubigus:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Faisal201198
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Faisal201198,
author={Faisal, N.H. and Ahmed, R. and Reuben, R.L.},
title={Indentation testing and its acoustic emission response: Applications and emerging trends},
journal={International Materials Reviews},
year={2011},
volume={56},
number={2},
pages={98-142},
doi={10.1179/1743280410Y.0000000004},
note={cited By 58},
}
#+END_SRC
** Oliver19921564 - Improved technique for determining hardness and elastic modulus using load and displacement sensing indentation experiments
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Oliver19921564
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Oliver19921564,
author={Oliver, W.C. and Pharr, G.M.},
title={Improved technique for determining hardness and elastic modulus using load and displacement sensing indentation experiments},
journal={Journal of Materials Research},
year={1992},
volume={7},
number={6},
pages={1564-1580},
note={cited By 23007},
}
#+END_SRC
** Ahmed2012 - Fatigue at nanoscale: An integrated stiffness and depth sensing approach to investigate the mechanisms of failure in diamondlike carbon film :rubigus:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Ahmed2012
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Ahmed2012,
author={Ahmed, R. and Fu, Y.Q. and Faisal, N.H.},
title={Fatigue at nanoscale: An integrated stiffness and depth sensing approach to investigate the mechanisms of failure in diamondlike carbon film},
journal={Journal of Tribology},
year={2012},
volume={134},
number={1},
doi={10.1115/1.4005774},
art_number={012001},
note={cited By 11},
}
#+END_SRC
* Rolling Contact :noexport:
** Tallian1967418 - On competing failure modes in rolling contact :plint:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Tallian1967418
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Tallian1967418,
author={Tallian, T.E.},
title={On competing failure modes in rolling contact},
journal={ASLE Transactions},
year={1967},
volume={10},
number={4},
pages={418-439},
doi={10.1080/05698196708972201},
note={cited By 256},
}
#+END_SRC
** Hadfield2017607 - Failure modes of ceramics in rolling contact :plint:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Hadfield2017607
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Hadfield2017607,
author={Hadfield, M. and Stolarski, T.A. and Cundill, R.T.},
title={Failure modes of ceramics in rolling contact},
journal={Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences},
year={2017},
volume={443},
number={1919},
pages={607-621},
note={cited By 31},
}
#+END_SRC
** Tallian1971447 - An engineering model of spalling fatigue failure in rolling contact. II. The surface model :plint:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Tallian1971447
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Tallian1971447,
author={Tallian, T.E. and McCool, J.I.},
title={An engineering model of spalling fatigue failure in rolling contact. II. The surface model},
journal={Wear},
year={1971},
volume={17},
number={5-6},
pages={447-461},
doi={10.1016/0043-1648(71)90050-0},
note={cited By 66},
}
#+END_SRC
** Kapoor1996256 - Shakedown limits in rolling-sliding point contacts on an anisotropic half-space :shakedown:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Kapoor1996256
:END:
Might be useful in determining how shakedown limits can be used on work-hardened surfaces.
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Kapoor1996256,
author={Kapoor, A. and Williams, J.A.},
title={Shakedown limits in rolling-sliding point contacts on an anisotropic half-space},
journal={Wear},
year={1996},
volume={191},
number={1-2},
pages={256-260},
doi={10.1016/0043-1648(95)06687-X},
note={cited By 23},
}
#+END_SRC
** Wong1997156 - Shakedown limits on coated surfaces :shakedown:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Wong1997156
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Wong1997156,
author={Wong, S.K. and Kapoor, A. and Williams, J.A.},
title={Shakedown limits on coated surfaces},
journal={Thin Solid Films},
year={1997},
volume={292},
number={1-2},
pages={156-163},
doi={10.1016/S0040-6090(96)08938-9},
note={cited By 9},
}
#+END_SRC
* Hot Isostatic Pressing :noexport:
** [#A] Atkinson20002981 - Fundamental aspects of hot isostatic pressing: An overview :HIP:rubigus:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Atkinson20002981
:YEAR: 2000
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Atkinson20002981,
author = {Atkinson, H.V. and Davies, S.},
title = {Fundamental aspects of hot isostatic pressing: An overview},
year = {2000},
journal = {Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A: Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science},
volume = {31},
number = {12},
pages = {2981 – 3000},
doi = {10.1007/s11661-000-0078-2},
abstract = {Hot isostatic pressing (hipping) can be used for upgrading castings, densifying presintered components, consolidating powders, and interfacial bonding. It involves the simultaneous application of a high pressure and elevated temperature in a specially constructed vessel. The pressure is applied with a gas (usually inert) and, so, is isostatic. Under these conditions of heat and pressure, internal pores or defects within a solid body collapse and diffusion bond. Encapsulated powder and sintered components alike are densified to give improved mechanical properties and a reduction in the scatter band of properties. In this article, the basic science of sintering and hipping is summarized and contrasted. The current state of understanding and modeling of hipping is then reviewed. Models can be classified either as microscopic or macroscopic in their approach. In the microscopic approach, the various mechanisms of densification are analyzed in terms of a single particle and its surroundings. In the macroscopic approach, the compact is treated as a continuous medium. In hipping, although the pressure is isostatic, shrinkage is not generally isotropic, particularly if containment is used. However, the shrinkage can now be well predicted, provided that the material and container properties are accurately known.},
keywords = {Castings; Consolidation; Densification; Encapsulation; Interfaces (materials); Mathematical models; Shrinkage; Sintering; Interfacial bonding; Hot isostatic pressing},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 563}
}
#+END_SRC
# id:Greenwood1983111
# id:Ashby198829
# id:Atkinson1991
# id:German1996
# id:Sailer1964
# id:Lardner1982115
# id:Crouzatier1975265
# id:Wasielewski1972
# id:NoAuthor1987
# id:Waldron197862
# id:Quaranta198196
# id:Olevsky199841
# id:Mackenzie1949833
# id:Coble1971409
# id:Murray1954
# id:Greenwood1969320
# id:Nelson196591
# id:Greenwood1968103
# id:Speight1964683
# id:Coble19704798
# id:Crossman1975425
# id:Wilkinson19751277
# id:Schatt19861
# id:Alexander1957666
# id:Greenwood197539
# id:Basaran19732429
# id:Kvon1991165
# id:Ewsuk19841530
# id:Smugeresky2006
# id:Lee1993880
# id:Li1997279
# id:Wilkinson1977
# id:Swinkels19831829
# id:Arlt19821883
# id:Arzt1983211
# id:Helle19852163
# id:Gilman198038
# id:Davies1997775
# id:Kaysser198863
# id:Nair198797
# id:Li19891645
# id:Li19931345
# id:Lograsso19881767
# id:Lograsso1994681
# id:Fletcher1996477
# id:Ashby1990
# id:Oh19952537
# id:Davies19971745
# id:Li19872831
# id:Ashby19801
# id:Lange1991209
# id:Pagounis19961277
# id:Wadley1991
# id:Bahei-El-Din19952531
# id:Vancheeswaran199849
# id:Khazami-Zadeh19955125
# id:KUHNHA197115
# id:Green1972215
# id:Oyane19731254
# id:Shima197628591
# id:Abouaf1986121
# id:Abouaf1988191
# id:Yossifon199163
# id:Shima199211
# id:Mori199129
# id:Nohara1988213
# id:Ramakrishnan1997253
# id:Trasorras199451
# id:Zarzour1995
# id:Trasorras1995
# id:Bouvard199653
# id:Bouaziz1996145
# id:Kwon1994779
# id:Kuhne1994569
# id:Piehler1991321
# id:Laptev199023
# id:Bouvard1989491
# id:Svoboda199529
# id:Jinka1994249
# id:Khazami-Zadeh1994761
** Shima199211 - Hot Isostatic Pressing: Theory and Application: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on HIP :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:# ID: Shima199211
:YEAR: 1992
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Shima199211,
author={Shima, S.},
journal={Hot Isostatic Pressing: Theory and Application: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on HIP},
year={1992},
pages={11-16},
note={cited By 3},
}
#+END_SRC
** Mori199129 - Finite element simulation of nonuniform shrinkage during sintering of ceramic products :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Mori199129
:YEAR: 1991
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Mori199129,
author={Mori, K. and Osakada, K. and Hirano, T.},
title={Finite element simulation of nonuniform shrinkage during sintering of ceramic products},
journal={Hot Isostatic Pressing - Theory and Applications},
year={1991},
pages={29-34},
note={cited By 9},
}
#+END_SRC
** Nohara1988213 - Numerical simulation of the densification behaviour of metal powder during hot isostatic pressing :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Nohara1988213
:YEAR: 1988
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Nohara1988213,
author={Nohara, A. and Nakagawa, T. and Soh, T. and Shinke, T.},
title={Numerical simulation of the densification behaviour of metal powder during hot isostatic pressing},
journal={International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering},
year={1988},
volume={25},
number={1},
pages={213-225},
doi={10.1002/nme.1620250117},
note={cited By 46},
}
#+END_SRC
** Ramakrishnan1997253 - Finite element methods for materials modelling :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Ramakrishnan1997253
:YEAR: 1997
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Ramakrishnan1997253,
author={Ramakrishnan, N. and Arunachalam, V.S.},
title={Finite element methods for materials modelling},
journal={Progress in Materials Science},
year={1997},
volume={42},
number={1-4},
pages={253-261},
doi={10.1016/s0079-6425(97)00031-5},
note={cited By 9},
}
#+END_SRC
** Trasorras199451 - Advances in Powder Metallurgy and Paniculate Materials :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Trasorras199451
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Trasorras199451,
author={Trasorras, J.R.L. and Canga, M.E. and Eisen, W.B.},
journal={Advances in Powder Metallurgy and Paniculate Materials},
year={1994},
volume={7},
pages={51-69},
note={cited By 1},
}
#+END_SRC
** Zarzour1995 - Experimental calibration of a constitutive model for hot isostatic pressing (HIP) of metallic powders :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Zarzour1995
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@CONFERENCE{Zarzour1995,
author={Zarzour, J.F. and Trasorras, J.R.L. and Xu, J. and Conway, J.J.},
title={Experimental calibration of a constitutive model for hot isostatic pressing (HIP) of metallic powders},
journal={Advances in Powder Metallurgy and Particulate Materials},
year={1995},
volume={2},
pages={5/89-5/112},
note={cited By 1},
}
#+END_SRC
** Trasorras1995 - Model-based design of hot isostatic pressing to near-net shape :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Trasorras1995
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@CONFERENCE{Trasorras1995,
author={Trasorras, J.R.L. and Parameswaran, R. and Xu, J. and Anbajagane, R. and Rachakonda, V.B.S.},
title={Model-based design of hot isostatic pressing to near-net shape},
journal={Advances in Powder Metallurgy and Particulate Materials},
year={1995},
volume={2},
pages={5/139-5/152},
note={cited By 1},
}
#+END_SRC
** Bouaziz1996145 - Proc. Int. Conf. on Hot Isostatic Pressing :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Bouaziz1996145
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Bouaziz1996145,
author={Bouaziz, O. and Baccino, R. and Dellis, C. and Moret, F. and Stutz, P.},
journal={Proc. Int. Conf. on Hot Isostatic Pressing},
year={1996},
pages={145-150},
note={cited By 1},
}
#+END_SRC
** Kwon1994779 - Powder Metallurgy World Congress :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Kwon1994779
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Kwon1994779,
author={Kwon, Y.S. and Kirn, K.T.},
journal={Powder Metallurgy World Congress},
year={1994},
volume={1},
pages={779-782},
note={cited By 1},
}
#+END_SRC
** Piehler1991321 - Hot Isostatic Pressing: Theory and Applications :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Piehler1991321
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Piehler1991321,
author={Piehler, H.R. and Watkins, D.M.},
title={Hot Isostatic Pressing: Theory and Applications},
journal={Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on Hot Isostatic Pressing},
year={1991},
pages={321},
note={cited By 6},
}
#+END_SRC
** Laptev199023 - Theory and optimization of hot isostatic pressing :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Laptev199023
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Laptev199023,
author={Laptev, A.M. and Samarov, V.N. and Podlesny, S.V.},
title={Theory and optimization of hot isostatic pressing},
journal={Powder Metallurgy International},
year={1990},
volume={22},
number={2},
pages={23-25},
note={cited By 5},
}
#+END_SRC
** Bouvard1989491 - Rheological characterization of metal powder at high temperature :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Bouvard1989491
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@CONFERENCE{Bouvard1989491,
author={Bouvard, D. and Lafer, M.},
title={Rheological characterization of metal powder at high temperature},
journal={1989 Advanced in Powder Metallurgy - Volume 1},
year={1989},
pages={491-503},
note={cited By 10},
}
#+END_SRC
** Svoboda199529 - Determination of material parameters for simulation of hot isostatic pressing :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Svoboda199529
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Svoboda199529,
author={Svoboda, A. and Björk, L. and Häggblad, H.-A.},
title={Determination of material parameters for simulation of hot isostatic pressing},
journal={Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements VII},
year={1995},
volume={7},
pages={29-39},
note={cited By 7},
}
#+END_SRC
** Jinka1994249 - Finite element simulation of hot isostatic pressing of metal powders :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Jinka1994249
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Jinka1994249,
author={Jinka, A.G.K. and Lewis, R.W.},
title={Finite element simulation of hot isostatic pressing of metal powders},
journal={Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering},
year={1994},
volume={114},
number={3-4},
pages={249-272},
doi={10.1016/0045-7825(94)90174-0},
note={cited By 39},
}
#+END_SRC
** Khazami-Zadeh1994761 - Powder Metallurgy World Congress :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Khazami-Zadeh1994761
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Khazami-Zadeh1994761,
author={Khazami-Zadeh, M. and Seliverstov, D.O. and Petzoldt, F. and Kunze, H.D.},
journal={Powder Metallurgy World Congress},
year={1994},
volume={1},
pages={761-764},
note={cited By 1},
}
#+END_SRC
** Greenwood1983111 :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Greenwood1983111
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Greenwood1983111,
author={Greenwood, G.W.},
journal={Proc 17th Annual BICTA Conf.},
year={1983},
pages={111-118},
note={cited By 1},
}
#+END_SRC
** Ashby198829 - The modeling of hot isostatic pressing :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Ashby198829
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Ashby198829,
author={Ashby, M.F.},
title={The modeling of hot isostatic pressing},
journal={Proceedings HIP: Hot Isostatic Pressing - Theories and Applications},
year={1988},
pages={29-40},
note={cited By 16},
}
#+END_SRC
** German1996 - Sintering Theory and Practice :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: German1996
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{German1996,
author={German, R.M.},
journal={Sintering Theory and Practice},
year={1996},
note={cited By 2301},
}
#+END_SRC
** Sailer1964 :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Sailer1964
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Sailer1964,
author={Sailer, H.A. and Paprocki, S.J. and Dayton, R.W. and Hodge, E.S.},
year={1964},
note={cited By 1},
}
#+END_SRC
** Lardner1982115 - ISOSTATIC HOT PRESSING APPLIED TO CEMENTED CARBIDES. :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Lardner1982115
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Lardner1982115,
author={Lardner, E.},
title={ISOSTATIC HOT PRESSING APPLIED TO CEMENTED CARBIDES.},
journal={Colliery guardian Redhill},
year={1982},
volume={14},
number={3},
pages={115-118},
note={cited By 2},
}
#+END_SRC
** Crouzatier1975265 - Effect of Thermoplastic Treatment on Properties of a Chromium-Molybdenum Steel. :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Crouzatier1975265
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Crouzatier1975265,
author={Crouzatier, Thierry and Makiguchi, T. and Detrez, Pierre and Plenard, Elisabeth},
title={Effect of Thermoplastic Treatment on Properties of a Chromium-Molybdenum Steel. Comparison Between Cast, Forged, and Pressed Steel. [INFLUENCE DE TRAITEMENTS THERMOPLASTIQUES SUR LES PROPRIETES D'UN ACIER AU Cr-Mn. COMPARAISON ENTRE ACIER MOULE, FORGE ET PRESSE.]},
journal={Fonderie},
year={1975},
volume={30},
number={347},
pages={265-280},
note={cited By 2},
}
#+END_SRC
** Wasielewski1972 - Proc 2nd Int. Conf. Snperalloys Processing :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Wasielewski1972
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Wasielewski1972,
author={Wasielewski, G.E. and Lindblad, N.R.},
journal={Proc 2nd Int. Conf. Snperalloys Processing},
year={1972},
pages={D1-D24},
note={cited By 1},
}
#+END_SRC
** NoAuthor1987 - Battelle MCIC Report No. MCIC-77-34 :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: NoAuthor1987
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{NoAuthor1987,
journal={Battelle MCIC Report No. MCIC-77-34},
year={1987},
note={cited By 1},
}
#+END_SRC
** Waldron197862 :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Waldron197862
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Waldron197862,
author={Waldron, M.B. and Daniell, B.L.},
journal={Sintering, Heyden, London},
year={1978},
pages={62},
note={cited By 1},
}
#+END_SRC
** Quaranta198196 :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Quaranta198196
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Quaranta198196,
author={Quaranta, S. and Antona, L.B.P.},
journal={Alluminio},
year={1981},
pages={96-99},
note={cited By 1},
}
#+END_SRC
** Olevsky199841 :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Olevsky199841
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Olevsky199841,
author={Olevsky, E.A.},
title={Theory of sintering: From discrete to continuum},
journal={Materials Science and Engineering R: Reports},
year={1998},
volume={23},
number={2},
pages={41-100},
doi={10.1016/S0927-796X(98)00009-6},
note={cited By 563},
}
#+END_SRC
** Mackenzie1949833 - A phenomenological theory of sintering :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Mackenzie1949833
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Mackenzie1949833,
author={Mackenzie, J.K. and Shuttleworth, R.},
title={A phenomenological theory of sintering},
journal={Proceedings of the Physical Society. Section B},
year={1949},
volume={62},
number={12},
pages={833-852},
doi={10.1088/0370-1301/62/12/310},
art_number={310},
note={cited By 449},
}
#+END_SRC
** Coble1971409 - On the removal of pores from castings by sintering :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Coble1971409
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Coble1971409,
author={Coble, R.L. and Flemings, M.C.},
title={On the removal of pores from castings by sintering},
journal={Metallurgical Transactions},
year={1971},
volume={2},
number={2},
pages={409-415},
doi={10.1007/BF02663327},
note={cited By 25},
}
#+END_SRC
** Murray1954 - Practical and theoretical aspects of the hot pressing of refractory oxides :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Murray1954
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Murray1954,
author={Murray, P. and Rodgers, E.P. and Williams, A.E.},
title={Practical and theoretical aspects of the hot pressing of refractory oxides},
journal={Trans. Brit. Ceram. Soc.},
year={1954},
volume={53},
number={8},
note={cited By 54},
}
#+END_SRC
** Greenwood1969320 - The solubility of gas bubbles :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Greenwood1969320
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Greenwood1969320,
author={Greenwood, G.W.},
title={The solubility of gas bubbles},
journal={Journal of Materials Science},
year={1969},
volume={4},
number={4},
pages={320-322},
doi={10.1007/BF00550401},
note={cited By 11},
}
#+END_SRC
** Nelson196591 - The thermal equilibrium shape and size of holes in solids :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Nelson196591
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Nelson196591,
author={Nelson, R.S. and Mazey, D.J. and Barnes, R.S.},
title={The thermal equilibrium shape and size of holes in solids},
journal={Philosophical Magazine},
year={1965},
volume={11},
number={109},
pages={91-111},
doi={10.1080/14786436508211927},
note={cited By 142},
}
#+END_SRC
** Greenwood1968103 - Report of Manchester Symp. on Phase Transformations :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Greenwood1968103
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Greenwood1968103,
author={Greenwood, G.W.},
journal={Report of Manchester Symp. on Phase Transformations},
year={1968},
pages={103-110},
note={cited By 3},
}
#+END_SRC
** Speight1964683 - Grain boundary mobility and its effects in materials containing inert gases :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Speight1964683
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Speight1964683,
author={Speight, M.V. and Greenwood, G.W.},
title={Grain boundary mobility and its effects in materials containing inert gases},
journal={Philosophical Magazine},
year={1964},
volume={9},
number={100},
pages={683-689},
doi={10.1080/14786436408211880},
note={cited By 57},
}
#+END_SRC
** Coble19704798 - Diffusion models for hot pressing with surface energy and pressure effects as driving forces :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Coble19704798
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Coble19704798,
author={Coble, R.L.},
title={Diffusion models for hot pressing with surface energy and pressure effects as driving forces},
journal={Journal of Applied Physics},
year={1970},
volume={41},
number={12},
pages={4798-4807},
doi={10.1063/1.1658543},
note={cited By 357},
}
#+END_SRC
** Crossman1975425 - The non-uniform flow of polycrystals by grain-boundary sliding accommodated by power-law creep :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Crossman1975425
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Crossman1975425,
author={Crossman, F.W. and Ashby, M.F.},
title={The non-uniform flow of polycrystals by grain-boundary sliding accommodated by power-law creep},
journal={Acta Metallurgica},
year={1975},
volume={23},
number={4},
pages={425-440},
doi={10.1016/0001-6160(75)90082-6},
note={cited By 221},
}
#+END_SRC
** Wilkinson19751277 - Pressure sintering by power law creep :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Wilkinson19751277
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Wilkinson19751277,
author={Wilkinson, D.S. and Ashby, M.F.},
title={Pressure sintering by power law creep},
journal={Acta Metallurgica},
year={1975},
volume={23},
number={11},
pages={1277-1285},
doi={10.1016/0001-6160(75)90136-4},
note={cited By 307},
}
#+END_SRC
** Schatt19861 - DISLOCATION-ACTIVATED SINTERING. :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Schatt19861
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Schatt19861,
author={Schatt, Werner and Friedrich, Eckhart and Wieters, Klaus-Peter},
title={DISLOCATION-ACTIVATED SINTERING.},
journal={Reviews on powder metallurgy and physical ceramics},
year={1986},
volume={3},
number={1},
pages={1-111},
note={cited By 15},
}
#+END_SRC
** Alexander1957666 - The mechanism of sintering of copper :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Alexander1957666
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Alexander1957666,
author={Alexander, B.H. and Balluffi, R.W.},
title={The mechanism of sintering of copper},
journal={Acta Metallurgica},
year={1957},
volume={5},
number={11},
pages={666-677},
doi={10.1016/0001-6160(57)90113-X},
note={cited By 146},
}
#+END_SRC
** Greenwood197539 - The effect of hydrostatic pressure on the binding energy of gas bubbles to grain boundaries and phase interfaces :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Greenwood197539
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Greenwood197539,
author={Greenwood, G.W. and Jones, H. and Woodhead, J.H.},
title={The effect of hydrostatic pressure on the binding energy of gas bubbles to grain boundaries and phase interfaces},
journal={Philosophical Magazine},
year={1975},
volume={31},
number={1},
pages={39-46},
doi={10.1080/14786437508229283},
note={cited By 1},
}
#+END_SRC
** Basaran19732429 - The effect of homogenization treatment and hot isostatic pressing on microporosity in cast steel :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Basaran19732429
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#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Basaran19732429,
author={Basaran, M. and Kattamis, T.Z. and Mehrabian, R. and Flemings, M.C.},
title={The effect of homogenization treatment and hot isostatic pressing on microporosity in cast steel},
journal={Metallurgical Transactions},
year={1973},
volume={4},
number={10},
pages={2429-2434},
doi={10.1007/BF02669386},
note={cited By 10},
}
#+END_SRC
** Kvon1991165 - Isostatic Pressing Theory and Applications :HIP:
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:ID: Kvon1991165
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Kvon1991165,
author={Kvon, O.H. and Messing, G.L.},
journal={Isostatic Pressing Theory and Applications},
year={1991},
pages={165-170},
note={cited By 1},
}
#+END_SRC
** Ewsuk19841530 - Densification of sintered lead zirconate titanate by hot isostatic pressing :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Ewsuk19841530
:END:
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@ARTICLE{Ewsuk19841530,
author={Ewsuk, K.G. and Messing, G.L.},
title={Densification of sintered lead zirconate titanate by hot isostatic pressing},
journal={Journal of Materials Science},
year={1984},
volume={19},
number={5},
pages={1530-1534},
doi={10.1007/BF00563049},
note={cited By 12},
}
#+END_SRC
** Smugeresky2006 - No Title :HIP:
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:ID: Smugeresky2006
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#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Smugeresky2006,
author={Smugeresky, J.E.},
year={2006},
note={cited By 1},
}
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** Lee1993880 - Elimination of Large Artificial Pores During the Hot Isostatic Pressing of Presintered Alumina :HIP:
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:ID: Lee1993880
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#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Lee1993880,
author={Lee, S.‐H. and Yang, J.‐K. and Kim, D.‐Y.},
title={Elimination of Large Artificial Pores During the Hot Isostatic Pressing of Presintered Alumina},
journal={Journal of the American Ceramic Society},
year={1993},
volume={76},
number={4},
pages={880-884},
doi={10.1111/j.1151-2916.1993.tb05310.x},
note={cited By 9},
}
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** Li1997279 - Constitutive laws for hot isostatic pressing of powder compact :HIP:
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:ID: Li1997279
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Li1997279,
author={Li, W.B. and Häggblad, H.-Å.},
title={Constitutive laws for hot isostatic pressing of powder compact},
journal={Powder Metallurgy},
year={1997},
volume={40},
number={4},
pages={279-281},
doi={10.1179/pom.1997.40.4.279},
note={cited By 9},
}
#+END_SRC
** Wilkinson1977 - No Title :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
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:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Wilkinson1977,
author={Wilkinson, D.S.},
year={1977},
note={cited By 1},
}
#+END_SRC
** Swinkels19831829 - Mechanisms of hot-isostatic pressing :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Swinkels19831829
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Swinkels19831829,
author={Swinkels, F.B. and Wilkinson, D.S. and Arzt, E. and Ashby, M.F.},
title={Mechanisms of hot-isostatic pressing},
journal={Acta Metallurgica},
year={1983},
volume={31},
number={11},
pages={1829-1840},
doi={10.1016/0001-6160(83)90129-3},
note={cited By 112},
}
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** Arlt19821883 - The influence of an increasing particle coordination on the densification of spherical polders :HIP:
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:ID: Arlt19821883
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@ARTICLE{Arlt19821883,
author={Arlt, E.},
title={The influence of an increasing particle coordination on the densification of spherical polders},
journal={Acta Metallurgica},
year={1982},
volume={30},
number={10},
pages={1883-1890},
doi={10.1016/0001-6160(82)90028-1},
note={cited By 333},
}
#+END_SRC
** Arzt1983211 - Practical applications of hotisostatic Pressing diagrams: Four case studies :HIP:
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:ID: Arzt1983211
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#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Arzt1983211,
author={Arzt, E. and Ashby, M.F. and Easterling, K.E.},
title={Practical applications of hotisostatic Pressing diagrams: Four case studies},
journal={Metallurgical Transactions A},
year={1983},
volume={14},
number={1},
pages={211-221},
doi={10.1007/BF02651618},
note={cited By 364},
}
#+END_SRC
** Helle19852163 - Hot-isostatic pressing diagrams: New developments :HIP:
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:ID: Helle19852163
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Helle19852163,
author={Helle, A.S. and Easterling, K.E. and Ashby, M.F.},
title={Hot-isostatic pressing diagrams: New developments},
journal={Acta Metallurgica},
year={1985},
volume={33},
number={12},
pages={2163-2174},
doi={10.1016/0001-6160(85)90177-4},
note={cited By 659},
}
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** Gilman19808 - METHOD FOR THE EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF THE EFFECTIVE STRESS IN HOT PRESSING. :HIP:
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:ID: Gilman198038
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Gilman198038,
author={Gilman, P.S. and Gessinger, G.H.},
title={METHOD FOR THE EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF THE EFFECTIVE STRESS IN HOT PRESSING.},
journal={PMI. Powder metallurgy international},
year={1980},
volume={12},
number={1},
pages={38-40},
note={cited By 2},
}
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** Davies1997775 - Creep of metal-type organic compounds - IV. Application to hot isostatic pressing :HIP:
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:ID: Davies1997775
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Davies1997775,
author={Davies, G.C. and Jones, D.R.H.},
title={Creep of metal-type organic compounds - IV. Application to hot isostatic pressing},
journal={Acta Materialia},
year={1997},
volume={45},
number={2},
pages={775-789},
doi={10.1016/S1359-6454(96)00214-5},
note={cited By 5},
}
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** Kaysser198863 - Microstructural development and densification during hipping of ceramics and metals :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Kaysser198863
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Kaysser198863,
author={Kaysser, W.A. and Asian, M. and Arzt, E. and Mitkov, M. and Petzow, G.},
title={Microstructural development and densification during hipping of ceramics and metals},
journal={Powder Metallurgy},
year={1988},
volume={31},
number={1},
pages={63-69},
doi={10.1179/pom.1988.31.1.63},
note={cited By 31},
}
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** Nair198797 - DENSIFICATION MECHANISM MAPS FOR HOT ISOSTATIC PRESSING (HIP) OF UNEQUAL SIZED PARTICLES. :HIP:
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:ID: Nair198797
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Nair198797,
author={Nair, S.V. and Tien, J.K.},
title={DENSIFICATION MECHANISM MAPS FOR HOT ISOSTATIC PRESSING (HIP) OF UNEQUAL SIZED PARTICLES.},
journal={Metallurgical transactions. A, Physical metallurgy and materials science},
year={1987},
volume={18 A},
number={1},
pages={97-107},
doi={10.1007/BF02646226},
note={cited By 63},
}
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** Li19891645 - Modeling of the densification rates of monosized and bimodal-sized particle systems during hot isostatic pressing (HIP) :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Li19891645
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Li19891645,
author={Li, E.K.H. and Funkenbusch, P.D.},
title={Modeling of the densification rates of monosized and bimodal-sized particle systems during hot isostatic pressing (HIP)},
journal={Acta Metallurgica},
year={1989},
volume={37},
number={6},
pages={1645-1655},
doi={10.1016/0001-6160(89)90131-4},
note={cited By 37},
}
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** Li19931345 - Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) of powder mixtures and composites: Packing, densification, and microstructural effects :HIP:
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:ID: Li19931345
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Li19931345,
author={Li, E.K.H. and Funkenbusch, P.D.},
title={Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) of powder mixtures and composites: Packing, densification, and microstructural effects},
journal={Metallurgical Transactions A},
year={1993},
volume={24},
number={6},
pages={1345-1354},
doi={10.1007/BF02668202},
note={cited By 36},
}
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** Lograsso19881767 - DENSIFICATION OF TITANIUM POWDER DURING HOT ISOSTATIC PRESSING. :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Lograsso19881767
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Lograsso19881767,
author={Lograsso, B.K. and Koss, D.A.},
title={DENSIFICATION OF TITANIUM POWDER DURING HOT ISOSTATIC PRESSING.},
journal={Metallurgical Transactions A (Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science)},
year={1988},
volume={19 A},
number={7},
pages={1767-1773},
doi={10.1007/BF02645145},
note={cited By 35},
}
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** Lograsso1994681 - Densification of Irregular Powders During Hot Isostatic Pressing :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Lograsso1994681
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Lograsso1994681,
author={Lograsso, B.K. and Lograsso, T.A.},
title={Densification of Irregular Powders During Hot Isostatic Pressing},
journal={Materials and Manufacturing Processes},
year={1994},
volume={9},
number={4},
pages={681-694},
doi={10.1080/10426919408934939},
note={cited By 1},
}
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** Fletcher1996477 - Relationships between density, pressure, and temperature in porous cupronickel alloys :HIP:
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:ID: Fletcher1996477
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#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Fletcher1996477,
author={Fletcher, A.J. and King, S.},
title={Relationships between density, pressure, and temperature in porous cupronickel alloys},
journal={Materials Science and Technology},
year={1996},
volume={12},
number={6},
pages={477-482},
doi={10.1179/mst.1996.12.6.477},
note={cited By 1},
}
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** Ashby1990 - HIP487, Version HIP6.1 :HIP:
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:ID: Ashby1990
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Ashby1990,
author={Ashby, M.F.},
journal={HIP487, Version HIP6.1},
year={1990},
note={cited By 3},
}
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** Oh19952537 - Shrinkage of Large Isolated Pores during Hot Isostatic Pressing of Presintered Alumina Ceramics :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Oh19952537
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Oh19952537,
author={Oh, K.‐S. and Kim, D.‐Y. and Cho, S.‐J.},
title={Shrinkage of Large Isolated Pores during Hot Isostatic Pressing of Presintered Alumina Ceramics},
journal={Journal of the American Ceramic Society},
year={1995},
volume={78},
number={9},
pages={2537-2540},
doi={10.1111/j.1151-2916.1995.tb08697.x},
note={cited By 18},
}
#+END_SRC
** Davies19971745 - Creep of metal-type organic compounds-V. Competing mechanisms in hot isostatic pressing :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Davies19971745
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Davies19971745,
author={Davies, G.C. and Jones, D.R.H.},
title={Creep of metal-type organic compounds-V. Competing mechanisms in hot isostatic pressing},
journal={Scripta Materialia},
year={1997},
volume={37},
number={11},
pages={1745-1751},
doi={10.1016/S1359-6462(97)00340-0},
note={cited By 1},
}
#+END_SRC
** Li19872831 - On densification and shape change during hot isostatic pressing :HIP:
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:ID: Li19872831
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Li19872831,
author={Li, W.-B. and Ashby, M.F. and Easterling, K.E.},
title={On densification and shape change during hot isostatic pressing},
journal={Acta Metallurgica},
year={1987},
volume={35},
number={12},
pages={2831-2842},
doi={10.1016/0001-6160(87)90282-3},
note={cited By 86},
}
#+END_SRC
** Ashby19801 - The influence of a dispersion of particles on the sintering of metal powders and wires :HIP:
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:ID: Ashby19801
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Ashby19801,
author={Ashby, M.F. and Bahk, S. and Bevk, J. and Turnbull, D.},
title={The influence of a dispersion of particles on the sintering of metal powders and wires},
journal={Progress in Materials Science},
year={1980},
volume={25},
number={1},
pages={1-34},
doi={10.1016/0079-6425(80)90013-4},
note={cited By 42},
}
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** Lange1991209 - Deformation consolidation of metal powders containing steel inclusions :HIP:
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:ID: Lange1991209
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Lange1991209,
author={Lange, F.F. and Atteraas, L. and Zok, F. and Porter, J.R.},
title={Deformation consolidation of metal powders containing steel inclusions},
journal={Acta Metallurgica Et Materialia},
year={1991},
volume={39},
number={2},
pages={209-219},
doi={10.1016/0956-7151(91)90269-7},
note={cited By 113},
}
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** Pagounis19961277 - consolidation behavior of a particle reinforced metal matrix composite during hiping :HIP:
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:ID: Pagounis19961277
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#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Pagounis19961277,
author={Pagounis, E. and Talvitie, M. and Lindroos, V.K.},
title={consolidation behavior of a particle reinforced metal matrix composite during hiping},
journal={Materials Research Bulletin},
year={1996},
volume={31},
number={10},
pages={1277-1285},
doi={10.1016/0025-5408(96)00111-0},
note={cited By 25},
}
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** Wadley1991 - Proc. Conf. Composites Design, Manufacture and Application :HIP:
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#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Wadley1991,
author={Wadley, H.N.G. and Elzey, D.M.},
journal={Proc. Conf. Composites Design, Manufacture and Application},
year={1991},
pages={B1-B1},
note={cited By 1},
}
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** Bahei-El-Din19952531 - Mechanics of hot isostatic pressing of a densified unidirectional SiC/Ti composite :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Bahei-El-Din19952531
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Bahei-El-Din19952531,
author={Bahei-El-Din, Y.A. and Dvorak, G.J.},
title={Mechanics of hot isostatic pressing of a densified unidirectional SiC/Ti composite},
journal={Acta Metallurgica Et Materialia},
year={1995},
volume={43},
number={7},
pages={2531-2539},
doi={10.1016/0956-7151(94)00477-Y},
note={cited By 10},
}
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** Vancheeswaran199849 - Model-based simulation of the consolidation processing of metal coated fibers :HIP:
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@ARTICLE{Vancheeswaran199849,
author={Vancheeswaran, R. and Elzey, D.M. and Kunze, J.M. and Wadley, H.N.G.},
title={Model-based simulation of the consolidation processing of metal coated fibers},
journal={Materials Science and Engineering: A},
year={1998},
volume={244},
number={1},
pages={49-57},
doi={10.1016/S0921-5093(97)00825-3},
note={cited By 11},
}
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** Khazami-Zadeh19955125 - Advances in Powder Metallurgy and Paniculate Materials :HIP:
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@ARTICLE{Khazami-Zadeh19955125,
author={Khazami-Zadeh, M. and Petzoldt, F.},
journal={Advances in Powder Metallurgy and Paniculate Materials},
year={1995},
volume={2},
pages={5125-5128},
note={cited By 1},
}
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** KUHNHA197115 - Deformation characteristics and plasticity theory of sintered powder materials :HIP:
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@ARTICLE{KUHNHA197115,
author={KUHN HA and DOWNEY CL},
title={Deformation characteristics and plasticity theory of sintered powder materials},
journal={International Journal of Powder Metallurgy (Princeton, New Jersey)},
year={1971},
volume={7},
number={1},
pages={15-25},
note={cited By 398},
}
#+END_SRC
** Green1972215 - A plasticity theory for porous solids :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Green1972215
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Green1972215,
author={Green, R.J.},
title={A plasticity theory for porous solids},
journal={International Journal of Mechanical Sciences},
year={1972},
volume={14},
number={4},
pages={215-224},
doi={10.1016/0020-7403(72)90063-X},
note={cited By 480},
}
#+END_SRC
** Oyane19731254 - THEORY OF PLASTICITY FOR POROUS METALS. :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Oyane19731254
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Oyane19731254,
author={Oyane, Moriya and Shima, Susumu and Kono, Yuichiro},
title={THEORY OF PLASTICITY FOR POROUS METALS.},
journal={Bull JSME},
year={1973},
volume={16},
number={99},
pages={1254-1262},
note={cited By 88},
}
#+END_SRC
** Shima197628591 :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Shima197628591
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Shima197628591,
author={Shima, S. and Oyane, M.},
journal={Int. J. Mech. Sei.},
year={1976},
volume={18},
pages={28591},
note={cited By 1},
}
#+END_SRC
** Abouaf1986121 - Modélisation numérique de la déformation à chaud de poudres métalliques :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Abouaf1986121
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Abouaf1986121,
author={Abouaf, M. and Chenot, J.L.},
title={Modélisation numérique de la déformation à chaud de poudres métalliques},
journal={Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics},
year={1986},
volume={5},
number={1},
pages={121-140},
note={cited By 53},
}
#+END_SRC
** Abouaf1988191 - Finite element simulation of hot isostatic pressing of metal powders :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Abouaf1988191
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Abouaf1988191,
author={Abouaf, M. and Chenot, J.L. and Raisson, G. and Bauduin, P.},
title={Finite element simulation of hot isostatic pressing of metal powders},
journal={International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering},
year={1988},
volume={25},
number={1},
pages={191-212},
doi={10.1002/nme.1620250116},
note={cited By 187},
}
#+END_SRC
** Yossifon199163 - Hot Isoslatic Pressing: Theory and Application: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on HIP :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Yossifon199163
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Yossifon199163,
author={Yossifon, S. and Gefen, Y. and Kalir, D. and Yeheskel, O.},
journal={Hot Isoslatic Pressing: Theory and Application: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on HIP},
year={1991},
pages={63-71},
note={cited By 2},
}
#+END_SRC
** [#A] Ashworth2000351 - Basic mechanisms and interface reactions in HIP diffusion bonding :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Ashworth2000351
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Ashworth2000351,
author = {Ashworth, M.A. and Jacobs, M.H. and Davies, S.},
title = {Basic mechanisms and interface reactions in HIP diffusion bonding},
year = {2000},
journal = {Materials and Design},
volume = {21},
number = {4},
pages = {351 – 358},
doi = {10.1016/s0261-3069(99)00088-6},
abstract = {The influence of interface reactions on the basic mechanisms of HIP diffusion bonding is addressed in this paper. It is shown that the mechanisms that control the microstructure and properties of solid state diffusion bonds are strongly influenced by the pre-bonding processing route used in their manufacture and by the precise chemistry of the materials being joined. In the case of precipitation hardened martensitic stainless steels the interface may be contaminated by oxide particles, which form during the early stages of the bonding process, and whose composition and morphology depend upon the chemistry of the steel. Such particles prevent grain growth across the interface and result in tensile fracture at the interface. Refinements to the pre-bonding processing route have resulted in significantly lower particle densities and grain growth across the interface. Detailed studies have revealed that under certain circumstances, HIP diffusion bonds may also be weakened by precipitation reactions or sulphur segregation at the interface during processing.; The influence of interface reactions on the basic mechanisms of HIP diffusion bonding is addressed in this paper. It is shown that the mechanisms that control the microstructure and properties of solid state diffusion bonds are strongly influenced by the pre-bonding processing route used in their manufacture and by the precise chemistry of the materials being joined. In the case of precipitation hardened martensitic stainless steels the interface may be contaminated by oxide particles, which form during the early stages of the bonding process, and whose composition and morphology depend upon the chemistry of the steel. Such particles prevent grain growth across the interface and result in tensile fracture at the interface. Refinements to the pre-bonding processing route have resulted in significantly lower particle densities and grain growth across the interface. Detailed studies have revealed that under certain circumstances, HIP difussion bonds may also be weakened by precipitation reactions or sulphur segregation at the interface during processing. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},
author_keywords = {HIP diffusion bonding; Interface reactions},
keywords = {Diffusion; isostatic pressing; joint; Age hardening; Density (specific gravity); Fracture; Grain growth; Hot isostatic pressing; Interfaces (materials); Metallographic microstructure; Morphology; Oxides; Stainless steel; Diffusion bonding; Bonding},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 20}
}
#+END_SRC
# id:Ashworth2000351
# id:Bouvard199653
# id:Dellis1998502
# id:Lasalmonie1998508
# id:Rizkalla1998514
# id:Ganor1990351
# id:Buchkremer1993117
# id:Kühne1994569
# id:Zahrah1993109
# id:Rowland199659
# id:Bienvenu198733
# id:Wisbey199693
# id:Baker198773
# id:Ashworth1993333
# id:Atkinson1991
# id:Cline1966481
# id:Tilford1996157
# id:Seah1990201
# id:Ashworth1999951
# id:Smithells1992
** Bouvard199653 - An international collaborative programme for evaluating modelling of hot isostatic pressing :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Bouvard199653
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Bouvard199653,
author={Bouvard, D. and Bouaziz, O. and Dellis, C. and Jinka, A.G.K.},
title={An international collaborative programme for evaluating modelling of hot isostatic pressing},
journal={Proc. Int. Conf. on Hot Isostatic Pressing},
year={1996},
pages={53-57},
note={cited By 4},
}
#+END_SRC
** Dellis1998502 - 3D modelling of hot isostatic pressing for stainless steel powder :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Dellis1998502
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Dellis1998502,
author={Dellis, C. and Bouaziz, O. and Moret, F.},
title={3D modelling of hot isostatic pressing for stainless steel powder},
journal={Powder Metallurgy World Congress 1998},
year={1998},
volume={2},
pages={502-507},
note={cited By 3},
}
#+END_SRC
** Lasalmonie1998508 - Proceedings of the 1998 Powder Metallurgy World Congress and Exhibition :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Lasalmonie1998508
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Lasalmonie1998508,
author={Lasalmonie, D. and Dellis, C. and Garcia, J.C. and Buhle, J.P. and Stutz, P.},
journal={Proceedings of the 1998 Powder Metallurgy World Congress and Exhibition},
year={1998},
volume={2},
pages={508-513},
note={cited By 1},
}
#+END_SRC
** Rizkalla1998514 - Proceedings of the 1998 Powder Metallurgy World Congress and Exhibition :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Rizkalla1998514
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Rizkalla1998514,
author={Rizkalla, C. and Fondere, J.P. and Raynaud, H.F. and Vignes, A.},
journal={Proceedings of the 1998 Powder Metallurgy World Congress and Exhibition},
year={1998},
volume={2},
pages={514-519},
note={cited By 2},
}
#+END_SRC
** Ganor1990351 - Proc. 4th Int. Conf. Isostatic Pressing ISO4 :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Ganor1990351
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Ganor1990351,
author={Ganor, M. and Feuerlicht, Y. and Tamsut, S. and Klimker, H. and Yeheskel, O. and Dariel, M.P. and Rosen, M.},
journal={Proc. 4th Int. Conf. Isostatic Pressing ISO4},
year={1990},
pages={351},
note={cited By 1},
}
#+END_SRC
** Buchkremer1993117 - Proc. of the Int. Conf. on Hot Isostatic Pressing - HIP '93 :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Buchkremer1993117
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Buchkremer1993117,
author={Buchkremer, H.P. and Hammelmann, K.H. and Mohamed, K.E. and Stöver, D.},
journal={Proc. of the Int. Conf. on Hot Isostatic Pressing - HIP '93},
year={1993},
pages={117-124},
note={cited By 1},
}
#+END_SRC
** Kuhne1994569 - Solution of processing problems in liquid phases intering by HIP-dilatometry :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Kuhne1994569
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Kuhne1994569,
author={Kühne, A. and Oberacker, R. and Jüngling, T.},
title={Solution of processing problems in liquidphasesinteringbyHIP-dilatometry},
journal={Hot Isostatic Pressing '93},
year={1994},
pages={569-578},
note={cited By 5},
}
#+END_SRC
** Zahrah1993109 - Proc. of the Int. Conf. on Hot Isostatic Pressing - HIP '93 :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Zahrah1993109
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Zahrah1993109,
author={Zahrah, T.F. and Wereley, N.M. and Charron, F.H. and Mills, J.R.},
journal={Proc. of the Int. Conf. on Hot Isostatic Pressing - HIP '93},
year={1993},
pages={109-116},
note={cited By 1},
}
#+END_SRC
** Rowland199659 - Proc. of the Int. Conf. on Hot Isostatic Pressing :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Rowland199659
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Rowland199659,
author={Rowland, R. and Deng, Y.G. and Dorsch, C. and Verducci, J.},
journal={Proc. of the Int. Conf. on Hot Isostatic Pressing},
year={1996},
pages={59-62},
note={cited By 1},
}
#+END_SRC
** Bienvenu198733 - Proceedings of An International Conference on Diffusion Bonding :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Bienvenu198733
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Bienvenu198733,
author={Bienvenu, Y. and Massart, T. and Van Wouw, L. and Jeandin, M. and Morrison, A.},
journal={Proceedings of An International Conference on Diffusion Bonding},
year={1987},
pages={33-43},
note={cited By 1},
}
#+END_SRC
** Baker198773 - Fatigue and impact strength of diffusion bonded titanium alloy joints :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Baker198773
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Baker198773,
author={Baker, T.S. and Partridge, P.G.},
title={Fatigue and impact strength of diffusion bonded titanium alloy joints},
journal={Proceedings of An International Conference on Diffusion Bonding},
year={1987},
pages={73-89},
note={cited By 8},
}
#+END_SRC
** Ashworth1993333 - Proc. Int. Conf. Hot Isostatic Pressing :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Ashworth1993333
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Ashworth1993333,
author={Ashworth, M.A. and Greenwood, R.M. and Jacobs, M.H. and King, S. and Armstrong, G.R.},
journal={Proc. Int. Conf. Hot Isostatic Pressing},
year={1993},
volume={93},
pages={333-340},
note={cited By 2},
}
#+END_SRC
** Atkinson1991 - Hot Isostatic Pressing :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Atkinson1991
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Atkinson1991,
author={Atkinson, H.V. and Rickinson, B.A.},
journal={Hot Isostatic Pressing},
year={1991},
note={cited By 17},
}
#+END_SRC
** Cline1966481 - An analytical and experimental study of diffusion bonding :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Cline1966481
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Cline1966481,
author={Cline, C.L.},
title={An analytical and experimental study of diffusion bonding},
journal={Weld. J.},
year={1966},
volume={45},
number={11},
pages={481-489},
note={cited By 18},
}
#+END_SRC
** Tilford1996157 - Proceedings of the International Conference on Hot Isostatic Pressing :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Tilford1996157
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Tilford1996157,
author={Tilford, S.D. and Ashworth, M.A. and Jacobs, M.H.},
journal={Proceedings of the International Conference on Hot Isostatic Pressing},
year={1996},
pages={157-162},
note={cited By 1},
}
#+END_SRC
** Ashworth1999951 - Interfacial precipitation in hot isostatically pressed diffusion bonds of 17-4 PH stainless steel :HIP:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Ashworth1999951
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Ashworth1999951,
author={Ashworth, M.A. and Jacobs, M.H.},
title={Interfacial precipitation in hot isostatically pressed diffusion bonds of 17-4 PH stainless steel},
journal={Materials Science and Technology},
year={1999},
volume={15},
number={8},
pages={951-956},
doi={10.1179/026708399101506634},
note={cited By 5},
}
#+END_SRC
* Stellite :noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Stellite
:END:
Properties of Deloro Stellite alloys
file:deloro/Deloro_MDS_Stellite12_rev00.pdf][Deloro MDS Stellite 12]]
file:deloro/Deloro_MDS_Stellite1_rev00.pdf][Deloro MDS Stellite 1]]
file:deloro/Deloro_MDS_Stellite20_rev00.pdf][Deloro MDS Stellite 20]]
file:deloro/Deloro_MDS_Stellite21_rev00.pdf][Deloro MDS Stellite 21]]
file:deloro/Deloro_MDS_Stellite250_rev00.pdf][Deloro MDS Stellite 250]]
file:deloro/Deloro_MDS_Stellite25_rev00.pdf][Deloro MDS Stellite 25]]
file:deloro/Deloro_MDS_Stellite3_rev00.pdf][Deloro MDS Stellite 3]]
file:deloro/Deloro_MDS_Stellite4_rev00.pdf][Deloro MDS Stellite 4]]
file:deloro/Deloro_MDS_Stellite6_rev00.pdf][Deloro MDS Stellite 6]]
file:deloro/Deloro_MDS_StelliteSP1040_rev00__1_.pdf][Deloro MDS Stellite SP1040]]
file:deloro/Stellite_694.pdf][Deloro MDS Stellite 694]]
| ALLOY | Hardness (HRC) | Hardness (HV) | Density (g/cm3) | Melting Range |
|--------------+----------------+---------------+-----------------+---------------|
| Stellite 6 | 36 - 46 | 380 - 490 | 8.44 | 1285 – 1410°C |
| Stellite 12 | 46 - 51 | 450 - 540 | 8.50 | 1200 – 1365°C |
| Stellite 4 | 42 - 52 | | 8.80 | 1240 – 1360°C |
| SP 1040 | 51 – 55 | 570 – 650 | 8.77 | 1260 – 1300°C |
| Stellite 21 | 27 - 40 | 290 - 430 | 8.33 | 1295 – 1435°C |
| Stellite 250 | 18 - 29 | | 8.05 | 1380 – 1395°C |
| Stellite 1 | 51 - 60 | | 8.7 | 1190 – 1345°C |
| Stellite 3 | 48 - 63 | | 8.7 | 1213 – 1285°C |
| Stellite 25 | 20 - 45 | | 8.31 | 1330 – 1410°C |
| Stellite 20 | 52 – 62 | 570 – 740 | 8.77 | 1260 – 1300°C |
** Stellite Types
*** Stellite 6
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Stellite_6
:END:
Stellite 6 is the most widely used of the wear-resistant cobalt-based alloys and exhibits good all-around performance. It is regarded as the industry standard for general-purpose wear-resistance applications, has excellent resistance to many forms of mechanical and chemical degradation over a wide temperature range, and retains a reasonable level of hardness up to 500°C (930°F). It also has good resistance to impact and cavitation erosion. Stellite 6 is ideally suited to a variety of hardfacing processes and can be turned with carbide tooling. Examples include valve seats and gates, pump shafts and bearings, erosion shields and rolling couples. It is often used self-mated.
file:deloro/Deloro_MDS_Stellite6_rev00.pdf][Deloro MDS Stellite 6]]
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@manual{deloro:stellite6,
organization = "Deloro Wear Solutions GmbH",
title = "Stellite 6 Alloy Technical Data",
note = "Acessed 2024-03-02"
}
#+END_SRC
*** Stellite 190
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Stellite_190
:END:
Stellite 190 is a highly abrasion-resistant alloy, primarily used for the hardfacing of bearing journals in tricone rotary rock bits used in the oil and gas industry. Tricone bits operate in hot and extremely abrasive downhole conditions. Due to the high proportion of carbides, which provide the abrasion resistance, care must be taken to minimize cooling stresses incurred during hardfacing and to avoid service conditions which involve severe mechanical or thermal shock.
Stellite 190 can only be finished by grinding.
*** Stellite 4
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Stellite_4
:END:
Stellite 4 is a cobalt-based alloy having greater wear resistance than Stellite 6 and is used for applications subject to only moderate mechanical shock. It is a machinable casting alloy having extremely good high-temperature strength due to the higher tungsten and carbon contents. It has very good galling resistance at room and elevated temperatures. It exhibits a very low coefficient of friction when rubbed against itself and hard steels.
Stellite 4 is often used for dies, hot pressing, and hot extrusion of copper base and aluminum alloys. It has also been used with success in pumps in corrosive and erosive conditions. Stellite 4 is also used for bushings and sleeves for Zn-Al hot dipping process.
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@manual{deloro:stellite4,
organization = "Deloro Wear Solutions GmbH",
title = "Stellite 4 Alloy Technical Data",
note = "Acessed 2024-03-02"
}
#+END_SRC
*** Stellite 20
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Stellite_20
:END:
Stellite 20 is one of the most abrasion-resistant standard cobalt-base alloys. It also has good corrosion resistance. While it has low shock resistance, it is often the only answer for some environments where chemical resistance, in addition to abrasion resistance, is required.
Stellite 20 has been used in slurry pumps, pump sleeves, rotary seal rings, wear pads and bearing sleeves.
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@manual{deloro:stellite20,
organization = "Deloro Wear Solutions GmbH",
title = "Stellite 20 Alloy Technical Data",
note = "Acessed 2024-03-02"
}
#+END_SRC
*** Stellite 1
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Stellite_1
:END:
Stellite 1 possesses excellent abrasion and corrosion resistance for applications such as pump sleeves, rotary seal rings, wear pads, expeller screws, and bearing sleeves. It retains its hardness at temperatures in excess of 760°C (1400°F).
Stellite 1 contains a high proportion of hard, wear-resistant primary carbides. These render the alloy well suited to applications involving extreme low-angle erosion and severe abrasion, with some sacrifice in toughness. Compared to other Stellite alloys, it is more crack-sensitive, and care should be taken to minimize the cooling stresses experienced during casting and hardfacing processes. Due to its high hardness and wear resistance, Stellite 1 should only be finished by grinding.
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@manual{deloro:stellite1,
organization = "Deloro Wear Solutions GmbH",
title = "Stellite 1 Alloy Technical Data",
note = "Acessed 2024-03-02"
}
#+END_SRC
*** Stellite 12
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Stellite_12
:END:
Stellite 12 could be considered an intermediate alloy between Stellite 6 and Stellite 1. It contains a higher fraction of hard, brittle carbides than Stellite 6, and has increased resistance to low-angle erosion, abrasion, and severe sliding wear whilst retaining reasonable impact and cavitation resistance. Stellite 12 is often used self-mated or running against Stellite 6 or Stellite 1. The higher tungsten content provides better high-temperature properties compared to Stellite 6, and it can be used at temperatures up to about 700 ̊C.
Stellite 12 is typically used for cutting tools that need to withstand abrasion, heat, and corrosion. Examples include industrial knives for cutting carpets, plastics, paper and synthetic fibres; and saw tips in the timber industry. It is also used for control plates in the beverage industry, pump vanes, bearing bushes and narrowneck glass mold plungers; and for hardfacing of engine valves, pinch rollers in the metal-processing industries and rotor blade edges.
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@manual{deloro:stellite12,
organization = "Deloro Wear Solutions GmbH",
title = "Stellite 12 Alloy Technical Data",
note = "Acessed 2024-03-02"
}
#+END_SRC
*** Stellite 21
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@manual{deloro:stellite21,
organization = "Deloro Wear Solutions GmbH",
title = "Stellite 21 Alloy Technical Data",
note = "Acessed 2024-03-02"
}
#+END_SRC
*** Stellite 25
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@manual{deloro:stellite25,
organization = "Deloro Wear Solutions GmbH",
title = "Stellite 25 Alloy Technical Data",
note = "Acessed 2024-03-02"
}
#+END_SRC
*** Stellite 250
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@manual{deloro:stellite250,
organization = "Deloro Wear Solutions GmbH",
title = "Stellite 250 Alloy Technical Data",
note = "Acessed 2024-03-02"
}
#+END_SRC
*** Stellite 3
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@manual{deloro:stellite3,
organization = "Deloro Wear Solutions GmbH",
title = "Stellite 3 Alloy Technical Data",
note = "Acessed 2024-03-02"
}
#+END_SRC
*** Stellite SP1040
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@manual{deloro:stellitesp1040,
organization = "Deloro Wear Solutions GmbH",
title = "Stellite SP1040 Alloy Technical Data",
note = "Acessed 2024-03-02"
}
#+END_SRC
** Data
#+NAME: stellite_chemical_composition
|-------+----------+------------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------|
| Blend | Stellite | Description | Co | Cr | W | Mo | C | Fe | Ni | Si | Mn | Total |
|-------+----------+------------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------|
| A | A1 | (Stellite 6 (HS6)) | 58.46 | 29.5 | 4.6 | 0.22 | 1.09 | 2.09 | 2.45 | 1.32 | 0.27 | 100 |
| A | A3 | (50% HS6 + 50% HS20) | 50.8 | 30.68 | 10.45 | 0.25 | 1.72 | 2.3 | 2.37 | 1.16 | 0.27 | 100 |
| A | A5 | (Stellite 20 (HS20)) | 43.19 | 31.85 | 16.3 | 0.27 | 2.35 | 2.5 | 2.28 | 1 | 0.26 | 100 |
| B | B1 | (Stellite 1 (HS1)) | 46.84 | 31.7 | 12.7 | 0.29 | 2.47 | 2.3 | 2.38 | 1.06 | 0.26 | 100 |
| B | B2 | (75% HS1 + 25% HS12) | 48.93 | 31.19 | 11.56 | 0.27 | 2.23 | 2.24 | 2.3 | 1.02 | 0.26 | 100 |
| B | B3 | (50% HS1 + 50% HS12) | 51 | 30.68 | 10.43 | 0.25 | 1.98 | 2.19 | 2.21 | 0.99 | 0.27 | 100 |
| B | B4 | (25% HS1 + 75% HS12) | 53.11 | 30.16 | 9.29 | 0.22 | 1.74 | 2.13 | 2.13 | 0.95 | 0.27 | 100 |
| B | B5 | (Stellite 12 (HS12)) | 55.22 | 29.65 | 8.15 | 0.2 | 1.49 | 2.07 | 2.04 | 0.91 | 0.27 | 100 |
| C | C1 | (Stellite 4 (HS4)) | 48.53 | 31 | 14.4 | 0.12 | 0.67 | 2.16 | 1.82 | 1.04 | 0.26 | 100 |
| C | C2 | (75% HS4 + 25% HS190) | 48.57 | 30.06 | 14.4 | 0.14 | 1.31 | 2.15 | 2.07 | 1.03 | 0.27 | 100 |
| C | C3 | (50% HS4 + 50% HS190) | 48.61 | 29.13 | 14.4 | 0.16 | 1.94 | 2.13 | 2.32 | 1.02 | 0.29 | 100 |
| C | C4 | (25% HS4 + 75% HS190) | 48.66 | 28.19 | 14.4 | 0.18 | 2.58 | 2.12 | 2.56 | 1.01 | 0.3 | 100 |
| C | C5 | (Stellite 190 (HS190)) | 48.72 | 27.25 | 14.4 | 0.2 | 3.21 | 2.1 | 2.81 | 1 | 0.31 | 100 |
|-------+----------+------------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-------|
| | | Co | Cr | W | Mo | C | Fe | Ni | Si | Mn |
|--------------+-------+------+-------+-------+------+------+------+------+------+------|
| Stellite 6 | HS6 | Bal. | 29.50 | 4.60 | 0.22 | 1.09 | 2.09 | 2.45 | 1.32 | 0.27 |
| Stellite 20 | HS20 | Bal. | 31.85 | 16.30 | 0.27 | 2.35 | 2.50 | 2.28 | 1.00 | 0.26 |
| Stellite 1 | HS1 | Bal. | 31.70 | 12.70 | 0.29 | 2.47 | 2.30 | 2.38 | 1.06 | 0.26 |
| Stellite 12 | HS12 | Bal. | 29.65 | 8.15 | 0.20 | 1.49 | 2.07 | 2.04 | 0.91 | 0.27 |
| Stellite 4 | HS4 | Bal. | 31.00 | 14.40 | 0.12 | 0.67 | 2.16 | 1.82 | 1.04 | 0.26 |
| Stellite 190 | HS190 | Bal. | 27.25 | 14.40 | 0.20 | 3.21 | 2.10 | 2.81 | 1.00 | 0.31 |
** Barplot Code
#+NAME: barplot_extended
#+attr_org: :width 1500px
#+begin_SRC jupyter-python :exports results :var tbl=stellite_chemical_composition blend="A1"
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
from matplotlib.patches import ConnectionPatch
# make figure and assign axis objects
fig, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(9, 5))
fig.subplots_adjust(wspace=0)
df = pd.DataFrame(tbl[1:], columns=tbl[0])
df.index = df["Stellite"]
#blend = 'A1'
Co_value = (df.locblend],['Co']].to_numpy()[0][0])/100
Cr_value = (df.locblend],['Cr']].to_numpy()[0][0])/100
W_value = (df.locblend],['W']].to_numpy()[0][0])/100
C_value = (df.locblend],['C']].to_numpy()[0][0])/100
Other_value = 1 - (Co_value+Cr_value+W_value+C_value)
Mo_value = (df.locblend],['Mo']].to_numpy()[0][0])/100
Fe_value = (df.locblend],['Fe']].to_numpy()[0][0])/100
Ni_value = (df.locblend],['Ni']].to_numpy()[0][0])/100
Si_value = (df.locblend],['Si']].to_numpy()[0][0])/100
Mn_value = (df.locblend],['Mn']].to_numpy()[0][0])/100
# print(df, "\n")
# pie chart parameters
# overall_ratios = [58.46, 29.5, (100-(58.46+29.5))]
overall_ratios = [Other_value, Co_value, C_value, Cr_value, W_value]
labels = ['Other', 'Co', 'C', 'Cr', 'W']
explode = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
# rotate so that first wedge is split by the x-axis
angle = (-180) * overall_ratios[0]
wedges, *_ = ax1.pie(overall_ratios, autopct='%1.2f%%', startangle=angle,
pctdistance=0.46, labeldistance=1.1,
labels=labels, explode=explode)
#draw circle
centre_circle = plt.Circle((0,0),0.65,fc='white')
#fig = ax1.gcf()
ax1.add_artist(centre_circle)
# bar chart parameters
# age_ratios = [.33, .54, .07, .06]
# age_labels = ['Under 35', '35-49', '50-65', 'Over 65']
age_ratios = [Mo_value, Fe_value, Ni_value, Si_value, Mn_value]
age_labels = ['Mo', 'Fe', 'Ni', 'Si', 'Mn']
bottom = 1
width = .55
# Adding from the top matches the legend.
for j, (height, label) in enumerate(reversed([*zip(age_ratios, age_labels)])):
bottom -= height/Other_value
bc = ax2.bar(0, height/Other_value, width, bottom=bottom, color='C0', label=label,
alpha=0.05 + 0.2 * j)
ax2.bar_label(bc, labels=[f"{height:.2%} {label}"], label_type='center')
#ax2.set_title('Age of approvers')
#ax2.legend()
ax2.axis('off')
ax2.set_xlim(- 1.5 * width, 1.5 * width)
# use ConnectionPatch to draw lines between the two plots
theta1, theta2 = wedges[0].theta1, wedges[0].theta2
center, r = wedges[0].center, wedges[0].r
bar_height = sum(age_ratios/Other_value)
# draw top connecting line
x = r * np.cos(np.pi / 180 * theta2) + center[0]
y = r * np.sin(np.pi / 180 * theta2) + center[1]
con = ConnectionPatch(xyA=(-width / 2, bar_height), coordsA=ax2.transData,
xyB=(x, y), coordsB=ax1.transData)
con.set_color([0, 0, 0])
con.set_linewidth(1)
ax2.add_artist(con)
# draw bottom connecting line
x = r * np.cos(np.pi / 180 * theta1) + center[0]
y = r * np.sin(np.pi / 180 * theta1) + center[1]
con = ConnectionPatch(xyA=(-width / 2, 0), coordsA=ax2.transData,
xyB=(x, y), coordsB=ax1.transData)
con.set_color([0, 0, 0])
ax2.add_artist(con)
con.set_linewidth(1)
plt.show()
#+END_SRC
#+CAPTION: Stellite 6
#+RESULTS: barplot_extended
./.ob-jupyter/ae26a46dd9cc48c023edc42274e5fe77d17190c1.png]]
*** Blend A
| | Stellite 6 | Stellite 20 |
|----+------------+-------------|
| A1 | 100 | 0 |
| A3 | 50 | 50 |
| A5 | 0 | 100 |
#+CALL: barplot_extended(blend="A1")
#+RESULTS:
./.ob-jupyter/ae26a46dd9cc48c023edc42274e5fe77d17190c1.png]]
#+CALL: barplot_extended(blend="A5")
#+RESULTS:
./.ob-jupyter/01c301082d8190e0c015fe3dd45c23006e2a1b5e.png]]
*** Blend B
| | Stellite 1 | Stellite 12 |
|----+------------+-------------|
| B1 | 100 | 0 |
| B2 | 75 | 25 |
| B3 | 50 | 50 |
| B4 | 25 | 75 |
| B5 | 0 | 100 |
#+CALL: barplot_extended(blend="B1")
#+RESULTS:
./.ob-jupyter/1944bbdffe8ed58520de9fb7786199c7fc976a00.png]]
#+CALL: barplot_extended(blend="B5")
#+RESULTS:
./.ob-jupyter/39f182bf17dfa1fc5ccc30c0220e4e1cfe3ab0c0.png]]
*** Blend C
| | Stellite 4 | Stellite 190 |
| C1 | 100 | 0 |
| C2 | 75 | 25 |
| C3 | 50 | 50 |
| C4 | 25 | 75 |
| C5 | 0 | 100 |
#+CALL: barplot_extended(blend="C1")
#+RESULTS:
./.ob-jupyter/23de88b20242888ae52665c425212cd083ea18ed.png]]
#+CALL: barplot_extended(blend="C5")
#+RESULTS:
./.ob-jupyter/016f4a750e16a5d8df87ae661352d1fe344c7a6a.png]]
* Papers I would like to read but to not have access to :noexport:
Thiruvengadam
Cavitation and cavitation damage
(1959) M.Sc. Thesis. Cited 2 times.
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
5
Thiruvengadam
Prediction of cavitation damage
(1961) Ph.D. Thesis. Cited 3 times.
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
6
Thiruvengadam, Preiser
(1964) J. Ship Res., 8, p. 39. Cited 45 times.
Thiruvengadam
(1965) Handbook of Cavitation Damage, TR-238-8. Cited 5 times.
Hydronautics Inc, Laurel, MD
Thiruvengadam
(1974) Handbook of Cavitation Erosion, TR-7301-1
Hydronautics Inc, Laurel, MD
* Applications :noexport:
Stellite
Erosion through synergetic effects between cavitation erosion and particle abrasion in silt-laden flow seriously affects the safe operations of hydroturbines.
Cavitation typically occurs in liquids, where bubbles form due to a rapid decrease in pressure, often caused by high-speed flow or mechanical agitation. While cavitation is more commonly associated with low-temperature systems like water pumps or propellers, it can also occur in high-temperature environments under certain conditions. Here are a few examples:
High-Temperature Liquid Flows: Cavitation can occur in high-temperature liquid flows, such as those found in industrial processes involving hot liquids. For instance, in steam turbines, where water is heated to very high temperatures to produce steam, cavitation can still occur in the liquid phase due to localized pressure drops caused by turbulence or flow restrictions.
Liquid Metal Systems: In systems involving liquid metals, such as molten metal flows in metallurgical processes or nuclear reactors, cavitation can occur at high temperatures. For example, in liquid metal cooling systems of nuclear reactors, where liquid sodium or other metals are used as coolants, cavitation can happen due to sudden pressure drops or turbulence, especially at high operating temperatures.
High-Temperature Fluid Dynamics: Cavitation can also occur in high-temperature fluid dynamics scenarios, such as in rocket engine nozzles or high-temperature hydraulic systems. In rocket engines, for instance, cavitation can occur in the propellant flow channels or injector ports due to extreme temperature and pressure gradients.
Hot Water Systems: While water cavitation is more commonly associated with lower temperatures, such as in hydraulic systems or marine propellers, it can still occur in high-temperature water systems. For instance, in geothermal energy extraction systems where hot water is pumped from underground reservoirs to generate electricity, cavitation can happen in the pumps or turbines due to high temperatures and pressure differentials.
In all these examples, cavitation at high temperatures can have similar effects to cavitation at lower temperatures, such as erosion of materials, decreased efficiency in equipment, and potential damage to components. However, the specific challenges and considerations may differ due to the properties of the high-temperature fluids involved.
- Oil and Gas Equipment:
Stellite is utilized in various components for oil and gas exploration and production equipment. Examples include drill bits, valve components, pump parts, and wellhead equipment. Stellite's resistance to abrasion, corrosion, and high temperatures ensures the reliability and longevity of equipment used in harsh oil and gas environments.
- Power Generation:
Stellite alloys are employed in components for power generation systems, including gas and steam turbines. Applications include turbine blades, seals, and other high-wear parts exposed to elevated temperatures and aggressive operating conditions. Stellite's resistance to creep and thermal fatigue enhances the performance and lifespan of these components.
- Valve Components: Stellite is used in valves and valve seats for applications where resistance to wear, corrosion, and erosion is essential. These include valves used in oil and gas production, chemical processing, and power generation. Stellite's resistance to abrasive and corrosive environments helps ensure the longevity and reliability of valve components.
- Aerospace Components: Stellite alloys are used in aerospace applications for components subjected to high temperatures, wear, and corrosion. Examples include turbine blades, exhaust valves, and bearings in aircraft engines. Stellite's ability to maintain strength and integrity at high temperatures makes it valuable for these critical components.
#+BEGIN_COMMENT
Stellite is like a superhero metal that is really good at resisting wear and tear, especially at high temperatures.
Imagine if you had a tool that you used a lot, like a knife or a drill bit.
Over time, these tools can wear out and become less effective. But if they're made from Stellite, they can last much longer because Stellite is super tough and doesn't wear down easily.
So, in places where things get really hot, like inside a jet engine or near a hot flame, or in places where things rub against each other a lot, like in cutting tools or machinery parts, using Stellite can be really helpful. It helps those parts last longer and work better because it can handle the tough conditions without getting worn out quickly. That's why Stellite is used in things like airplane engines, cutting tools, and even in medical equipment like implants. It's like having a tough and reliable friend that always has your back when things get rough!
#+END_COMMENT
* Cavitation Erosion Stages
** Noishiki2000483 - A method for predicting the incubation period of cavitation erosion
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Noishiki2000483,
author = {Noishiki, Koji and Yabuki, Akihiro and Komori, Katsura and Matsumura, Masanobu},
title = {A method for predicting the incubation period of cavitation erosion},
year = {2000},
journal = {Zairyo to Kankyo/ Corrosion Engineering},
volume = {49},
number = {8},
pages = {483 – 488},
doi = {10.3323/jcorr1991.49.483},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 6; All Open Access, Bronze Open Access}
}
#+END_SRC
** HATTORI2001839 - Cavitation erosion mechanisms and quantitative evaluation based on erosion particles
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@article{HATTORI2001839,
title = {Cavitation erosion mechanisms and quantitative evaluation based on erosion particles},
journal = {Wear},
volume = {249},
number = {10},
pages = {839-845},
year = {2001},
issn = {0043-1648},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1648(00)00308-2},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043164800003082},
author = {Shuji Hattori and Eisaku Nakao},
keywords = {Cavitation erosion, Crack propagation, Iron and steel, Nonferrous metal, Cavitation, Erosion particle},
abstract = {Cavitation erosion mechanisms were studied through the observation of removed particles for annealed S15C (equivalent to AISI 1015) steel and heat-treated S55C (AISI 1055) steels. In the initial and the incubation stages, single impact loads removed many small sharply edged particles. During the acceleration and the maximum rate stages, large striated particles were observed due to cyclic loads. The volume fraction of particles exhibiting fatigue fracture in these stages amounts to 70 or 80\% irrespective of the material including pure copper and pure aluminum. The exponent of the crack growth rate determined from the fracture is almost the same as that obtained from a regular fatigue test. The fatigue crack growth rate for many metals is inversely proportional to the square of Young's modulus, E−2. The particles fall off from the protrusive surface and their sizes depend on the unevenness in relation to the hardness of the material. The average diameter of erosion particles decreases inversely with the square root of Vickers hardness, HV−1/2. Therefore, the volume is proportional to HV−3/2. Thus, the dependence of the volume loss rate in the maximum rate stage is well described by HV−3/2E−2. The conclusion is that cavitation erosion can be evaluated in terms of the hardness of the material and the fatigue crack growth rate.}
}
#+END_SRC
* Temperature effects of cavitation
** Wu201775 - Stability of cavitation structures in a thin liquid layer
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Wu201775,
author = {Wu, Pengfei and Bai, Lixin and Lin, Weijun and Yan, Jiuchun},
title = {Stability of cavitation structures in a thin liquid layer},
year = {2017},
journal = {Ultrasonics Sonochemistry},
volume = {38},
pages = {75 – 83},
doi = {10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.03.002},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 32}
}
#+END_SRC
** Me-Bar1996741 - On cavitation in thin liquid layers
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Me-Bar1996741,
author = {Me-Bar, Y.},
title = {On cavitation in thin liquid layers},
year = {1996},
journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences},
volume = {452},
number = {1947},
pages = {741 – 755},
doi = {10.1098/rspa.1996.0037},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 6}
}
#+END_SRC
** Vyas19765133 - Stress produced in a solid by cavitation
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Vyas19765133,
author = {Vyas, B. and Preece, C.M.},
title = {Stress produced in a solid by cavitation},
year = {1976},
journal = {Journal of Applied Physics},
volume = {47},
number = {12},
pages = {5133 – 5138},
doi = {10.1063/1.322584},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 118}
}
#+END_SRC
** Kikuchi1985211 - Effect of separation distance on cavitation erosion of vibratory and stationary specimens in a vibratory facility
Brilliant method for finding distance, I love it
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Kikuchi1985211,
author = {Kikuchi, Kinya and Hammitt, Frederick G.},
title = {Effect of separation distance on cavitation erosion of vibratory and stationary specimens in a vibratory facility},
year = {1985},
journal = {Wear},
volume = {102},
number = {3},
pages = {211 – 225},
doi = {10.1016/0043-1648(85)90219-4},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 16}
}
#+END_SRC
** Endo1967229 - A study of erosion between two parallel surfaces oscillating at close proximity in liquids
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Endo1967229,
author = {Endo, K. and Okada, T. and Nakashima, M.},
title = {A study of erosion between two parallel surfaces oscillating at close proximity in liquids},
year = {1967},
journal = {Journal of Tribology},
volume = {89},
number = {3},
pages = {229 – 236},
doi = {10.1115/1.3616956},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 13}
}
#+END_SRC
** Peng2020 - Interpreting the influence of liquid temperature on cavitation collapse intensity through bubble dynamic analysis
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Peng2020,
author = {Peng, Kewen and Qin, Frank G.F. and Jiang, Runhua and Kang, Shimin},
title = {Interpreting the influence of liquid temperature on cavitation collapse intensity through bubble dynamic analysis},
year = {2020},
journal = {Ultrasonics Sonochemistry},
volume = {69},
doi = {10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105253},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85088657457&doi=10.1016%2fj.ultsonch.2020.105253&partnerID=40&md5=5942a0fa31a67217d5936aeb31d83252},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 31}
}
#+END_SRC
** Priyadarshi2023 - Effect of water temperature and induced acoustic pressure on cavitation erosion behaviour of aluminium alloys
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Priyadarshi2023,
author = {Priyadarshi, Abhinav and Krzemień, Wiktor and Salloum-Abou-Jaoude, Georges and Broughton, James and Pericleous, Koulis and Eskin, Dmitry and Tzanakis, Iakovos},
title = {Effect of water temperature and induced acoustic pressure on cavitation erosion behaviour of aluminium alloys},
year = {2023},
journal = {Tribology International},
volume = {189},
doi = {10.1016/j.triboint.2023.108994},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 2; All Open Access, Green Open Access, Hybrid Gold Open Access}
}
#+END_SRC
** Nagalingam20182883 - Effects of ambient pressure and fluid temperature in ultrasonic cavitation machining
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Nagalingam20182883,
author = {Nagalingam, Arun Prasanth and Yeo, S.H.},
title = {Effects of ambient pressure and fluid temperature in ultrasonic cavitation machining},
year = {2018},
journal = {International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology},
volume = {98},
number = {9-12},
pages = {2883 – 2894},
doi = {10.1007/s00170-018-2481-0},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 27}
}
#+END_SRC
** Singer1979147 - Gas content and temperature effects in vibratory cavitation tests
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Singer1979147,
author = {Singer, B.G. and Harvey, S.J.},
title = {Gas content and temperature effects in vibratory cavitation tests},
year = {1979},
journal = {Wear},
volume = {52},
number = {1},
pages = {147 – 160},
doi = {10.1016/0043-1648(79)90205-9},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 22}
}
#+END_SRC
** Abouel-Kasem201221702 - Bubble structures between two walls in ultrasonic cavitation erosion
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Abouel-Kasem201221702,
author = {Abouel-Kasem, A. and Ahmed, S.M.},
title = {Bubble structures between two walls in ultrasonic cavitation erosion},
year = {2012},
journal = {Journal of Tribology},
volume = {134},
number = {2},
pages = {21702–1 – 21702–9},
doi = {10.1115/1.4005217},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 13}
}
#+END_SRC
** Ahmed1998119 - Investigation of the temperature effects on induced impact pressure and cavitation erosion
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Ahmed1998119,
author = {Ahmed, S.M.},
title = {Investigation of the temperature effects on induced impact pressure and cavitation erosion},
year = {1998},
journal = {Wear},
volume = {218},
number = {1},
pages = {119 – 127},
doi = {10.1016/S0043-1648(97)00290-1},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0032525746&doi=10.1016%2fS0043-1648%2897%2900290-1&partnerID=40&md5=5ad9d9a293061e8c7a5f6f7b98745112},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 43}
}
#+END_SRC
* Citations
# #+BIBLIOGRAPHY: biblio plain limit:t option:-nobibsource
# #+bibliography: literature_review.bib
#+print_bibliography:
* Validation data
id:Zhang2021
id:Liu2022
id:Szala2021
Szala2021_Cumulative_Mass_loss
Szala2021_Erosion_Mass_loss
#+BEGIN_SRC jupyter-python :session py
print("Hello")
#+END_SRC
Have tried to use Scopus for the use of data.
Used the following search terms:
{Stellite} AND {ASTM G32}
** Szala2021 - Effect of nitrogen ion implantation on the cavitation erosion resistance and cobalt-based solid solution phase transformations of HIPed stellite 6 :ATTACH:data:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Szala2021
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Szala2021,
author = {Szala, Miroslaw and Chocyk, Dariusz and Skic, Anna and Kamiński, Mariusz and Macek, Wojciech and Turek, Marcin},
title = {Effect of nitrogen ion implantation on the cavitation erosion resistance and cobalt-based solid solution phase transformations of HIPed stellite 6},
year = {2021},
journal = {Materials},
volume = {14},
number = {9},
doi = {10.3390/ma14092324},
abstract = {From the wide range of engineering materials traditional Stellite 6 (cobalt alloy) exhibits excellent resistance to cavitation erosion (CE). Nonetheless, the influence of ion implantation of cobalt alloys on the CE behaviour has not been completely clarified by the literature. Thus, this work investigates the effect of nitrogen ion implantation (NII) of HIPed Stellite 6 on the improvement of resistance to CE. Finally, the cobalt-rich matrix phase transformations due to both NII and cavitation load were studied. The CE resistance of stellites ion-implanted by 120 keV N+ ions two fluences: 5*1016 cm-2 and 1*1017 cm-2 were comparatively analysed with the unimplanted stellite and AISI 304 stainless steel. CE tests were conducted according to ASTM G32 with stationary specimen method. Erosion rate curves and mean depth of erosion confirm that the nitrogen-implanted HIPed Stellite 6 two times exceeds the resistance to CE than unimplanted stellite, and has almost ten times higher CE reference than stainless steel. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirms that NII of HIPed Stellite 6 favours transformation of the "(hcp) to (fcc) structure. Unimplanted stellite "-rich matrix is less prone to plastic deformation than and consequently, increase of phase effectively holds carbides in cobalt matrix and prevents Cr7C3 debonding. This phenomenon elongates three times the CE incubation stage, slows erosion rate and mitigates the material loss. Metastable structure formed by ion implantation consumes the cavitation load for work-hardening and martensitic transformation. In further CE stages, phases transform as for unimplanted alloy namely, the cavitation-inducted recovery process, removal of strain, dislocations resulting in increase of phase. The CE mechanism was investigated using a surface profilometer, atomic force microscopy, SEM-EDS and XRD. HIPed Stellite 6 wear behaviour relies on the plastic deformation of cobalt matrix, starting at Cr7C3/matrix interfaces. Once the Cr7C3 particles lose from the matrix restrain, they debond from matrix and are removed from the material. Carbides detachment creates cavitation pits which initiate cracks propagation through cobalt matrix, that leads to loss of matrix phase and as a result the CE proceeds with a detachment of massive chunk of materials. © 2021 by the authors.},
author_keywords = {Cavitation erosion; Cobalt alloy; Damage mechanism; Failure analysis; Ion implantation; Phase transformation; Stellite 6; Wear},
keywords = {Atomic force microscopy; Carbides; Cavitation; Chromium compounds; Cobalt alloys; Erosion; Ion implantation; Ions; Martensitic transformations; Nitrogen; Plastic deformation; Stellite; Strain hardening; X ray diffraction; AISI-304 stainless steel; Cavitation erosion resistance; Cracks propagation; Engineering materials; Mean depth of erosions; Metastable structures; Nitrogen ion implantations; Surface profilometers; Linear transformations},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 20; All Open Access, Gold Open Access, Green Open Access}
}
#+END_SRC
attachment:_20240312_155003screenshot.png]]
#+CAPTION: Cumulative Mass Loss (mg/hr)
#+NAME: Szala2021_Cumulative_Mass_loss
| Time | K0 | K2 | K1 |
| 0.15783500035468734 | 0.0900900900900865 | -0.1576576576576656 | 0.0900900900900865 |
| 1.102716890118467 | 0.0900900900900865 | -0.1576576576576656 | 0.1576576576576656 |
| 3.1496062992126 | 0.0954054054054177 | -0.4054054054054177 | 0.3378378378378386 |
| 6.1424416542526785 | 0.5855855855855907 | -0.4054054054054177 | 0.0900900900900865 |
| 12.09104774065404 | 5.788288288288271 | 0.0900900900900865 | 0.3378378378378102 |
| 18.07973327658367 | 11.981981981981988 | 2.5675675675675507 | 1.5765765765765707 |
| 24.0294034191672 | 18.67117117117118 | 7.522522522522507 | 5.540540540540519 |
| 30.017911612399796 | 24.617117117117118 | 12.972972972972968 | 11.486486486486484 |
#+CAPTION: Erosion Mass Loss (mg/hr)
#+NAME: Szala2021_Erosion_Mass_loss
| Time | K0 | K1 | K2 |
|---------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------|
| 0.01492537313432507 | 0.0004761904761904634 | 0.0004761904761904634 | 0.0009523809523809823 |
| 1 | 0.0004761904761904634 | 0.0004761904761904634 | 0.0009523809523809823 |
| 3.014925373134332 | 0.005714285714285672 | 0.0004761904761904634 | 0.0004761904761904634 |
| 6.014925373134332 | 0.03380952380952379 | 0.0004761904761904634 | 0.0004761904761904634 |
| 12.014925373134332 | 0.13476190476190472 | 0.0080952380952381 | 0.011904761904761918 |
| 18.014925373134346 | 0.18428571428571425 | 0.029047619047619044 | 0.04999999999999999 |
| 24.014925373134346 | 0.21761904761904757 | 0.0676190476190476 | 0.0919047619047619 |
| 30.014925373134375 | 0.22809523809523805 | 0.10904761904761903 | 0.1252380952380952 |
** Zhang2021 - Correlation between microstructural characteristics and cavitation resistance of Stellite-6 coatings on 17-4 PH stainless steel prepared with supersonic laser deposition and laser cladding :ATTACH:data:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Zhang2021
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Zhang2021,
author = {Zhang, Qunli and Wu, Lijuan and Zou, Hongsen and Li, Bo and Zhang, Gang and Sun, Jingyong and Wang, Jianjun and Yao, Jianhua},
title = {Correlation between microstructural characteristics and cavitation resistance of Stellite-6 coatings on 17-4 PH stainless steel prepared with supersonic laser deposition and laser cladding},
year = {2021},
journal = {Journal of Alloys and Compounds},
volume = {860},
doi = {10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.158417},
abstract = {Stellite-6 coatings were deposited on 17-4 PH stainless steel substrate by supersonic laser deposition (SLD) and laser cladding (LC) to improve cavitation resistance of the substrate. The microstructural characteristics of the as-deposited coatings were analyzed on the basis of OM, SEM, EBSD, XRD, Vicker's hardness and nano-indentation results. The cavitation erosion performances in 3.5 wt\% NaCl solution were comparatively investigated by a vibratory apparatus for the coatings prepared by SLD and LC technologies. The underlying mechanisms for differences of cavitation behavior between these two samples were elucidated in terms of grain size, dilution level, phase composition, hardness, elastic modulus and topographical features of the worn surfaces. Results show that SLD coating has finer grain, lower dilution and higher ratio of hardness to modulus. By analyzing the eroded surfaces, it is found that the pores formed due to mechanical bonding between particles in SLD coating are the priority position of cavitation where bubbles nucleate, grow and collapse. Repeated impact force from bubble collapse produces cracks and makes cracks propagation, leading to particle detachment and finally material removal. Although the porosity of SLD coating is higher than that of LC coating, its content is only less than 0.4\%. Therefore, the negative effect of porosity is weaker than the positive effect of grain refinement, low dilution ratio and high hardness on cavitation performance. Consequently, SLD coating has better cavitation resistance than LC coating. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.},
author_keywords = {Cavitation erosion; Failure mechanism; Microstructure; Stellite-6 coatings; Supersonic laser deposition},
keywords = {Cavitation; Coatings; Cracks; Deposition; Grain refinement; Grain size and shape; Hardness; Laser cladding; Porosity; Sodium chloride; Stellite; 17-4 PH stainless steel; 3.5 wt\% NaCl solution; Cavitation performance; Cavitation resistance; Cracks propagation; Micro-structural characteristics; Particle detachments; Topographical features; Stainless steel},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 17}
}
#+END_SRC
#+CAPTION: Cumulative Mass Loss Rate
#+NAME: Zhang2021_Cumulative
| Time (hr) | LC | SLD 1.0 kW | SLD 1.1 kW |
|-----------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------|
| 2.0 | 1.2777777777777786 | 1.617283950617292 | 0.8703703703703667 |
| 3.0 | 3.9938271604938222 | 2.1604938271604937 | 1.6851851851851833 |
| 4.0 | 6.845679012345677 | 2.9074074074074048 | 2.092592592592588 |
| 5.0 | 9.969135802469136 | 3.654320987654323 | 2.7037037037037024 |
| 6.0 | 12.685185185185183 | 4.197530864197532 | 3.2469135802469182 |
| 7.0 | 15.672839506172838 | 4.876543209876544 | 3.9938271604938222 |
| 8.0 | 18.45679012345679 | 5.419753086419746 | 4.6049382716049365 |
| 9.0 | 21.104938271604937 | 6.166666666666664 | 5.487654320987652 |
| 10.0 | 23.753086419753085 | 6.981481481481481 | 6.302469135802468 |
| 11.0 | 26.333333333333332 | 7.660493827160494 | 6.913580246913575 |
| 12.0 | 29.185185185185187 | 8.339506172839503 | 7.660493827160494 |
| 13.0 | 31.90123456790123 | 9.222222222222221 | 8.475308641975307 |
| 14.0 | 34.54938271604938 | 10.240740740740737 | 9.425925925925924 |
#+CAPTION: Erosion Rate
| Time | LC | SLD 1.0kW | SLD 1.1kW |
|------+----------------------+----------------------+-----------------------|
| 1 | 0.007667448562428791 | 0.013341733127806454 | 0.0078534950740567 |
| 2 | 0.01612532672072918 | 0.012776489511426854 | 0.006264861604450105 |
| 3 | 0.04114147845318679 | 0.00923450170900074 | 0.012676362174117023 |
| 4 | 0.04866912405334764 | 0.012576100797533692 | 0.0075528449835801925 |
| 5 | 0.050522485088130835 | 0.012382950204409902 | 0.009406206018363387 |
| 6 | 0.04605026472756519 | 0.008840962401983787 | 0.010050264727565192 |
| 7 | 0.049112928087929775 | 0.01050827692513908 | 0.011252462971650709 |
| 8 | 0.04640801554855574 | 0.009942899269485966 | 0.010594196099457151 |
| 9 | 0.04472662690168221 | 0.012075330071711021 | 0.01505207425775753 |
| 10 | 0.04453334226928492 | 0.011882179478587239 | 0.013463574827424447 |
| 11 | 0.044061121908719275 | 0.011874941357817852 | 0.00964251725755648 |
| 12 | 0.046379465183298725 | 0.012705046578647551 | 0.01289122712954898 |
| 13 | 0.04488398900877959 | 0.013349105287849349 | 0.013256082032035398 |
| 14 | 0.04422558809731253 | 0.01743502446216743 | 0.01678386167146976 |
** Liu2022 - Effect of corrosion on cavitation erosion behavior of HVOF sprayed cobalt-based coatings :data:
:PROPERTIES:
:ID: Liu2022
:END:
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Liu2022,
author = {Liu, Ji and Chen, Tongzhou and Yuan, Chengqing and Bai, Xiuqin},
title = {Effect of corrosion on cavitation erosion behavior of HVOF sprayed cobalt-based coatings},
year = {2022},
journal = {Materials Research Express},
volume = {9},
number = {6},
doi = {10.1088/2053-1591/ac78c9},
abstract = {Cobalt-based coatings have been widely applied to provide guidance to cavitation erosion (CE) and corrosion resistance since the coatings possessing superior mechanical and anti-corrosion properties. In this study, we prepared cobalt-based alloy (Stellite 21) coating and WC-17Co coating on 1Cr18Ni9Ti by HVOF. The CE resistances were evaluated in deionized water and 3.5 wt\% NaCl solution (NaCl solution), and the anti-corrosion properties were studied using polarization tests. Results show that the WC-17Co coating had superior CE resistance than cobalt-based alloy coating in deionized water because of superior microhardness and fracture toughness characteristics. The WC-17Co coating presented much loose corrosion products (W/Co-oxides) in NaCl solution, which prone to be removed by the mechanical effect of the CE and accelerated the coating damage. On the contrary, the compact Cr oxides formed on cobalt-based alloy coating surface in NaCl solution could seal the pores, preventing to formation of erosion pits, and mitigate the damage of CE. Therefore, the cobalt-based alloy coating exhibited the best CE resistance in NaCl solution and had the potential to prevent CE in seawater. © 2022 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd.},
author_keywords = {cavitation erosion; cobalt-based coating; corrosion; HVOF},
keywords = {Cavitation; Cavitation corrosion; Chromium alloys; Chromium compounds; Cobalt alloys; Corrosion resistance; Corrosion resistant coatings; Deionized water; Erosion; Fracture toughness; HVOF thermal spraying; Sprayed coatings; Ternary alloys; Titanium alloys; Alloy coatings; Anti-corrosion property; Cavitation-erosion resistance; Cobalt-based; Cobalt-based alloys; Cobalt-based coating; Deionised waters; HVOF; NaCl solution; WC-17Co coatings; Sodium chloride},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 5; All Open Access, Gold Open Access}
}
#+END_SRC
#+CAPTION: Alloy coating
| Time(min) | Alloy coating in deionized water MDE rate (um/min) | Alloy coating in 3.5% NaCl MDE rate (um/min) |
|-----------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------|
| 30 | 0.06490322580645161 | 0.05974193548387097 |
| 60 | 0.028516129032258065 | 0.02593548387096775 |
| 90 | 0.013548387096774195 | 0.005290322580645157 |
| 120 | 0.04012903225806452 | 0.009935483870967751 |
| 150 | 0.020000000000000004 | 0.005290322580645157 |
| 180 | 0.023354838709677424 | 0.010967741935483874 |
| 210 | 0.03341935483870968 | 0.020774193548387096 |
| 240 | 0.007096774193548386 | 0.0032258064516129115 |
| 270 | 0.023354838709677424 | 0.012774193548387103 |
| 300 | 0.020000000000000004 | 0.010967741935483874 |
| 330 | 0.003483870967741942 | 0.011999999999999997 |
| 360 | 0.01664516129032259 | 0.01690322580645162 |
| 390 | 0.015096774193548393 | 0.005032258064516126 |
| 420 | 0.00838709677419354 | 0.015870967741935485 |
| 450 | 0.013548387096774195 | 0.012774193548387103 |
| 480 | 0.013290322580645164 | 0.014064516129032256 |
#+CAPTION: WC-17Co Erosion Rate
| Time(min) | WC-17Co in distilled water MDE rate (um/min) | WC-17Co in 3.5% NaCl MDE rate (um/min) |
|-----------+----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------|
| 30 | 0.041935483870967745 | 0.048903225806451615 |
| 60 | 0.021548387096774188 | 0.01690322580645162 |
| 90 | 0.013548387096774195 | 0.023096774193548386 |
| 120 | 0.009935483870967751 | 0.020258064516129035 |
| 150 | 0.020000000000000004 | 0.018193548387096775 |
| 180 | 0.013548387096774195 | 0.020258064516129035 |
| 210 | 0.022322580645161294 | 0.026451612903225813 |
| 240 | 0.017161290322580652 | 0.020516129032258065 |
| 270 | 0.022322580645161294 | 0.022580645161290325 |
| 300 | 0.011999999999999997 | 0.021548387096774188 |
| 330 | 0.018451612903225806 | 0.024387096774193547 |
| 360 | 0.011999999999999997 | 0.024903225806451615 |
| 390 | 0.01690322580645162 | 0.028516129032258065 |
| 420 | 0.019741935483870973 | 0.024129032258064516 |
| 450 | 0.018451612903225806 | 0.021290322580645157 |
| 480 | 0.020000000000000004 | 0.026709677419354844 |
#+CAPTION: WC-17Co Cumulative Erosion Rate
| Time(min) | WC-17Co in distilled water MDE rate (um) | WC-17Co in 3.5% NaCl MDE rate (um) |
|-----------+------------------------------------------+------------------------------------|
| 30 | 1.2302955665024609 | 1.49630541871921 |
| 60 | 1.8990147783251228 | 2.0320197044334964 |
| 90 | 2.301871921182265 | 2.7007389162561566 |
| 120 | 2.6157635467980285 | 3.2807881773399004 |
| 150 | 3.1958128078817722 | 3.860837438423644 |
| 180 | 3.6428571428571423 | 4.44088669950739 |
| 210 | 4.267241379310345 | 5.286945812807881 |
| 240 | 4.803103448275863 | 5.866995073891625 |
| 270 | 5.471674876847292 | 6.535714285714286 |
| 300 | 5.8300492610837455 | 7.160098522167488 |
| 330 | 6.36576354679803 | 7.917487684729065 |
| 360 | 6.635467980295569 | 8.674876847290642 |
| 390 | 7.260000000000002 | 9.520935960591135 |
| 420 | 8.150246305418722 | 10.233990147783253 |
| 450 | 8.3756157635468 | 10.858374384236456 |
| 480 | 8.955665024630544 | 11.660098522167491 |
#+CAPTION: Alloy coating in deionized water
| Time(min) | alloy coating in distilled water MDE rate (um) | alloy coating in 3.5% NaCl MDE rate (um) |
|-----------+------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------|
| 30 | 1.9841379310344802 | 1.8066502463054182 |
| 60 | 2.7857142857142847 | 2.5640394088669947 |
| 90 | 3.1884236453201957 | 2.7007389162561566 |
| 120 | 4.433497536945813 | 3.014778325123153 |
| 150 | 5.146699507389162 | 3.151477832512315 |
| 180 | 5.682118226600986 | 3.4655172413793096 |
| 210 | 6.705665024630543 | 4.13423645320197 |
| 240 | 6.931034482758622 | 4.2709359605911335 |
| 270 | 7.64408866995074 | 4.629310344827587 |
| 300 | 8.224137931034484 | 4.987684729064041 |
| 330 | 8.316502463054189 | 5.301724137931036 |
| 360 | 8.852216748768475 | 5.837438423645322 |
| 390 | 9.254926108374386 | 5.974137931034486 |
| 420 | 9.524630541871923 | 6.465517241379313 |
| 450 | 9.927339901477836 | 6.868226600985224 |
| 480 | 10.330049261083747 | 7.270935960591135 |
id:Antony1979
id:Preece1979249
id:Hammitt1980
id:Karimi19861
id:Lecoffre1999
id:Hattori20041022
id:Gould1970881
* Literature Review :noexport:
Scopus search and elimination through abstract
({cavitation erosion} AND "ASTM G32") AND (cobalt OR co OR stellite) => 15
{cavitation erosion} AND (cobalt OR co OR stellite) => 118 => 31
"ASTM G32" AND (cobalt OR co OR stellite) => 21 => 10
Altogether, this results in 34 documents.
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Santa20111445,
author = {Santa, J.F. and Blanco, J.A. and Giraldo, J.E. and Toro, A.},
title = {Cavitation erosion of martensitic and austenitic stainless steel welded coatings},
year = {2011},
journal = {Wear},
volume = {271},
number = {9-10},
pages = {1445 – 1453},
doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2010.12.081},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 82}
}
#+END_SRC
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Vadapalli202046,
author = {Vadapalli, Srinivas and Pathem, Umachaitanya and Vuppala, Venkata Ramana S N and Chebattina, Kodandarama Rao and Sagari, Jaikumar},
title = {Corrosion and cavitation erosion properties of sub-micron WC-Co /Cr3C2-NiCr multi-layered coating on aluminium substrates},
year = {2020},
journal = {Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals},
volume = {30},
number = {3},
pages = {46 – 54},
doi = {10.55713/JMMM.V30I3.691},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 2; All Open Access, Hybrid Gold Open Access}
}
#+END_SRC
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Szala2022,
author = {Szala, Mirosław and Walczak, Mariusz and Świetlicki, Aleksander},
title = {Effect of microstructure and hardness on cavitation erosion and dry sliding wear of HVOF deposited CoNiCrAlY, NiCoCrAlY and NiCrMoNbTa coatings},
year = {2022},
journal = {Materials},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
doi = {10.3390/ma15010093},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 20; All Open Access, Gold Open Access, Green Open Access}
}
#+END_SRC
Romero2019518 - Cavitation erosion resistance of a non-standard cast cobalt alloy: Influence of solubilizing and cold working treatments
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Romero2019518,
author = {Romero, M.C. and Tschiptschin, A.P. and Scandian, C.},
title = {Cavitation erosion resistance of a non-standard cast cobalt alloy: Influence of solubilizing and cold working treatments},
year = {2019},
journal = {Wear},
volume = {426-427},
pages = {518 – 526},
doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2018.12.044},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 13}
}
#+END_SRC
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Romero2019581,
author = {Romero, M.C. and Tschiptschin, A.P. and Scandian, C.},
title = {Low temperature plasma nitriding of a Co30Cr19Fe alloy for improving cavitation erosion resistance},
year = {2019},
journal = {Wear},
volume = {426-427},
pages = {581 – 588},
doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2019.01.019},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 10}
}
#+END_SRC
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@CONFERENCE{Mutaşcu2019776,
author = {Mutaşcu, Daniel and Mitelea, Ion and Bordeaşu, Ilare and Buzdugan, Dragoş and Franţ, Florin},
title = {Cavitation resistant layers from stellite alloy deposited by TIG welding on duplex stainless steel},
year = {2019},
journal = {METAL 2019 - 28th International Conference on Metallurgy and Materials, Conference Proceedings},
pages = {776 – 780},
type = {Conference paper},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 1}
}
#+END_SRC
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Romo201216,
author = {Romo, S.A. and Santa, J.F. and Giraldo, J.E. and Toro, A.},
title = {Cavitation and high-velocity slurry erosion resistance of welded Stellite 6 alloy},
year = {2012},
journal = {Tribology International},
volume = {47},
pages = {16 – 24},
doi = {10.1016/j.triboint.2011.10.003},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 67}
}
#+END_SRC
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Singh201487,
author = {Singh, Raghuvir and Kumar, Damodar and Mishra, S.K. and Tiwari, S.K.},
title = {Laser cladding of Stellite 6 on stainless steel to enhance solid particle erosion and cavitation resistance},
year = {2014},
journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology},
volume = {251},
pages = {87 – 97},
doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2014.04.008},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 117}
}
#+END_SRC
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Szala2022741,
author = {Szala, M. and Chocyk, D. and Turek, M.},
title = {Effect of Manganese Ion Implantation on Cavitation Erosion Resistance of HIPed Stellite 6},
year = {2022},
journal = {Acta Physica Polonica A},
volume = {142},
number = {6},
pages = {741 – 746},
doi = {10.12693/APhysPolA.142.741},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 0; All Open Access, Bronze Open Access}
}
#+END_SRC
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Cabral2018,
author = {Cabral, Tárcio dos Santos and Dias, Sileno Espíndola and Filho, Ademir Angelo Castro and Baia, Paola Evelen Costa and Borges, Diego Jorge Alves and Braga, Eduardo de Magalhães},
title = {Influence of a cobalt-based wire injection in austenitic coating deposited via CW-GMAW},
year = {2018},
journal = {Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering},
volume = {40},
number = {9},
doi = {10.1007/s40430-018-1384-1},
type = {Review},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 2; All Open Access, Bronze Open Access}
}
#+END_SRC
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Santa2009160,
author = {Santa, J.F. and Espitia, L.A. and Blanco, J.A. and Romo, S.A. and Toro, A.},
title = {Slurry and cavitation erosion resistance of thermal spray coatings},
year = {2009},
journal = {Wear},
volume = {267},
number = {1-4},
pages = {160 – 167},
doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2009.01.018},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 131}
}
#+END_SRC
** Silva2022 - Coating weld cavitation erosion resistance using austenitic stainless steel and cobalt alloys deposited by GMAW and CW-GMAW
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Silva2022,
author = {da Silva, Fabio Gonçalves and Braga, Eduardo M. and Ferraresi, Valtair A. and Ferreira Filho, Demostenes},
title = {Coating weld cavitation erosion resistance using austenitic stainless steel and cobalt alloys deposited by GMAW and CW-GMAW},
year = {2022},
journal = {Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering},
volume = {44},
number = {11},
doi = {10.1007/s40430-022-03845-9},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 0}
}
#+END_SRC
* Misc Papers refered to in Introduction :noexport:
#+BEGIN_COMMENT
Stellite is like a superhero metal that is really good at resisting wear and tear, especially at high temperatures.
Imagine if you had a tool that you used a lot, like a knife or a drill bit.
Over time, these tools can wear out and become less effective. But if they're made from Stellite, they can last much longer because Stellite is super tough and doesn't wear down easily.
So, in places where things get really hot, like inside a jet engine or near a hot flame, or in places where things rub against each other a lot, like in cutting tools or machinery parts, using Stellite can be really helpful. It helps those parts last longer and work better because it can handle the tough conditions without getting worn out quickly. That's why Stellite is used in things like airplane engines, cutting tools, and even in medical equipment like implants. It's like having a tough and reliable friend that always has your back when things get rough!
#+END_COMMENT
** Song2019 - Study on optimization of laser cladding using Stellite 6 powder for exhaust valve face of marine engine
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Song2019,
author = {Song, Moo-Keun and Park, Su-Han and Lee, Su-Jin and Kim, Jong-Do},
title = {Study on optimization of laser cladding using Stellite 6 powder for exhaust valve face of marine engine},
year = {2019},
journal = {Modern Physics Letters B},
volume = {33},
number = {14-15},
doi = {10.1142/S0217984919400372},
abstract = {In this study, experiments with various parameters were performed to apply laser cladding to the exhaust valve face of a marine engine and optimum conditions were derived. The used specimen was an actual exhaust valve, and the heat source was a high-power diode laser. Cladding was applied to the exhaust valve face using the optimum conditions, and a sound clad layer without internal defects, such as pores and cracks, was formed. The average hardness of the clad layer formed under the optimum conditions was higher than 529 Hv. Component analysis showed a very low dilution rate inside the clad layer. © 2019 World Scientific Publishing Company.},
author_keywords = {exhaust valve; hard-facing; Laser cladding; Stellite 6},
type = {Conference paper},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 4}
}
#+END_SRC
** Sotoodeh2023929 - Stellite Weld Overlay Qualification on the Body of a Dual Plate Check Valve in Low-Temperature Carbon Steel in the Offshore Oil and Gas Industry
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Sotoodeh2023929,
author = {Sotoodeh, Karan},
title = {Stellite Weld Overlay Qualification on the Body of a Dual Plate Check Valve in Low-Temperature Carbon Steel in the Offshore Oil and Gas Industry},
year = {2023},
journal = {Experimental Techniques},
volume = {47},
number = {4},
pages = {929 – 938},
doi = {10.1007/s40799-022-00594-1},
abstract = {Stellite is a cobalt-chromium alloy that is widely used for hard facing of the industrial valves’ internal components, including the seat and closure member, to prevent erosion and cavitation. Although previous studies have emphasized using stellite to avoid erosion and wearing of substrates, most of them do not focus on applying this material for the valve industry in oil and gas projects. Thus, the present study mainly aims to provide a method to qualify the stellite 6 hardfacing applied on the low-temperature carbon steel (LTCS) valve body contact surface with disks and ensure that the weld overlay is used correctly. This study has developed a weld overlay qualification method including various tests such as Non-destructive test (NDT), Charpy V-Notch test, chemical composition, hardness test, and finally micro examination. The results of the trials and interpretation and evaluation are also included in this research. © 2022, The Society for Experimental Mechanics, Inc.},
author_keywords = {Hard facing alloys Procedure qualification records (PQRs); Shielding gas; Stellite 6 and 21; Tungsten inert gas (TIG); Welding technique},
keywords = {Chromium alloys; Cobalt alloys; Eddy current testing; Inert gases; Offshore oil well production; Temperature; Welds; Facing alloys; Hard facing alloy procedure qualification record; Lows-temperatures; Shielding gas; Stellite 6; Stellite 6 and 21; Tungsten inert gas; Weld overlay; Welding technique; Erosion},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 1}
}
#+END_SRC
** Teles2024 - Effect of HVOF spray coating on the tribological surface of onshore gate valves
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Teles2024,
author = {Teles, Diógenes Barbosa and Velho de Castro, Victor and Tagliari, Mariana dos Reis and João de Souza, André and de Fraga Malfatti, Célia},
title = {Effect of HVOF spray coating on the tribological surface of onshore gate valves},
year = {2024},
journal = {Wear},
volume = {546-547},
doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2024.205322},
abstract = {Gate valve is one of the most common design concepts in onshore Oil & Gas installations. This equipment is composed of a wedge-shaped obturator that performs linear sliding movements during activation. Fluid sealing is achieved through metallic contact between the surfaces of the gate and seat components. Metal surfaces are commonly hardened by heat treatment or coated with Stellite 6 alloy by plasma-transferred arc welding (PTAW). The application of high-velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) coatings on these surfaces for wedge-gate valves has not yet been foreseen. In addition, comparative studies on the tribological performance of technical surfaces used in onshore wedge-gate valves are also scarce. Therefore, this study presents the results of tests performed on specimens using a ball-on-flat tribometer with linear reciprocating sliding, simulating a gate valve tribosystem in operation: flat (gate) and ball (seat). Martensitic stainless steel 13Cr was used with the contact interfaces under the following conditions: (A) heat treated, (B) Stellite 6 coating by PTAW, (C) Stellite 6 coating by HVOF, and (D) tungsten carbide coating by HVOF. The flat/ball tribological pairs investigated were A/B (TRIM 8), B/B (TRIM 5), C/B, and D/B. The coefficient of friction (COF), surface wear, and wear mechanisms were comparatively evaluated. The results showed that the newly proposed surfaces (C and D) are promising alternatives to reduce material consumption and improve the performance of valves in operation according to the application requirements. © 2024 Elsevier B.V.},
author_keywords = {Ball-on-flat tribometer; Gate valve surfaces; HVOF coating; Metallic seal; Tribological properties},
keywords = {Hard facing; HVOF thermal spraying; Plasma welding; Sprayed coatings; Tribology; Tungsten carbide; Wear of materials; Ball on flats; Ball-on-flat tribometer; Gate valve; Gate valve surface; High velocity oxygen fuel coatings; High velocity oxygen fuels; Metallic seal; Metallics; Tribological properties; Tribometers; Friction},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 0}
}
#+END_SRC
** Ding201797 - Stellite alloy mixture hardfacing via laser cladding for control valve seat sealing surfaces
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Ding201797,
author = {Ding, Yinping and Liu, Rong and Yao, Jianhua and Zhang, Qunli and Wang, Liang},
title = {Stellite alloy mixture hardfacing via laser cladding for control valve seat sealing surfaces},
year = {2017},
journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology},
volume = {329},
pages = {97 – 108},
doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.09.018},
abstract = {A Stellite alloy mixture hardfacing consisting of 70\% Stellite 3 and 30\% Stellite 21, is created via laser cladding for control valve seat sealing surfaces, aiming at enhancing hardness and wear resistance compared with Stellite 6, and improving cracking in laser cladding compared with Stellite 3. The Stellite alloy mixture hardfacing is made on 316 stainless steel substrate and does not show any cracking in liquid penetrant testing. The microstructure of the hardfacing is analyzed using SEM, EDS and XRD. The hardness, dry sliding wear resistance, cavitation-erosion resistance in NaOH solution and corrosion resistance in morpholine solution at pH 9.5 to simulate the amine environment of boiler feedwater service in power generation plants, are evaluated. The Stellite 6 hardfacing prepared with the same laser process parameters is also analyzed and tested under the same conditions for comparison. The experimental results and real industrial test demonstrate superior performance of the Stellite alloy mixture hardfacing to the Stellite 6 hardfacing for control valve seat sealing application. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.},
author_keywords = {Cavitation-erosion; Dry-sliding wear; Electrochemical corrosion; Hardfacing via laser cladding; Stellite alloy},
keywords = {Cavitation; Cavitation corrosion; Cladding (coating); Corrosion; Corrosion resistance; Cracks; Electrochemical corrosion; Erosion; Hardness; Laser cladding; Mixtures; Nondestructive examination; Safety valves; Stainless steel; Steel testing; Stellite; Wear resistance; 316 stainless steel; Cavitation erosion resistance; Dry sliding wear; Laser process parameters; Liquid-penetrant testing; Power generation plants; Sealing applications; Stellite alloy; Alloy steel},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 57}
}
#+END_SRC
** Xu2024 - Optimization of process parameters for laser cladding Stellite6 cobalt-based alloy
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Xu2024,
author = {Xu, Pengxiang and Li, Pengyang and Chen, Yunshuai and Wang, Bo and Lu, Han and Xu, Chaoyuan and Dai, Man},
title = {Optimization of process parameters for laser cladding Stellite6 cobalt-based alloy},
year = {2024},
journal = {Materials Today Communications},
volume = {38},
doi = {10.1016/j.mtcomm.2024.108430},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 1}
}
#+END_SRC
** Kim200685 - Effect of manganese on the cavitation erosion resistance of iron-chromium-carbon-silicon alloys for replacing cobalt-base Stellite
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Kim200685,
author = {Kim, Ji Hui and Na, Kwang Su and Kim, Gyung Guk and Yoon, Chong S. and Kim, Seon Jin},
title = {Effect of manganese on the cavitation erosion resistance of iron-chromium-carbon-silicon alloys for replacing cobalt-base Stellite},
year = {2006},
journal = {Journal of Nuclear Materials},
volume = {352},
number = {1-3},
pages = {85 – 89},
doi = {10.1016/j.jnucmat.2006.02.072},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 15}
}
#+END_SRC
** Usta2023 - A systematic study into the cavitation erosion test for marine propeller materials by cavitating jet technique
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Usta2023,
author = {Usta, Onur and Köksal, Çağatay Sabri and Korkut, Emin},
title = {A systematic study into the cavitation erosion test for marine propeller materials by cavitating jet technique},
year = {2023},
journal = {Ocean Engineering},
volume = {284},
doi = {10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.115252},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 4}
}
#+END_SRC
** Cheng2023 - A prediction model for suction cavitation erosion in a journal bearing
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Cheng2023,
author = {Cheng, Feng and Wu, Fujia and Wang, Shuo and Peng, Xiaoxing and Cao, Yantao and Yang, Shifei},
title = {A prediction model for suction cavitation erosion in a journal bearing},
year = {2023},
journal = {Tribology International},
volume = {184},
doi = {10.1016/j.triboint.2023.108424},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 2}
}
#+END_SRC
** Mokrane2019 - Flow behaviour analysis through a venturi designed for industrial and environmental processes
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Mokrane2019,
author = {Mokrane, Wahiba and Kettab, Ahmed},
title = {Flow behaviour analysis through a venturi designed for industrial and environmental processes},
year = {2019},
journal = {Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration},
volume = {4},
number = {1},
doi = {10.1007/s41207-018-0093-6},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 3}
}
#+END_SRC
** Chen201442 - Failure analysis on abnormal wall thinning of heat-transfer titanium tubes of condensers in nuclear power plant Part II: Erosion and cavitation corrosion
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Chen201442,
author = {Chen, Fei-Jun and Yao, Cheng and Yang, Zhen-Guo},
title = {Failure analysis on abnormal wall thinning of heat-transfer titanium tubes of condensers in nuclear power plant Part II: Erosion and cavitation corrosion},
year = {2014},
journal = {Engineering Failure Analysis},
volume = {37},
pages = {42 – 52},
doi = {10.1016/j.engfailanal.2013.11.002},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 44}
}
#+END_SRC
** Zheng2022 - On the cavitation erosion-corrosion of pipeline steel at different locations of Venturi pipe
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Zheng2022,
author = {Zheng, Renshi and Zhao, Xiaoyu and Dong, Leilei and Liu, Gang and Huang, Yi and Xu, Yunze},
title = {On the cavitation erosion-corrosion of pipeline steel at different locations of Venturi pipe},
year = {2022},
journal = {Engineering Failure Analysis},
volume = {138},
doi = {10.1016/j.engfailanal.2022.106333},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 13}
}
#+END_SRC
** Kumar2024 - A technical review on combined effect of cavitation and silt erosion on Francis turbine
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Kumar2024,
author = {Kumar, Prashant and Singal, S.K. and Gohil, Pankaj P.},
title = {A technical review on combined effect of cavitation and silt erosion on Francis turbine},
year = {2024},
journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
volume = {190},
doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2023.114096},
type = {Review},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 0}
}
#+END_SRC
** 20221xix - Part III: Corrosion in Water-Bearing Systems
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@incollection{20221xix,
title = {Part III: Corrosion in Water-Bearing Systems},
editor = {Fuad Khoshnaw and Rolf Gubner},
booktitle = {Corrosion Atlas Case Studies},
publisher = {Elsevier},
pages = {lxix-lxxxiv},
year = {2022},
series = {Corrosion Atlas Series},
isbn = {978-0-323-85849-6},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-85849-6.02004-7},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323858496020047}
}
#+END_SRC
** Gao2024 - A Review of Cavitation Erosion on Pumps and Valves in Nuclear Power Plants
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Gao2024,
author = {Gao, Guiyan and Guo, Shusheng and Li, Derui},
title = {A Review of Cavitation Erosion on Pumps and Valves in Nuclear Power Plants},
year = {2024},
journal = {Materials},
volume = {17},
number = {5},
doi = {10.3390/ma17051007},
type = {Review},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 0}
}
#+END_SRC
* Cavitation models
I really need to meet this guy Matevz Dular.
Dude is prolific in the cavitation modeling field
https://www.matevzdular.com/category/publications/
** Yu2024771 - Development of a Novel Nonlinear Dynamic Cavitation Model and Its Numerical Validations
https://arxiv.org/pdf/2301.03017
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Yu2024771,
author = {Yu, Haidong and Quan, Xiaobo and Wei, Haipeng and Dular, Matevz and Fu, Song},
title = {Development of a Novel Nonlinear Dynamic Cavitation Model and Its Numerical Validations},
year = {2024},
journal = {Advances in Applied Mathematics and Mechanics},
volume = {16},
number = {3},
pages = {771 – 804},
doi = {10.4208/aamm.OA-2023-0041},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 0; All Open Access, Bronze Open Access, Green Open Access}
}
#+END_SRC
** Niedzwiedzka201671 - Review of numerical models of cavitating flows with the use of the homogeneous approach
#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex
@ARTICLE{Niedzwiedzka201671,
author = {Niedzwiedzka, Agnieszka and Schnerr, Günter H. and Sobieski, Wojciech},
title = {Review of numerical models of cavitating flows with the use of the homogeneous approach},
year = {2016},
journal = {Archives of Thermodynamics},
volume = {37},
number = {2},
pages = {71 – 88},
doi = {10.1515/aoter-2016-0013},
type = {Review},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 44; All Open Access, Bronze Open Access}
}
#+END_SRC
* Other research institutes
** FUSE CDT
The EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Future Ultrasonic Engineering (FUSE CDT)
https://fuse-cdt.org.uk/
FUSE is a partnership between the Centre for Medical and Industrial Ultrasonics (C-MIU), at the University of Glasgow, and the Centre for Ultrasonic Engineering (CUE), at the University of Strathclyde.
This partnership brings together two world-leading Centres of Excellence and creates the largest academic ultrasonic engineering unit in the world.
** University of Strathclyde Glasgow - Centre for Ultrasonic Engineering
The Centre for Ultrasonic Engineering (CUE) has over 30 years of expertise in the design and implementation of ultrasonic transducers and transducer systems across a broad range of industrial sectors. Our multi-disciplinary research team combines work on engineering, materials and biology into innovative transducer system solutions. As a result, CUE is well placed to meet the increasingly stringent demands for future ultrasonic technology development and is an important contributor towards Scottish and UK economic development.
The Centre addresses markets in non-destructive testing, industrial process ultrasound, condition monitoring, automation, underwater sonar and biomedical applications. We have expertise in ultrasonic transducer manufacture, system prototyping, instrumentation hardware, system simulation, robotics, metrology, data processing software and image analysis.
** University of Glasgow - Medical & Industrial Ultrasonics
https://www.gla.ac.uk/schools/engineering/research/systems/researchthemes/medicalandindustrialultrasonics/
** Oxford Brookes
Ultrasonic Cavitation Processing Research Laboratory
https://cav-it.co.uk/
Oxford Brookes University
*** Iakovos Tzanakis
Iakovos Tzanakis
https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=X1RenJ8AAAAJ
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