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Moved all preliminaries inside, so that I can turn it off from emacs

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Vishakh Kumar 2025-05-12 00:31:50 +04:00
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1961
Thesis.bbl
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Thesis.lot
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\contentsline {xpart}{Chapters}{2}{part.1}%
\addvspace {10\p@ }
\contentsline {xchapter}{Introduction}{2}{chapter.1}%
\contentsline {table}{\numberline {1.1}{\ignorespaces Stellite Compositions}}{4}{table.caption.7}%
\addvspace {10\p@ }
\contentsline {xchapter}{Analytical Investigations}{8}{chapter.2}%
\addvspace {10\p@ }

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Thesis.mtc1
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{\reset@font\mtcSfont\mtc@string\contentsline{section}{\noexpand \leavevmode \numberline {1.1}Table: Show the table of stellite compositions}{\reset@font\mtcSfont 3}{section.1.1}}
{\reset@font\mtcSfont\mtc@string\contentsline{section}{\noexpand \leavevmode \numberline {1.2}Table: Show the table of stellite compositions}{\reset@font\mtcSfont 3}{section.1.2}}
{\reset@font\mtcSfont\mtc@string\contentsline{section}{\noexpand \leavevmode \numberline {1.3}Paragraph 4: Synergistic Challenges in Applications Prone to Corrosion and Cavitation\hfill {}\textsc {ignore}}{\reset@font\mtcSfont 5}{section.1.3}}
{\reset@font\mtcSfont\mtc@string\contentsline{section}{\noexpand \leavevmode \numberline {1.4}Paragraph 5: Research and Development for Enhanced Corrosion and Cavitation Performance\hfill {}\textsc {ignore}}{\reset@font\mtcSfont 5}{section.1.4}}
{\reset@font\mtcSfont\mtc@string\contentsline{section}{\noexpand \leavevmode \numberline {1.5}Paragraph 6: Influence of HIPing\hfill {}\textsc {ignore}}{\reset@font\mtcSfont 5}{section.1.5}}
{\reset@font\mtcSfont\mtc@string\contentsline{section}{\noexpand \leavevmode \numberline {1.6}General Background}{\reset@font\mtcSfont 5}{section.1.6}}
{\reset@font\mtcSfont\mtc@string\contentsline{section}{\noexpand \leavevmode \numberline {1.7}Stellite 1}{\reset@font\mtcSfont 7}{section.1.7}}
{\reset@font\mtcSfont\mtc@string\contentsline{section}{\noexpand \leavevmode \numberline {1.8}Stellites}{\reset@font\mtcSfont 7}{section.1.8}}
{\reset@font\mtcSfont\mtc@string\contentsline{section}{\noexpand \leavevmode \numberline {1.9}Objectives and Scope of the Research Work}{\reset@font\mtcSfont 7}{section.1.9}}
{\reset@font\mtcSfont\mtc@string\contentsline{section}{\noexpand \leavevmode \numberline {1.10}Thesis Outline}{\reset@font\mtcSfont 7}{section.1.10}}
{\reset@font\mtcSfont\mtc@string\contentsline{section}{\noexpand \leavevmode \numberline {1.11}Literature Survey}{\reset@font\mtcSfont 7}{section.1.11}}
{\reset@font\mtcSfont\mtc@string\contentsline{section}{\noexpand \leavevmode \numberline {1.12}Cavitation Tests}{\reset@font\mtcSfont 7}{section.1.12}}
{\reset@font\mtcSfont\mtc@string\contentsline{section}{\noexpand \leavevmode \numberline {1.1}Paragraph 4: Synergistic Challenges in Applications Prone to Corrosion and Cavitation\hfill {}\textsc {ignore}}{\reset@font\mtcSfont 5}{section.1.1}}
{\reset@font\mtcSfont\mtc@string\contentsline{section}{\noexpand \leavevmode \numberline {1.2}Paragraph 5: Research and Development for Enhanced Corrosion and Cavitation Performance\hfill {}\textsc {ignore}}{\reset@font\mtcSfont 5}{section.1.2}}
{\reset@font\mtcSfont\mtc@string\contentsline{section}{\noexpand \leavevmode \numberline {1.3}Paragraph 6: Influence of HIPing\hfill {}\textsc {ignore}}{\reset@font\mtcSfont 5}{section.1.3}}
{\reset@font\mtcSfont\mtc@string\contentsline{section}{\noexpand \leavevmode \numberline {1.4}General Background}{\reset@font\mtcSfont 5}{section.1.4}}
{\reset@font\mtcSfont\mtc@string\contentsline{section}{\noexpand \leavevmode \numberline {1.5}Stellite 1}{\reset@font\mtcSfont 6}{section.1.5}}
{\reset@font\mtcSfont\mtc@string\contentsline{section}{\noexpand \leavevmode \numberline {1.6}Stellites}{\reset@font\mtcSfont 7}{section.1.6}}
{\reset@font\mtcSfont\mtc@string\contentsline{section}{\noexpand \leavevmode \numberline {1.7}Objectives and Scope of the Research Work}{\reset@font\mtcSfont 7}{section.1.7}}
{\reset@font\mtcSfont\mtc@string\contentsline{section}{\noexpand \leavevmode \numberline {1.8}Thesis Outline}{\reset@font\mtcSfont 7}{section.1.8}}
{\reset@font\mtcSfont\mtc@string\contentsline{section}{\noexpand \leavevmode \numberline {1.9}Literature Survey}{\reset@font\mtcSfont 7}{section.1.9}}
{\reset@font\mtcSfont\mtc@string\contentsline{section}{\noexpand \leavevmode \numberline {1.10}Cavitation Tests}{\reset@font\mtcSfont 7}{section.1.10}}

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Thesis.org
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#+LaTeX_CLASS: report
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#+LaTeX_HEADER: \input{I-glossary}
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \input{I-packages-2}
#+LaTeX_HEADER: % some package need to be loaded last in preamble
* Preamble :ignore_heading:
#+LaTeX: \dominitoc
** Packages :ignore_heading:
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \usepackage{multirow}
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \usepackage[flushleft]{threeparttable} % http://ctan.org/pkg/threeparttable
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \usepackage{booktabs,caption}
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* Preamble :ignore_heading:
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \usepackage{pdflscape}
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#+LaTeX_HEADER: \usepackage[style=ieee, backend=biber, maxbibnames=999]{biblatex}
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#+LaTeX_HEADER: % \usepackage[left=4cm,right=2cm,top=2cm,bottom=2cm]{geometry}
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \usepackage{mathptmx} % looks like times new roman
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \usepackage{slantsc}
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#+LaTeX_HEADER: \usepackage{mfirstuc}
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \usepackage{calc}% http://ctan.org/pkg/calc
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \usepackage[acronym, nonumberlist]{glossaries} % https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/Glossaries
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#+LaTeX_HEADER: \usepackage{pdfpages}
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \usepackage{float}
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#+LaTeX_HEADER: \usepackage{pdflscape}
** Config :ignore_heading:
#+LaTeX_HEADER: %% prefer than direct use in usepackage geometry
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#+LaTeX_HEADER: \newlength{\chapterFontSize}
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#+LaTeX_HEADER: \newlength{\chapterBaseline}
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \newlength{\sectionBaseline}
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \newlength{\subsectionBaseline}
#+LaTeX_HEADER: %% change those value if you want to change the chapter/section/subsection font size
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \setlength{\chapterFontSize}{14pt}
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \setlength{\sectionFontSize}{12pt}
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \setlength{\subsectionFontSize}{12pt}
#+LaTeX_HEADER: %% automatic computation for baseline, rule of thumb is 1.2
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \setlength{\chapterBaseline}{ \chapterFontSize * \headingBaseline / \headingBaselineDiv}
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \setlength{\sectionBaseline}{ \sectionFontSize * \headingBaseline / \headingBaselineDiv}
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \setlength{\subsectionBaseline}{ \subsectionFontSize * \headingBaseline / \headingBaselineDiv}
#+LaTeX_HEADER: %% headings
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#+LaTeX_HEADER: {\normalfont\bfseries\fontsize{\chapterFontSize}{\chapterBaseline}\selectfont}{\chaptertitlename\ \thechapter}{14pt}{}
#+LaTeX_HEADER: %% capitalised initial letter,
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#+LaTeX_HEADER: % {\normalfont\bfseries\fontsize{\chapterFontSize}{\chapterBaseline}\selectfont}{\chaptertitlename\ \thechapter}{14pt}{\capitalisewords}
#+LaTeX_HEADER: %% left|above|below
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \titlespacing{\chapter}{0pt}{10pt}{25pt}
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#+LaTeX_HEADER: \titleformat{\section}[hang]
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#+LaTeX_HEADER: %% capitalised initial letter
#+LaTeX_HEADER: % \titleformat{\section}[hang]
#+LaTeX_HEADER: % {\normalfont\bfseries\fontsize{\sectionFontSize}{\sectionBaseline}\selectfont}{\thesection}{5pt}{\capitalisewords}
#+LaTeX_HEADER: %% left|above|below
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \titlespacing{\section}{0pt}{25pt}{15pt}
#+LaTeX_HEADER: %% Subsection, 12-point, italic
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \titleformat{\subsection}[hang]
#+LaTeX_HEADER: {\normalfont\bfseries\itshape\fontsize{\subsectionFontSize}{\subsectionBaseline}\selectfont}{\thesubsection}{5pt}{}
#+LaTeX_HEADER: % \titleformat{\subsection}[hang]
#+LaTeX_HEADER: % {\normalfont\bfseries\itshape\fontsize{\subsectionFontSize}{\subsectionBaseline}\selectfont\MakeLowercase}{\thesubsection}{5pt}{\makefirstuc}
#+LaTeX_HEADER: %% left|above|below
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \titlespacing{\subsection}{0pt}{20pt}{10pt}
#+LaTeX_HEADER: %% table of content
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \renewcommand{\contentsname}{Table of Contents}
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \setcounter{tocdepth}{2}
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \setcounter{secnumdepth}{2}
#+LaTeX_HEADER: %% list of figure
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \renewcommand*\listfigurename{Figure table}
#+LaTeX_HEADER: %% init gloassaries
#+LaTeX_HEADER: %% noidx cause otherwise we have to do a normal glossary, compile, then remove it so it is cached
#+LaTeX_HEADER: %% because we only use acronym
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \makenoidxglossaries
#+LaTeX_HEADER: %% bibliography config
#+LaTeX_HEADER: %% https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/6977
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \DeclareBibliographyCategory{cited}
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \AtEveryCitekey{\addtocategory{cited}{\thefield{entrykey}}}
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \addbibresource{Bibliography.bib}
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \addbibresource{BibMine.bib}
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \addbibresource{references.bib}
#+LaTeX_HEADER: %% hyperref setup
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \hypersetup{
#+LaTeX_HEADER: colorlinks = true,
#+LaTeX_HEADER: linkcolor = blue, % normal internal links, like ref, can be black tbh
#+LaTeX_HEADER: citecolor = blue, % bibliographical links
#+LaTeX_HEADER: urlcolor = blue, % linked urls
#+LaTeX_HEADER: filecolor = black % url which open local files
#+LaTeX_HEADER: }
#+LaTeX_HEADER: %% modified reference function
#+LaTeX_HEADER: %% https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/438998
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \newcommand\eref[1]{equation~(\ref{#1})}
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \newcommand\tref[1]{table~\ref{#1}}
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#+LaTeX_HEADER: %% 1.5 line spacing
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** Info :ignore_heading:
#+LaTeX_HEADER: %% The title of Thesis
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \newcommand{\thesisTitle}{How to make a thesis following the guideline with more text to have two lines}
#+LaTeX_HEADER: %% Number of Volume, if more than one
#+LaTeX_HEADER: %% not sure how it works out with latex tbh
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \newcommand{\numberVolume}{2}
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#+LaTeX_HEADER: %% The qualification
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#+LaTeX_HEADER: %% The institution
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \newcommand{\institution}{Some weird institute no one ever heard about}
#+LaTeX_HEADER: %% The school
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#+LaTeX_HEADER: %% Month of submission
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#+LaTeX_HEADER: %% Year of submission
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** Acronyms :ignore_heading:
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \newacronym{gcd}{GCD}{Greatest Common Divisor}
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \newacronym{lcm}{LCM}{Least Common Multiple}
** Packages 2 :ignore_heading:
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \usepackage{subfiles}
** Titlepage :ignore_heading:
#+LaTeX: \pagestyle{empty}
#+LaTeX: \input{preliminaries/1-titlepages}
#+LaTeX: \clearpage
#+LaTeX: % % remove this line if you don't want pagination on preliminary pages
#+LaTeX: % % also read the comment below, for table of content and other
#+LaTeX: % \pagestyle{preliminary}
#+LaTeX: \input{preliminaries/2-abstract}
#+LaTeX: \clearpage
#+LaTeX: %\input{Preliminaries/3-dedication}
#+LaTeX: %\clearpage
#+LaTeX: \input{preliminaries/4-acknowledgments}
# #+LaTeX: \input{preliminaries/1-titlepages}
#+BEGIN_LATEX
\begin{center}
\vspace*{15pt}\par
\setstretch{1}
% \hrule
% \vspace{10pt}\par
\begin{spacing}{1.8}
%% you can replace by \MakeUppercase if you want uppercase
{\Large\bfseries\MakeLowercase{\capitalisewords{\thesisTitle}}}\\
\end{spacing}
% \hrule
% This thesis is composed of \numberVolume volumes. This one is the number \actualVolume.
\vspace{40pt}\par
\includegraphics[width=140pt]{Figures/logo.png}\\
\vspace{40pt}\par
{\itshape\fontsize{15.5pt}{19pt}\selectfont by\\}\vspace{15pt}\par
{
\Large \authorName
% , \distinction
}\vspace{55pt}\par
{
\large Submitted for the degree of \\ \vspace{8pt} \Large\slshape\degreeQualification\\
}
\vspace{35pt}\par
{\scshape\setstretch{1.5} \institution\\ \school\\ \university\\
}
\vspace{50pt}\par
{\large \monthDate\ \yearDate}
\vfill
\begin{flushleft}
\setstretch{1.4}\small
The copyright in this thesis is owned by the author. Any quotation from the thesis or use of any of the information contained in it must acknowledge this thesis as the source of the quotation or information.
\end{flushleft}
\end{center}
#+END_LATEX
** Abstract :ignore_heading:
# remove this line if you don't want pagination on preliminary pages
# also read the comment below, for table of content and other
# #+LaTeX: % \pagestyle{preliminary}
#+BEGIN_LATEX
\clearpage
\begin{center}
\LARGE\textbf {Abstract}
\end{center}
\vspace{5pt}
\noindent
In accordance with the Academic Regulations the thesis must contain an abstract preferably not exceeding 200 words, bound in to precede the thesis. The abstract should appear on its own, on a single page. The format should be the same as that of the main text. The abstract should provide a synopsis of the thesis and shall state clearly the nature and scope of the research undertaken and of the contribution made to the knowledge of the subject treated. There should be a brief statement of the method of investigation where appropriate, an outline of the major divisions or principal arguments of the work and a summary of any conclusions reached. The abstract must follow the Title Page.
#+END_LATEX
** Dedication & Acknowledgements :ignore_heading:
#+BEGIN_LATEX
\clearpage
\begin{center}
\LARGE\textbf {Dedication}
\end{center}
\vspace{5pt}
If a dedication is included then it should be immediately after the Abstract page.\par
I don't what it is actually.
#+END_LATEX
#+BEGIN_LATEX
\clearpage
\begin{center}
\LARGE\textbf {Acknowledgements}
\end{center}
\vspace{5pt}
\noindent I wanna thanks all coffee and tea manufacturers and sellers that made the completion of this work possible.
#+END_LATEX
** COMMENT Declaration :ignore_heading:
#+LaTeX: \clearpage
#+LaTeX: % % read about declaration in file
#+LaTeX: % % \input{Preliminaries/5-declaration}
@ -57,10 +329,12 @@
#+LaTeX: \end{refsection}
#+LaTeX: }
** End of Preliminaries :ignore_heading:
#+LaTeX: \clearpage
#+LaTeX: \pagestyle{chapter}
* Chapters
** Introduction
@ -80,9 +354,177 @@ Stellites are a cobalt-base superalloy used in aggresive service environments du
Originating in 1907 with Elwood Haynes's development of alloys like Stellite 6, Stellites quickly found use in orthopedic implants, machine tools, and nuclear components, and new variations on the original CoCrWC and CoCrMoC alloys are spreading to new sectors like oil & gas and chemical processing \cite{malayogluComparingPerformanceHIPed2003, ahmedStructurePropertyRelationships2014}.
Stellites generally contain 25-33 wt Cr, 4-18 W/Mo, and 0.1-3.3 wt C, with a microstructure consisting of a CoCr(W,Mo) matrix with solid solution strengthening, with hard carbide phases, usually with Cr (e.g., $M_{7}C_{3}$, $M_{23}C_{6}$), and W/Mo (e.g. $MC$, $M_{6}C$ ); the proportion and type of carbides depend on carbon content and the relative amounts of carbon with carbide formers (Cr, W, Mo), as well as processing routes. In addition to the solid solution toughness and carbide hardness, the stress-induced FCC tp HCP phase transformation of the Co-based solid solution further increases wear resistance through work hardening.
*** Paragraph: Impact of Composition, Microstructure, and Processing on Corrosion and Cavitation Performance :ignore_heading:
Stellites generally contain 25-33 wt Cr, 4-18 W/Mo, 0.1-3.3 wt C, and optional trace elements of Fe, Ni, Si, P, S, B, Ln, Mn, as seen in Table \ref{tab:stellite_composition} \cite{ahmedMappingMechanicalProperties2023, alimardaniEffectLocalizedDynamic2010, ashworthMicrostructurePropertyRelationships1999, bunchCorrosionGallingResistant1989, davis2000nickel, desaiEffectCarbideSize1984, ferozhkhanMetallurgicalStudyStellite2017, pacquentinTemperatureInfluenceRepair2025, ratiaComparisonSlidingWear2019, zhangFrictionWearCharacterization2002}. The microstructure of Stellite alloys consists of a CoCr(W,Mo) matrix with solid solution strengthening, with hard carbide phases, usually with Cr (e.g., $M_{7}C_{3}$, $M_{23}C_{6}$), and W/Mo (e.g. $MC$, $M_{6}C$ ); the proportion and type of carbides depend on carbon content and the relative amounts of carbon with carbide formers (Cr, W, Mo), as well as processing routes. In addition to the solid solution toughness and carbide hardness, the stress-induced FCC tp HCP phase transformation of the Co-based solid solution further increases wear resistance through work hardening.
**** Table: Show the table of stellite compositions :ignore_heading:
# \begin{landscape}
# \begin{table}
# \caption{Stellite Compositions}
# \label{tab:stellite_composition}
# \begin{threeparttable}
# \begin{table}{lllllllllllllllll}
#+BEGIN_LATEX
\begin{landscape}
\begin{ThreePartTable}
\centering
\caption{Stellite Compositions}
\label{tab:stellite_composition}
\begin{longtable}{l|ll|ll|l|llllllll|lll}
% \toprule & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Base} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Refractory} & Carbon & \multicolumn{8}{c}{Others} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{} \\
\toprule
Alloy &
\textbf{Co} & \textbf{Cr} & \textbf{W} & \textbf{Mo} & \textbf{C} & \textbf{Fe} &
\textbf{Ni} & \textbf{Si} & \textbf{P} & \textbf{S} & \textbf{B} & \textbf{Ln} &
\textbf{Mn} & \textbf{Ref} & \textbf{Process Type} & \textbf{Observation} \\
\midrule
\multirow{4}{*}{Stellite 1}
& 47.7 & 30 & 13 & 0.5 & 2.5 & 3 & 1.5 & 1.3 & & & & & 0.5 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Nominal composition} \\
& 48.6 & 33 & 12.5 & 0 & 2.5 & 1 & 1 & 1.3 & & & & & 0.1 & \cite{alimardaniEffectLocalizedDynamic2010} & & \\
& 46.84 & 31.7 & 12.7 & 0.29 & 2.47 & 2.3 & 2.38 & 1.06 & & & & & 0.26 & \cite{ahmedMappingMechanicalProperties2023} & HIPed\tnote{a} & ICP-OES\tnote{b} \\
\midrule
\multirow{2}{*}{Stellite 3}
& 50.5 & 33 & 14 & & 2.5 & & & & & & & & & \cite{bunchCorrosionGallingResistant1989} & & \\
& 49.24 & 29.57 & 12.07 & 0.67 & 2.52 & 2.32 & 1.07 & 1.79 & & & & & 0.75 & \cite{ratiaComparisonSlidingWear2019} & HIPed\tnote{a} & ICP-OES\tnote{b} \\
\midrule
\multirow{5}{*}{Stellite 4}
& 45.43 & 30 & 14 & 1 & 0.57 & 3 & 3 & 2 & & & & & 1 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Nominal composition} \\
& 51.5 & 30 & 14 & & 1 & 1 & 2 & 0.5 & & & & & & \cite{zhangFrictionWearCharacterization2002} & & \\
& 51.9 & 33 & 14 & & 1.1 & & & & & & & & & \cite{bunchCorrosionGallingResistant1989} & & \\
& 49.41 & 31 & 14 & 0.12 & 0.67 & 2.16 & 1.82 & 1.04 & & & & & 0.26 & \cite{ahmedMappingMechanicalProperties2023} & HIPed\tnote{a} & ICP-OES\tnote{b} \\
& 50.2 & 29.8 & 14.4 & 0 & 0.7 & 1.9 & 1.9 & 0.8 & & & & & 0.3 & \cite{ashworthMicrostructurePropertyRelationships1999} & HIPed\tnote{a} & \\
\midrule
\multirow{10}{*}{Stellite 6}
& 51.5 & 28.5 & 4.5 & 1.5 & 1 & 5 & 3 & 2 & & & 1 & & 2 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Nominal composition} \\
& 63.81 & 27.08 & 5.01 & & 0.96 & 0.73 & 0.87 & 1.47 & & & & & 0.07 & \cite{ratiaComparisonSlidingWear2019} & HIPed\tnote{a} & ICP-OES\tnote{b} \\
& 60.3 & 29 & 4.5 & & 1.2 & 2 & 2 & 1 & & & & & & \cite{zhangFrictionWearCharacterization2002} & & \\
& 61.7 & 27.5 & 4.5 & 0.5 & 1.15 & 1.5 & 1.5 & 1.15 & & & & & 0.5 & \cite{bunchCorrosionGallingResistant1989} & & \\
& 58.46 & 29.5 & 4.6 & 0.22 & 1.09 & 2.09 & 2.45 & 1.32 & & & & & 0.27 & \cite{ahmedMappingMechanicalProperties2023} & HIPed\tnote{a} & ICP-OES\tnote{b} \\
& 58.04 & 30.59 & 4.72 & & 1.24 & 2.03 & 1.87 & 0.80 & 0.01 & 0.01 & & & & \cite{ferozhkhanMetallurgicalStudyStellite2017} & PTAW\tnote{e} & OES \\
& 55.95 & 27.85 & 3.29 & & 0.87 & 6.24 & 3.63 & 1.23 & 0.01 & 0.01 & & & 0.45 & \cite{ferozhkhanMetallurgicalStudyStellite2017} & GTAW\tnote{d} & OES \\
& 52.40 & 30.37 & 3.57 & & 0.96 & 6.46 & 3.93 & 1.70 & 0.01 & 0.01 & & & 0.3 & \cite{ferozhkhanMetallurgicalStudyStellite2017} & SMAW\tnote{c} & OES \\
& 60.3 & & 31.10 & 4.70 & 0.30 & 1.10 & 1.70 & 1.50 & 1.30 & & 0.00 & & 0.3 & \cite{pacquentinTemperatureInfluenceRepair2025} & LP-DED & ICP-AES \& GDMS \\
& 60.6 & 27.7 & 5 & 0 & 1.2 & 1.9 & 2 & 1.3 & & & & & 0.3 & \cite{ashworthMicrostructurePropertyRelationships1999} & HIPed\tnote{a} & \\
% \midrule
% Stellite 7
% & 64 & 25.9 & 4.9 & 0 & 0.5 & 1.5 & 1.1 & 1.1 & & & & & 1 & \cite{ashworthMicrostructurePropertyRelationships1999} & HIPed\tnote{a} & \\
\midrule
\multirow{2}{*}{Stellite 12}
& 53.6 & 30 & 8.3 & & 1.4 & 3 & 1.5 & 0.7 & & & & & 1.5 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Nominal composition} \\
& 55.22 & 29.65 & 8.15 & 0.2 & 1.49 & 2.07 & 2.04 & 0.91 & & & & & 0.27 & \cite{ahmedMappingMechanicalProperties2023} & HIPed\tnote{a} & ICP-OES \\
\midrule
Stellite 19
& 50.94 & 31.42 & 10.08 & 0.79 & 2.36 & 1.82 & 2 & 0.4 & & & 0.09 & & 0.1 & \cite{desaiEffectCarbideSize1984} & & \\
\midrule
\multirow{2}{*}{Stellite 20}
& 41.05 & 33 & 17.5 & & 2.45 & 2.5 & 2.5 & & & & & & 1 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Nominal composition} \\
& 43.19 & 31.85 & 16.3 & 0.27 & 2.35 & 2.5 & 2.28 & 1 & & & & & 0.26 & \cite{ahmedMappingMechanicalProperties2023} & HIPed\tnote{a} & ICP-OES \\
\midrule
\multirow{2}{*}{Stellite 21}
& 59.493 & 27 & & 5.5 & 0.25 & 3 & 2.75 & 1 & & & 0.007 & & 1 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Nominal composition} \\
& 60.6 & 26.9 & 0 & 5.7 & 0.2 & 1.3 & 2.7 & 1.9 & & & & & 0.7 & \cite{ashworthMicrostructurePropertyRelationships1999} & HIPed\tnote{a} & \\
% \midrule
% Stellite 22
% & 54 & 27 & & 11 & 0.25 & 3 & 2.75 & 1 & & & & & 1 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Nominal composition} \\
% \midrule
% Stellite 23
% & 65.5 & 24 & 5 & & 0.4 & 1 & 2 & 0.6 & & & & & 0.3 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Nominal composition} \\
% \midrule
% Stellite 25
% & 49.4 & 20 & 15 & & 0.1 & 3 & 10 & 1 & & & & & 1.5 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Nominal composition} \\
% \midrule
% Stellite 27
% & 35 & 25 & & 5.5 & 0.4 & 1 & 32 & 0.6 & & & & & 0.3 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Nominal composition} \\
% \midrule
% Stellite 30
% & 50.5 & 26 & & 6 & 0.45 & 1 & 15 & 0.6 & & & & & 0.6 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Nominal composition} \\
\midrule
\multirow{2}{*}{Stellite 31}
& 57.5 & 22 & 7.5 & & 0.5 & 1.5 & 10 & 0.5 & & & & & 0.5 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Nominal composition} \\
& 52.9 & 25.3 & 7.8 & 0 & 0.5 & 1.1 & 11.4 & 0.6 & & & & & 0.4 & \cite{ashworthMicrostructurePropertyRelationships1999} & HIPed\tnote{a} & \\
% \midrule
% Stellite 80
% & 44.6 & 33.5 & 19 & & 1.9 & & & & & & 1 & & & \cite{davis2000nickel} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Nominal composition} \\
% \midrule
% Stellite 188
% & 37.27 & 22 & 14 & & 0.1 & 3 & 22 & 0.35 & & & & 0.03 & 1.25 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Nominal composition} \\
\midrule
\multirow{2}{*}{Stellite 190}
& 46.7 & 27 & 14 & 1 & 3.3 & 3 & 3 & 1 & & & & & 1 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Nominal composition} \\
& 48.72 & 27.25 & 14.4 & 0.2 & 3.21 & 2.1 & 2.81 & 1 & & & & & 0.31 & \cite{ahmedMappingMechanicalProperties2023}
& HIPed\tnote{a} & ICP-OES\tnote{*} \\
% \midrule
% Stellite 300
% & 44.5 & 22 & 32 & & 1.5 & & & & & & & & & \cite{davis2000nickel} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Nominal composition} \\
% \midrule
% Stellite 694
% & 45 & 28 & 19 & & 1 & 5 & & 1 & & & & & 1 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Nominal composition} \\
% \midrule
% Stellite 703
% & 44.6 & 32 & & 12 & 2.4 & 3 & 3 & 1.5 & & & & & 1.5 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Nominal composition} \\
% \midrule
% Stellite 706
% & 55.8 & 29 & & 5 & 1.2 & 3 & 3 & 1.5 & & & & & 1.5 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Nominal composition} \\
% \midrule
% Stellite 712
% & 51.5 & 29 & & 8.5 & 2 & 3 & 3 & 1.5 & & & & & 1.5 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Nominal composition} \\
% \midrule
% Stellite 720
% & 37.2 & 33 & & 18 & 2.5 & 3 & 3 & 1.5 & & & 0.3 & & 1.5 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Nominal composition} \\
\end{longtable}
\begin{TableNotes}
\item[a] Hot Isostatic Pressing
\item[b] Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy
\item[c] Shielded metal arc welding
\item[d] Gas tungsten Arc Welding
\item[e] Plasma transfered Arc Welding
\end{TableNotes}
\end{ThreePartTable}
\end{landscape}
#+END_LaTeX
# \end{tabular}
# \begin{tablenotes}
# \item[*] The footnote text.
# \item[a] Another footnote.
# \end{tablenotes}
# \end{threeparttable}
# \end{table}
# \end{landscape}
*** Paragraph 2: Fundamental Mechanisms of Corrosion and Cavitation Resistance :ignore_heading:
#+BEGIN_COMMENT
@ -96,169 +538,8 @@ Stellites generally contain 25-33 wt Cr, 4-18 W/Mo, and 0.1-3.3 wt C, with a mic
The remarkable ability of Stellite alloys to withstand these specific challenges stems from key metallurgical features. Their corrosion resistance is primarily attributed to a high chromium content, typically 20-30 wt.%, which promotes the formation of a highly stable, tenacious, and self-healing chromium-rich passive oxide film on the material's surface; this film acts as a barrier isolating the underlying alloy from the corrosive environment. Alloying elements such as molybdenum and tungsten can further enhance this passivity, particularly improving resistance to localized corrosion phenomena like pitting and crevice corrosion in aggressive media. Concurrently, their outstanding cavitation resistance is largely derived from the unique behavior of the cobalt-rich matrix, which can undergo a stress-induced crystallographic transformation from a face-centered cubic (fcc) to a hexagonal close-packed (hcp) structure. This transformation, often facilitated by mechanical twinning, effectively absorbs the intense, localized impact energy from collapsing cavitation bubbles and leads to significant work hardening, thereby impeding material detachment and erosion.
*** Paragraph 3: Impact of Composition, Microstructure, and Processing on Corrosion and Cavitation Performance :ignore_heading:
Stellites generally contain 25-33 wt Cr, 4-18 W/Mo, and 0.1-3.3 wt C, with a microstructure consisting of a CoCr(W,Mo) matrix with solid solution strengthening, with hard carbide phases, usually with Cr (e.g., $M_{7}C_{3}$, $M_{23}C_{6}$), and W/Mo (e.g. $MC$, $M_{6}C$ ); the proportion and type of carbides depend on carbon content and the relative amounts of carbon with carbide formers (Cr, W, Mo), as well as processing routes. In addition to the solid solution toughness and carbide hardness, the stress-induced FCC tp HCP phase transformation of the Co-based solid solution further increases wear resistance through work hardening.
*** Table: Show the table of stellite compositions
# The precise tailoring of composition, microstructure, and processing is crucial for optimizing both corrosion and cavitation performance in Stellite alloys. Variations in carbon content, along with levels of carbide-forming elements like chromium, tungsten, and molybdenum, dictate the volume fraction, type (e.g., M$_{7}$C$_{3}$, M$_{23}$C$_{6}$, M$_{6}$C), and morphology of hard carbide phases. While these carbides contribute to wear resistance, their presence can influence corrosion if they lead to chromium depletion in the adjacent matrix or create galvanic cells; for cavitation, they can act as erosion-resistant entities or, if cohesion with the matrix is poor, as initiation sites for material loss. Consequently, achieving a microstructure with a well-dispersed array of fine carbides within a tough, corrosion-resistant matrix, often with a stable fcc phase favored for corrosion resistance, is a primary objective. Manufacturing routes such as powder metallurgy, particularly Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIPing), are increasingly employed over traditional casting to achieve greater microstructural homogeneity, eliminate porosity, and ensure consistent properties vital for resisting both uniform and localized corrosion, as well as cavitation damage. Surface engineering techniques, like plasma transferred arc (PTA) weld overlays, can also be used to apply Stellite layers with specifically tailored microstructures for enhanced surface protection against these degradation modes.
*** Table: Show the table of stellite compositions
#+BEGIN_LaTeX
\begin{landscape}
\begin{table}
\caption{Stellite Compositions}
\label{tab:stellite_composition}
\begin{threeparttable}
\begin{tabular}{lllllllllllllllll}
&
\multicolumn{2}{c}{Base} &
\multicolumn{2}{c}{Refractory} &
Carbon &
\multicolumn{8}{c}{Others} &
&
&
\\
Alloy &
\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Co}} &
\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Cr}} &
\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{W}} &
\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Mo}} &
\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{C}} &
\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Fe}} &
\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Ni}} &
\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Si}} &
\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{P}} &
\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{S}} &
\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{B}} &
\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Ln}} &
\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Mn}} &
\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Ref}} &
\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Process Type}} &
\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Observation}} \\
\hline
\multirow{4}{*}{Stellite 1}
& 41.1 & 30.5 & 12.5 & & 2.4 & <5 & <3.5 & <2 & & & <1 & & <2 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & & \\
& 47.7 & 30 & 13 & 0.5 & 2.5 & 3 & 1.5 & 1.3 & & & & & 0.5 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & & \\
& 48.6 & 33 & 12.5 & 0 & 2.5 & 1 & 1 & 1.3 & & & & & 0.1 & \cite{alimardaniEffectLocalizedDynamic2010} & & \\
& 46.84 & 31.7 & 12.7 & 0.29 & 2.47 & 2.3 & 2.38 & 1.06 & & & & & 0.26 & \cite{ahmedMappingMechanicalProperties2023} & HIPed & ICP-OES \\
\hline
\multirow{2}{*}{Stellite 3}
& 50.5 & 33 & 14 & & 2.5 & & & & & & & & & \cite{bunchCorrosionGallingResistant1989} & & \\
& 49.24 & 29.57 & 12.07 & 0.67 & 2.52 & 2.32 & 1.07 & 1.79 & & & & & 0.75 & \cite{ratiaComparisonSlidingWear2019} & HIPed & ICP-OES and combustion infrared detection for C \\
\hline
\multirow{5}{*}{Stellite 4}
& 45.43 & 30 & 14 & 1 & 0.57 & 3 & 3 & 2 & & & & & 1 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & & \\
& 51.5 & 30 & 14 & & 1 & 1 & 2 & 0.5 & & & & & & \cite{zhangFrictionWearCharacterization2002} & & \\
& 51.9 & 33 & 14 & & 1.1 & & & & & & & & & \cite{bunchCorrosionGallingResistant1989} & & \\
& 49.41 & 31 & 14 & 0.12 & 0.67 & 2.16 & 1.82 & 1.04 & & & & & 0.26 & \cite{ahmedMappingMechanicalProperties2023} & HIPed & ICP-OES \\
& 50.2 & 29.8 & 14.4 & 0 & 0.7 & 1.9 & 1.9 & 0.8 & & & & & 0.3 & \cite{ashworthMicrostructurePropertyRelationships1999} & HIPed & \\
\hline
\multirow{10}{*}{Stellite 6}
& 51.5 & 28.5 & 4.5 & 1.5 & 1 & 5 & 3 & 2 & & & 1 & & 2 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & & \\
& 63.81 & 27.08 & 5.01 & & 0.96 & 0.73 & 0.87 & 1.47 & & & & & 0.07 & \cite{ratiaComparisonSlidingWear2019} & HIPed & ICP-OES and combustion infrared detection for C \\
& 60.3 & 29 & 4.5 & & 1.2 & 2 & 2 & 1 & & & & & & \cite{zhangFrictionWearCharacterization2002} & & \\
& 61.7 & 27.5 & 4.5 & 0.5 & 1.15 & 1.5 & 1.5 & 1.15 & & & & & 0.5 & \cite{bunchCorrosionGallingResistant1989} & & \\
& 58.46 & 29.5 & 4.6 & 0.22 & 1.09 & 2.09 & 2.45 & 1.32 & & & & & 0.27 & \cite{ahmedMappingMechanicalProperties2023} & HIPed & ICP-OES \\
& 58.04 & 30.59 & 4.72 & & 1.24 & 2.03 & 1.87 & 0.80 & 0.01 & 0.01 & & & & \cite{ferozhkhanMetallurgicalStudyStellite2017} & PTAW & OES \\
& 55.95 & 27.85 & 3.29 & & 0.87 & 6.24 & 3.63 & 1.23 & 0.01 & 0.01 & & & 0.45 & \cite{ferozhkhanMetallurgicalStudyStellite2017} & GTAW & OES \\
& 52.40 & 30.37 & 3.57 & & 0.96 & 6.46 & 3.93 & 1.70 & 0.01 & 0.01 & & & 0.3 & \cite{ferozhkhanMetallurgicalStudyStellite2017} & SMAW & OES \\
& 60.3 & & 31.10 & 4.70 & 0.30 & 1.10 & 1.70 & 1.50 & 1.30 & & 0.00 & & 0.3 & \cite{pacquentinTemperatureInfluenceRepair2025} & LP-DED & ICP-AES \& GDMS \\
& 60.6 & 27.7 & 5 & 0 & 1.2 & 1.9 & 2 & 1.3 & & & & & 0.3 & \cite{ashworthMicrostructurePropertyRelationships1999} & HIPed & \\
\hline
Stellite 7
& 64 & 25.9 & 4.9 & 0 & 0.5 & 1.5 & 1.1 & 1.1 & & & & & 1 & \cite{ashworthMicrostructurePropertyRelationships1999} & HIPed & \\
\hline
\multirow{2}{*}{Stellite 12}
& 53.6 & 30 & 8.3 & & 1.4 & 3 & 1.5 & 0.7 & & & & & 1.5 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & & \\
& 55.22 & 29.65 & 8.15 & 0.2 & 1.49 & 2.07 & 2.04 & 0.91 & & & & & 0.27 & \cite{ahmedMappingMechanicalProperties2023} & HIPed & ICP-OES \\
Stellite 19
& 50.94 & 31.42 & 10.08 & 0.79 & 2.36 & 1.82 & 2 & 0.4 & & & 0.09 & & 0.1 & \cite{desaiEffectCarbideSize1984} & & \\
\multirow{2}{*}{Stellite 20}
& 41.05 & 33 & 17.5 & & 2.45 & 2.5 & 2.5 & & & & & & 1 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & & \\
& 43.19 & 31.85 & 16.3 & 0.27 & 2.35 & 2.5 & 2.28 & 1 & & & & & 0.26 & \cite{ahmedMappingMechanicalProperties2023} & HIPed & ICP-OES \\
\multirow{2}{*}{Stellite 21}
& 59.493 & 27 & & 5.5 & 0.25 & 3 & 2.75 & 1 & & & 0.007 & & 1 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & & \\
& 60.6 & 26.9 & 0 & 5.7 & 0.2 & 1.3 & 2.7 & 1.9 & & & & & 0.7 & \cite{ashworthMicrostructurePropertyRelationships1999} & HIPed & \\
Stellite 22
& 54 & 27 & & 11 & 0.25 & 3 & 2.75 & 1 & & & & & 1 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & & \\
Stellite 23
& 65.5 & 24 & 5 & & 0.4 & 1 & 2 & 0.6 & & & & & 0.3 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & & \\
Stellite 25
& 49.4 & 20 & 15 & & 0.1 & 3 & 10 & 1 & & & & & 1.5 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & & \\
Stellite 27
& 35 & 25 & & 5.5 & 0.4 & 1 & 32 & 0.6 & & & & & 0.3 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & & \\
Stellite 30
& 50.5 & 26 & & 6 & 0.45 & 1 & 15 & 0.6 & & & & & 0.6 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & & \\
\multirow{2}{*}{Stellite 31}
& 57.5 & 22 & 7.5 & & 0.5 & 1.5 & 10 & 0.5 & & & & & 0.5 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & & \\
& 52.9 & 25.3 & 7.8 & 0 & 0.5 & 1.1 & 11.4 & 0.6 & & & & & 0.4 & \cite{ashworthMicrostructurePropertyRelationships1999} & HIPed & \\
Stellite 80
& 44.6 & 33.5 & 19 & & 1.9 & & & & & & 1 & & & \cite{davis2000nickel} & & \\
Stellite 188
& 37.27 & 22 & 14 & & 0.1 & 3 & 22 & 0.35 & & & & 0.03 & 1.25 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & & \\
\multirow{2}{*}{Stellite 190}
& 46.7 & 27 & 14 & 1 & 3.3 & 3 & 3 & 1 & & & & & 1 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & & \\
& 48.72 & 27.25 & 14.4 & 0.2 & 3.21 & 2.1 & 2.81 & 1 & & & & & 0.31 & \cite{ahmedMappingMechanicalProperties2023} & HIPed\tnote{a} & ICP-OES\tnote{*} \\
Stellite 300
& 44.5 & 22 & 32 & & 1.5 & & & & & & & & & \cite{davis2000nickel} & & \\
Stellite 694
& 45 & 28 & 19 & & 1 & 5 & & 1 & & & & & 1 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & & \\
Stellite 703
& 44.6 & 32 & & 12 & 2.4 & 3 & 3 & 1.5 & & & & & 1.5 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & & \\
Stellite 706
& 55.8 & 29 & & 5 & 1.2 & 3 & 3 & 1.5 & & & & & 1.5 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & & \\
Stellite 712
& 51.5 & 29 & & 8.5 & 2 & 3 & 3 & 1.5 & & & & & 1.5 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & & \\
Stellite 720
& 37.2 & 33 & & 18 & 2.5 & 3 & 3 & 1.5 & & & 0.3 & & 1.5 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & & \\
\end{tabular}
\begin{tablenotes}
\item[*] The footnote text.
\item[a] Another footnote.
\end{tablenotes}
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}
\end{landscape}
#+END_LaTeX
*** Paragraph 4: Synergistic Challenges in Applications Prone to Corrosion and Cavitation :ignore:
*** Paragraph 5: Research and Development for Enhanced Corrosion and Cavitation Performance :ignore:
*** Paragraph 6: Influence of HIPing :ignore:
Compared with the case alloys, the HIPed alloys had relatively finer, rounded, and distributed carbides.
@ -287,11 +568,11 @@ Compared with the case alloys, the HIPed alloys had relatively finer, rounded, a
# \chaptermark{Cavitation Erosion} % optional for veryy long chapter, you can rename what appear in the header
%% have a mini table of content at the start of the chapter
{
\hypersetup{linkcolor=black}
\minitoc
}
# %% have a mini table of content at the start of the chapter
# {
# \hypersetup{linkcolor=black}
# \minitoc
# }
%cite:@Franc2004265, @Romo201216, @Kumar2024, @Kim200685, @Gao2024, @20221xix, @Usta2023, @Cheng2023, @Zheng2022

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%% https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/6977
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%% https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/438998
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\date{}
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@ -32,234 +188,275 @@
pdfsubject={},
pdfcreator={Emacs 30.1 (Org mode 9.7.29)},
pdflang={English}}
\usepackage{biblatex}
\begin{document}
\dominitoc
\pagestyle{empty}
\input{preliminaries/1-titlepages}
\clearpage
% % remove this line if you don't want pagination on preliminary pages
% % also read the comment below, for table of content and other
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\input{preliminaries/2-abstract}
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%\input{Preliminaries/3-dedication}
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\clearpage
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{
\begin{LATEX}
\begin{center}
\vspace*{15pt}\par
\setstretch{1}
\hypersetup{linkcolor=black}
\tableofcontents
\listoftables % optional
\listoffigures % optional
\glsaddall % this is to include all acronym. You can do a sort of citation for acronym and include only the one you use, Look at the glossary package for details.
\printnoidxglossary[type=\acronymtype, title=Glossary] % optional
%% put your publications in BibMine.bib
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{\Large\bfseries\MakeLowercase{\capitalisewords{\thesisTitle}}}\\
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% \hrule
% This thesis is composed of \numberVolume volumes. This one is the number \actualVolume.
\vspace{40pt}\par
\includegraphics[width=140pt]{Figures/logo.png}\\
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{\itshape\fontsize{15.5pt}{19pt}\selectfont by\\}\vspace{15pt}\par
{
\Large \authorName
% , \distinction
}\vspace{55pt}\par
{
\large Submitted for the degree of \\ \vspace{8pt} \Large\slshape\degreeQualification\\
}
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{\scshape\setstretch{1.5} \institution\\ \school\\ \university\\
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The copyright in this thesis is owned by the author. Any quotation from the thesis or use of any of the information contained in it must acknowledge this thesis as the source of the quotation or information.
\end{flushleft}
\end{center}
\end{LATEX}
\begin{LATEX}
\clearpage
\begin{center}
\LARGE\textbf {Abstract}
\end{center}
\vspace{5pt}
\noindent
In accordance with the Academic Regulations the thesis must contain an abstract preferably not exceeding 200 words, bound in to precede the thesis. The abstract should appear on its own, on a single page. The format should be the same as that of the main text. The abstract should provide a synopsis of the thesis and shall state clearly the nature and scope of the research undertaken and of the contribution made to the knowledge of the subject treated. There should be a brief statement of the method of investigation where appropriate, an outline of the major divisions or principal arguments of the work and a summary of any conclusions reached. The abstract must follow the Title Page.
\end{LATEX}
\begin{LATEX}
\clearpage
\begin{center}
\LARGE\textbf {Dedication}
\end{center}
\vspace{5pt}
If a dedication is included then it should be immediately after the Abstract page.\par
I don't what it is actually.
\end{LATEX}
\begin{LATEX}
\clearpage
\begin{center}
\LARGE\textbf {Acknowledgements}
\end{center}
\vspace{5pt}
\noindent I wanna thanks all coffee and tea manufacturers and sellers that made the completion of this work possible.
\end{LATEX}
\clearpage
\pagestyle{chapter}
\part{Chapters}
\label{sec:org3bdb98f}
\label{sec:org82d3bd9}
\chapter{Introduction}
\label{sec:org28b34e8}
\label{sec:org2e0b8b2}
Stellites are a cobalt-base superalloy used in aggresive service environments due to retention of strength, wear resistance, and oxidation resistance at high temperature \cite{ahmedStructurePropertyRelationships2014}.
Originating in 1907 with Elwood Haynes's development of alloys like Stellite 6, Stellites quickly found use in orthopedic implants, machine tools, and nuclear components, and new variations on the original CoCrWC and CoCrMoC alloys are spreading to new sectors like oil \& gas and chemical processing \cite{malayogluComparingPerformanceHIPed2003, ahmedStructurePropertyRelationships2014}.
Stellites generally contain 25-33 wt Cr, 4-18 W/Mo, and 0.1-3.3 wt C, with a microstructure consisting of a CoCr(W,Mo) matrix with solid solution strengthening, with hard carbide phases, usually with Cr (e.g., \(M_{7}C_{3}\), \(M_{23}C_{6}\)), and W/Mo (e.g. \(MC\), \(M_{6}C\) ); the proportion and type of carbides depend on carbon content and the relative amounts of carbon with carbide formers (Cr, W, Mo), as well as processing routes. In addition to the solid solution toughness and carbide hardness, the stress-induced FCC tp HCP phase transformation of the Co-based solid solution further increases wear resistance through work hardening.
The remarkable ability of Stellite alloys to withstand these specific challenges stems from key metallurgical features. Their corrosion resistance is primarily attributed to a high chromium content, typically 20-30 wt.\%, which promotes the formation of a highly stable, tenacious, and self-healing chromium-rich passive oxide film on the material's surface; this film acts as a barrier isolating the underlying alloy from the corrosive environment. Alloying elements such as molybdenum and tungsten can further enhance this passivity, particularly improving resistance to localized corrosion phenomena like pitting and crevice corrosion in aggressive media. Concurrently, their outstanding cavitation resistance is largely derived from the unique behavior of the cobalt-rich matrix, which can undergo a stress-induced crystallographic transformation from a face-centered cubic (fcc) to a hexagonal close-packed (hcp) structure. This transformation, often facilitated by mechanical twinning, effectively absorbs the intense, localized impact energy from collapsing cavitation bubbles and leads to significant work hardening, thereby impeding material detachment and erosion.
Stellites generally contain 25-33 wt Cr, 4-18 W/Mo, 0.1-3.3 wt C, and optional trace elements of Fe, Ni, Si, P, S, B, Ln, Mn, as seen in Table \ref{tab:stellite_composition} \cite{ahmedMappingMechanicalProperties2023, alimardaniEffectLocalizedDynamic2010, ashworthMicrostructurePropertyRelationships1999, bunchCorrosionGallingResistant1989, davis2000nickel, desaiEffectCarbideSize1984, ferozhkhanMetallurgicalStudyStellite2017, pacquentinTemperatureInfluenceRepair2025, ratiaComparisonSlidingWear2019, zhangFrictionWearCharacterization2002}. The microstructure of Stellite alloys consists of a CoCr(W,Mo) matrix with solid solution strengthening, with hard carbide phases, usually with Cr (e.g., \(M_{7}C_{3}\), \(M_{23}C_{6}\)), and W/Mo (e.g. \(MC\), \(M_{6}C\) ); the proportion and type of carbides depend on carbon content and the relative amounts of carbon with carbide formers (Cr, W, Mo), as well as processing routes. In addition to the solid solution toughness and carbide hardness, the stress-induced FCC tp HCP phase transformation of the Co-based solid solution further increases wear resistance through work hardening.
Stellites generally contain 25-33 wt Cr, 4-18 W/Mo, and 0.1-3.3 wt C, with a microstructure consisting of a CoCr(W,Mo) matrix with solid solution strengthening, with hard carbide phases, usually with Cr (e.g., \(M_{7}C_{3}\), \(M_{23}C_{6}\)), and W/Mo (e.g. \(MC\), \(M_{6}C\) ); the proportion and type of carbides depend on carbon content and the relative amounts of carbon with carbide formers (Cr, W, Mo), as well as processing routes. In addition to the solid solution toughness and carbide hardness, the stress-induced FCC tp HCP phase transformation of the Co-based solid solution further increases wear resistance through work hardening.
\section{Table: Show the table of stellite compositions}
\label{sec:org128a963}
\section{Table: Show the table of stellite compositions}
\label{sec:org513cc9c}
\begin{LaTeX}
\begin{LATEX}
\begin{landscape}
\begin{table}
\begin{ThreePartTable}
\centering
\caption{Stellite Compositions}
\label{tab:stellite_composition}
\begin{threeparttable}
\begin{tabular}{lllllllllllllllll}
&
\multicolumn{2}{c}{Base} &
\multicolumn{2}{c}{Refractory} &
Carbon &
\multicolumn{8}{c}{Others} &
&
&
\\
\begin{longtable}{l|ll|ll|l|llllllll|lll}
% \toprule & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Base} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Refractory} & Carbon & \multicolumn{8}{c}{Others} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{} \\
\toprule
Alloy &
\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Co}} &
\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Cr}} &
\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{W}} &
\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Mo}} &
\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{C}} &
\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Fe}} &
\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Ni}} &
\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Si}} &
\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{P}} &
\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{S}} &
\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{B}} &
\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Ln}} &
\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Mn}} &
\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Ref}} &
\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Process Type}} &
\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Observation}} \\
\textbf{Co} & \textbf{Cr} & \textbf{W} & \textbf{Mo} & \textbf{C} & \textbf{Fe} &
\textbf{Ni} & \textbf{Si} & \textbf{P} & \textbf{S} & \textbf{B} & \textbf{Ln} &
\textbf{Mn} & \textbf{Ref} & \textbf{Process Type} & \textbf{Observation} \\
\hline
\midrule
\multirow{4}{*}{Stellite 1}
& 41.1 & 30.5 & 12.5 & & 2.4 & <5 & <3.5 & <2 & & & <1 & & <2 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & & \\
& 47.7 & 30 & 13 & 0.5 & 2.5 & 3 & 1.5 & 1.3 & & & & & 0.5 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & & \\
& 47.7 & 30 & 13 & 0.5 & 2.5 & 3 & 1.5 & 1.3 & & & & & 0.5 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Nominal composition} \\
& 48.6 & 33 & 12.5 & 0 & 2.5 & 1 & 1 & 1.3 & & & & & 0.1 & \cite{alimardaniEffectLocalizedDynamic2010} & & \\
& 46.84 & 31.7 & 12.7 & 0.29 & 2.47 & 2.3 & 2.38 & 1.06 & & & & & 0.26 & \cite{ahmedMappingMechanicalProperties2023} & HIPed & ICP-OES \\
& 46.84 & 31.7 & 12.7 & 0.29 & 2.47 & 2.3 & 2.38 & 1.06 & & & & & 0.26 & \cite{ahmedMappingMechanicalProperties2023} & HIPed\tnote{a} & ICP-OES\tnote{b} \\
\hline
\midrule
\multirow{2}{*}{Stellite 3}
& 50.5 & 33 & 14 & & 2.5 & & & & & & & & & \cite{bunchCorrosionGallingResistant1989} & & \\
& 49.24 & 29.57 & 12.07 & 0.67 & 2.52 & 2.32 & 1.07 & 1.79 & & & & & 0.75 & \cite{ratiaComparisonSlidingWear2019} & HIPed & ICP-OES and combustion infrared detection for C \\
& 49.24 & 29.57 & 12.07 & 0.67 & 2.52 & 2.32 & 1.07 & 1.79 & & & & & 0.75 & \cite{ratiaComparisonSlidingWear2019} & HIPed\tnote{a} & ICP-OES\tnote{b} \\
\hline
\midrule
\multirow{5}{*}{Stellite 4}
& 45.43 & 30 & 14 & 1 & 0.57 & 3 & 3 & 2 & & & & & 1 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & & \\
& 45.43 & 30 & 14 & 1 & 0.57 & 3 & 3 & 2 & & & & & 1 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Nominal composition} \\
& 51.5 & 30 & 14 & & 1 & 1 & 2 & 0.5 & & & & & & \cite{zhangFrictionWearCharacterization2002} & & \\
& 51.9 & 33 & 14 & & 1.1 & & & & & & & & & \cite{bunchCorrosionGallingResistant1989} & & \\
& 49.41 & 31 & 14 & 0.12 & 0.67 & 2.16 & 1.82 & 1.04 & & & & & 0.26 & \cite{ahmedMappingMechanicalProperties2023} & HIPed & ICP-OES \\
& 50.2 & 29.8 & 14.4 & 0 & 0.7 & 1.9 & 1.9 & 0.8 & & & & & 0.3 & \cite{ashworthMicrostructurePropertyRelationships1999} & HIPed & \\
& 49.41 & 31 & 14 & 0.12 & 0.67 & 2.16 & 1.82 & 1.04 & & & & & 0.26 & \cite{ahmedMappingMechanicalProperties2023} & HIPed\tnote{a} & ICP-OES\tnote{b} \\
& 50.2 & 29.8 & 14.4 & 0 & 0.7 & 1.9 & 1.9 & 0.8 & & & & & 0.3 & \cite{ashworthMicrostructurePropertyRelationships1999} & HIPed\tnote{a} & \\
\hline
\midrule
\multirow{10}{*}{Stellite 6}
& 51.5 & 28.5 & 4.5 & 1.5 & 1 & 5 & 3 & 2 & & & 1 & & 2 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & & \\
& 63.81 & 27.08 & 5.01 & & 0.96 & 0.73 & 0.87 & 1.47 & & & & & 0.07 & \cite{ratiaComparisonSlidingWear2019} & HIPed & ICP-OES and combustion infrared detection for C \\
& 51.5 & 28.5 & 4.5 & 1.5 & 1 & 5 & 3 & 2 & & & 1 & & 2 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Nominal composition} \\
& 63.81 & 27.08 & 5.01 & & 0.96 & 0.73 & 0.87 & 1.47 & & & & & 0.07 & \cite{ratiaComparisonSlidingWear2019} & HIPed\tnote{a} & ICP-OES\tnote{b} \\
& 60.3 & 29 & 4.5 & & 1.2 & 2 & 2 & 1 & & & & & & \cite{zhangFrictionWearCharacterization2002} & & \\
& 61.7 & 27.5 & 4.5 & 0.5 & 1.15 & 1.5 & 1.5 & 1.15 & & & & & 0.5 & \cite{bunchCorrosionGallingResistant1989} & & \\
& 58.46 & 29.5 & 4.6 & 0.22 & 1.09 & 2.09 & 2.45 & 1.32 & & & & & 0.27 & \cite{ahmedMappingMechanicalProperties2023} & HIPed & ICP-OES \\
& 58.04 & 30.59 & 4.72 & & 1.24 & 2.03 & 1.87 & 0.80 & 0.01 & 0.01 & & & & \cite{ferozhkhanMetallurgicalStudyStellite2017} & PTAW & OES \\
& 55.95 & 27.85 & 3.29 & & 0.87 & 6.24 & 3.63 & 1.23 & 0.01 & 0.01 & & & 0.45 & \cite{ferozhkhanMetallurgicalStudyStellite2017} & GTAW & OES \\
& 52.40 & 30.37 & 3.57 & & 0.96 & 6.46 & 3.93 & 1.70 & 0.01 & 0.01 & & & 0.3 & \cite{ferozhkhanMetallurgicalStudyStellite2017} & SMAW & OES \\
& 58.46 & 29.5 & 4.6 & 0.22 & 1.09 & 2.09 & 2.45 & 1.32 & & & & & 0.27 & \cite{ahmedMappingMechanicalProperties2023} & HIPed\tnote{a} & ICP-OES\tnote{b} \\
& 58.04 & 30.59 & 4.72 & & 1.24 & 2.03 & 1.87 & 0.80 & 0.01 & 0.01 & & & & \cite{ferozhkhanMetallurgicalStudyStellite2017} & PTAW\tnote{e} & OES \\
& 55.95 & 27.85 & 3.29 & & 0.87 & 6.24 & 3.63 & 1.23 & 0.01 & 0.01 & & & 0.45 & \cite{ferozhkhanMetallurgicalStudyStellite2017} & GTAW\tnote{d} & OES \\
& 52.40 & 30.37 & 3.57 & & 0.96 & 6.46 & 3.93 & 1.70 & 0.01 & 0.01 & & & 0.3 & \cite{ferozhkhanMetallurgicalStudyStellite2017} & SMAW\tnote{c} & OES \\
& 60.3 & & 31.10 & 4.70 & 0.30 & 1.10 & 1.70 & 1.50 & 1.30 & & 0.00 & & 0.3 & \cite{pacquentinTemperatureInfluenceRepair2025} & LP-DED & ICP-AES \& GDMS \\
& 60.6 & 27.7 & 5 & 0 & 1.2 & 1.9 & 2 & 1.3 & & & & & 0.3 & \cite{ashworthMicrostructurePropertyRelationships1999} & HIPed & \\
& 60.6 & 27.7 & 5 & 0 & 1.2 & 1.9 & 2 & 1.3 & & & & & 0.3 & \cite{ashworthMicrostructurePropertyRelationships1999} & HIPed\tnote{a} & \\
\hline
Stellite 7
& 64 & 25.9 & 4.9 & 0 & 0.5 & 1.5 & 1.1 & 1.1 & & & & & 1 & \cite{ashworthMicrostructurePropertyRelationships1999} & HIPed & \\
% \midrule
% Stellite 7
% & 64 & 25.9 & 4.9 & 0 & 0.5 & 1.5 & 1.1 & 1.1 & & & & & 1 & \cite{ashworthMicrostructurePropertyRelationships1999} & HIPed\tnote{a} & \\
\hline
\midrule
\multirow{2}{*}{Stellite 12}
& 53.6 & 30 & 8.3 & & 1.4 & 3 & 1.5 & 0.7 & & & & & 1.5 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & & \\
& 55.22 & 29.65 & 8.15 & 0.2 & 1.49 & 2.07 & 2.04 & 0.91 & & & & & 0.27 & \cite{ahmedMappingMechanicalProperties2023} & HIPed & ICP-OES \\
& 53.6 & 30 & 8.3 & & 1.4 & 3 & 1.5 & 0.7 & & & & & 1.5 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Nominal composition} \\
& 55.22 & 29.65 & 8.15 & 0.2 & 1.49 & 2.07 & 2.04 & 0.91 & & & & & 0.27 & \cite{ahmedMappingMechanicalProperties2023} & HIPed\tnote{a} & ICP-OES \\
\midrule
Stellite 19
& 50.94 & 31.42 & 10.08 & 0.79 & 2.36 & 1.82 & 2 & 0.4 & & & 0.09 & & 0.1 & \cite{desaiEffectCarbideSize1984} & & \\
\midrule
\multirow{2}{*}{Stellite 20}
& 41.05 & 33 & 17.5 & & 2.45 & 2.5 & 2.5 & & & & & & 1 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & & \\
& 43.19 & 31.85 & 16.3 & 0.27 & 2.35 & 2.5 & 2.28 & 1 & & & & & 0.26 & \cite{ahmedMappingMechanicalProperties2023} & HIPed & ICP-OES \\
& 41.05 & 33 & 17.5 & & 2.45 & 2.5 & 2.5 & & & & & & 1 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Nominal composition} \\
& 43.19 & 31.85 & 16.3 & 0.27 & 2.35 & 2.5 & 2.28 & 1 & & & & & 0.26 & \cite{ahmedMappingMechanicalProperties2023} & HIPed\tnote{a} & ICP-OES \\
\midrule
\multirow{2}{*}{Stellite 21}
& 59.493 & 27 & & 5.5 & 0.25 & 3 & 2.75 & 1 & & & 0.007 & & 1 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & & \\
& 60.6 & 26.9 & 0 & 5.7 & 0.2 & 1.3 & 2.7 & 1.9 & & & & & 0.7 & \cite{ashworthMicrostructurePropertyRelationships1999} & HIPed & \\
& 59.493 & 27 & & 5.5 & 0.25 & 3 & 2.75 & 1 & & & 0.007 & & 1 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Nominal composition} \\
& 60.6 & 26.9 & 0 & 5.7 & 0.2 & 1.3 & 2.7 & 1.9 & & & & & 0.7 & \cite{ashworthMicrostructurePropertyRelationships1999} & HIPed\tnote{a} & \\
Stellite 22
& 54 & 27 & & 11 & 0.25 & 3 & 2.75 & 1 & & & & & 1 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & & \\
% \midrule
% Stellite 22
% & 54 & 27 & & 11 & 0.25 & 3 & 2.75 & 1 & & & & & 1 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Nominal composition} \\
Stellite 23
& 65.5 & 24 & 5 & & 0.4 & 1 & 2 & 0.6 & & & & & 0.3 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & & \\
% \midrule
% Stellite 23
% & 65.5 & 24 & 5 & & 0.4 & 1 & 2 & 0.6 & & & & & 0.3 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Nominal composition} \\
Stellite 25
& 49.4 & 20 & 15 & & 0.1 & 3 & 10 & 1 & & & & & 1.5 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & & \\
% \midrule
% Stellite 25
% & 49.4 & 20 & 15 & & 0.1 & 3 & 10 & 1 & & & & & 1.5 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Nominal composition} \\
Stellite 27
& 35 & 25 & & 5.5 & 0.4 & 1 & 32 & 0.6 & & & & & 0.3 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & & \\
% \midrule
% Stellite 27
% & 35 & 25 & & 5.5 & 0.4 & 1 & 32 & 0.6 & & & & & 0.3 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Nominal composition} \\
Stellite 30
& 50.5 & 26 & & 6 & 0.45 & 1 & 15 & 0.6 & & & & & 0.6 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & & \\
% \midrule
% Stellite 30
% & 50.5 & 26 & & 6 & 0.45 & 1 & 15 & 0.6 & & & & & 0.6 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Nominal composition} \\
\midrule
\multirow{2}{*}{Stellite 31}
& 57.5 & 22 & 7.5 & & 0.5 & 1.5 & 10 & 0.5 & & & & & 0.5 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & & \\
& 52.9 & 25.3 & 7.8 & 0 & 0.5 & 1.1 & 11.4 & 0.6 & & & & & 0.4 & \cite{ashworthMicrostructurePropertyRelationships1999} & HIPed & \\
& 57.5 & 22 & 7.5 & & 0.5 & 1.5 & 10 & 0.5 & & & & & 0.5 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Nominal composition} \\
& 52.9 & 25.3 & 7.8 & 0 & 0.5 & 1.1 & 11.4 & 0.6 & & & & & 0.4 & \cite{ashworthMicrostructurePropertyRelationships1999} & HIPed\tnote{a} & \\
Stellite 80
& 44.6 & 33.5 & 19 & & 1.9 & & & & & & 1 & & & \cite{davis2000nickel} & & \\
% \midrule
% Stellite 80
% & 44.6 & 33.5 & 19 & & 1.9 & & & & & & 1 & & & \cite{davis2000nickel} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Nominal composition} \\
Stellite 188
& 37.27 & 22 & 14 & & 0.1 & 3 & 22 & 0.35 & & & & 0.03 & 1.25 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & & \\
% \midrule
% Stellite 188
% & 37.27 & 22 & 14 & & 0.1 & 3 & 22 & 0.35 & & & & 0.03 & 1.25 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Nominal composition} \\
\midrule
\multirow{2}{*}{Stellite 190}
& 46.7 & 27 & 14 & 1 & 3.3 & 3 & 3 & 1 & & & & & 1 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & & \\
& 48.72 & 27.25 & 14.4 & 0.2 & 3.21 & 2.1 & 2.81 & 1 & & & & & 0.31 & \cite{ahmedMappingMechanicalProperties2023} & HIPed\tnote{a} & ICP-OES\tnote{*} \\
& 46.7 & 27 & 14 & 1 & 3.3 & 3 & 3 & 1 & & & & & 1 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Nominal composition} \\
& 48.72 & 27.25 & 14.4 & 0.2 & 3.21 & 2.1 & 2.81 & 1 & & & & & 0.31 & \cite{ahmedMappingMechanicalProperties2023}
& HIPed\tnote{a} & ICP-OES\tnote{*} \\
Stellite 300
& 44.5 & 22 & 32 & & 1.5 & & & & & & & & & \cite{davis2000nickel} & & \\
% \midrule
% Stellite 300
% & 44.5 & 22 & 32 & & 1.5 & & & & & & & & & \cite{davis2000nickel} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Nominal composition} \\
Stellite 694
& 45 & 28 & 19 & & 1 & 5 & & 1 & & & & & 1 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & & \\
% \midrule
% Stellite 694
% & 45 & 28 & 19 & & 1 & 5 & & 1 & & & & & 1 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Nominal composition} \\
Stellite 703
& 44.6 & 32 & & 12 & 2.4 & 3 & 3 & 1.5 & & & & & 1.5 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & & \\
% \midrule
% Stellite 703
% & 44.6 & 32 & & 12 & 2.4 & 3 & 3 & 1.5 & & & & & 1.5 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Nominal composition} \\
Stellite 706
& 55.8 & 29 & & 5 & 1.2 & 3 & 3 & 1.5 & & & & & 1.5 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & & \\
% \midrule
% Stellite 706
% & 55.8 & 29 & & 5 & 1.2 & 3 & 3 & 1.5 & & & & & 1.5 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Nominal composition} \\
Stellite 712
& 51.5 & 29 & & 8.5 & 2 & 3 & 3 & 1.5 & & & & & 1.5 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & & \\
% \midrule
% Stellite 712
% & 51.5 & 29 & & 8.5 & 2 & 3 & 3 & 1.5 & & & & & 1.5 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Nominal composition} \\
Stellite 720
& 37.2 & 33 & & 18 & 2.5 & 3 & 3 & 1.5 & & & 0.3 & & 1.5 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & & \\
% \midrule
% Stellite 720
% & 37.2 & 33 & & 18 & 2.5 & 3 & 3 & 1.5 & & & 0.3 & & 1.5 & \cite{davis2000nickel} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Nominal composition} \\
\end{tabular}
\begin{tablenotes}
\item[*] The footnote text.
\item[a] Another footnote.
\end{tablenotes}
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}
\end{longtable}
\begin{TableNotes}
\item[a] Hot Isostatic Pressing
\item[b] Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy
\item[c] Shielded metal arc welding
\item[d] Gas tungsten Arc Welding
\item[e] Plasma transfered Arc Welding
\end{TableNotes}
\end{ThreePartTable}
\end{landscape}
\end{LaTeX}
\end{LATEX}
The remarkable ability of Stellite alloys to withstand these specific challenges stems from key metallurgical features. Their corrosion resistance is primarily attributed to a high chromium content, typically 20-30 wt.\%, which promotes the formation of a highly stable, tenacious, and self-healing chromium-rich passive oxide film on the material's surface; this film acts as a barrier isolating the underlying alloy from the corrosive environment. Alloying elements such as molybdenum and tungsten can further enhance this passivity, particularly improving resistance to localized corrosion phenomena like pitting and crevice corrosion in aggressive media. Concurrently, their outstanding cavitation resistance is largely derived from the unique behavior of the cobalt-rich matrix, which can undergo a stress-induced crystallographic transformation from a face-centered cubic (fcc) to a hexagonal close-packed (hcp) structure. This transformation, often facilitated by mechanical twinning, effectively absorbs the intense, localized impact energy from collapsing cavitation bubbles and leads to significant work hardening, thereby impeding material detachment and erosion.
\section{Paragraph 4: Synergistic Challenges in Applications Prone to Corrosion and Cavitation\hfill{}\textsc{ignore}}
\label{sec:org567a79b}
\label{sec:org3496e89}
\section{Paragraph 5: Research and Development for Enhanced Corrosion and Cavitation Performance\hfill{}\textsc{ignore}}
\label{sec:org17e97e5}
\label{sec:org95f97c6}
\section{Paragraph 6: Influence of HIPing\hfill{}\textsc{ignore}}
\label{sec:org5332b96}
\label{sec:org7bb1376}
Compared with the case alloys, the HIPed alloys had relatively finer, rounded, and distributed carbides.
\section{General Background}
\label{sec:org7bfce2d}
\%\% have a mini table of content at the start of the chapter
\{
\hypersetup{linkcolor=black}
\minitoc
\}
\label{sec:orgcf64eda}
\%cite:@Franc2004265, @Romo201216, @Kumar2024, @Kim200685, @Gao2024, @20221xix, @Usta2023, @Cheng2023, @Zheng2022
Cavitation erosion presents a significant challenge in materials degradation in various industrial sectors, including hydroelectric power, marine propulsion, and nuclear systems, stemming from a complex interaction between fluid dynamics and material response \cite{francCavitationErosion2005, romoCavitationHighvelocitySlurry2012}. Hydrodynamically, the phenomenon initiates with the formation and subsequent violent collapse of vapor bubbles within a liquid, triggered by local pressures dropping to the saturated vapor pressure. These implosions generate intense, localized shockwaves and high-speed microjets that repeatedly impact adjacent solid surfaces \cite{gevariDirectIndirectThermal2020}. From a materials perspective, these impacts induce high stresses (100-1000 MPa) and high strain rates, surpassing material thresholds and leading to damage accumulation via plastic deformation, work hardening, fatigue crack initiation and propagation, and eventual material detachment. Mitigating this requires materials capable of effectively absorbing or resisting this dynamic loading, often under demanding conditions that may also include corrosion.
@ -294,12 +491,12 @@ Stellite 1 is a high-carbon and high-tungsten alloy, making it suitable for dema
\section{Literature Survey}
\section{Cavitation Tests}
\chapter{Analytical Investigations}
\label{sec:org23cd51a}
\label{sec:orgbc9a8d0}
\chapter{Experimental Investigations}
\label{sec:orgcbd56dc}
\label{sec:orgd1434a3}
\section{Materials and Microstructure}
\label{sec:org409eb92}
\label{sec:org51ee073}
The HIPed alloy was produced via canning the gas-atomized powders at 1200C and 100 MPa pressure for 4h, while the cast alloys were produced via sand casting.
\% Sieve analysis and description of powders
@ -313,7 +510,7 @@ Image analysis was also conducted to ascertain the volume fractions of individua
The Vickers microhardness was measured using a Wilson hardness tester under loads of BLAH. Thirty measurements under each load were conducted on each sample.
\chapter{Discussion}
\label{sec:orgc69eb40}
\label{sec:org03afda8}
\section{Experimental Test Procedure}