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Vishakh Kumar 2025-07-30 14:32:14 +04:00
parent 164362c766
commit 76a3813062
23 changed files with 3901 additions and 25577 deletions

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#+TITLE: Influence of manufacturing process on Cavitation Erosion in CoCrWMoCFeNiSiMn (Stellite 1) alloys
#+OPTIONS: author:nil date:nil title:nil toc:nil #+OPTIONS: author:nil date:nil title:nil toc:nil
# Submerged Sonic Sledhammers Sharply Shape Synthesized Stellite Specimens, Showcasing Superior Strength # Submerged Sonic Sledhammers Sharply Shape Synthesized Stellite Specimens, Showcasing Superior Strength
@ -7,40 +8,112 @@
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** Frontmatter :ignore_heading: ** Frontmatter :ignore_heading:
# \begin{document}
# % Below here you need to start adding your material
#+LaTeX: \lhead{Vishakh Pradeep Kumar} #+LaTeX: \lhead{Vishakh Pradeep Kumar}
#+LaTeX: \rhead{\thepage} #+LaTeX: \rhead{\thepage}
#+LaTeX: \lfoot{MSc Adv. Mechanical Engineering} #+LaTeX: \lfoot{MSc Adv. Mechanical Engineering}
#+LaTeX: \journal{MSc Advanced Mechanical Engineering} #+LaTeX: \journal{MSc Advanced Mechanical Engineering}
#+LaTeX: \begin{frontmatter} #+LaTeX: \begin{frontmatter}
# %% Title, authors and addresses # %% Title, authors and addresses
#+LaTeX: \title{Dissertation title} #+LaTeX: \title{Dissertation title}
#+LaTeX: \author{Vishakh Pradeep Kumar\fnref{label2}} #+LaTeX: \author{Vishakh Pradeep Kumar\fnref{label2}}
#+LaTeX: \ead{vp2039@hw.ac.uk} #+LaTeX: \ead{vp2039@hw.ac.uk}
@ -197,12 +270,174 @@ These results provide critical insight for tailoring material processing routes
# yuTriboMechanicalEvaluationsCobaltBased2007 # yuTriboMechanicalEvaluationsCobaltBased2007
Our results provide a clear processing strategy for engineering cobalt-based alloys with a more versatile combination of properties, enabling their use in higher-stress applications where resistance to both steady wear and mechanical shock is required. Our results provide a clear processing strategy for engineering cobalt-based alloys with a more versatile combination of properties, enabling their use in higher-stress applications where resistance to both steady wear and mechanical shock is required.
** COMMENT General Style Guide
The dissertation is in the form of a journal paper:
 Do not need detailed literature review (already done in B81EZ or include in work report).
 Work Report allows more detail to be included (there is an analogy of this for journals BTW).
 More contemporary for engineering disciplines and the workplace.
| Section | Word count | Figures | Tables |
|------------------------------------+--------------+---------+--------|
| Introduction and Literature Review | 1500 | 2 | 0 |
| Apparatus and Methods | 1500 | 3 | 2 |
| Results | 1000 -- 1500 | 5 | 0 |
| Discussion and Conclusions | 1000 - 1500 | 0 | 1 |
| Conclusions and Future work | 500 | 0 | 1 |
|------------------------------------+--------------+---------+--------|
| Total | 6000 | 10 | 4 |
References 25 - 35.
HAHAHAHAHHAHAHAHHAHAH
* Introduction * Introduction
# \section{Introduction} # - Background on Cobalt-Based Superalloys (2-3 paragraphs)
# - Industrial relevance
# - Stellite 1 (2 paragraphs)
# - Casting of Stellite Alloys
# - Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP)
# - Problem Statement (2-3 paragraphs)
# This new section will explicitly detail the specific performance limitations or failure modes of as-cast Stellite 1 components (e.g., premature failure due to subsurface porosity, unpredictable corrosion) that provide the industrial motivation for this research.
# - Aims and Objectives
# 1 paragraph, followed by a bulleted list.
# - Thesis outline (Optional)
# The main body of the dissertation starts with an introduction, which in turn starts with a brief description of your project. The microstrucuture of stellite alloys consists of a cobalt-chromium solid solution and mixed carbides composed of a metal radical and carbon as listed in \ref{tab:stellite_carbides}.
# Depending on the scope of this chapter and the structure of the overall dissertation, the initial section could be followed by a statement and explanation of the Aims and Objectives. In many cases, however, this section comes after the section describing the Background
\cite{nevilleAqueousCorrosionCobalt2010}
\cite{nevilleAqueousCorrosionCobalt2010}
\begin{table}
\protect\caption{Mixed carbides present in Stellite alloys\label{tab:stellite_carbides}}
\begin{tabular}{|l|c|c|}
\toprule
Carbide & Comment & Citation \\
\midrule
${M}_{3}{C}_{2}$ & Chromium carbide which forms at low Cr/C ratio & \cite{nevilleAqueousCorrosionCobalt2010} \\
${M}_{7}{C}_{3}$ & Chromium content carbide which forms at a slightly higher Cr/C ratio & \cite{nevilleAqueousCorrosionCobalt2010} \\
${M}_{23}{C}_{6}$ & Chromium content carbide which forms at an higher Cr/C ratio & \cite{nevilleAqueousCorrosionCobalt2010} \\
\hline
${M}_6{C}$ & refractory metal carbide & \cite{nevilleAqueousCorrosionCobalt2010} \\
${M}{C}$ & refractory metal carbide & \cite{nevilleAqueousCorrosionCobalt2010} \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}
In cobalt-based and iron-based hardfacing alloys, mixed carbides present in the microstructure are composed of a metal radical and carbon for example M7C3, M23C6, M3C2 and MC In hardfacings with a fine microstructure the carbides may be too small to have their corrosion behaviour determined as they are formed in small quantities surrounded by the matrix phase. [27, 28]. The pure commercial versions of these carbides Cr3C2, Cr7C3, Cr23C6, Mo2C, NbC and TiC manufactured by sintering are too brittle to be used as hardfacings however, their large size will enable the corrosion behaviour to be evaluated.
** COMMENT Draft
The microstructure of Stellite alloys varies considerably with composition. They may either be in the form of hypoeutectic structure consisting of primary dendrites of a cobalt-rich solid solution surrounded by eutectic carbides, or of hypereutectic type containing large idiomorphic primary chromium rich carbides and eutectic. nevilleAqueousCorrosionCobalt2010
Among the alloying elements, carbon is found to have a large influence on the microstructure, causing a change from a hypoeutectic to hypereutectic alloy. Figure 2 shows the phase diagram for the carboncobalt alloy system. As can be seen in the hypoeutectic side of the system (<1.6at% of C) the liquidus temperature of the alloy decreases by 14 C for each 1% increase in carbon content. Carbon is clearly critical to those casting alloys formulated for the highest creep rupture strength levels, since carbide strengthening is the primary precipitation hardening mechanism utilized in the cobalt alloy system. The control of carbon is critical for tensile and rupture strength and ductility since it has been shown that a nonlinear increase in strength occurs over a range of 0.30.6% carbon. The strength of most cobalt base superalloys is derived from the carbide phases present in the matrix and distributed around the grain boundaries. The carbides that form depend on the composition and thermal history of the material. The carbide former elements are from group IV (Ti, Zr, Hf), group V (Cb, Ta), and group VI (Cr, Mo, W). The types of carbides that are formed are as follows (M and C represents metal and carbon atoms respectively): nevilleAqueousCorrosionCobalt2010
M3C2: rhombic, a high chromium content carbide which forms at low Cr/C ratio; nevilleAqueousCorrosionCobalt2010
M7C3: trigonal, a high chromium content carbide which forms at a slightly higher Cr/C ratio; nevilleAqueousCorrosionCobalt2010
M23C6: cubic, a high chromium content carbide which forms at an higher Cr/C ratio, when the Cr is greater than 5 wt% of the alloy; nevilleAqueousCorrosionCobalt2010
M6C: complex cubic, a carbide phase whose volume fraction increases as refractory metals are introduced; nevilleAqueousCorrosionCobalt2010
MC: fcc NaCl structure, a carbide comprising metal groups IV and VI. nevilleAqueousCorrosionCobalt2010
These carbides are listed above in the order of increasing stability, or free energy of formation. The stronger the carbide formers used, the greater is the tendency to form M6C and MC carbides. The type of carbides that form is dependent upon both thermal history and composition. nevilleAqueousCorrosionCobalt2010
The microstructure of cobalt base superalloys is thus a combination of MC, M7C3, M23C6, and M6C carbides. In the cast structures, both composition and shape help to distinguish one carbide from another. The MC carbides have two characteristic shapes, a Chinese script and a block-like angular particles. The differences are believed to be the result of formation at various times during solidification. Block-like angular MC carbides may form initially before the bulk of the melt has started to solidify, whereas in the Chinese script, MC carbide is formed within the eutectic composition. nevilleAqueousCorrosionCobalt2010
M23C6 carbides are found mostly as fine plates interlayered with the cobalt matrix. This eutectic structure has a block-like shape. Subsequent heating of the cast structure can dissolve the M23C6 carbides. Upon aging, the carbides are precipitated as fine particles, usually near the eutectic M23C6 islands. In contrast to other carbides, the M6C carbides do not have a characteristic morphology. Other important microstructural features of cobalt base superalloys are stacking faults, which have been reported to be present on all {111} planes.8 Stacking faults appear to be related to the tendency to form hcp. Since stacking faults in fcc materials have an hcp structure, this is not surprising. nevilleAqueousCorrosionCobalt2010
What is HIPing?
Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) is a much newer technique, and its use to provide a wear-resistant surface is even more novel. In normal use, the technique can be employed to promotepowder consolidation, diffusion bonding, and the healing of casting defects. As used to produce a diffusionbonded coating, it has none of the deleterious effects of welding, which include unhomogeneity (segregation), dilution effects, and the risk of distortion. The diffusion bonding in HIP occurs at elevated temperatures and pressures, but is a solid-state process. The absence of solidification from a liquid phase during processing precludes segregation, cracking, and distortion, all of which are inherently associated with the as-cast structure of a welded coating. Brittle materials can be joined without fracturing, and dissimilar combinations, which are often difficult to weld, can be joined. nevilleAqueousCorrosionCobalt2010
Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIPing) is a thermo-mechanical process [9] in which components or a contained powder are subjected to simultaneous applications of heat and high pressure in inert medium. HIPing removes internal void cavities thus consolidating the structure to be homogenous, segregation free, dense, near-net shape and requiring little or no machining. malayogluAssessingKineticsMechanisms2005
Influence of HIPing on Stellite
Wong-Kian et al.16 showed that under erosioncorrosion conditions HIPed Stellite alloys 1, 6, and 21 had lower mass loss than the welded specimens of the same Stellites. They related their finding to the finer and homogeneous microstructure, which was obtained after HIPing. They also showed that wear resistance of the cobalt-based alloys is promoted by the harder complex carbides of chromium and tungsten, while corrosion resistance is enhanced by the presence of cobalt in the matrix. nevilleAqueousCorrosionCobalt2010
The HIPped samples also had a different carbide morphology. Optical microscopy revealed the eutectic nature of the welded carbides, and SEM studies showed that the HIPped carbides were more angular. The globular structure in the welded sample (Figure 19) may be the result of coarsening, as well as of the original eutectic morphology. wong-kianComparisonErosioncorrosionBehaviour
In previous work, the corrosion performance of the High Velocity Oxyfuel (HVOF) Stellite 6 coatings in as-sprayed and sprayed and HIPed conditions were compared. The corrosion resistance of HIPed coating was higher than the as-sprayed one [12] and this was found to be primarily due to the finer microstructure obtained after HIPing.
Influence of carbide size
The welded samples experienced greater mass loss because they had larger matrix areas that were unprotected by the harder carbides, and wear occurred on these areas at higher rates. The coarser carbide size meant that, when carbide removal did occur, larger pieces were removed, which also accelerated the wear rates. The microstructural coarseness was a direct result of solidification from the liquid state. The high temperature differences experienced during welding encourage steep temperature gradients, which in turn favour the growth of dendrites and, in extreme cases, an irregular eutectic morphology. wong-kianComparisonErosioncorrosionBehaviour
More usually, the carbide particles seemed to have been fractured, and then directly removed. This would be expected in the erosion-corrosion environment that the test pieces experienced. Once broken, the free particle fragments would have been swept away by the relative motion of the slurry. The effect of the larger carbide particles is shown in Figure 22: they were broken more easily and protected the matrix less effectively. The carbide particles were observed to be in relief after the surrounding softer matrix had been eroded, and could be more easily broken and removed. The larger areas of unprotected matrix then exacerbated this process. wong-kianComparisonErosioncorrosionBehaviour
he welded samples experienced greater mass loss because they had larger matrix areas that were unprotected by the harder carbides, and wear occurred on these areas at higher rates. The coarser carbide size meant that, when carbide removal did occur, larger pieces were removed, which also accelerated the wear rates. The microstructural coarseness was a direct result of solidification from the liquid state. The high temperature differences experienced during welding encourage steep temperature gradients, which in turn favour the growth of dendrites and, in extreme cases, an irregular eutectic morphology. wong-kianComparisonErosioncorrosionBehaviour
** COMMENT Literature Review
% CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
\chapter{Literature Review}
% Total: ~10,00015,000 words
% Reviewer's Note: The focus will be on a *critical synthesis* of the literature to build a clear argument that identifies the research gaps, rather than a purely encyclopedic summary.
*** Metallurgy of Cobalt-Based Alloys
% 57 paragraphs.
\lipsum[6-7]
*** Microstructure of As-Cast Stellite Alloys
% 46 paragraphs.
\lipsum[8-9]
*** The Hot Isostatic Pressing Process
% 46 paragraphs.
\lipsum[10]
*** Mechanical Properties of Stellite Alloys
% 57 paragraphs.
\lipsum[11]
*** Corrosion Behavior of Stellite Alloys
% 57 paragraphs.
\lipsum[12-13]
*** Advanced Characterization Techniques for Cobalt Superalloys
% 3-4 paragraphs.
% A new section providing a critical overview of state-of-the-art techniques, justifying the methods selected for this study.
\lipsum[14]
*** Gaps in Current Knowledge
% 23 paragraphs.
\lipsum[15]
** COMMENT Instructions regarding Introduction
Suggested word count 1500 (and perhaps 2 figures)
*Figures in the introduction? No*
I'd be careful about the use of figures in the introduction. I made that mistake in my preliminary report and I'm still cringing about it, haha. Generally, they feel a bit out of place (unless the figure is a conceptual diagram, and even then, it's a high bar to not feel uneeded). Save the figures for later.
Core Components of the Introduction
- [ ] Present the general context and background immediately.
- [ ] Structure the chronological-ish literature review within this subsection.
- [ ] Start with a brief description of your project.
- [ ] Provide the rationale and background for your work.
- [ ] Justify and clearly state your Aims and Objectives.
- [ ] Include a concluding paragraph that describes the structure of the remaining dissertation.
Final Review and Constraints
- [ ] Check that the Introduction has a word length of 1500.
- [ ] Ensure all material presented is relevant to your research question.
The main body of the dissertation starts with an introduction, which in turn starts with a brief description of your project.
Depending on the scope of this chapter and the structure of the overall dissertation, the initial section could be followed by a statement and explanation of the Aims and Objectives. In many cases, however, this section comes after the section describing the Background
Introduction giving the rationale and background to your work. This also should justify and clearly state your aims and objectives. Introduction giving the rationale and background to your work. This also should justify and clearly state your aims and objectives.
@ -330,9 +565,8 @@ A fairly concise section which summarises your main findings from your results a
* Bibliography :ignore_heading: * Bibliography :ignore_heading:
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\appendix \appendix

15
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% Created 2025-07-28 ن 19:07 % Created 2025-07-30 ر 14:31
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\date{} \date{}
\title{} \title{Influence of manufacturing process on Cavitation Erosion in CoCrWMoCFeNiSiMn (Stellite 1) alloys}
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pdfauthor={Vishakh Pradeep Kumar},
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\usepackage{biblatex} \usepackage{biblatex}
\begin{document} \begin{document}
@ -46,8 +21,6 @@
\author{\\ Supervisor: Dr Rehan Ahmed} \author{\\ Supervisor: Dr Rehan Ahmed}
\address{Heriot-Watt University, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Mechanical Engineering, Dubai} \address{Heriot-Watt University, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Mechanical Engineering, Dubai}
\begin{abstract} \begin{abstract}
A concise summary of the work and main results in no more than 200 words. A concise summary of the work and main results in no more than 200 words.
The lifespan and reliability of components subjected to severe cavitation and corrosion erosion depend critically on material properties and failure mechanisms. The microstructure, and hence performance, of wear-resistant alloys used in such aggressive conditions is not dictated by chemical composition alone but is critically shaped by manufacturing process. % 48 words The lifespan and reliability of components subjected to severe cavitation and corrosion erosion depend critically on material properties and failure mechanisms. The microstructure, and hence performance, of wear-resistant alloys used in such aggressive conditions is not dictated by chemical composition alone but is critically shaped by manufacturing process. % 48 words
@ -56,61 +29,53 @@ However it remains a critical question whether the microstructural refinement ac
Here we show, by directly comparing a cast and a HIPed cobalt alloy (Co30Cr12W2.5C by wt %), that the HIPing route produces a material with superior cavitation erosion and order of magnitude greater corrosion resistance to its cast counterpart. % 38 words Here we show, by directly comparing a cast and a HIPed cobalt alloy (Co30Cr12W2.5C by wt %), that the HIPing route produces a material with superior cavitation erosion and order of magnitude greater corrosion resistance to its cast counterpart. % 38 words
\end{abstract} \end{abstract}
\begin{keyword} \begin{keyword}
3 to 5 keywords here, in the form: keyword \sep keyword 3 to 5 keywords here, in the form: keyword \sep keyword
\end{keyword} \end{keyword}
\end{frontmatter} \end{frontmatter}
\section{Introduction} \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:org1088dc6} \label{sec:orgaaddca7}
Introduction giving the rationale and background to your work. This also should justify and clearly state your aims and objectives. The microstrucuture of stellite alloys consists of a cobalt-chromium solid solution and mixed carbides composed of a metal radical and carbon as listed in \ref{tab:stellite_carbides}.
There are two typical ways of structuring the introduction. The more compact form is to combine the `context' and `literature review' in a single main section, where the context is presented immediately after the section heading (ie, no subsection), and then structure the literature review as subsection within the first section, finishing off with a final subsection which states the aims and objectives as well as a paragraph describing the structure of the remaining paper. \cite{nevilleAqueousCorrosionCobalt2010}
\cite{nevilleAqueousCorrosionCobalt2010}
The more extended form is to separate the context and aims from the literature review. In this case, the first 'Introduction' section presents the context and concludes with the aims and objective plus the paragraph outlining the structure of the remaining paper. The literature review itself will then be the main Section 2, with suitable subsections to structure the material.
The introduction and literature review usually makes up about 20 to 30$\backslash$% of the overall paper. Make sure that all the material is relevant to your research question and your research. An example of a typical balance of the different sections expected in a standard paper is given in Tab.\textasciitilde{}\ref{Tab:method}. However, each dissertation is different, and might end up with a different balance, as long as the overall length is not exceeded. In particular, the number of figures, tables and reference can vary widely (and wildly), very much depending on the type of work carried out.
\begin{table} \begin{table}
\protect\caption{Illustration of relative length of different sections, taken from a representative paper from a previous student.\label{Tab:method}} \protect\caption{Mixed carbides present in Stellite alloys\label{tab:stellite_carbides}}
\begin{tabular}{|l|c|c|} \begin{tabular}{|l|c|c|}
\toprule
Carbide & Comment & Citation \\
\midrule
${M}_{3}{C}_{2}$ & Chromium carbide which forms at low Cr/C ratio & \cite{nevilleAqueousCorrosionCobalt2010} \\
${M}_{7}{C}_{3}$ & Chromium content carbide which forms at a slightly higher Cr/C ratio & \cite{nevilleAqueousCorrosionCobalt2010} \\
${M}_{23}{C}_{6}$ & Chromium content carbide which forms at an higher Cr/C ratio & \cite{nevilleAqueousCorrosionCobalt2010} \\
\hline \hline
Section & Word count & Number of figures and tables\\ ${M}_6{C}$ & refractory metal carbide & \cite{nevilleAqueousCorrosionCobalt2010} \\
\hline \hline ${M}{C}$ & refractory metal carbide & \cite{nevilleAqueousCorrosionCobalt2010} \\
Introduction and Literature Review & 1500 & 2 Figures \\ \bottomrule
\hline
Apparatus and Methods & 1500 & 3 Figures and 2 Tables \\
\hline
Results & 1000 -- 1500 & 5 Figures \\
\hline
Discussion and Conclusions & 1000 -- 1500 & 1 Table \\
\hline
Conclusions and Future work & 500 & 1 Table \\
\hline
References & & 25 -- 35 references; 60\% journal articles, 10\% books, 30\% websites \\
\hline \hline
Total & 6000 & 10 Figures and 3 Tables\tabularnewline
\hline
\end{tabular} \end{tabular}
\end{table} \end{table}
In cobalt-based and iron-based hardfacing alloys, mixed carbides present in the microstructure are composed of a metal radical and carbon for example M7C3, M23C6, M3C2 and MC In hardfacings with a fine microstructure the carbides may be too small to have their corrosion behaviour determined as they are formed in small quantities surrounded by the matrix phase. [27, 28]. The pure commercial versions of these carbides Cr3C2, Cr7C3, Cr23C6, Mo2C, NbC and TiC manufactured by sintering are too brittle to be used as hardfacings however, their large size will enable the corrosion behaviour to be evaluated.
\section{Style guide} \section{Style guide}
\label{sec:orgb42063e} \label{sec:org47e5123}
\subsection{Page and text formatting} \subsection{Page and text formatting}
\label{sec:org30632da} \label{sec:org05098f9}
If you use the provided templates, the style requirements are already the default settings --- so don't tinker with them! This \LaTeX{} template is based on the Elsevier class but using 11pt (instead of the standard 10pt). We use the single-column format for practical reasons. If you use the provided templates, the style requirements are already the default settings --- so don't tinker with them! This \LaTeX{} template is based on the Elsevier class but using 11pt (instead of the standard 10pt). We use the single-column format for practical reasons.
The document has to be prepared for the UK standard paper of A4 size with a text area of 16.45\textasciitilde{}cm by 21.9\textasciitilde{}cm using single columns at a `normal' serif font (e.g., Times New Roman or Cambria) with font size 11pt. The document has to be prepared for the UK standard paper of A4 size with a text area of 16.45\textasciitilde{}cm by 21.9\textasciitilde{}cm using single columns at a `normal' serif font (e.g., Times New Roman or Cambria) with font size 11pt.
\subsection{Word count} \subsection{Word count}
\label{sec:orgf2d52e7} \label{sec:org1744806}
\label{S:Wordcount} \label{S:Wordcount}
The expected word count is between 5000 and 7000 words. The word count includes everything from the start of the Introduction to the end of the Conclusions, including text in figure captions and tables. Excluded from the word count is the front matter (from the title to the end of the abstracts and key words) and the end matter (acknowledgements, references, appendices). The expected word count is between 5000 and 7000 words. The word count includes everything from the start of the Introduction to the end of the Conclusions, including text in figure captions and tables. Excluded from the word count is the front matter (from the title to the end of the abstracts and key words) and the end matter (acknowledgements, references, appendices).
If you try to cheat the word count by having a lot of important information in appendices: remember that appendices only provide supplementary material, not essential material for the assessment. The markers are not required to read any appendix during the marking of the dissertation. If you try to cheat the word count by having a lot of important information in appendices: remember that appendices only provide supplementary material, not essential material for the assessment. The markers are not required to read any appendix during the marking of the dissertation.
\subsubsection{Section and item numbering} \subsubsection{Section and item numbering}
\label{sec:org5ba4b29} \label{sec:orgac2f9d5}
Paragraphs are justified on both sides and start with an indent. Section numbering is numeric, with `section' headings in bold but sub-section and subsub-section headings in italics. Each heading is preceded and followed by some space (about 6pt or half a line). Paragraphs are justified on both sides and start with an indent. Section numbering is numeric, with `section' headings in bold but sub-section and subsub-section headings in italics. Each heading is preceded and followed by some space (about 6pt or half a line).
Figures, tables, and equations are numbered consecutively: Figure 1, Figure 2, Table 1, Table 2, (1), (2), and so on. That means that they are not sub-numbered for each section, so no Figure 1.2. However, a figure might have two or more graphs. In that case, each graph is labelled a), b) and so on. Similarly, equations can be single equations such as Figures, tables, and equations are numbered consecutively: Figure 1, Figure 2, Table 1, Table 2, (1), (2), and so on. That means that they are not sub-numbered for each section, so no Figure 1.2. However, a figure might have two or more graphs. In that case, each graph is labelled a), b) and so on. Similarly, equations can be single equations such as
@ -127,13 +92,13 @@ or they could be a set of equations, using the environment `subequation' from th
When referring to these objects in the text, you can use either `figure\textasciitilde{}\ref{exFigure}', `Figure\textasciitilde{}\ref{exFigure}', or `Fig\textasciitilde{}\ref{exFigure}', as long as you do it consistently. A specific graph in a multi-graph figure would be referred to as, for example Fig.\textasciitilde{}2b. Likewise, for referring to a table, you would use table, Table, or Tab.\textasciitilde{}\ref{Tab:method}, and equations are referred to as Eq.\textasciitilde{}(\ref{eq1}), Equations\textasciitilde{}(\ref{eq2}) or equation\textasciitilde{}(\ref{eq2b}). When referring to these objects in the text, you can use either `figure\textasciitilde{}\ref{exFigure}', `Figure\textasciitilde{}\ref{exFigure}', or `Fig\textasciitilde{}\ref{exFigure}', as long as you do it consistently. A specific graph in a multi-graph figure would be referred to as, for example Fig.\textasciitilde{}2b. Likewise, for referring to a table, you would use table, Table, or Tab.\textasciitilde{}\ref{Tab:method}, and equations are referred to as Eq.\textasciitilde{}(\ref{eq1}), Equations\textasciitilde{}(\ref{eq2}) or equation\textasciitilde{}(\ref{eq2b}).
\subsection{References} \subsection{References}
\label{sec:org08c99a7} \label{sec:org533e9ca}
These must follow the style of the journal used in the `References' at the end of this template, with an example for citing a journal article given by \cite{article}, for a contribution to conference proceedings by \cite{proc1}, and for a book by \cite{book1} or a chapter \citep{bookchapter}. If you do need to refer to websites, for example for data sources, an example is given by \cite{MIDAS} or \citep{web1}. These must follow the style of the journal used in the `References' at the end of this template, with an example for citing a journal article given by \cite{article}, for a contribution to conference proceedings by \cite{proc1}, and for a book by \cite{book1} or a chapter \citep{bookchapter}. If you do need to refer to websites, for example for data sources, an example is given by \cite{MIDAS} or \citep{web1}.
You can create your own *.bib file using EndNote or Mendeley and then extract and format the cited references using BibTeX. You can create your own *.bib file using EndNote or Mendeley and then extract and format the cited references using BibTeX.
\section{Methodology and Apparatus} \section{Methodology and Apparatus}
\label{sec:org272bdc6} \label{sec:org1fb1a9e}
Clear description of how you approached the problem and what you did (NOT, what somebody else should do\ldots{}). Clear description of how you approached the problem and what you did (NOT, what somebody else should do\ldots{}).
@ -141,11 +106,11 @@ This might start with an introductory paragraph providing a high-level descripti
Especially in the description of your experiments or other activities, tables can be useful to summarise the key information, such as Table \ref{Tab:method}. Make sure it is complete but not too complex. Consider putting large tables in an appendix, but keep in mind the role of appendices mentioned in Section\textasciitilde{}\ref{S:Wordcount}. Especially in the description of your experiments or other activities, tables can be useful to summarise the key information, such as Table \ref{Tab:method}. Make sure it is complete but not too complex. Consider putting large tables in an appendix, but keep in mind the role of appendices mentioned in Section\textasciitilde{}\ref{S:Wordcount}.
\section{Results} \section{Results}
\label{sec:org2d9a1dd} \label{sec:orga78acbf}
Describe the results and the results of their analysis Describe the results and the results of their analysis
\subsection{Results and primary analysis} \subsection{Results and primary analysis}
\label{sec:org4b718ba} \label{sec:orgaaf6c24}
Present the primary results in sufficient detail that the reader can get a good insight into what you obtained from your experiments or field work (or whatever you did), but avoid showing many similar graphs. Only show key samples, for example a typical case and a few unusual cases. Here, you will need to make good use of figures, such as that in Fig.\textasciitilde{}\ref{exFigure} Present the primary results in sufficient detail that the reader can get a good insight into what you obtained from your experiments or field work (or whatever you did), but avoid showing many similar graphs. Only show key samples, for example a typical case and a few unusual cases. Here, you will need to make good use of figures, such as that in Fig.\textasciitilde{}\ref{exFigure}
@ -157,15 +122,15 @@ Present the primary results in sufficient detail that the reader can get a good
\label{exFigure} \label{exFigure}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
\subsection{Secondary analysis} \subsection{Secondary analysis}
\label{sec:orgc27b295} \label{sec:org3ffa987}
Try to build up your many results into a systematic analysis which distills the main results and presents them in a clear way in well-designed figures. Try to build up your many results into a systematic analysis which distills the main results and presents them in a clear way in well-designed figures.
\subsection{Uncertainty analysis} \subsection{Uncertainty analysis}
\label{sec:orgce2a3aa} \label{sec:org5ce150e}
Remember: any result is only credible if the reader knows how accurate your results are likely to be. This needs an error analysis or uncertainty analysis of your results. Remember: any result is only credible if the reader knows how accurate your results are likely to be. This needs an error analysis or uncertainty analysis of your results.
\section{Discussion} \section{Discussion}
\label{sec:orgd8496a4} \label{sec:org4b95c58}
Here you need to draw together your various results, discuss what they mean and how reliable they are, using your uncertainty analysis and any other aspects which might limit your results such as explicit or implicit assumptions in your methodology. Then discuss how your results contribute to addressing your aims and objectives, and what your contribution to the wider field is. Here you need to draw together your various results, discuss what they mean and how reliable they are, using your uncertainty analysis and any other aspects which might limit your results such as explicit or implicit assumptions in your methodology. Then discuss how your results contribute to addressing your aims and objectives, and what your contribution to the wider field is.
@ -175,22 +140,22 @@ Another option is to merge the results and discussion into a single `Results and
A third option is to merge the discussion with the conclusions. Here, you run the risk of your main conclusions becoming buried in the discussion, and the reader has to guess a bit as to what your main contribution was. A third option is to merge the discussion with the conclusions. Here, you run the risk of your main conclusions becoming buried in the discussion, and the reader has to guess a bit as to what your main contribution was.
\section{Conclusions} \section{Conclusions}
\label{sec:org76143e5} \label{sec:org4df83f5}
A fairly concise section which summarises your main findings from your results and discussion sections, identifies your contribution to the field, and suggests some further work. A fairly concise section which summarises your main findings from your results and discussion sections, identifies your contribution to the field, and suggests some further work.
\bibliographystyle{elsarticle-num-names} \bibliographystyle{elsarticle-num}
\bibliography{Sample_bib} \bibliography{references}
\appendix \appendix
\section{Essential appendices} \section{Essential appendices}
\label{sec:orgdd3d10a} \label{sec:org4512925}
Essential appendices; ie, detail without which the main paper is difficult to understand should be included here. Essential appendices; ie, detail without which the main paper is difficult to understand should be included here.
\section{List of further material in the Work Progress Report} \section{List of further material in the Work Progress Report}
\label{sec:org96e3802} \label{sec:org0d50b38}
All working material and non-essential appendices must be submitted separately as the `Work Progress Report'. There is no need to refer to that material. However, if you feel that certain sections or files in that report would be useful to the reader, you can list here that material and how to find it in the Work Progress Report submission. All working material and non-essential appendices must be submitted separately as the `Work Progress Report'. There is no need to refer to that material. However, if you feel that certain sections or files in that report would be useful to the reader, you can list here that material and how to find it in the Work Progress Report submission.
\end{document} \end{document}

18
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\babel@toc {english}{}\relax
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {0.0.1}Fundamental Setup (Encoding, Fonts, Language)\hfill {}\textsc {ignore\_heading}}{1}{subsubsection.0.0.1}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1}Introduction}{2}{section.1}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2}Style guide}{2}{section.2}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.1}Page and text formatting}{2}{subsection.2.1}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2}Word count}{3}{subsection.2.2}%
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {2.2.1}Section and item numbering}{3}{subsubsection.2.2.1}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3}References}{3}{subsection.2.3}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3}Methodology and Apparatus}{3}{section.3}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4}Results}{4}{section.4}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.1}Results and primary analysis}{4}{subsection.4.1}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2}Secondary analysis}{4}{subsection.4.2}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3}Uncertainty analysis}{4}{subsection.4.3}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5}Discussion}{4}{section.5}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6}Conclusions}{5}{section.6}%
\let \numberline \tmptocnumberline
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {Appendix~A}Essential appendices}{5}{appendix.A}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {Appendix~B}List of further material in the Work Progress Report}{5}{appendix.B}%

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# What the heck is going on
* Fundamental Setup (Encoding, Fonts, Language) :ignore_heading:
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} % Set input encoding to UTF-8
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} % Use modern 8-bit font encoding
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \usepackage{textcomp} % Provides extra symbols
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \usepackage{mathptmx} % Use Times-like fonts for text and math
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \usepackage{slantsc} % Provides slanted small caps font shape
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \usepackage[english]{babel} % Language-specific settings and hyphenation
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \usepackage{csquotes} % Context-sensitive quotation marks (works well with babel)
# What the heck is going on
* Page Layout & Geometry :ignore_heading:
#+LaTeX_HEADER: % \usepackage[left=4cm, right=2cm, top=2cm, bottom=2cm]{geometry} % Example geometry settings
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \usepackage{fancyhdr} % For custom headers and footers
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \pagestyle{fancy} % Apply the fancy page style
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \usepackage{setspace} % For adjusting line spacing (e.g., \onehalfspacing)
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \usepackage{titlesec} % For customizing section and chapter titles
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \usepackage{pdflscape} % For creating landscape pages
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \usepackage{afterpage} % Execute commands after the current page is shipped out
# What the heck is going on
* Mathematics :ignore_heading:
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \usepackage{amsmath} % Core package for math environments and commands
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \usepackage{amssymb} % Provides additional math symbols
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \usepackage{mathtools} % Extends amsmath with fixes and more tools
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \usepackage{calc} % Allows for arithmetic in LaTeX commands
# What the heck is going on
* Graphics, Figures, and Floats :ignore_heading:
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \usepackage{graphicx} % For including images
# #+LaTeX_HEADER: \graphicspath{{expt/}} % Set path for graphics files
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \usepackage{subcaption} % For subfigures within a figure environment
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \usepackage{wrapfig} % To wrap text around figures
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \usepackage{rotating} % To rotate elements, like figures and tables
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \usepackage{float} % Improves float control (e.g., [H] placement)
# What the heck is going on
* Tables :ignore_heading:
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \usepackage{booktabs} % For professional-quality table rules
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \usepackage{longtable} % For tables that span multiple pages
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \usepackage{multirow} % Create table cells that span multiple rows
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \usepackage{makecell} % For line breaks and advanced formatting within table cells
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \usepackage[flushleft]{threeparttablex} % For tables with notes
# What the heck is going on
* Captions & Typography :ignore_heading:
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \usepackage{subcaption} % Advanced control over subcaptions
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \usepackage{caption} % Advanced control over caption appearance
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \usepackage{capt-of} % To use \captionof for captions outside floats
#+LaTeX_HEADER: % (often not needed if `caption` package is used)
#+LaTeX_HEADER: % required by Org
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \usepackage[normalem]{ulem} % For underlining, striking out text, etc.
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \usepackage{mfirstuc} % For capitalizing the first letter of a word
# What the heck is going on
* Document Structure & References :ignore_heading:
# # Elsevier insists on using natbib for somereason.
# #+LaTeX_HEADER: \usepackage{natbib}
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \biboptions{square,numbers,sort&compress,longnamesfirst,angle,semicolon}
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \usepackage[acronym, nonumberlist]{glossaries} % For creating glossaries and lists of acronyms
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \usepackage{minitoc} % To create mini tables of contents for each chapter/section
#+LaTeX_HEADER: \usepackage{pdfpages} % To include external PDF documents
# What the heck is going on
* Hyperlinks (LOAD LAST) :ignore_heading:
#+LaTeX_HEADER: % For clickable links, bookmarks, and document metadata
# #+LaTeX_HEADER: \usepackage[colorlinks=true,linkcolor=black, citecolor=blue, urlcolor=blue]{hyperref}
# What the hackety heck is going on?
#