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\usetheme{default}
\author{Vishakh Pradeep Kumar}
\date{2025-08-14 Thu}
\title{Influence of manufacturing process on Cavitation Erosion on CoCrWMoCFeNiSiMn (Stellite 1) alloys}
\begin{document}

\maketitle
\begin{frame}[label={sec:org3acc074}]{Agenda}
\begin{itemize}
\item Introduction
\item Aims
\item Methodology
\item Results \& Discussion
\item Conclusion
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:org57ff44f}


\begin{frame}[label={sec:org0376fcd}]{Cavitation Erosion}
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{0.6\columnwidth}
\begin{itemize}
\item \alert{What is cavitation?}

Collapse of bubbles and the resulting high-frequency high-pressure shock waves. Caused by fluid pressure dropping to vapor pressure, which is particularly common with high fluid flow speeds \cite{krellaDegradationProtectionMaterials2023}.

\item \alert{Why does it matter?}

Cavitation erosion leads to removal of material, crack growth, and part failure. Affects turbine blades, pump impellers, valves, stirrers, etc.
\end{itemize}


\note[itemize]{
\item Cavitation is the formation of bubbles from small gas nuclei as the local pressure allows the flow to momentarily enter the vapor phase. When these bubbles collapse near a surface, the resulting impinging jet causes high pressures.
\item These bubbles subsequently collapse as they enter an area of higher pressure, as shown in the figure. The collapse acts like an implosion in which the surface is attacked by high pressure intensity of the impinging jet.
\item point 2
}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{0.4\columnwidth}
\only<1>{
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=.9\linewidth]{tikz_valve_seat_original.png}
\end{center}
}

\only<2>{
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=.9\linewidth]{tikz_valve_seat_bubble.png}
\end{center}
}

\only<3>{
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=.9\linewidth]{tikz_valve_seat_damage.png}
\end{center}
}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[label={sec:org0529998}]{Influences on Stellite Properties}
\begin{center}
Microstructure determines Cavitation Resistance
\end{center}

\begin{figure}[ht!]
\centering
\begin{tikzpicture}[
%--- Global Settings ---
% Horizontal distance between groups is 1.5cm by default
node distance=0.4cm and 1.5cm,
%--- Node Styles ---
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draw=blue!50!gray,
rounded corners,
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minimum height=1.5em, % Adjusted for slide
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font=\tiny % Use smaller font for slide
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% Custom styles for each element
Co_element/.style={ element_box, fill=blue!20!gray!30!white, draw=gray!70 },
Cr_element/.style={ element_box, fill=blue!20!gray!50!white, draw=gray!70 },
W_element/.style={ element_box, fill=blue!20!gray!10!white, draw=gray!70 },
Mo_element/.style={ element_box, fill=blue!20!gray!10!white, draw=gray!50 },
C_element/.style={ element_box, fill=blue!50!gray!40!white, draw=gray!50 },
Fe_element/.style={ element_box, fill=gray!30, draw=gray!50 },
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font=\tiny,
align=center,
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% New styles with proportional heights to fill the container
matrix_box/.style={phase_box, fill=blue!20!gray!30!white, minimum height=3.0cm},     % 3 parts
cr_carbide_box/.style={phase_box, fill=blue!20!gray!50!white, minimum height=0.5cm}, % 2 parts
w_carbide_box/.style={phase_box, fill=blue!20!gray!10!white, minimum height=0.5cm},  % 1 part
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text width=2.0cm, % Adjusted for slide
font=\tiny,
align=center,
draw=black!70,
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property_box/.style={
text width=2.0cm, % Adjusted for slide
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draw=black!70,
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minimum height=1.5em
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draw=black!50,
rounded corners,
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%--- Arrow & Line Styles ---
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->,
blue!80!black,
line width=1.5pt,
>={Stealth[length=8mm, width=4mm]}
},
connection_line/.style={
->,
red!70!black,
>=Stealth
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% Define a background layer
\pgfdeclarelayer{background}
\pgfsetlayers{background,main}
%======== Nodes ========%
% Matrix of source materials
\node[matrix of nodes,
nodes=element_box,
row sep=1mm % Adjusted for slide
] (source)
{
|[Co_element]| {\large \ce{Co}} \\
|[Cr_element]| {\large \ce{Cr}} \\
|[W_element]|  {\large \ce{W}}  \\
|[Mo_element]| {\large \ce{Mo}} \\
|[C_element]|  {\large \ce{C}}  \\
|[Fe_element]|  {\begin{tabular}{c} \ce{Fe, Ni} \\ \ce{Si, B} \\ \ce{Ln, Mn, V} \end{tabular}} \\
};
% Matrix for the phases, positioned with a smaller, specific distance
\node[matrix of nodes,
nodes=phase_box,
row sep=1mm,
right=0.6cm of source, % This sets the smaller gap
anchor=west
] (phases)
{
|[matrix_box]| {{\normalsize Matrix} \\ Solid solution strengthening} \\
|[cr_carbide_box]| {\tiny Chromium carbides} \\
|[w_carbide_box]| {\tiny Tungsten carbides} \\
};
% Updated Matrix for the manufacturing processes, uses the default larger gap
\node[matrix of nodes,
nodes=process_box,
row sep=1mm,
right=2.5cm of phases, % <<< CHANGED: Increased distance from 1.5cm (default) to 2.5cm
anchor=west
] (processes)
{
Cooling rates \\
Carbide Size \\
{Carbide \\ Morphology} \\
Porosity \\
Slight changes to phase composition \\
};
% Matrix for the material properties, uses the default larger gap
\node[matrix of nodes,
nodes=property_box,
row sep=1mm,
right=0.6cm of processes,
anchor=west
] (properties)
{
Hardness \\
Cavitation Erosion \\
Fatigue Strength \\
Wear Resistance \\
Corrosion Resistance \\
};
%======== Backgrounds ========%
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% Name the background nodes so we can draw arrows between them
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fit=(source),
label={[font=\small\bfseries, align=center, above, yshift=2mm]{Element \\ Composition}}](source_bg){};
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label={[font=\small\bfseries, align=center, above, yshift=2mm]Phase \\ Composition}](phases_bg){};
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label={[font=\small\bfseries, align=center, above, yshift=2mm]Microstructure \\ Properties}](processes_bg){};
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% Specific connection arrows remain unchanged
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\end{tikzpicture}
% No caption needed for a slide
\end{figure}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[label={sec:org0cd9329}]{Influences on Stellite Properties}
\begin{center}
Increased Carbides, Increased Hardness, Increased Cavitation Resistance
\end{center}

\addtocounter{framenumber}{-1}

\begin{figure}[ht!]
\centering
\begin{tikzpicture}[
%--- Global Settings ---
% Horizontal distance between groups is 1.5cm by default
node distance=0.4cm and 1.5cm,
%--- Node Styles ---
element_box/.style={
draw=blue!50!gray,
rounded corners,
fill=blue!5,
minimum height=1.5em, % Adjusted for slide
minimum width=1.2cm,  % Adjusted for slide
align=center,
font=\tiny % Use smaller font for slide
},
% Custom styles for each element
Co_element/.style={ element_box, fill=blue!20!gray!30!white, draw=gray!70 },
Cr_element/.style={ element_box, fill=blue!20!gray!50!white, draw=gray!70 },
W_element/.style={ element_box, fill=blue!20!gray!10!white, draw=gray!70 },
Mo_element/.style={ element_box, fill=blue!20!gray!10!white, draw=gray!50 },
C_element/.style={ element_box, fill=blue!50!gray!40!white, draw=gray!50 },
Fe_element/.style={ element_box, fill=gray!30, draw=gray!50 },
% Style for the individual phase boxes
phase_box/.style={
text width=2.0cm, % Adjusted for slide
font=\tiny,
align=center,
draw=black!70,
rounded corners,
fill=yellow!30,
minimum height=1.5em
},
% New styles with proportional heights to fill the container
matrix_box/.style={phase_box, fill=blue!20!gray!30!white, minimum height=2.0cm},     % 3 parts
cr_carbide_box/.style={phase_box, fill=blue!20!gray!50!white, minimum height=1.3cm}, % 2 parts
w_carbide_box/.style={phase_box, fill=blue!20!gray!10!white, minimum height=0.6cm},  % 1 part
% Style for the manufacturing process boxes
process_box/.style={
text width=2.0cm, % Adjusted for slide
font=\tiny,
align=center,
draw=black!70,
rounded corners,
fill=orange!20,
minimum height=1.5em
},
% Style for the material property boxes
property_box/.style={
text width=2.0cm, % Adjusted for slide
font=\tiny,
align=center,
draw=black!70,
rounded corners,
fill=green!20,
minimum height=1.5em
},
%--- Background Box Styles ---
group_bg/.style={
draw=black!50,
rounded corners,
dashed,
inner sep=0.2cm, % Adjusted for slide
minimum height=5.2cm % Increased height to fit all content
},
%--- Arrow & Line Styles ---
% Made the arrow thicker and the arrowhead much larger
flow_arrow/.style={
->,
blue!80!black,
line width=1.5pt,
>={Stealth[length=8mm, width=4mm]}
},
connection_line/.style={
->,
red!70!black,
>=Stealth
}
]
% Define a background layer
\pgfdeclarelayer{background}
\pgfsetlayers{background,main}
%======== Nodes ========%
% Matrix of source materials
\node[matrix of nodes,
nodes=element_box,
row sep=1mm % Adjusted for slide
] (source)
{
|[Co_element]| {\large \ce{Co}} \\
|[Cr_element]| {\large \ce{Cr}} \\
|[W_element]|  {\large \ce{W}}  \\
|[Mo_element]| {\large \ce{Mo}} \\
|[C_element]|  {\large \ce{C}}  \\
|[Fe_element]|  {\begin{tabular}{c} \ce{Fe, Ni} \\ \ce{Si, B} \\ \ce{Ln, Mn, V} \end{tabular}} \\
};
% Matrix for the phases, positioned with a smaller, specific distance
\node[matrix of nodes,
nodes=phase_box,
row sep=1mm,
right=0.6cm of source, % This sets the smaller gap
anchor=west
] (phases)
{
|[matrix_box]| {{\normalsize Matrix} \\ Solid solution strengthening} \\
|[cr_carbide_box]| {\normalsize Chromium carbides} \\
|[w_carbide_box]| {\normalsize Tungsten carbides} \\
};
% Updated Matrix for the manufacturing processes, uses the default larger gap
\node[matrix of nodes,
nodes=process_box,
row sep=1mm,
right=2.5cm of phases, % <<< CHANGED: Increased distance from 1.5cm (default) to 2.5cm
anchor=west
] (processes)
{
Cooling rates \\
Carbide Size \\
{Carbide \\ Morphology} \\
Porosity \\
Slight changes to phase composition \\
};
% Matrix for the material properties, uses the default larger gap
\node[matrix of nodes,
nodes=property_box,
row sep=1mm,
right=0.6cm of processes,
anchor=west
] (properties)
{
Hardness \\
Cavitation Erosion \\
Fatigue Strength \\
Wear Resistance \\
Corrosion Resistance \\
};
%======== Backgrounds ========%
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
% Name the background nodes so we can draw arrows between them
\node[group_bg,
fit=(source),
label={[font=\small\bfseries, align=center, above, yshift=2mm]{Element \\ Composition}}](source_bg){};
\node[group_bg,           fit=(phases),
label={[font=\small\bfseries, align=center, above, yshift=2mm]Phase \\ Composition}](phases_bg){};
\node[group_bg,
fit=(processes),
label={[font=\small\bfseries, align=center, above, yshift=2mm]Microstructure \\ Properties}](processes_bg){};
\node[group_bg,
fit=(properties),
label={[font=\small\bfseries, align=center, above, yshift=2mm]Material \\ Properties}](properties_bg){};
\end{pgfonlayer}
%======== Arrows & Lines ========%
% Arrow between Phase Composition and Manufacturing Process with a label
\draw[flow_arrow] (phases_bg) -- node[above=2mm, font=\small\bfseries] {Process} (processes_bg);
% Specific connection arrows remain unchanged
\draw[->, red!70!black, thick, >=Stealth] (source-1-1.east) -- (phases-1-1.west);
\draw[->, red!70!black, thick, >=Stealth] (source-2-1.east) -- (phases-1-1.west);
\draw[->, red!70!black, very thick, >=Stealth] (source-2-1.east) -- (phases-2-1.west);
\draw[->, red!70!black, thin, >=Stealth] (source-3-1.east) -- (phases-1-1.west);
\draw[->, red!70!black, very thick, >=Stealth] (source-3-1.east) -- (phases-3-1.west);
\draw[->, red!70!black, thin, >=Stealth] (source-4-1.east) -- (phases-1-1.west);
\draw[->, red!70!black, very thick, >=Stealth] (source-4-1.east) -- (phases-3-1.west);
\draw[->, red!70!black, thick, >=Stealth] (source-5-1.east) -- (phases-2-1.west);
\draw[->, red!70!black, very thick, >=Stealth] (source-5-1.east) -- (phases-3-1.west);
\end{tikzpicture}
% No caption needed for a slide
\end{figure}
\end{frame}
\section{Aims}
\label{sec:org8df6c8b}

\section{Methodology}
\label{sec:org48ab44a}




\begin{frame}[label={sec:org237db36}]{Methodology - ASTM G32 Cavitation Erosion Testing}
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{0.5\columnwidth}
Naturally aerated \alert{seawater} at room temperature.
\end{column}
\begin{column}{0.5\columnwidth}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{ASTMG32_standard.png}
\caption{ASTM G32 apparatus for cavitation testing}
\end{figure}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[label={sec:org31dcc9d}]{Methodology - ASTM G32 Cavitation Erosion Testing}
\addtocounter{framenumber}{-1}
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{0.3\columnwidth}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{cavitationCloseUp.jpeg}
\caption{ASTM G32 apparatus in operation}
\end{figure}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{0.3\columnwidth}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{analyticalBalance.jpeg}
\caption{Analytical Balance}
\end{figure}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{0.3\columnwidth}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{sampleHolder.jpeg}
\caption{Custom CNC-cut sample holder}
\end{figure}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[label={sec:orgb301bdf}]{Methodology - ASTM G32 Cavitation Erosion Testing}
\addtocounter{framenumber}{-1}
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{0.3\columnwidth}
\begin{itemize}
\item Seawater was vacuum filtered in order to remove algae and suspended particles

\item Seawater pH was measured after calibrating pH meter with buffer solutions of pH 7 and pH 14.
\end{itemize}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{0.7\columnwidth}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{pHMeter.jpeg}
\caption{pH Meter reading of seawater}
\end{figure}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[label={sec:orgbb25989}]{Methodology - Electrochemical Setup}
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{0.7\columnwidth}
\begin{itemize}
\item Instrument:

Corrtest CS310 Potentiostat

connected to conventional three-electrode cell.

\item Working Electrode (WE):

The sample, with an exposed area of \alert{\(2{cm}^{2}\)}.

\item Reference Electrode (RE):

Saturated Calomel Electrode (SCE).

\item Counter Electrode (CE):

Graphite plate.

\item Electrolyte:

Naturally aerated \alert{seawater} at room temperature.
\end{itemize}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{0.3\columnwidth}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{electrochemicalSetup.jpeg}
\caption{Three-electrode electrochemical setup}
\end{figure}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[label={sec:org6945eb6}]{Methodology - Electrochemical Setup}
\addtocounter{framenumber}{-1}
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{0.35\columnwidth}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.85\textwidth]{electrochemicalSetup_4.jpeg}
\caption{Embedded sample after test, with corroded region}
\end{figure}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{0.25\columnwidth}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth]{electrochemicalSetup_3.jpeg}
\caption{Top View of electrochemical setup}
\end{figure}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{0.25\columnwidth}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth]{electrochemicalSetup_2.jpeg}
\caption{Initial prototype with platinum counter electrode}
\end{figure}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[label={sec:orgbcc4ec8}]{Methodology - Electrochemical Tests}
\addtocounter{framenumber}{-1}

\begin{itemize}
\item Open Circuit Potential (OCP)

Before each electrochemical test, OCP was measured for one hour to ensure each sample reaches equilibrium, before EIS and LPR (explained below).

\item Electrical Impedence Spectroscopy (EIS)

The electrical response of the sample's interface with naturally aerated seawater
\begin{itemize}
\item Frequency - 10\textsuperscript{5} Hz \(\rightarrow\) 10\textsuperscript{-1} Hz
\item Excitation voltage - \alert{10 mV} and \alert{20 mV}
\item Spacing - 20 per decade, logarithmic
\end{itemize}

\item Linear Polarization Curve (LPR)

The current density through the sample with an externally imposed voltage
\begin{itemize}
\item Voltage - -20 mV wrt OCP \(\rightarrow\) 20 mV wrt OCP
\item Scan rate - 0.1 mV/s
\item Data Acquisition rate - 10 Hz
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[label={sec:orgebb20b7}]{Methodology - X-ray Diffraction (XRD)}
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{0.4\columnwidth}
The constituent phases were examined by X-ray diffraction
\begin{itemize}
\item Cu \(K\alpha\) radiation (\(\lambda = \qty{1.5406}{\angstrom}\)),
\item Bragg-Brentano \(\theta{}:2\theta{}\),
\item diffraction angle range \(2\theta \in \left[10^\circ,80^\circ\right]\),
\item step size of \(0.02^\circ\),
\item scanning time of 0.5 sec/step,
\item sample rotation enabled
\end{itemize}

\note[itemize]{
\item We used XRD to identify the constituent phases, using fairly standard parameters. The reason we went to the effort of getting XRD was to identify if the manufacturing process caused a difference in proportion of cobalt phase, or in the type of carbides formed.
}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{0.6\columnwidth}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{XRD_instrumentation.jpeg}
\caption{As-cast sample in the Bruker D8 Advance}
\end{figure}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[label={sec:org4e6a351}]{Methodology - Optical Microscopy (OM) \& Electron Microscopy (SEM)}
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{0.7\columnwidth}
\begin{itemize}
\item Optical Microscopy (OM)

Images were taken with Amscope metallurgical optical microscope
\begin{itemize}
\item eyepiece magnification 10X
\item auxiliary magnification 5X, 10X, 20X, 50X, 100X
\end{itemize}

\item Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
Images were taken with Vega TESCAN and Oxford Instruments
\begin{itemize}
\item Secondary Emission (SE)
\item Backscattered Electrons (BSE)

\item Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS)
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}



\note[itemize]{
\item We used XRD to identify the constituent phases, using fairly standard parameters. The reason we went to the effort of getting XRD was to identify if the manufacturing process caused a difference in proportion of cobalt phase, or in the type of carbides formed.
}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{0.3\columnwidth}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{scanningElectronMicroscopy.jpeg}
\caption{Screenshot of Vega TESCAN software during data acquisition of BSE image}
\end{figure}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}
\section{Results \& Discussion}
\label{sec:orgc223044}

\begin{frame}[label={sec:org98f5c39}]{Results - OM Images}
\begin{figure}
\centering
% Use columns for a stable side-by-side layout
\begin{columns}[T]
% --- LEFT COLUMN: Cycles through As-cast images ---
\begin{column}{0.49\textwidth}
% Only on slide 1
\only<1>{
\begin{subfigure}{\textwidth}
\centering
\setcounter{subfigure}{0}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{OM_asCast_Stellite1_500X_central_1.jpg}
\caption{\centering As-cast Stellite 1 w/ mag 500X \\(specimen centre)}
\end{subfigure}
}
% Only on slide 2
\only<2>{
\begin{subfigure}{\textwidth}
\centering
\setcounter{subfigure}{2}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{OM_asCast_Stellite1_500X_butterfly_1.jpg}
\caption{\centering As-cast Stellite 1 w/ mag 500X \\(specimen midway)}
\end{subfigure}
}
% Only on slide 3
\only<3>{
\begin{subfigure}{\textwidth}
\centering
\setcounter{subfigure}{3}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{OM_asCast_Stellite1_500X_nearEdge_1.jpg}
\caption{\centering As-cast Stellite 1 w/ mag 500X \\(specimen edge)}
\end{subfigure}
}
\end{column}
% --- RIGHT COLUMN: Static HIPed image for comparison ---
\begin{column}{0.49\textwidth}
% This subfigure is visible on all slides (1, 2, and 3)
\begin{subfigure}{\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{OM_HIPed_Stellite1_500X.jpg}
\caption{\centering HIPed Stellite 1 w/ mag 500X \\(specimen centre)}
\end{subfigure}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
\vspace{-\baselineskip}
\caption{Optical Microscopy Images of as-cast and HIPed Stellite 1 specimens}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[label={sec:org824c448}]{Results - HIPed Stellite 1 SEM Images}
\begin{figure}
\centering
% First subfigure
\begin{subfigure}{0.4\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{HIPed_Stellite1_10X_SE.jpg}
\caption{SE w/ mag 10X}
\end{subfigure}
%\hfill % Adds horizontal space between subfigures
% Second subfigure
\begin{subfigure}{0.4\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{HIPed_Stellite1_1000X_SE.jpg}
\caption{SE w/ mag 1000X}
\end{subfigure}
\vspace{-\baselineskip}
\caption{Eroded surface of HIPed Stellite 1}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[label={sec:org22f33c2}]{Results - HIPed Stellite 1 SEM Images}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\addtocounter{figure}{-1} % Add this line to decrement the figure counter
% First subfigure
\begin{subfigure}{0.4\textwidth}
\setcounter{subfigure}{2} % Add this line to start numbering from (c)
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{HIPed_Stellite1_5000X_SE.jpg}
\caption{SE w/ mag 5000X}
\end{subfigure}
%\hfill % Adds horizontal space between subfigures
% Second subfigure
\begin{subfigure}{0.4\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{HIPed_Stellite1_5000X_BSE.jpg}
\caption{BSE w/ mag 5000X}
\end{subfigure}
\vspace{-\baselineskip}
\caption{Eroded surface of HIPed Stellite 1}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[label={sec:org3b02916}]{Results - OCP}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{OCP.png}
\vspace{-\baselineskip}
\caption{Open Circuit Potential (OCP) of as-Cast and HIPed Stellite 1}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[label={sec:org4c32354}]{Results - OCP}
\addtocounter{framenumber}{-1}
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{0.4\columnwidth}
\begin{itemize}
\item \alert{OCPs shows upward trend}

Upward (nobler) trend indicates passivation (formation of protective layer), reducing rate of corrosion.
\item \alert{HIPed S1 has lower OCP than as-cast S1}

Lower OCP is indicative of more thermodynamically stable materials \cite{ogunlakinMicrostructuralElectrochemicalCorrosion2025, rosalbinoCorrosionBehaviourAssessment2013}.
\end{itemize}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{0.6\columnwidth}
\begin{figure}
\addtocounter{figure}{-1}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{OCP.png}
\vspace{-\baselineskip}
\caption{Open Circuit Potential (OCP) of as-Cast and HIPed Stellite 1}
\end{figure}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[label={sec:orgb05d03e}]{Results - EIS}
\begin{figure}
\only<1>{
\begin{subfigure}{0.88\textwidth}
\centering
\setcounter{subfigure}{0}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{EIS_CS_Bode_comparison.png}
\caption{EIS Bode plot of as-Cast Stellite 1}
\end{subfigure}
}
\only<2>{
\begin{subfigure}{0.88\textwidth}
\centering
\setcounter{subfigure}{1}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{EIS_HS_Bode_comparison.png}
\caption{EIS Bode plot of HIPed Stellite 1}
\end{subfigure}
}
\only<3>{
\begin{subfigure}{0.88\textwidth}
\centering
\setcounter{subfigure}{2}
\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{EIS_CS_Nyquist_comparison.png}
\caption{EIS Nyquist plot of as-Cast Stellite 1}
\end{subfigure}
}
\only<4>{
\begin{subfigure}{0.88\textwidth}
\centering
\setcounter{subfigure}{3}
\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{EIS_HS_Nyquist_comparison.png}
\caption{EIS Nyquist plot of HIPed Stellite 1}
\end{subfigure}
}
\vspace{-\baselineskip}
\caption{Comparison of EIS results with excitation frequencies 10, 20, and 30 mV}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[label={sec:org0f60290}]{Results - EIS}
\only<1>{
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{EIS_doublecolumn_bode_plot.png}
\vspace{-0.5\baselineskip}
\caption{EIS of as-Cast Stellite 1 and HIPed Stellite 1}
\end{figure}
}


\only<2->{
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{0.4\columnwidth}
\begin{itemize}
\only<2>{
\item \alert{EIS is mostly independent of excitation frequency}
\newline \newline
The discontinuitity that appears at lower frequencies is "delayed" at higher excitation voltages, but datapoints are similar with small errorbars.
\newline \newline Values taken with excitation voltage of 20mV will be used for quantitative analysis
}
\only<3->{
\item EIS is mostly independent of excitation frequency
\item \alert{HIPed Stellite 1 possesses greater impedence}
\newline \newline
Greater impedence indicates greater resistance to corrosion. Similar dependence on microstructure observed in as-cast \& HIPed Stellite 6 \cite{malayogluComparingPerformanceHIPed2003, malayogluAssessingKineticsMechanisms2005, nevilleAqueousCorrosionCobalt2010, rosalbinoCorrosionBehaviourAssessment2013}.
}
\end{itemize}
\end{column}
%
\begin{column}{0.59\columnwidth}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{EIS_doublecolumn_bode_plot.png}
\vspace{-0.5\baselineskip}
\caption{EIS of as-Cast Stellite 1 and HIPed Stellite 1}
\end{figure}
\end{column}
%
\end{columns}
}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[label={sec:orgb8c8899}]{Results - EIS}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.58\textwidth]{EIS_Nyquist_EC_fitting.png}
\vspace{-0.5\baselineskip}
\caption{Equivalent Circuit fit of EIS of as-Cast Stellite 1 and HIPed Stellite 1, compared with circuit fits extracted from existing literature \cite{rosalbinoCorrosionBehaviourAssessment2013, azziTriboMechanicalProperties2015, wuMicrostructurePerformanceStudies2020}.}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[label={sec:org447edee}]{Results - EIS}
\addtocounter{framenumber}{-1}
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{0.4\columnwidth}
\begin{itemize}
\item HIPed S1 shows lower resistance than HIPed S6
\item as-Cast S1 shows lower resistance than as-Cast S6
\item HIPing, Laserclad (high cooling rate) results in higher resistance than as-Cast, PTA (low cooling rate)

\item \alert{HIPing significantly improves corrosion resistance}
\end{itemize}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{0.6\columnwidth}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.58\textwidth]{EIS_Nyquist_EC_fitting.png}
\vspace{-0.5\baselineskip}
\caption{Equivalent Circuit fit of EIS of as-Cast Stellite 1 and HIPed Stellite 1, compared with circuit fits extracted from existing literature \cite{rosalbinoCorrosionBehaviourAssessment2013, azziTriboMechanicalProperties2015, wuMicrostructurePerformanceStudies2020}.}
\end{figure}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[label={sec:orgf86c4d6}]{Results - Tafel}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.58\textwidth]{HIPed_Stellite1_Tafel.png}
\vspace{-0.5\baselineskip}
\caption{Tafel plot for HIPed Stellite 1}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[label={sec:org60cdbf3}]{Results - Tafel}
\addtocounter{framenumber}{-1}
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{0.4\columnwidth}
\begin{itemize}
\item HIPed S1 shows lower resistance than HIPed S6
\item as-Cast S1 shows lower resistance than as-Cast S6
\item HIPing, Laserclad (high cooling rate) results in higher resistance than as-Cast, PTA (low cooling rate)

\item \alert{HIPing significantly improves corrosion resistance}
\end{itemize}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{0.6\columnwidth}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.58\textwidth]{EIS_Nyquist_EC_fitting.png}
\vspace{-0.5\baselineskip}
\caption{Equivalent Circuit fit of EIS of as-Cast Stellite 1 and HIPed Stellite 1, compared with circuit fits extracted from existing literature \cite{rosalbinoCorrosionBehaviourAssessment2013, azziTriboMechanicalProperties2015, wuMicrostructurePerformanceStudies2020}.}
\end{figure}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}
\section{Conclusion}
\label{sec:org5f84353}
\begin{frame}[label={sec:org31e35fe}]{Effect of Casting}
\begin{figure}[ht!]
\centering
\begin{tikzpicture}[
%--- Global Settings ---
% Horizontal distance between groups is 1.5cm by default
node distance=0.4cm and 1.5cm,
%--- Node Styles ---
element_box/.style={
draw=blue!50!gray,
rounded corners,
fill=blue!5,
minimum height=1.5em, % Adjusted for slide
minimum width=1.2cm,  % Adjusted for slide
align=center,
font=\tiny % Use smaller font for slide
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% Custom styles for each element
Co_element/.style={ element_box, fill=blue!20!gray!30!white, draw=gray!70 },
Cr_element/.style={ element_box, fill=blue!20!gray!50!white, draw=gray!70 },
W_element/.style={ element_box, fill=blue!20!gray!10!white, draw=gray!70 },
Mo_element/.style={ element_box, fill=blue!20!gray!10!white, draw=gray!50 },
C_element/.style={ element_box, fill=blue!50!gray!40!white, draw=gray!50 },
Fe_element/.style={ element_box, fill=gray!30, draw=gray!50 },
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matrix_box/.style={phase_box, fill=blue!20!gray!30!white, minimum height=2.0cm},     % 3 parts
cr_carbide_box/.style={phase_box, fill=blue!20!gray!50!white, minimum height=1.3cm}, % 2 parts
w_carbide_box/.style={phase_box, fill=blue!20!gray!10!white, minimum height=0.6cm},  % 1 part
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%--- Arrow & Line Styles ---
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% Define a background layer
\pgfdeclarelayer{background}
\pgfsetlayers{background,main}
%======== Nodes ========%
% Matrix of source materials
\node[matrix of nodes,
nodes=element_box,
row sep=1mm % Adjusted for slide
] (source)
{
|[Co_element]| {\large \ce{Co}} \\
|[Cr_element]| {\large \ce{Cr}} \\
|[W_element]|  {\large \ce{W}}  \\
|[Mo_element]| {\large \ce{Mo}} \\
|[C_element]|  {\large \ce{C}}  \\
|[Fe_element]|  {\begin{tabular}{c} \ce{Fe, Ni} \\ \ce{Si, B} \\ \ce{Ln, Mn, V} \end{tabular}} \\
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% Matrix for the phases, positioned with a smaller, specific distance
\node[matrix of nodes,
nodes=phase_box,
row sep=1mm,
right=0.6cm of source, % This sets the smaller gap
anchor=west
] (phases)
{
|[matrix_box]| {{\normalsize Matrix} \\ Solid solution strengthening} \\
|[cr_carbide_box]| {\normalsize Chromium carbides} \\
|[w_carbide_box]| {\normalsize Tungsten carbides} \\
};
% Updated Matrix for the manufacturing processes, uses the default larger gap
\node[matrix of nodes,
nodes=process_box,
row sep=1mm,
right=2.5cm of phases, % <<< CHANGED: Increased distance from 1.5cm (default) to 2.5cm
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{
Cooling rates {\bfseries \only<1->{\small Slow}}\\
Carbide Size {\bfseries \only<2->{\small Large}}\\
{Carbide \\ Morphology \\ {\bfseries \only<3->{\tiny Heterogeneous} }} \\
Porosity {\bfseries \only<4->{\tiny Present}}\\
Slight changes to phase composition \\
};
% Matrix for the material properties, uses the default larger gap
\node[matrix of nodes,
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row sep=1mm,
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anchor=west
] (properties)
{
Hardness \\
Cavitation Erosion \\
Fatigue Strength \\
Wear Resistance \\
Corrosion Resistance \\
};
%======== Backgrounds ========%
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
% Name the background nodes so we can draw arrows between them
\node[group_bg,
fit=(source),
label={[font=\small\bfseries, align=center, above, yshift=2mm]{Element \\ Composition}}](source_bg){};
\node[group_bg,           fit=(phases),
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fit=(processes),
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%======== Arrows & Lines ========%
% Arrow between Phase Composition and Manufacturing Process with a label
\draw[flow_arrow] (phases_bg) -- node[above=2mm, font=\small\bfseries] {Cast} (processes_bg);
% Specific connection arrows remain unchanged
\draw[->, red!70!black, thick, >=Stealth] (source-1-1.east) -- (phases-1-1.west);
\draw[->, red!70!black, thick, >=Stealth] (source-2-1.east) -- (phases-1-1.west);
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\end{tikzpicture}
% No caption needed for a slide
\end{figure}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[label={sec:org6d1955e}]{Effect of HIPing}
\begin{figure}[ht!]
\centering
\begin{tikzpicture}[
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% Horizontal distance between groups is 1.5cm by default
node distance=0.4cm and 1.5cm,
%--- Node Styles ---
element_box/.style={
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Cr_element/.style={ element_box, fill=blue!20!gray!50!white, draw=gray!70 },
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%======== Nodes ========%
% Matrix of source materials
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{
|[Co_element]| {\large \ce{Co}} \\
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|[W_element]|  {\large \ce{W}}  \\
|[Mo_element]| {\large \ce{Mo}} \\
|[C_element]|  {\large \ce{C}}  \\
|[Fe_element]|  {\begin{tabular}{c} \ce{Fe, Ni} \\ \ce{Si, B} \\ \ce{Ln, Mn, V} \end{tabular}} \\
};
% Matrix for the phases, positioned with a smaller, specific distance
\node[matrix of nodes,
nodes=phase_box,
row sep=1mm,
right=0.6cm of source, % This sets the smaller gap
anchor=west
] (phases)
{
|[matrix_box]| {{\normalsize Matrix} \\ Solid solution strengthening} \\
|[cr_carbide_box]| {\normalsize Chromium carbides} \\
|[w_carbide_box]| {\normalsize Tungsten carbides} \\
};
% Updated Matrix for the manufacturing processes, uses the default larger gap
\node[matrix of nodes,
nodes=process_box,
row sep=1mm,
right=2.5cm of phases, % <<< CHANGED: Increased distance from 1.5cm (default) to 2.5cm
anchor=west
] (processes)
{
{Cooling rates \\ {\bfseries \only<1->{\small Fast}}}\\
Carbide Size {\bfseries \only<2->{\small Small}}\\
{Carbide \\ Morphology \\ {\bfseries \only<3->{\tiny Uniform} }} \\
Porosity {\bfseries \only<4->{\tiny Absent}}\\
Slight changes to phase composition \\
};
% Matrix for the material properties, uses the default larger gap
\node[matrix of nodes,
nodes=property_box,
row sep=1mm,
right=0.6cm of processes,
anchor=west
] (properties)
{
Hardness \\
Cavitation Erosion \\
Fatigue Strength \\
Wear Resistance \\
Corrosion Resistance \\
};
%======== Backgrounds ========%
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
% Name the background nodes so we can draw arrows between them
\node[group_bg,
fit=(source),
label={[font=\small\bfseries, align=center, above, yshift=2mm]{Element \\ Composition}}](source_bg){};
\node[group_bg,           fit=(phases),
label={[font=\small\bfseries, align=center, above, yshift=2mm]Phase \\ Composition}](phases_bg){};
\node[group_bg,
fit=(processes),
label={[font=\small\bfseries, align=center, above, yshift=2mm]Microstructure \\ Properties}](processes_bg){};
\node[group_bg,
fit=(properties),
label={[font=\small\bfseries, align=center, above, yshift=2mm]Material \\ Properties}](properties_bg){};
\end{pgfonlayer}
%======== Arrows & Lines ========%
% Arrow between Phase Composition and Manufacturing Process with a label
\draw[flow_arrow] (phases_bg) -- node[above=2mm, font=\small\bfseries] {HIPing} (processes_bg);
% Specific connection arrows remain unchanged
\draw[->, red!70!black, thick, >=Stealth] (source-1-1.east) -- (phases-1-1.west);
\draw[->, red!70!black, thick, >=Stealth] (source-2-1.east) -- (phases-1-1.west);
\draw[->, red!70!black, very thick, >=Stealth] (source-2-1.east) -- (phases-2-1.west);
\draw[->, red!70!black, thin, >=Stealth] (source-3-1.east) -- (phases-1-1.west);
\draw[->, red!70!black, very thick, >=Stealth] (source-3-1.east) -- (phases-3-1.west);
\draw[->, red!70!black, thin, >=Stealth] (source-4-1.east) -- (phases-1-1.west);
\draw[->, red!70!black, very thick, >=Stealth] (source-4-1.east) -- (phases-3-1.west);
\draw[->, red!70!black, thick, >=Stealth] (source-5-1.east) -- (phases-2-1.west);
\draw[->, red!70!black, very thick, >=Stealth] (source-5-1.east) -- (phases-3-1.west);
\end{tikzpicture}
% No caption needed for a slide
\end{figure}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[allowframebreaks]{Bibliography}
\printbibliography
\end{frame}
\end{document}
