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\author{Vishakh Pradeep Kumar}
\date{2025-08-14 Thu}
\title{Influence of manufacturing process on Cavitation Erosion on CoCrWMoCFeNiSiMn (Stellite 1) alloys}
\begin{document}

\maketitle
\begin{frame}[label={sec:org8d33909}]{Agenda}
\begin{itemize}
\item Introduction
\item Aims
\item Methodology
\item Results \& Discussion
\item Conclusion
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:org849ef48}


\begin{frame}[label={sec:org5559f60}]{Cavitation Erosion}
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{0.6\columnwidth}
\begin{itemize}
\item \alert{What is cavitation?}

Collapse of bubbles and the resulting high-frequency high-pressure shock waves. Caused by fluid pressure dropping to vapor pressure, which is particularly common with high fluid flow speeds \cite{krellaDegradationProtectionMaterials2023}.

\item \alert{Why does it matter?}

Cavitation erosion leads to removal of material, crack growth, and part failure. Affects turbine blades, pump impellers, valves, stirrers, etc.
\end{itemize}


\note[itemize]{
\item Cavitation is the formation of bubbles from small gas nuclei as the local pressure allows the flow to momentarily enter the vapor phase. When these bubbles collapse near a surface, the resulting impinging jet causes high pressures.
\item These bubbles subsequently collapse as they enter an area of higher pressure, as shown in the figure. The collapse acts like an implosion in which the surface is attacked by high pressure intensity of the impinging jet.
\item point 2
}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{0.4\columnwidth}
\begin{example}[A screenshot]\label{sec:orgff18bcc}
Stuff
\end{example}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[label={sec:orgaa07d1d}]{Stellite mind map}
This slide consists of some text with a number of bullet points:
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[label={sec:org7eb9556}]{Why}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[label={sec:orgc5fa305}]{A simple slide}
This slide consists of some text with a number of bullet points:

\begin{itemize}
\item the first, very @important@, point!
\item the previous point shows the use of the special markup which
translates to the Beamer specific \emph{alert} command for highlighting
text.
\end{itemize}


The above list could be numbered or any other type of list and may
include sub-lists.
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[label={sec:org6136f28}]{A more complex slide}
This slide illustrates the use of Beamer blocks.  The following text,
with its own headline, is displayed in a block:
\begin{theorem}[Org mode increases productivity]\label{sec:orgd9ec0d0}
\begin{itemize}
\item org mode means not having to remember \LaTeX{} commands.
\item it is based on ascii text which is inherently portable.
\item Emacs!
\end{itemize}

\hfill \(\qed\)
\end{theorem}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[label={sec:org2fd4e9e}]{Two columns}
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{0.4\columnwidth}
\begin{itemize}
\item this slide consists of two columns
\item the first (left) column has no heading and consists of text
\item the second (right) column has an image and is enclosed in an
\alert{example} block
\end{itemize}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{0.6\columnwidth}
\begin{example}[A screenshot]\label{sec:org9c58c6f}
Stuff
\end{example}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}
\section{Aims}
\label{sec:org303b207}

\section{Methodology}
\label{sec:orgbef4864}

\begin{frame}[label={sec:org352c9d6}]{Methodology - ASTM G32 Cavitation Erosion Testing}
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{0.5\columnwidth}
Naturally aerated \alert{seawater} at room temperature.
\end{column}
\begin{column}{0.5\columnwidth}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{ASTMG32_standard.png}
\caption{ASTM G32 apparatus for cavitation testing}
\end{figure}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[label={sec:orge61b2bc}]{Methodology - ASTM G32 Cavitation Erosion Testing}
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{0.3\columnwidth}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{cavitationCloseUp.jpeg}
\caption{ASTM G32 apparatus in operation}
\end{figure}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{0.3\columnwidth}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{analyticalBalance.jpeg}
\caption{Analytical Balance}
\end{figure}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{0.3\columnwidth}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{sampleHolder.jpeg}
\caption{Custom CNC-cut sample holder}
\end{figure}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[label={sec:org1a6574c}]{Methodology - Seawater Filtering and pH}
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{0.3\columnwidth}
\begin{itemize}
\item Seawater was vacuum filtered in order to remove algae and suspended particles

\item Seawater pH was measured after calibrating pH meter with buffer solutions of pH 7 and pH 14.
\end{itemize}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{0.7\columnwidth}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{pHMeter.jpeg}
\caption{pH Meter reading of seawater}
\end{figure}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[label={sec:org83c4f25}]{Methodology - Electrochemical Setup}
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{0.7\columnwidth}
\begin{itemize}
\item Instrument:

Corrtest CS310 Potentiostat

connected to conventional three-electrode cell.

\item Working Electrode (WE):

The sample, with an exposed area of \alert{\(2{cm}^{2}\)}.

\item Reference Electrode (RE):

Saturated Calomel Electrode (SCE).

\item Counter Electrode (CE):

Graphite plate.

\item Electrolyte:

Naturally aerated \alert{seawater} at room temperature.
\end{itemize}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{0.3\columnwidth}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{electrochemicalSetup.jpeg}
\caption{Three-electrode electrochemical setup}
\end{figure}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[label={sec:org9f72708}]{Methodology - Electrochemical Setup}
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{0.35\columnwidth}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.85\textwidth]{electrochemicalSetup_4.jpeg}
\caption{Embedded sample after test, with corroded region}
\end{figure}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{0.25\columnwidth}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth]{electrochemicalSetup_3.jpeg}
\caption{Top View of electrochemical setup}
\end{figure}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{0.25\columnwidth}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth]{electrochemicalSetup_2.jpeg}
\caption{Initial prototype with platinum counter electrode}
\end{figure}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[label={sec:orgd95bc75}]{Methodology - Electrochemical Tests}
\begin{itemize}
\item Open Circuit Potential (OCP)

Before each electrochemical test, OCP was measured for one hour to ensure each sample reaches equilibrium, before EIS and LPR (explained below).

\item Electrical Impedence Spectroscopy (EIS)

The electrical response of the sample's interface with naturally aerated seawater
\begin{itemize}
\item Frequency - 10\textsuperscript{5} Hz \(\rightarrow\) 10\textsuperscript{-1} Hz
\item Excitation voltage - \alert{10 mV} and \alert{20 mV}
\item Spacing - 20 per decade, logarithmic
\end{itemize}

\item Linear Polarization Curve (LPR)

The current density through the sample with an externally imposed voltage
\begin{itemize}
\item Voltage - -20 mV wrt OCP \(\rightarrow\) 20 mV wrt OCP
\item Scan rate - 0.1 mV/s
\item Data Acquisition rate - 10 Hz
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[label={sec:orgab57b2e}]{Methodology - X-ray Diffraction (XRD)}
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{0.4\columnwidth}
The constituent phases were examined by X-ray diffraction
\begin{itemize}
\item Cu \(K\alpha\) radiation (\(\lambda = \qty{1.5406}{\angstrom}\)),
\item Bragg-Brentano \(\theta{}:2\theta{}\),
\item diffraction angle range \(2\theta \in \left[10^\circ,80^\circ\right]\),
\item step size of \(0.02^\circ\),
\item scanning time of 0.5 sec/step,
\item sample rotation enabled
\end{itemize}

\note[itemize]{
\item We used XRD to identify the constituent phases, using fairly standard parameters. The reason we went to the effort of getting XRD was to identify if the manufacturing process caused a difference in proportion of cobalt phase, or in the type of carbides formed.
}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{0.6\columnwidth}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{XRD_instrumentation.jpeg}
\caption{As-cast sample in the Bruker D8 Advance}
\end{figure}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[label={sec:orgb382ef0}]{Methodology - Optical Microscopy (OM) \& Electron Microscopy (SEM)}
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{0.7\columnwidth}
\begin{itemize}
\item Optical Microscopy (OM)

Images were taken with Amscope metallurgical optical microscope
\begin{itemize}
\item eyepiece magnification 10X
\item auxiliary magnification 5X, 10X, 20X, 50X, 100X
\end{itemize}

\item Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
Images were taken with Vega TESCAN and Oxford Instruments
\begin{itemize}
\item Secondary Emission (SE)
\item Backscattered Electrons (BSE)

\item Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS)
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}



\note[itemize]{
\item We used XRD to identify the constituent phases, using fairly standard parameters. The reason we went to the effort of getting XRD was to identify if the manufacturing process caused a difference in proportion of cobalt phase, or in the type of carbides formed.
}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{0.3\columnwidth}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{scanningElectronMicroscopy.jpeg}
\caption{Screenshot of Vega TESCAN software during data acquisition of BSE image}
\end{figure}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}
\section{Results \& Discussion}
\label{sec:org81ba502}

\section{Conclusion}
\label{sec:org8d03af3}

\begin{frame}[allowframebreaks]{Bibliography}
\printbibliography
\end{frame}
\end{document}