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Literature Review

Submerged Sonic Sledhammers Sharply Shape Synthesized Stellite Specimens, Showcasing Superior Strength

Tungsten carbide thermal spray coating review 

@ARTICLE{Berger2015350,
	author = {Berger, Lutz-Michael},
	title = {Application of hardmetals as thermal spray coatings},
	year = {2015},
	journal = {International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials},
	volume = {49},
	number = {1},
	pages = {350 – 364},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2014.09.029},
	author_keywords = {Abrasion wear; Coating characterization; Cr<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>; Feedstock powders; Hardmetal coatings; HVAF spraying; HVOF spraying; Oxidation; Plasma spraying; Thermal spraying; TiC; WC},
	note = {Cited by: 224}
}

Different thermal spray coating processes

The different thermal spray processes can be characterized in terms of particle velocity and process temperature

Spray process Flame temperature Particle velocity SOD Width of spray footprint
FS 3000 150 120-250 50
TWA 6000 240 50-170 40
D-Gun 4500 750 100 <25
APS 10000 350 60-130 20-40
LPPS 15000 600 300-400 50-60
HVOF 3400 650 150-300 <20
CS 1000 800 10-50 <5

Hardness - Porosity - Technologies Graph

Units of hardness have been normalized to GPa and only cross-sectional microhardness tests have been considered, with differences in test method (vickers vs Knoop) assumed to be negligible.

@ARTICLE{Ang20131170,
	author = {Ang, Andrew Siao Ming and Sanpo, Noppakun and Sesso, Mitchell L. and Kim, Sun Yung and Berndt, Christopher C.},
	title = {Thermal spray maps: Material genomics of processing technologies},
	year = {2013},
	journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology},
	volume = {22},
	number = {7},
	pages = {1170 – 1183},
	doi = {10.1007/s11666-013-9970-3},
	author_keywords = {adhesion; data mining; elastic modulus; genomic analysis; hardness; property map; sliding wear; spray parameters; thermal spray},
	note = {Cited by: 38}
}

Data collection

Although thermal coatings have been produced for certain applications, there are certain material properties that are mutually dependent. These properties include (i) porosity, (ii) hardness, (iii) adhesion, (iv) elastic modulus, (v) fracture toughness, and (vi) the Poisson’s ratio of thermal spray coatings.

ASTM standards 

@techreport{ASTMG32,
type = {Standard},
key = {ASTM G32-16(2021)},
month = {June},
year = {2021},
title = {Standard Test Method for Cavitation Erosion Using Vibratory Apparatus},
institution = {ASTM International}
}

Flexing scopus access

The cavitation erosion of stellites has been investigated in experimental studies \cite{Wang2023, Szala2022741, Mitelea2022967, Liu2022, Sun2021, Szala2021, Zhang2021, Mutascu2019776, Kovalenko2019175, E201890, Ciubotariu2016154, Singh201487, Hattor2014257, Depczynski20131045, Singh2012498, Romo201216, Hattori20091954, Ding201797, Guo2016123, Ciubotariu201698}, along with investigations into cobalt-based alloys \cite{Lavigne2022, Hou2020, Liu2019, Zhang20191060, E2019246, Romero2019581, Romero2019518, Lei20119, Qin2011209, Ding200866, Feng2006558}.

Lavigne2022 - Effect of binder nature and content on the cavitation erosion resistance of cemented carbides 

@ARTICLE{Lavigne2022,
author={Lavigne, O. and Cinca, N. and Ther, O. and Tarrés, E.},
title={Effect of binder nature and content on the cavitation erosion resistance of cemented carbides},
journal={International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials},
year={2022},
volume={109},
doi={10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2022.105978},
art_number={105978},
note={cited By 3},
document_type={Article},
source={Scopus},
}

Hou2020 - Cavitation erosion mechanisms in Co-based coatings exposed to seawater 

@ARTICLE{Hou2020,
author={Hou, G. and Ren, Y. and Zhang, X. and Dong, F. and An, Y. and Zhao, X. and Zhou, H. and Chen, J.},
title={Cavitation erosion mechanisms in Co-based coatings exposed to seawater},
journal={Ultrasonics Sonochemistry},
year={2020},
volume={60},
doi={10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.104799},
art_number={104799},
note={cited By 31},
document_type={Article},
source={Scopus},
}

Liu2019 - Effects of cobalt content on the microstructure, mechanical properties and cavitation erosion resistance of HVOF sprayed coatings 

@ARTICLE{Liu2019,
author={Liu, J. and Bai, X. and Chen, T. and Yuan, C.},
title={Effects of cobalt content on the microstructure, mechanical properties and cavitation erosion resistance of HVOF sprayed coatings},
journal={Coatings},
year={2019},
volume={9},
number={9},
doi={10.3390/coatings9090534},
art_number={534},
note={cited By 29},
document_type={Article},
source={Scopus},
}

Zhang20191060 - A Comparative Study of Cavitation Erosion Resistance of Several HVOF-Sprayed Coatings in Deionized Water and Artificial Seawater 

@ARTICLE{Zhang20191060,
author={Zhang, H. and Gong, Y. and Chen, X. and McDonald, A. and Li, H.},
title={A Comparative Study of Cavitation Erosion Resistance of Several HVOF-Sprayed Coatings in Deionized Water and Artificial Seawater},
journal={Journal of Thermal Spray Technology},
year={2019},
volume={28},
number={5},
pages={1060-1071},
doi={10.1007/s11666-019-00869-x},
note={cited By 29},
document_type={Article},
source={Scopus},
}

E2019246 - Comparison of the cavitation erosion and slurry erosion behavior of cobalt-based and nickel-based coatings 

@ARTICLE{E2019246,
author={E, M. and Hu, H.X. and Guo, X.M. and Zheng, Y.G.},
title={Comparison of the cavitation erosion and slurry erosion behavior of cobalt-based and nickel-based coatings},
journal={Wear},
year={2019},
volume={428-429},
pages={246-257},
doi={10.1016/j.wear.2019.03.022},
note={cited By 49},
document_type={Article},
source={Scopus},
}

Lei20119 - Cavitation erosion resistance of Co alloy coating on 304 stainless steel by TIG cladding 

@ARTICLE{Lei20119,
author={Lei, Y. and Li, T. and Qin, M. and Chen, X. and Ye, Y.},
title={Cavitation erosion resistance of Co alloy coating on 304 stainless steel by TIG cladding},
journal={Hanjie Xuebao/Transactions of the China Welding Institution},
year={2011},
volume={32},
number={7},
pages={9-12},
note={cited By 4},
document_type={Article},
source={Scopus},
}

Qin2011209 - Cavitation erosion behavior of a laser clad Co-based alloy on 17-4PH stainless steel 

@ARTICLE{Qin2011209,
author={Qin, C.-P. and Zheng, Y.-G.},
title={Cavitation erosion behavior of a laser clad Co-based alloy on 17-4PH stainless steel},
journal={Corrosion Science and Protection Technology},
year={2011},
volume={23},
number={3},
pages={209-213},
note={cited By 8},
document_type={Article},
source={Scopus},
}

Ding200866 - Research on cavitation erosion resistance of spraying and fusing co-based and Ni-based coatings 

@ARTICLE{Ding200866,
author={Ding, Z.-X. and Wang, Q. and Chen, Z.-H. and Zhang, S.-Y. and Zhao, G.},
title={Research on cavitation erosion resistance of spraying and fusing co-based and Ni-based coatings},
journal={Hunan Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Hunan University Natural Sciences},
year={2008},
volume={35},
number={1},
pages={66-70},
note={cited By 0},
document_type={Article},
source={Scopus},
}

Feng2006558 - Cavitation behavior of a Co-base alloy 

@ARTICLE{Feng2006558,
author={Feng, L.-H. and Lei, Y.-C. and Zhao, X.-J.},
title={Cavitation behavior of a Co-base alloy},
journal={Corrosion and Protection},
year={2006},
volume={27},
number={11},
pages={558-560},
note={cited By 0},
document_type={Article},
source={Scopus},
}

Flexing scopus access

Material Test Standard Test Type Test Liquid Density (× 10^3 kg/m^3) Viscosity (mPa s) Ph Frequency (kHz) Peak to Peak Amplitude (µm) Temperature (°C) Horn Tip/Specimen Gap (mm) Medium Immersed Depth (mm) Test Duration (min) Incubation Period (min) Final Mass Loss, (mg) Cumulative Mass Loss Rate, mg/min Mean Depth Erosion (MDE), µm MDPRmax (µm/min) Volume loss (mm^3) Eroded Area (mm^2) Input power (W) Reference

\cite{Wang2023} \cite{Szala2022741} \cite{Mitelea2022967} \cite{Liu2022} \cite{Sun2021} \cite{Szala2021} \cite{Zhang2021} \cite{Mutascu2019776} \cite{Kovalenko2019175} \cite{E201890} \cite{Ding201797} \cite{Guo2016123} \cite{Ciubotariu2016154} \cite{Singh201487} \cite{Hattor2014257} \cite{Depczynski20131045} \cite{Singh2012498} \cite{Romo201216} \cite{Hattori20091954}

Cinca202115 - Cavitation erosion characterization of cemented carbides 

@CONFERENCE{Cinca202115,
author={Cinca, N. and Lavigne, O. and Ther, O. and Tarrés, E.},
title={Cavitation erosion characterization of cemented carbides},
journal={Advances in Tungsten, Refractory and Hardmaterials<6C>2021 - Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Tungsten, Refractory and Hardmaterials},
year={2021},
pages={15-31},
note={cited By 0},
document_type={Conference Paper},
source={Scopus},
}

Ciubotariu2016154 - Experimental study regarding the cavitation and corrosion resistance of stellite 6 and self-fluxing remelted coatings 

@ARTICLE{Ciubotariu2016154,
author={Ciubotariu, C.-R. and Secosan, E. and Marginean, G. and Frunzaverde, D. and Campian, V.C.},
title={Experimental study regarding the cavitation and corrosion resistance of stellite 6 and self-fluxing remelted coatings},
journal={Strojniski Vestnik/Journal of Mechanical Engineering},
year={2016},
volume={62},
number={3},
pages={154-162},
doi={10.5545/sv-jme.2015.2663},
note={cited By 12},
document_type={Article},
source={Scopus},
}

Ciubotariu201698 - Optimization of the laser remelting process for HVOF-sprayed Stellite 6 wear resistant coatings 

@ARTICLE{Ciubotariu201698,
author={Ciubotariu, C.-R. and Frunzəverde, D. and Mərginean, G. and Serban, V.-A. and Bîrdeanu, A.-V.},
title={Optimization of the laser remelting process for HVOF-sprayed Stellite 6 wear resistant coatings},
journal={Optics and Laser Technology},
year={2016},
volume={77},
pages={98-103},
doi={10.1016/j.optlastec.2015.09.005},
note={cited By 44},
document_type={Review},
source={Scopus},
}

Depczynski20131045 - Properties of elektro sparc deposited stellite coating on mild steel 

@CONFERENCE{Depczynski20131045,
author={Depczynski, W. and Radek, N.},
title={Properties of elektro sparc deposited stellite coating on mild steel},
journal={METAL 2013 - 22nd International Conference on Metallurgy and Materials, Conference Proceedings},
year={2013},
pages={1045-1050},
note={cited By 3},
document_type={Conference Paper},
source={Scopus},
}

E201890 - Microstructure and cavitation erosion resistance of cobalt-based and nickel-based coatings 

@ARTICLE{E201890,
author={E, M. and Hu, H.-X. and Guo, X.-M. and Zheng, Y.-G. and Bai, L.-L.},
title={Microstructure and cavitation erosion resistance of cobalt-based and nickel-based coatings},
journal={Cailiao Rechuli Xuebao/Transactions of Materials and Heat Treatment},
year={2018},
volume={39},
number={1},
pages={90-96},
doi={10.13289/j.issn.1009-6264.2017-0357},
note={cited By 7},
document_type={Article},
source={Scopus},
}

Garzon2005145 - Cavitation erosion resistance of a high temperature gas nitrided duplex stainless steel in substitute ocean water 

@ARTICLE{Garzon2005145,
author={Garzón, C.M. and Thomas, H. and Dos Santos, J.F. and Tschiptschin, A.P.},
title={Cavitation erosion resistance of a high temperature gas nitrided duplex stainless steel in substitute ocean water},
journal={Wear},
year={2005},
volume={259},
number={1-6},
pages={145-153},
doi={10.1016/j.wear.2005.02.005},
note={cited By 33},
document_type={Conference Paper},
source={Scopus},
}

Guo2016123 - Influence of scanning velocity on microstructure and properties of Co-based alloy coatings by diode laser cladding 

@ARTICLE{Guo2016123,
author={Guo, S. and Zhou, G. and Guo, X. and Yi, Y. and Yao, J.},
title={Influence of scanning velocity on microstructure and properties of Co-based alloy coatings by diode laser cladding},
journal={Jinshu Rechuli/Heat Treatment of Metals},
year={2016},
volume={41},
number={8},
pages={123-127},
doi={10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2016.08.028},
note={cited By 2},
document_type={Article},
source={Scopus},
}

Hattor2014257 - Recent investigations on cavitation erosion at the university of fukui 

@ARTICLE{Hattor2014257,
author={Hattor, S.},
title={Recent investigations on cavitation erosion at the university of fukui},
journal={Fluid Mechanics and its Applications},
year={2014},
volume={106},
pages={257-282},
doi={10.1007/978-94-017-8539-6_11},
note={cited By 2},
document_type={Article},
source={Scopus},
}

Hattori20091954 - Cavitation erosion resistance of stellite alloy weld overlays 

@ARTICLE{Hattori20091954,
author={Hattori, S. and Mikami, N.},
title={Cavitation erosion resistance of stellite alloy weld overlays},
journal={Wear},
year={2009},
volume={267},
number={11},
pages={1954-1960},
doi={10.1016/j.wear.2009.05.007},
note={cited By 68},
document_type={Article},
source={Scopus},
}

Kovalenko2019175 - Erosion of co-cr-w alloy and coatings on its basis under cavitation in and 

@ARTICLE{Kovalenko2019175,
author={Kovalenko, V.I. and Klimenko, A.A. and Martynenko, L.I. and Marinin, V.G.},
title={Erosion of co-cr-w alloy and coatings on its basis under cavitation in and},
journal={Problems of Atomic Science and Technology},
year={2019},
volume={2019},
number={5},
pages={175-178},
note={cited By 0},
document_type={Article},
source={Scopus},
}

Mutascu2019776 - Cavitation resistant layers from stellite alloy deposited by TIG welding on duplex stainless steel 

@CONFERENCE{Mutascu2019776,
author={Mutaşcu, D. and Mitelea, I. and Bordeaşu, I. and Buzdugan, D. and Franţ, F.},
title={Cavitation resistant layers from stellite alloy deposited by TIG welding on duplex stainless steel},
journal={METAL 2019 - 28th International Conference on Metallurgy and Materials, Conference Proceedings},
year={2019},
pages={776-780},
note={cited By 1},
document_type={Conference Paper},
source={Scopus},
}

Romo201216 - Cavitation and high-velocity slurry erosion resistance of welded Stellite 6 alloy 

@ARTICLE{Romo201216,
author={Romo, S.A. and Santa, J.F. and Giraldo, J.E. and Toro, A.},
title={Cavitation and high-velocity slurry erosion resistance of welded Stellite 6 alloy},
journal={Tribology International},
year={2012},
volume={47},
pages={16-24},
doi={10.1016/j.triboint.2011.10.003},
note={cited By 68},
document_type={Article},
source={Scopus},
}

Singh2012498 - Cladding of tungsten carbide and stellite using high power diode laser to improve the surface properties of stainless steel 

@ARTICLE{Singh2012498,
author={Singh, R. and Tiwari, S.K. and Mishra, S.K.},
title={Cladding of tungsten carbide and stellite using high power diode laser to improve the surface properties of stainless steel},
journal={Advanced Materials Research},
year={2012},
volume={585},
pages={498-501},
doi={10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.585.498},
note={cited By 2},
document_type={Conference Paper},
source={Scopus},
}

Singh201487 - Laser cladding of Stellite 6 on stainless steel to enhance solid particle erosion and cavitation resistance 

@ARTICLE{Singh201487,
author={Singh, R. and Kumar, D. and Mishra, S.K. and Tiwari, S.K.},
title={Laser cladding of Stellite 6 on stainless steel to enhance solid particle erosion and cavitation resistance},
journal={Surface and Coatings Technology},
year={2014},
volume={251},
pages={87-97},
doi={10.1016/j.surfcoat.2014.04.008},
note={cited By 120},
document_type={Article},
source={Scopus},
}

Sun2021 - Comparative Study on Cavitation-Resistance and Mechanism of Stellite-6 Coatings Prepared with Supersonic Laser Deposition and Laser Cladding 

@ARTICLE{Sun2021,
author={Sun, J. and Yan, Y. and Li, B. and Shi, Q. and Xu, T. and Zhang, Q. and Yao, J.},
title={Comparative Study on Cavitation-Resistance and Mechanism of Stellite-6 Coatings Prepared with Supersonic Laser Deposition and Laser Cladding},
journal={Zhongguo Jiguang/Chinese Journal of Lasers},
year={2021},
volume={48},
number={10},
doi={10.3788/CJL202148.1002118},
art_number={1002118},
note={cited By 6},
document_type={Article},
source={Scopus},
}

Wang2023 - Cavitation-Erosion behavior of laser cladded Low-Carbon Cobalt-Based alloys on 17-4PH stainless steel 

@ARTICLE{Wang2023,
author={Wang, L. and Mao, J. and Xue, C. and Ge, H. and Dong, G. and Zhang, Q. and Yao, J.},
title={Cavitation-Erosion behavior of laser cladded Low-Carbon Cobalt-Based alloys on 17-4PH stainless steel},
journal={Optics and Laser Technology},
year={2023},
volume={158},
doi={10.1016/j.optlastec.2022.108761},
art_number={108761},
note={cited By 5},
document_type={Article},
source={Scopus},
}

Cavitation Introduction 

@book{knapp1970cavitation,
  title={Cavitation},
  author={Knapp, R.T. and Daily, J.W. and Hammitt, F.G.},
  lccn={lc77096428},
  series={Engineering societies monographs},
  url={https://books.google.ae/books?id=T-hRAAAAMAAJ},
  year={1970},
  publisher={McGraw-Hill}
}
@book{brennen1995cavitation,
  title={Cavitation and Bubble Dynamics},
  author={Brennen, C.E.},
  isbn={9780195094091},
  lccn={94018365},
  series={Oxford engineering science series},
  url={https://books.google.ae/books?id=vYiUO0RlC4UC},
  year={1995},
  publisher={Oxford University Press}
}
@article{Lauterborn_Bolle_1975,
title={Experimental investigations of cavitation-bubble collapse in the neighbourhood of a solid boundary},
volume={72},
DOI={10.1017/S0022112075003448},
number={2},
journal={Journal of Fluid Mechanics },
author={Lauterborn, W. and Bolle, H.},
year={1975},
pages={391–399  }
}
@article{karimi1986cavitation,
  title={Cavitation erosion of materials},
  author={Karimi, A and Martin, JL},
  journal={International Metals Reviews},
  volume={31},
  number={1},
  pages={1--26},
  year={1986},
  publisher={SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England}
}
@article{Pereira1998,
    author = {Pereira, F. and Avellan, F. and Dupont, Ph.},
    title = "{Prediction of Cavitation Erosion: An Energy Approach}",
    journal = {Journal of Fluids Engineering},
    volume = {120},
    number = {4},
    pages = {719-727},
    year = {1998},
    month = {12},
    abstract = "{The objective is to define a prediction and transposition model for cavitation erosion. Experiments were conducted to determine the energy spectrum associated with a leading edge cavitation. Two fundamental parameters have been measured on a symmetrical hydrofoil for a wide range of flow conditions: the volume of every transient vapor cavity and its respective rate of production. The generation process of transient vapor cavities is ruled by a Strouhal-like law related to the cavity size. The analysis of the vapor volume data demonstrated that vapor vortices can be assimilated to spherical cavities. Results are valid for both the steady and unsteady cavitation behaviors, this latter being peculiar besides due to the existence of distinct volumes produced at specific shedding rates. The fluid energy spectrum is formulated and related to the flow parameters. Comparison with the material deformation energy spectrum shows a remarkable proportionality relationship defined upon the collapse efficiency coefficient. The erosive power term, formerly suggested as the ground component of the prediction model, is derived taking into account the damaging threshold energy of the material. An erosive efficiency coefficient is introduced on this basis that allows to quantify the erosive potential of a cavitation situation for a given material. A formula for localization of erosion is proposed that completes the prediction model. Finally, a procedure is described for geometrical scale and flow velocity transpositions.}",
    issn = {0098-2202},
    doi = {10.1115/1.2820729},
    url = {https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2820729},
}
@article{XIONG2022105899,
title = {Quantitative evaluation of the microjet velocity and cavitation erosion on a copper plate produced by a spherical cavity focused transducer at the high hydrostatic pressure},
journal = {Ultrasonics Sonochemistry},
volume = {82},
pages = {105899},
year = {2022},
issn = {1350-4177},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105899},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350417721004417},
author = {Jiupeng Xiong and Yalu Liu and Chenghai Li and Yufeng Zhou and Faqi Li},
keywords = {Multi-bubble cavitation, Microjet velocity, High hydrostatic pressure, Inversion model, Cavitation corrosion intensity, Cavitation threshold},
}
@article{10.1115/1.4049933,
    author = {Geng, Siyuan and Yao, Zhifeng and Zhong, Qiang and Du, Yuxin and Xiao, Ruofu and Wang, Fujun},
    title = "{Propagation of Shock Wave at the Cavitation Bubble Expansion Stage Induced by a Nanosecond Laser Pulse}",
    journal = {Journal of Fluids Engineering},
    volume = {143},
    number = {5},
    pages = {051209},
    year = {2021},
    month = {03},
    issn = {0098-2202},
    doi = {10.1115/1.4049933},
    url = {https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4049933},
}
@article{doi:10.1126/science.253.5026.1397,
author = {Edward B. Flint  and Kenneth S. Suslick },
title = {The Temperature of Cavitation},
journal = {Science},
volume = {253},
number = {5026},
pages = {1397-1399},
year = {1991},
doi = {10.1126/science.253.5026.1397},
URL = {https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.253.5026.1397},
eprint = {https://www.science.org/doi/pdf/10.1126/science.253.5026.1397},
abstract = {Ultrasonic irradiation of liquids causes acoustic cavitation: the formation, growth, and implosive collapse of bubbles. Bubble collapse during cavitation generates transient hot spots responsible for high-energy chemistry and emission of light. Determination of the temperatures reached in a cavitating bubble has remained a difficult experimental problem. As a spectroscopic probe of the cavitation event, sonoluminescence provides a solution. Sonoluminescence spectra from silicone oil were reported and analyzed. The observed emission came from excited state C2 (Swan band transitions, d3IIg—a3IIu), which has been modeled with synthetic spectra as a function of rotational and vibrational temperatures. From comparison of synthetic to observed spectra, the effective cavitation temperature was found to be 5075 ± 156 K.}}

Preece1979249 - Cavitation erosion 

@BOOK{Preece1979249,
author={Preece, C.M.},
title={Cavitation erosion.},
journal={IN: TREATISE ON MATERIALS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY},
year={1979},
volume={16 , Erosion, C.M. Preece (ed.), New York, U.S.A., Academic Press Inc., 1979},
pages={249-308},
note={cited By 133},
}

Hammitt1980 - Cavitation and multiphase flow phenomena 

@BOOK{Hammitt1980,
author={Hammitt, F.G.},
title={Cavitation and multiphase flow phenomena.},
year={1980},
note={cited By 357},
}

Karimi19861 - Cavitation erosion of materials 

@ARTICLE{Karimi19861,
author={Karimi, A. and Martin, J.L.},
title={Cavitation erosion of materials},
journal={International Metals Reviews},
year={1986},
volume={31},
number={1},
pages={1-26},
doi={10.1179/imtr.1986.31.1.1},
note={cited By 325},
}

Lecoffre1999 - Cavitation-Bubble Trackes 

@ARTICLE{Lecoffre1999,
author={Lecoffre, Y.},
journal={Cavitation-Bubble Trackes},
year={1999},
note={cited By 1},
}

Hattori20041022 - Construction of database on cavitation erosion and analyses of carbon steel data 

@ARTICLE{Hattori20041022,
author={Hattori, S. and Ishikura, R. and Zhang, Q.},
title={Construction of database on cavitation erosion and analyses of carbon steel data},
journal={Wear},
year={2004},
volume={257},
number={9-10},
pages={1022-1029},
doi={10.1016/j.wear.2004.07.002},
note={cited By 56},
}

Gould1970881 - Cavitation erosion of stellite and other metallic materials 

@ARTICLE{Gould1970881,
author={Gould, G.},
title={Cavitation erosion of stellite and other metallic materials},
journal={Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. Rain Erosion},
year={1970},
pages={881},
note={cited By 9},
}

Deeper look into cavitation erosion

When a liquid is subject to ultrasound, tiny bubbles may occur and collapse. High local pressure, temperature, and velocity fields are formed due to cavitation.

In an ultrasonic cavitation field, the acoustic energy can be divided into two parts:

  • acoustic propagation energy $E_{pa}$ $E_{pa}$ is transmitted in the medium before dissipating into internal energy.
  • cavitation energy $E_{ca}$ The energy absorbed by cavitation bubbles is converted into mechanical energy $E_{me}$

Types of cavitation erosion experimental rigs

The types of experimental rigs used to examine cavitation erosion phenomena are outlined, with examples of each design. Particular emphasis has been placed on the designs detailed in the International ASTM Standards.

Experimental methods - ASTM G32

id:Chahine2018

Many decades of research have led to the development of a standardised protocol for the characterisation of cavitation erosion which is embodied in the ASTM Standard G32-2010 – Standard Test Method for Cavita- tion Erosion Using Vibratory Apparatus [11]. As stated within its Scope, this Standard addresses the production of cavitation dam- age on a material surface through vibration of an appropriate spec- imen at high frequency (20 kHz), whilst immersed in water. Although it is acknowledged that the specific details of the mech- anism for inducing surface damage may differ from that observed for hydrodynamic flow, there are sufficient similarities in the dam- age mechanism for it to be considered a good proxy in terms of assessing the end-application cavitation erosion resistance of a particular material.

In vibratory apparatus, cavitation is generated by high frequency oscillations of an ultrasonic horn. Depending on the location of the samples, there are two types of devices: the direct method in which a specimen is attached to a vibrating horn, and the indirect method in which a stationary specimen is located under the horn.

The vibratory apparatus has the advantage of performing repeatable cavitation tests in various liquids, including sea water or artificial sea water [21], blood [22] and liquids with solid particles

The ASTM G-32 Standard requires that the experimental rig consists of a cylindrical vessel containing the test liquid, horn, transducer and power supply.

  • The depth of liquid in the cylindrical vessel shall be 100 ± 10 mm.
  • The immersion depth of the specimen test surface shall be 12 ± 4 mm.
  • The frequency of oscillation is required to be 20 ± 0.5 kHz
  • The peak-to-peak displacement amplitude of the test surface of the specimen shall be 50 μm ±5 %.

Cyclic formation of very high and very low pressures, which generate high negative tension in the liquid. Depending on the location

This can be understood easily if one considers the acoustic field generated by the imposed amplitude motion of the tip of the horn given by:

$$X(t) = A cos(2 \pi f t)$$ $$ p = \rho c \dot{X} = - 2 \pi f \rho c A sin(2 \pi f t) $$

$X(t)$ vertical displacement of the tip of the horn at instant t
$A$ amplitude of the vertical displacement of the tip
$f$ frequency of the tip vibratory oscillations
$\rho$ density of liquid
$c$ sound speed of liquid

Typically, the vibratory device operates at 20 kHz and the amplitude of the horn tip motion, A, is maintained at 25 lm with the help of a bifilar microscope. This gives for water

$$ p = -4.7 \times 10^6 sin(2 \pi f) Pa $$

Since the amplitude of the pressure oscillations is much larger than the ambient pressure (actually 47 atmospheres), this results in pressure drops during the neg- ative pulse cycle much below the critical pressure of most liquids

<<<<<<< HEAD =====

Validation
IBANEZ20201486 - Cavitation-erosion measurements on engineering materials 
@article{IBANEZ20201486,
title = {Cavitation-erosion measurements on engineering materials},
journal = {Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal},
volume = {23},
number = {6},
pages = {1486-1498},
year = {2020},
issn = {2215-0986},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2020.06.001},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2215098620301981},
author = {I. Ibanez and B. Zeqiri and M. Hodnett and M.N. Frota},
keywords = {Cavitation erosion, Ultrasound, Cavitation sensor, Metrology, Engineering materials},
abstract = {The resistance of a material to cavitation erosion is assessed by measuring specimen weight change induced by the application of a high-power vibration horn close its surface. This paper describes a proof-of-concept study of a measurement technique for assessing the progression of cavitation erosion for commonly used engineering materials. UK National Physical Laboratory Cavitation Sensor enabled the generated acoustic signals produced by inertial cavitation collapse. Results suggest that acoustic emission monitoring shows promise as a tool which can be employed to quantitatively record the stability of the applied cavitation erosion stimulus.}
}

>>>>>>> f168b6de843516ed53dd50204774012238ac1068

Critique
Measuring amplitude of sonotrode

The vibration amplitude of the sonotrode is usually not linearly proportional to the power, as observed by \cite{Sarasua2021} \cite{Wang2018837}. The effect of vibratory tip amplitude on erosion rate is discussed by \cite{Rajput20224257}.

Sample Holder

id:HORNUS2022931 id:Ovarfort1988135 id:Verhoeven2023167

Avesta Cells are electrochemical cells made for pitting corrosion studies. Can't get that tho, cause it's expensive af, plus I need my sample holder to be watertight.

Cavitation Rig

https://www.dynaflow-inc.com/Services/Cavitation-Erosion-Testing.htm

https://www.isaf.tu-clausthal.de/en/departments/wear-test/astm-g32-16-cavitation-test

https://www.hielscher.com/cavitation-erosion-testing.htm

https://publications.polymtl.ca/2121/1/2016_GabrielTaillon.pdf

https://doi.org/10.1177/1464420720961122

Erosion and Cavitation Tests Applied to Coating Welded with Blends of Stainless Steel and Cobalt Alloys Hebert Roberto da Silva, Valtair Antonio Ferraresi & Rosenda Valdes Arencib

https://www.imp.gda.pl/icet/REPORT/REP01_00.htm https://www.imp.gda.pl/icet/REPORT/REP02_00.htm

Test Rig Identification Card

https://www.imp.gda.pl/icet/REPORT/REP02_00.htm

Institute of Water Problems of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences

https://www.imp.gda.pl/icet/REPORT/Rep02_VR12.pdf

Basic operational data

Quantity Value
input power 2000 W
oscillation frequency 22 ± 0.2 kHz
oscillation amplitude(p-p) 25 ± 2.5 μm
standard temperature 10 ÷ 100 ˚C
open/pressurised vessel open
horn tip / sample gap 0.5 ± 0.1 mm
vessel diameter 90 mm
vessel height 140 mm
sample area subjected to damage 201.06 mm2

other data - water depth in the vessel | 90 mm other data - automatic control of oscillation amplitude other data - automatic control of water temperature

Univesity of Hull
Quantity Value
input power 1000 W
oscillation frequency 20 kHz
oscillation amplitude(p-p) 50 μm
standard temperature 20±1 ˚C
open/pressurised vessel open
horn tip/ sample gap -
sample submergence depth (open vessel) 40 mm
vessel diameter 80 mm
vessel height 70 mm
sample area subjected to damage 133 mm2
University of Cape Town Rondebosch
Quantity Value
input power 500 W
oscillation frequency 20 ±5% kHz
oscillation amplitude(p-p) 60 μm
standard temperature 25 ˚C
open/pressurised vessel open
sample submergence depth (open vessel) 25 mm
vessel diameter 125 mm
vessel height 70 mm
sample area subjected to damage 78.5 mm

Experimental methods - Venturi tunnel

Computational Methods

Synthetic Cavitation Loading

Even though fluid-structure coupled simulations are feasible (Chahine, Kalumuck, & Duraiswami, 1993; Chahine, 2014; Chao-Tsung Hsiao, Jayaprakash, Kapahi, Choi, & Chahine, 2014; Chao-Tsung Hsiao & Chahine, 2015), it is difficult in such simulations to vary systematically the impact pressure magnitude and duration. In order to study the effect of magnitude of the impact loads systematically, synthetic loading was considered in this paper. Previous numerical and experimental studies (Jayaprakash, Chahine, & Hsiao, 2012; Singh, Choi, & Chahine, 2013; Chahine, 2014; Choi, Jayaprakash, Kapahi, Hsiao, & Chahine, 2014) indicate that the pressure peaks in the cavitation fields can be represented well with a Gaussian function in space and time. Figure 20 illustrates that an experimentally recorded pressure pulse under a cavitating jet can be well fitted using a Gaussian pressure pulse. The same can be also observed under ultrasonic and hydrodynamic cavitation conditions (Singh et al., 2013).

Observational methods

Oliver-Pharr method

Optical visualization of Acoustic Fields

10 - Optical visualization of acoustic fields: the schlieren technique, the Fresnel method and the photoelastic method applied to ultrasonic transducers

@incollection{YAMAMOTO2012314,
title = {10 - Optical visualization of acoustic fields: the schlieren technique, the Fresnel method and the photoelastic method applied to ultrasonic transducers},
editor = {K. Nakamura},
booktitle = {Ultrasonic Transducers},
publisher = {Woodhead Publishing},
pages = {314-328},
year = {2012},
series = {Woodhead Publishing Series in Electronic and Optical Materials},
isbn = {978-1-84569-989-5},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857096302.2.314},
author = {K. Yamamoto},
keywords = {schlieren technique, Raman–Nath diffraction, Bragg reflection, Fresnel diffraction, photoelasticity},
abstract = {Abstract:
This chapter discusses three types of optical visualization techniques for evaluating the acoustic field transmitted from ultrasonic transducers: the schlieren technique, the Fresnel method and the photoelastic method. We begin with a review of the physical mechanism of the acousto-optic interaction used in visualization techniques, and then discuss the experimental apparatus and the observed images.}
}

Bai2020 - Cavitation in thin liquid layer: A review 

@ARTICLE{Bai2020,
        author = {Bai, Lixin and Yan, Jiuchun and Zeng, Zhijie and Ma, Yuhang},
        title = {Cavitation in thin liquid layer: A review},
        year = {2020},
        journal = {Ultrasonics Sonochemistry},
        volume = {66},
        doi = {10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105092},
        type = {Review},
        publication_stage = {Final},
        source = {Scopus},
        note = {Cited by: 34; All Open Access, Hybrid Gold Open Access}
}

Transducer

https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9781845699895/ultrasonic-transducers

Measuring the aggressive intensity of cavitating jet

Kang2018176 - Estimation of aggressive intensity of a cavitating jet with multiple experimental methods

@ARTICLE{Kang2018176,
author = {Kang, Can and Liu, Haixia and Soyama, Hitoshi},
title = {Estimation of aggressive intensity of a cavitating jet with multiple experimental methods},
year = {2018},
journal = {Wear},
volume = {394-395},
pages = {176 – 186},
doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2017.11.001},
abstract = {An experimental study on the cavitating jet was conducted with emphasis placed on the detection of the energy that is emitted by the collapse of cavitation bubble. Four experimental methods, each respectively utilizing a hydrophone, an acoustic emission (AE) sensor, a laser Doppler vibrometer, and a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) sensor, were compared. Aluminum specimens served as the target that would endure the impact of the cavitating jet. The mass loss was measured and the cumulative erosion rate was calculated. Various upstream pressures were used, and the effect of the cavitation number was considered as well. The results indicated that the cumulative erosion rate becomes maximum with the increase in the erosion time, and it is insensitive to variations in upstream pressure. The time span that is required for the cumulative erosion rate to reach its maximum value becomes shorter for high upstream pressures. An overall increase in the normalized energy is evident as the upstream pressure increases. At any given upstream pressure, the normalized energy varies inversely with the threshold level. The optimum threshold levels were obtained separately for each of the four methods. The correlation between the maximum erosion rate and the normalized energy was established statistically. The PVDF sensor proved to be the most effective instrument in estimating the aggressive intensity of the cavitating jet. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.},
author_keywords = {Cavitation erosion; Correlation; Cumulative erosion rate; Energy; Experimental methods; Jet},
keywords = {Acoustic emission testing; Cavitation corrosion; Correlation methods; Erosion; Fluorine compounds; Jets; Acoustic emission sensors; Cavitation number; Energy; Erosion rates; Experimental methods; Laser Doppler vibrometers; Optimum threshold; Polyvinylidene fluoride sensors; Cavitation},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 20}
}

Models

It would be very useful to define the erosion progress using a mathematical formula, especially if the formula includes cavitation intensity parameters such as flow velocity or cavitating jet velocity or pressure. One can then easily transpose experimental data from one operating condition to another. In general, the erosion progress is investigated by measuring the weight loss as a function of time. In this study, however, we use the volume loss in order to avoid the effect of density difference between the different materials tested. The erosion time history is presented here in terms of the volume loss, V, versus time, defined as:

Soyama200427 - Estimation of incubation time of cavitation erosion for various cavitating conditions 

@ARTICLE{Soyama200427,
	author = {Soyama, Hitoshi and Futakawa, Masatoshi},
	title = {Estimation of incubation time of cavitation erosion for various cavitating conditions},
	year = {2004},
	journal = {Tribology Letters},
	volume = {17},
	number = {1},
	pages = {27 – 30},
	doi = {10.1023/B:TRIL.0000017415.79517.8c},
	type = {Article},
	publication_stage = {Final},
	source = {Scopus},
	note = {Cited by: 24}
}

FortesPatella2013205 - Mass loss simulation in cavitation erosion: Fatigue criterion approach

Not useful :( Depends on the flow velocity

@ARTICLE{FortesPatella2013205,
author = {Fortes Patella, Regiane and Choffat, Thierry and Reboud, Jean-Luc and Archer, Antoine},
title = {Mass loss simulation in cavitation erosion: Fatigue criterion approach},
year = {2013},
journal = {Wear},
volume = {300},
number = {1-2},
pages = {205 – 215},
doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2013.01.118},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 72}}

Regiane Fortes Patella https://scholar.google.fr/citations?user=KzUR70gAAAAJ&hl=fr

A cavitation erosion model for ductile materials 

@ARTICLE{Berchiche2002601,
author = {Berchiche, N. and Franc, J.P. and Michel, J.M.},
title = {A cavitation erosion model for ductile materials},
year = {2002},
journal = {Journal of Fluids Engineering, Transactions of the ASME},
volume = {124},
number = {3},
pages = {601 – 606},
doi = {10.1115/1.1486474},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 52; All Open Access, Green Open Access}
}

Micu2017894 - A new model for the equation describing the cavitation mean depth erosion rate curve 

@ARTICLE{Micu2017894,
author = {Micu, Lavinia Madalina and Bordeasu, Ilare and Popoviciu, Mircea Octavian},
title = {A new model for the equation describing the cavitation mean depth erosion rate curve},
year = {2017},
journal = {Revista de Chimie},
volume = {68},
number = {4},
pages = {894 – 898},
doi = {10.37358/rc.17.4.5573},
type = {Article},
publication_stage = {Final},
source = {Scopus},
note = {Cited by: 19; All Open Access, Bronze Open Access}
}

bordeacsu2006new - New contributions to cavitation erosion curves modeling 

@article{bordeacsu2006new,
title={New contributions to cavitation erosion curves modeling},
author={Bordea{\c{s}}u, Ilare and Patr{\u{a}}{\c{s}}coiu, Constantin and B{\u{a}}d{\u{a}}r{\u{a}}u, Rodica and Sucitu, Liliana and Popoviciu, Mircea O and B{\u{a}}l{\u{a}}{\c{s}}oiu, Victor},
journal={FME Transactions},
volume={34},
number={1},
pages={39--43},
year={2006}
}

As-cast microstructure of the alloy

It can be seen from Fig. 1a that there are mainly two types of precipitates in the as-cast alloy: the gray network phase and the white Chinese script phase. The XRD analysis reveals that the alloy contains two types of carbides, M7C3 and MC (Fig. 1b). Furthermore, combined with the EDS results (Table 2), it is believed that the gray network phase containing high content of Cr is M7C3 carbide and the white Chinese script phase enriched in Ta, W, Ti and Zr is MC carbide

alpha cobalt

Understanding the cobalt phase is crucial for studying structural changes in Co-based alloys widely used in industry. The fcc cobalt phase, especially its delayed transition to hcp at ambient and moderate temperatures \cite{DUBOS2020128812}, is of particular interest due to its impact on material properties in Co-based alloys \cite{Rajan19821161}. As the cobalt phase in stellite alloys is observed to consist of the fcc phase \cite{Rajan19821161}, the potential for strain-induced fcc to hcp transformation is of interest under the mechanical loading of cavitation erosion.

Cobalt exhibits a hexagonal close-packed (hcp) structure above 700 K \footnote{the theoretical transition temperature was determined to be 825 K by Lizarraga et al \cite{Lizarraga2017}} and shifts to a face-centered cubic (fcc) structure above this temperature.

At ambient conditions, the metastable FCC retained phase can be transformed into HCP phase by mechanical loading, although any HCP phase is completely transformed into a FCC phase between 673 K and 743 K \cite{DUBOS2020128812}.

\cite{Tawancy1986337}

  • fcc -> hcp transition is related to the very low stacking fault energy of the fcc structure (7 mJ/m2).

Thermally induced fcc -> hcp transition occurs through nucleation and growth. Strain induced fcc -> hcp transition occurs through martensitic-type mechanism (partial movement of dislocations).

The fcc -> hcp transition is related to the very low stacking fault energy of the fcc structure (7 mJ/m2) \cite{Tawancy1986337}. Solid

Solid-solution strengthening is provided by elements not tied in secondary phases, leading to increase of the fcc cobalt matrix strength.

With the addition of elements with different atomic radiuses, the atomic lattice of the fcc cobalt matrix is distorted leading to increased strength. The already low stacking fault energy of the fcc cobalt structure (7 mJ/m2) \cite{Tawancy1986337} is further decreased, inhibiting dislocation cross slip. Given that dislocation cross slip is the main deformation mode in imperfect crystals at elevated temperature, as dislocation slip is a diffusion process that is enhanced at high temperature, this leads to high temperature stability \cite{LIU2022294}.

The addition of nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), and carbon (C) stabilize the fcc structure of cobalt, while chromium (Cr) and tungsten (W), stabilize the hcp structure. Cr guarantees hot corrosion resistance and forms M23C6 carbides, while form MC carbides \cite{Vacchieri20171100}. The fcc cobalt phase has lattice constant a = 0.35 nm while the hcp cobalt phase has lattice constant a = 0.25 nm and c = 0.41 nm \cite{Tawancy1986337}.

precipitates are rich in W, Mo, Co and Si. Especially, the content of W and Mo is significantly higher than that in the matrix of alloys. \cite{HUANG2023106170}

sion

While solid-solution strengthening is a necessary factor in stellites, the most important strengthening mechanism in current alloys is the precipitation of carbides.

  • \cite{Tawancy1986337}

    • fcc -> hcp transition is related to the very low stacking fault energy of the fcc structure (7 mJ/m2).
    • Thermally induced fcc -> hcp transition occurs through nucleation and growth.
    • Strain induced fcc -> hcp transition occurs through martensitic-type mechanism (partial movement of dislocations).

  • \cite{Vacchieri20171100}

    • HCP phase is table below 650 C but nucleation from FCC phase is kinetically unfavourable, requiring an external driving force (thermal or strain induced).
  • \cite{DUBOS2020128812}
  • metastable FCC retained phase can be transformed into HCP phase by a mechanical loading.
  • the initiation of the FCC into HCP phase transformation is delayed in term of deformation for moderate temperature (lower than AS) but with similar rate to those obtained at room temperature.
  • for high temperature (higher than AF), the competition between FCC-HCP strain-induced transformation and HCP-FCC thermally activated transformation seems to be won over by the effect of temperature.

Co-Cr-Mo alloys exhibit a phase transformatioin of face-centered cubic (fcc) γ matrix to hexagonal close-packed (hcp) ε phase during cooling and isothermal heat treatment \cite{HUANG2023106170}.

Vacchieri20171100

carbide

osti_4809456 - COBALT SUPERALLOYS. I. MICROSTRUCTURE OF COBALT-BASE HIGH-TEMPERATURE ALLOYS 

@article{osti_4809456,
title = {COBALT SUPERALLOYS. I. MICROSTRUCTURE OF COBALT-BASE HIGH-TEMPERATURE ALLOYS.},
author = {Morral, F R and Habraken, L and Coutsouradis, D and Drapier, J M and Urbain, M},
abstractNote = {},
doi = {},
url = {https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4809456}, journal = {Metals Eng. Quart., 9: No. 2, 1-16(May 1969).},
number = {},
volume = {},
place = {Country unknown/Code not available},
year = {1969},
month = {1}
}

Rubigus Annex

All the papers that have come out from Dr Rehan Ahmed and company

Ahmed2023 - Mapping the mechanical properties of cobalt-based stellite alloys manufactured via blending 

@ARTICLE{Ahmed2023,
        author = {Ahmed, R. and Fardan, A. and Davies, S.},
        title = {Mapping the mechanical properties of cobalt-based stellite alloys manufactured via blending},
        year = {2023},
        journal = {Advances in Materials and Processing Technologies},
        doi = {10.1080/2374068X.2023.2220242},
        abstract = {Stellite alloys have good wear resistance and maintain their strength up to ~ 600°C, making them suitable for various industrial applications like cutting tools and combustion engine parts. This investigation was aimed at i) manufacturing new Stellite alloy blends using powder metallurgy and ii) mathematically mapping hardness, yield strength, ductility and impact energy of base and alloy blends. Linear, exponential, polynomial approximations and dimensional analyses were conducted in this semi-empirical mathematical modelling approach. Base alloy compositions similar to Stellite 1, 4, 6, 12, 20 and 190 were used in this investigation to form new alloys via blends. The microstructure was analysed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Mechanical performance of alloys was conducted using tensile, hardness and Charpy impact tests. MATLAB® coding was used for the development of property maps. This investigation indicates that hardness and yield strength can be linked to the wt.\% composition of carbon and tungsten using linear approximation with a maximum variance of 5\% and 20\%, respectively. Elongation and carbide fraction showed a non-linear relationship with alloy composition. Impact energy was linked with elongation through polynomial approximation. A dimensional analysis was developed by interlinking carbide fraction, hardness, yield strength, and elongation to impact energy. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.},
        author_keywords = {Blending; Hiping; Mathematical model; Powder metallurgy; Stellite alloys; Structure-property relationships},
        type = {Article},
        publication_stage = {Article in press},
        source = {Scopus},
        note = {Cited by: 0; All Open Access, Green Open Access, Hybrid Gold Open Access}
}

Cavitation Erosion Stages

Noishiki2000483 - A method for predicting the incubation period of cavitation erosion 

@ARTICLE{Noishiki2000483,
	author = {Noishiki, Koji and Yabuki, Akihiro and Komori, Katsura and Matsumura, Masanobu},
	title = {A method for predicting the incubation period of cavitation erosion},
	year = {2000},
	journal = {Zairyo to Kankyo/ Corrosion Engineering},
	volume = {49},
	number = {8},
	pages = {483 – 488},
	doi = {10.3323/jcorr1991.49.483},
	type = {Article},
	publication_stage = {Final},
	source = {Scopus},
	note = {Cited by: 6; All Open Access, Bronze Open Access}
}

HATTORI2001839 - Cavitation erosion mechanisms and quantitative evaluation based on erosion particles 

@article{HATTORI2001839,
title = {Cavitation erosion mechanisms and quantitative evaluation based on erosion particles},
journal = {Wear},
volume = {249},
number = {10},
pages = {839-845},
year = {2001},
issn = {0043-1648},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1648(00)00308-2},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043164800003082},
author = {Shuji Hattori and Eisaku Nakao},
keywords = {Cavitation erosion, Crack propagation, Iron and steel, Nonferrous metal, Cavitation, Erosion particle},
abstract = {Cavitation erosion mechanisms were studied through the observation of removed particles for annealed S15C (equivalent to AISI 1015) steel and heat-treated S55C (AISI 1055) steels. In the initial and the incubation stages, single impact loads removed many small sharply edged particles. During the acceleration and the maximum rate stages, large striated particles were observed due to cyclic loads. The volume fraction of particles exhibiting fatigue fracture in these stages amounts to 70 or 80\% irrespective of the material including pure copper and pure aluminum. The exponent of the crack growth rate determined from the fracture is almost the same as that obtained from a regular fatigue test. The fatigue crack growth rate for many metals is inversely proportional to the square of Young's modulus, E−2. The particles fall off from the protrusive surface and their sizes depend on the unevenness in relation to the hardness of the material. The average diameter of erosion particles decreases inversely with the square root of Vickers hardness, HV−1/2. Therefore, the volume is proportional to HV−3/2. Thus, the dependence of the volume loss rate in the maximum rate stage is well described by HV−3/2E−2. The conclusion is that cavitation erosion can be evaluated in terms of the hardness of the material and the fatigue crack growth rate.}
}

Temperature effects of cavitation

Wu201775 - Stability of cavitation structures in a thin liquid layer 

@ARTICLE{Wu201775,
	author = {Wu, Pengfei and Bai, Lixin and Lin, Weijun and Yan, Jiuchun},
	title = {Stability of cavitation structures in a thin liquid layer},
	year = {2017},
	journal = {Ultrasonics Sonochemistry},
	volume = {38},
	pages = {75 – 83},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.03.002},
	type = {Article},
	publication_stage = {Final},
	source = {Scopus},
	note = {Cited by: 32}
}

Me-Bar1996741 - On cavitation in thin liquid layers 

@ARTICLE{Me-Bar1996741,
	author = {Me-Bar, Y.},
	title = {On cavitation in thin liquid layers},
	year = {1996},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences},
	volume = {452},
	number = {1947},
	pages = {741 – 755},
	doi = {10.1098/rspa.1996.0037},
	type = {Article},
	publication_stage = {Final},
	source = {Scopus},
	note = {Cited by: 6}
}

Vyas19765133 - Stress produced in a solid by cavitation 

@ARTICLE{Vyas19765133,
	author = {Vyas, B. and Preece, C.M.},
	title = {Stress produced in a solid by cavitation},
	year = {1976},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Physics},
	volume = {47},
	number = {12},
	pages = {5133 – 5138},
	doi = {10.1063/1.322584},
	type = {Article},
	publication_stage = {Final},
	source = {Scopus},
	note = {Cited by: 118}
}

Kikuchi1985211 - Effect of separation distance on cavitation erosion of vibratory and stationary specimens in a vibratory facility

Brilliant method for finding distance, I love it

@ARTICLE{Kikuchi1985211,
	author = {Kikuchi, Kinya and Hammitt, Frederick G.},
	title = {Effect of separation distance on cavitation erosion of vibratory and stationary specimens in a vibratory facility},
	year = {1985},
	journal = {Wear},
	volume = {102},
	number = {3},
	pages = {211 – 225},
	doi = {10.1016/0043-1648(85)90219-4},
	type = {Article},
	publication_stage = {Final},
	source = {Scopus},
	note = {Cited by: 16}
}

Endo1967229 - A study of erosion between two parallel surfaces oscillating at close proximity in liquids 

@ARTICLE{Endo1967229,
	author = {Endo, K. and Okada, T. and Nakashima, M.},
	title = {A study of erosion between two parallel surfaces oscillating at close proximity in liquids},
	year = {1967},
	journal = {Journal of Tribology},
	volume = {89},
	number = {3},
	pages = {229 – 236},
	doi = {10.1115/1.3616956},
	type = {Article},
	publication_stage = {Final},
	source = {Scopus},
	note = {Cited by: 13}
}

Peng2020 - Interpreting the influence of liquid temperature on cavitation collapse intensity through bubble dynamic analysis 

@ARTICLE{Peng2020,
	author = {Peng, Kewen and Qin, Frank G.F. and Jiang, Runhua and Kang, Shimin},
	title = {Interpreting the influence of liquid temperature on cavitation collapse intensity through bubble dynamic analysis},
	year = {2020},
	journal = {Ultrasonics Sonochemistry},
	volume = {69},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105253},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85088657457&doi=10.1016%2fj.ultsonch.2020.105253&partnerID=40&md5=5942a0fa31a67217d5936aeb31d83252},
	type = {Article},
	publication_stage = {Final},
	source = {Scopus},
	note = {Cited by: 31}
}

Priyadarshi2023 - Effect of water temperature and induced acoustic pressure on cavitation erosion behaviour of aluminium alloys 

@ARTICLE{Priyadarshi2023,
	author = {Priyadarshi, Abhinav and Krzemień, Wiktor and Salloum-Abou-Jaoude, Georges and Broughton, James and Pericleous, Koulis and Eskin, Dmitry and Tzanakis, Iakovos},
	title = {Effect of water temperature and induced acoustic pressure on cavitation erosion behaviour of aluminium alloys},
	year = {2023},
	journal = {Tribology International},
	volume = {189},
	doi = {10.1016/j.triboint.2023.108994},
	type = {Article},
	publication_stage = {Final},
	source = {Scopus},
	note = {Cited by: 2; All Open Access, Green Open Access, Hybrid Gold Open Access}
}

Nagalingam20182883 - Effects of ambient pressure and fluid temperature in ultrasonic cavitation machining 

@ARTICLE{Nagalingam20182883,
	author = {Nagalingam, Arun Prasanth and Yeo, S.H.},
	title = {Effects of ambient pressure and fluid temperature in ultrasonic cavitation machining},
	year = {2018},
	journal = {International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology},
	volume = {98},
	number = {9-12},
	pages = {2883 – 2894},
	doi = {10.1007/s00170-018-2481-0},
	type = {Article},
	publication_stage = {Final},
	source = {Scopus},
	note = {Cited by: 27}
}

Singer1979147 - Gas content and temperature effects in vibratory cavitation tests 

@ARTICLE{Singer1979147,
	author = {Singer, B.G. and Harvey, S.J.},
	title = {Gas content and temperature effects in vibratory cavitation tests},
	year = {1979},
	journal = {Wear},
	volume = {52},
	number = {1},
	pages = {147 – 160},
	doi = {10.1016/0043-1648(79)90205-9},
	type = {Article},
	publication_stage = {Final},
	source = {Scopus},
	note = {Cited by: 22}
}

Abouel-Kasem201221702 - Bubble structures between two walls in ultrasonic cavitation erosion 

@ARTICLE{Abouel-Kasem201221702,
	author = {Abouel-Kasem, A. and Ahmed, S.M.},
	title = {Bubble structures between two walls in ultrasonic cavitation erosion},
	year = {2012},
	journal = {Journal of Tribology},
	volume = {134},
	number = {2},
	pages = {21702–1 – 21702–9},
	doi = {10.1115/1.4005217},
	type = {Article},
	publication_stage = {Final},
	source = {Scopus},
	note = {Cited by: 13}
}

Ahmed1998119 - Investigation of the temperature effects on induced impact pressure and cavitation erosion 

@ARTICLE{Ahmed1998119,
	author = {Ahmed, S.M.},
	title = {Investigation of the temperature effects on induced impact pressure and cavitation erosion},
	year = {1998},
	journal = {Wear},
	volume = {218},
	number = {1},
	pages = {119 – 127},
	doi = {10.1016/S0043-1648(97)00290-1},
	url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0032525746&doi=10.1016%2fS0043-1648%2897%2900290-1&partnerID=40&md5=5ad9d9a293061e8c7a5f6f7b98745112},
	type = {Article},
	publication_stage = {Final},
	source = {Scopus},
	note = {Cited by: 43}
}

Citations

Validation data

id:Zhang2021 id:Liu2022 id:Szala2021

Szala2021_Cumulative_Mass_loss Szala2021_Erosion_Mass_loss

print("Hello")

Have tried to use Scopus for the use of data. Used the following search terms: {Stellite} AND {ASTM G32}

Szala2021 - Effect of nitrogen ion implantation on the cavitation erosion resistance and cobalt-based solid solution phase transformations of HIPed stellite 6   ATTACH data 

@ARTICLE{Szala2021,
        author = {Szala, Miroslaw and Chocyk, Dariusz and Skic, Anna and Kamiński, Mariusz and Macek, Wojciech and Turek, Marcin},
        title = {Effect of nitrogen ion implantation on the cavitation erosion resistance and cobalt-based solid solution phase transformations of HIPed stellite 6},
        year = {2021},
        journal = {Materials},
        volume = {14},
        number = {9},
        doi = {10.3390/ma14092324},
        abstract = {From the wide range of engineering materials traditional Stellite 6 (cobalt alloy) exhibits excellent resistance to cavitation erosion (CE). Nonetheless, the influence of ion implantation of cobalt alloys on the CE behaviour has not been completely clarified by the literature. Thus, this work investigates the effect of nitrogen ion implantation (NII) of HIPed Stellite 6 on the improvement of resistance to CE. Finally, the cobalt-rich matrix phase transformations due to both NII and cavitation load were studied. The CE resistance of stellites ion-implanted by 120 keV N+ ions two fluences: 5*1016 cm-2 and 1*1017 cm-2 were comparatively analysed with the unimplanted stellite and AISI 304 stainless steel. CE tests were conducted according to ASTM G32 with stationary specimen method. Erosion rate curves and mean depth of erosion confirm that the nitrogen-implanted HIPed Stellite 6 two times exceeds the resistance to CE than unimplanted stellite, and has almost ten times higher CE reference than stainless steel. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirms that NII of HIPed Stellite 6 favours transformation of the "(hcp) to (fcc) structure. Unimplanted stellite "-rich matrix is less prone to plastic deformation than and consequently, increase of phase effectively holds carbides in cobalt matrix and prevents Cr7C3 debonding. This phenomenon elongates three times the CE incubation stage, slows erosion rate and mitigates the material loss. Metastable structure formed by ion implantation consumes the cavitation load for work-hardening and martensitic transformation. In further CE stages, phases transform as for unimplanted alloy namely, the cavitation-inducted recovery process, removal of strain, dislocations resulting in increase of phase. The CE mechanism was investigated using a surface profilometer, atomic force microscopy, SEM-EDS and XRD. HIPed Stellite 6 wear behaviour relies on the plastic deformation of cobalt matrix, starting at Cr7C3/matrix interfaces. Once the Cr7C3 particles lose from the matrix restrain, they debond from matrix and are removed from the material. Carbides detachment creates cavitation pits which initiate cracks propagation through cobalt matrix, that leads to loss of matrix phase and as a result the CE proceeds with a detachment of massive chunk of materials. © 2021 by the authors.},
        author_keywords = {Cavitation erosion; Cobalt alloy; Damage mechanism; Failure analysis; Ion implantation; Phase transformation; Stellite 6; Wear},
        keywords = {Atomic force microscopy; Carbides; Cavitation; Chromium compounds; Cobalt alloys; Erosion; Ion implantation; Ions; Martensitic transformations; Nitrogen; Plastic deformation; Stellite; Strain hardening; X ray diffraction; AISI-304 stainless steel; Cavitation erosion resistance; Cracks propagation; Engineering materials; Mean depth of erosions; Metastable structures; Nitrogen ion implantations; Surface profilometers; Linear transformations},
        type = {Article},
        publication_stage = {Final},
        source = {Scopus},
        note = {Cited by: 20; All Open Access, Gold Open Access, Green Open Access}
}

attachment:_20240312_155003screenshot.png]]

Time K0 K2 K1
0.15783500035468734 0.0900900900900865 -0.1576576576576656 0.0900900900900865
1.102716890118467 0.0900900900900865 -0.1576576576576656 0.1576576576576656
3.1496062992126 0.0954054054054177 -0.4054054054054177 0.3378378378378386
6.1424416542526785 0.5855855855855907 -0.4054054054054177 0.0900900900900865
12.09104774065404 5.788288288288271 0.0900900900900865 0.3378378378378102
18.07973327658367 11.981981981981988 2.5675675675675507 1.5765765765765707
24.0294034191672 18.67117117117118 7.522522522522507 5.540540540540519
30.017911612399796 24.617117117117118 12.972972972972968 11.486486486486484
Time K0 K1 K2
0.01492537313432507 0.0004761904761904634 0.0004761904761904634 0.0009523809523809823
1 0.0004761904761904634 0.0004761904761904634 0.0009523809523809823
3.014925373134332 0.005714285714285672 0.0004761904761904634 0.0004761904761904634
6.014925373134332 0.03380952380952379 0.0004761904761904634 0.0004761904761904634
12.014925373134332 0.13476190476190472 0.0080952380952381 0.011904761904761918
18.014925373134346 0.18428571428571425 0.029047619047619044 0.04999999999999999
24.014925373134346 0.21761904761904757 0.0676190476190476 0.0919047619047619
30.014925373134375 0.22809523809523805 0.10904761904761903 0.1252380952380952

Zhang2021 - Correlation between microstructural characteristics and cavitation resistance of Stellite-6 coatings on 17-4 PH stainless steel prepared with supersonic laser deposition and laser cladding   ATTACH data 

@ARTICLE{Zhang2021,
        author = {Zhang, Qunli and Wu, Lijuan and Zou, Hongsen and Li, Bo and Zhang, Gang and Sun, Jingyong and Wang, Jianjun and Yao, Jianhua},
        title = {Correlation between microstructural characteristics and cavitation resistance of Stellite-6 coatings on 17-4 PH stainless steel prepared with supersonic laser deposition and laser cladding},
        year = {2021},
        journal = {Journal of Alloys and Compounds},
        volume = {860},
        doi = {10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.158417},
        abstract = {Stellite-6 coatings were deposited on 17-4 PH stainless steel substrate by supersonic laser deposition (SLD) and laser cladding (LC) to improve cavitation resistance of the substrate. The microstructural characteristics of the as-deposited coatings were analyzed on the basis of OM, SEM, EBSD, XRD, Vicker's hardness and nano-indentation results. The cavitation erosion performances in 3.5 wt\% NaCl solution were comparatively investigated by a vibratory apparatus for the coatings prepared by SLD and LC technologies. The underlying mechanisms for differences of cavitation behavior between these two samples were elucidated in terms of grain size, dilution level, phase composition, hardness, elastic modulus and topographical features of the worn surfaces. Results show that SLD coating has finer grain, lower dilution and higher ratio of hardness to modulus. By analyzing the eroded surfaces, it is found that the pores formed due to mechanical bonding between particles in SLD coating are the priority position of cavitation where bubbles nucleate, grow and collapse. Repeated impact force from bubble collapse produces cracks and makes cracks propagation, leading to particle detachment and finally material removal. Although the porosity of SLD coating is higher than that of LC coating, its content is only less than 0.4\%. Therefore, the negative effect of porosity is weaker than the positive effect of grain refinement, low dilution ratio and high hardness on cavitation performance. Consequently, SLD coating has better cavitation resistance than LC coating. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.},
        author_keywords = {Cavitation erosion; Failure mechanism; Microstructure; Stellite-6 coatings; Supersonic laser deposition},
        keywords = {Cavitation; Coatings; Cracks; Deposition; Grain refinement; Grain size and shape; Hardness; Laser cladding; Porosity; Sodium chloride; Stellite; 17-4 PH stainless steel; 3.5 wt\% NaCl solution; Cavitation performance; Cavitation resistance; Cracks propagation; Micro-structural characteristics; Particle detachments; Topographical features; Stainless steel},
        type = {Article},
        publication_stage = {Final},
        source = {Scopus},
        note = {Cited by: 17}
}
Time (hr) LC SLD 1.0 kW SLD 1.1 kW
2.0 1.2777777777777786 1.617283950617292 0.8703703703703667
3.0 3.9938271604938222 2.1604938271604937 1.6851851851851833
4.0 6.845679012345677 2.9074074074074048 2.092592592592588
5.0 9.969135802469136 3.654320987654323 2.7037037037037024
6.0 12.685185185185183 4.197530864197532 3.2469135802469182
7.0 15.672839506172838 4.876543209876544 3.9938271604938222
8.0 18.45679012345679 5.419753086419746 4.6049382716049365
9.0 21.104938271604937 6.166666666666664 5.487654320987652
10.0 23.753086419753085 6.981481481481481 6.302469135802468
11.0 26.333333333333332 7.660493827160494 6.913580246913575
12.0 29.185185185185187 8.339506172839503 7.660493827160494
13.0 31.90123456790123 9.222222222222221 8.475308641975307
14.0 34.54938271604938 10.240740740740737 9.425925925925924
Time LC SLD 1.0kW SLD 1.1kW
1 0.007667448562428791 0.013341733127806454 0.0078534950740567
2 0.01612532672072918 0.012776489511426854 0.006264861604450105
3 0.04114147845318679 0.00923450170900074 0.012676362174117023
4 0.04866912405334764 0.012576100797533692 0.0075528449835801925
5 0.050522485088130835 0.012382950204409902 0.009406206018363387
6 0.04605026472756519 0.008840962401983787 0.010050264727565192
7 0.049112928087929775 0.01050827692513908 0.011252462971650709
8 0.04640801554855574 0.009942899269485966 0.010594196099457151
9 0.04472662690168221 0.012075330071711021 0.01505207425775753
10 0.04453334226928492 0.011882179478587239 0.013463574827424447
11 0.044061121908719275 0.011874941357817852 0.00964251725755648
12 0.046379465183298725 0.012705046578647551 0.01289122712954898
13 0.04488398900877959 0.013349105287849349 0.013256082032035398
14 0.04422558809731253 0.01743502446216743 0.01678386167146976
Erosion Rate

Liu2022 - Effect of corrosion on cavitation erosion behavior of HVOF sprayed cobalt-based coatings   data 

@ARTICLE{Liu2022,
  author = {Liu, Ji and Chen, Tongzhou and Yuan, Chengqing and Bai, Xiuqin},
  title = {Effect of corrosion on cavitation erosion behavior of HVOF sprayed cobalt-based coatings},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Materials Research Express},
  volume = {9},
  number = {6},
  doi = {10.1088/2053-1591/ac78c9},
  abstract = {Cobalt-based coatings have been widely applied to provide guidance to cavitation erosion (CE) and corrosion resistance since the coatings possessing superior mechanical and anti-corrosion properties. In this study, we prepared cobalt-based alloy (Stellite 21) coating and WC-17Co coating on 1Cr18Ni9Ti by HVOF. The CE resistances were evaluated in deionized water and 3.5 wt\% NaCl solution (NaCl solution), and the anti-corrosion properties were studied using polarization tests. Results show that the WC-17Co coating had superior CE resistance than cobalt-based alloy coating in deionized water because of superior microhardness and fracture toughness characteristics. The WC-17Co coating presented much loose corrosion products (W/Co-oxides) in NaCl solution, which prone to be removed by the mechanical effect of the CE and accelerated the coating damage. On the contrary, the compact Cr oxides formed on cobalt-based alloy coating surface in NaCl solution could seal the pores, preventing to formation of erosion pits, and mitigate the damage of CE. Therefore, the cobalt-based alloy coating exhibited the best CE resistance in NaCl solution and had the potential to prevent CE in seawater.  © 2022 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd.},
  author_keywords = {cavitation erosion; cobalt-based coating; corrosion; HVOF},
  keywords = {Cavitation; Cavitation corrosion; Chromium alloys; Chromium compounds; Cobalt alloys; Corrosion resistance; Corrosion resistant coatings; Deionized water; Erosion; Fracture toughness; HVOF thermal spraying; Sprayed coatings; Ternary alloys; Titanium alloys; Alloy coatings; Anti-corrosion property; Cavitation-erosion resistance; Cobalt-based; Cobalt-based alloys; Cobalt-based coating; Deionised waters; HVOF; NaCl solution; WC-17Co coatings; Sodium chloride},
  type = {Article},
  publication_stage = {Final},
  source = {Scopus},
  note = {Cited by: 5; All Open Access, Gold Open Access}
}
Time(min) Alloy coating in deionized water MDE rate (um/min) Alloy coating in 3.5% NaCl MDE rate (um/min)
30 0.06490322580645161 0.05974193548387097
60 0.028516129032258065 0.02593548387096775
90 0.013548387096774195 0.005290322580645157
120 0.04012903225806452 0.009935483870967751
150 0.020000000000000004 0.005290322580645157
180 0.023354838709677424 0.010967741935483874
210 0.03341935483870968 0.020774193548387096
240 0.007096774193548386 0.0032258064516129115
270 0.023354838709677424 0.012774193548387103
300 0.020000000000000004 0.010967741935483874
330 0.003483870967741942 0.011999999999999997
360 0.01664516129032259 0.01690322580645162
390 0.015096774193548393 0.005032258064516126
420 0.00838709677419354 0.015870967741935485
450 0.013548387096774195 0.012774193548387103
480 0.013290322580645164 0.014064516129032256
Alloy coating
Time(min) WC-17Co in distilled water MDE rate (um/min) WC-17Co in 3.5% NaCl MDE rate (um/min)
30 0.041935483870967745 0.048903225806451615
60 0.021548387096774188 0.01690322580645162
90 0.013548387096774195 0.023096774193548386
120 0.009935483870967751 0.020258064516129035
150 0.020000000000000004 0.018193548387096775
180 0.013548387096774195 0.020258064516129035
210 0.022322580645161294 0.026451612903225813
240 0.017161290322580652 0.020516129032258065
270 0.022322580645161294 0.022580645161290325
300 0.011999999999999997 0.021548387096774188
330 0.018451612903225806 0.024387096774193547
360 0.011999999999999997 0.024903225806451615
390 0.01690322580645162 0.028516129032258065
420 0.019741935483870973 0.024129032258064516
450 0.018451612903225806 0.021290322580645157
480 0.020000000000000004 0.026709677419354844
WC-17Co Erosion Rate
Time(min) WC-17Co in distilled water MDE rate (um) WC-17Co in 3.5% NaCl MDE rate (um)
30 1.2302955665024609 1.49630541871921
60 1.8990147783251228 2.0320197044334964
90 2.301871921182265 2.7007389162561566
120 2.6157635467980285 3.2807881773399004
150 3.1958128078817722 3.860837438423644
180 3.6428571428571423 4.44088669950739
210 4.267241379310345 5.286945812807881
240 4.803103448275863 5.866995073891625
270 5.471674876847292 6.535714285714286
300 5.8300492610837455 7.160098522167488
330 6.36576354679803 7.917487684729065
360 6.635467980295569 8.674876847290642
390 7.260000000000002 9.520935960591135
420 8.150246305418722 10.233990147783253
450 8.3756157635468 10.858374384236456
480 8.955665024630544 11.660098522167491
WC-17Co Cumulative Erosion Rate
Time(min) alloy coating in distilled water MDE rate (um) alloy coating in 3.5% NaCl MDE rate (um)
30 1.9841379310344802 1.8066502463054182
60 2.7857142857142847 2.5640394088669947
90 3.1884236453201957 2.7007389162561566
120 4.433497536945813 3.014778325123153
150 5.146699507389162 3.151477832512315
180 5.682118226600986 3.4655172413793096
210 6.705665024630543 4.13423645320197
240 6.931034482758622 4.2709359605911335
270 7.64408866995074 4.629310344827587
300 8.224137931034484 4.987684729064041
330 8.316502463054189 5.301724137931036
360 8.852216748768475 5.837438423645322
390 9.254926108374386 5.974137931034486
420 9.524630541871923 6.465517241379313
450 9.927339901477836 6.868226600985224
480 10.330049261083747 7.270935960591135
Alloy coating in deionized water

id:Antony1979 id:Preece1979249 id:Hammitt1980 id:Karimi19861 id:Lecoffre1999 id:Hattori20041022 id:Gould1970881

Cavitation models

I really need to meet this guy Matevz Dular. Dude is prolific in the cavitation modeling field

https://www.matevzdular.com/category/publications/

Yu2024771 - Development of a Novel Nonlinear Dynamic Cavitation Model and Its Numerical Validations

https://arxiv.org/pdf/2301.03017

@ARTICLE{Yu2024771,
        author = {Yu, Haidong and Quan, Xiaobo and Wei, Haipeng and Dular, Matevz and Fu, Song},
        title = {Development of a Novel Nonlinear Dynamic Cavitation Model and Its Numerical Validations},
        year = {2024},
        journal = {Advances in Applied Mathematics and Mechanics},
        volume = {16},
        number = {3},
        pages = {771 – 804},
        doi = {10.4208/aamm.OA-2023-0041},
        type = {Article},
        publication_stage = {Final},
        source = {Scopus},
        note = {Cited by: 0; All Open Access, Bronze Open Access, Green Open Access}
}

Niedzwiedzka201671 - Review of numerical models of cavitating flows with the use of the homogeneous approach 

@ARTICLE{Niedzwiedzka201671,
        author = {Niedzwiedzka, Agnieszka and Schnerr, Günter H. and Sobieski, Wojciech},
        title = {Review of numerical models of cavitating flows with the use of the homogeneous approach},
        year = {2016},
        journal = {Archives of Thermodynamics},
        volume = {37},
        number = {2},
        pages = {71 – 88},
        doi = {10.1515/aoter-2016-0013},
        type = {Review},
        publication_stage = {Final},
        source = {Scopus},
        note = {Cited by: 44; All Open Access, Bronze Open Access}
}

Other research institutes

FUSE CDT

The EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Future Ultrasonic Engineering (FUSE CDT)

https://fuse-cdt.org.uk/

FUSE is a partnership between the Centre for Medical and Industrial Ultrasonics (C-MIU), at the University of Glasgow, and the Centre for Ultrasonic Engineering (CUE), at the University of Strathclyde.

This partnership brings together two world-leading Centres of Excellence and creates the largest academic ultrasonic engineering unit in the world.

University of Strathclyde Glasgow - Centre for Ultrasonic Engineering

The Centre for Ultrasonic Engineering (CUE) has over 30 years of expertise in the design and implementation of ultrasonic transducers and transducer systems across a broad range of industrial sectors. Our multi-disciplinary research team combines work on engineering, materials and biology into innovative transducer system solutions. As a result, CUE is well placed to meet the increasingly stringent demands for future ultrasonic technology development and is an important contributor towards Scottish and UK economic development.

The Centre addresses markets in non-destructive testing, industrial process ultrasound, condition monitoring, automation, underwater sonar and biomedical applications. We have expertise in ultrasonic transducer manufacture, system prototyping, instrumentation hardware, system simulation, robotics, metrology, data processing software and image analysis.

University of Glasgow - Medical & Industrial Ultrasonics

https://www.gla.ac.uk/schools/engineering/research/systems/researchthemes/medicalandindustrialultrasonics/

Oxford Brookes

Ultrasonic Cavitation Processing Research Laboratory https://cav-it.co.uk/ Oxford Brookes University

Iakovos Tzanakis

Iakovos Tzanakis https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=X1RenJ8AAAAJ