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<h1 class="title">Vicker&rsquo;s Hardness Testing</h1>
<div id="table-of-contents" role="doc-toc">
<h2>Table of Contents</h2>
<div id="text-table-of-contents" role="doc-toc">
<ul>
<li><a href="#org1929b8b">1. Relevant ASTM standards</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#org5a4f678">1.1. NoAuthor2018 - Metallic Materials‐Vickers Hardness Test‐Verification and Calibration of Testing Machines</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#orga6d71e2">2. Traditional methods</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#org419c83c">2.1. Thresholding &amp; Segmentation</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#org17841c0">2.1.1. Gadermayr20127432 - The impact of unfocused Vickers indentation images on segmentation performance</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#org9af375e">2.2. Otsu197962 - THRESHOLD SELECTION METHOD FROM GRAY-LEVEL HISTOGRAMS.</a></li>
<li><a href="#org273ff33">2.3. AreaMap Operator</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#orga810920">2.3.1. Maier2012123967509 - The AreaMap operator and its application to Vickers hardness testing images</a></li>
<li><a href="#orgadbc8bb">2.3.2. Maier2013 - Areamap and Gabor filter based Vickers hardness indentation measurement</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#org7548247">2.4. Hough Transform and Line-based methods</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#org4c9db5e">2.4.1. Dominguez-Nicolas2021 - Algorithm for automatic detection and measurement of Vickers indentation hardness using image processing</a></li>
<li><a href="#orga8a607c">2.4.2. Dominguez-Nicolas2018 - Indentation Image Analysis for Vickers Hardness Testing</a></li>
<li><a href="#org90198ad">2.4.3. Gadermayr2012 - Robust algorithm for automated microindentation measurement in Vickers hardness testing</a></li>
<li><a href="#orgc1cbef9">2.4.4. Maier2011295 - Robust automatic indentation localisation and size approximation for Vickers microindentation hardness indentations</a></li>
<li><a href="#org0982bf4">2.4.5. Macedo2006287 - Using Hough transform as an auxiliary technique for Vickers hardness measurement</a></li>
<li><a href="#org95a641f">2.4.6. Mendes2003992 - Automatic measurement of Brinell and Vickers hardness using computer vision techniques</a></li>
<li><a href="#org474abab">2.4.7. Yao2006950 - A hardness measuring method based on Hough fuzzy vertex detection algorithm</a></li>
<li><a href="#orgac16f44">2.4.8. Papari201179 - Edge and line oriented contour detection: State of the art</a></li>
<li><a href="#org4865960">2.4.9. Ji2009 - A new method for automatically measurement of Vickers hardness using thick line Hough transform and least square method</a></li>
<li><a href="#org3a92dc9">2.4.10. Zexian2021 - A Novel coarse-to-fine Localization Algorithm for Automated Vickers Hardness Measurement</a></li>
<li><a href="#org60dfb74">2.4.11. Fedotkin2021357 - Automatic Processing of Microhardness Images Using Computer Vision Methods</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#org5ee9dc3">2.5. Active Contour Detection</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#org053448d">2.5.1. Chan2001266 - Active contours without edges</a></li>
<li><a href="#org45a8861">2.5.2. Cohen1991211 - On active contour models and balloons</a></li>
<li><a href="#org3d8e31d">2.5.3. LimaMoreira2016294 - A novel Vickers hardness measurement technique based on Adaptive Balloon Active Contour Method</a></li>
<li><a href="#org40addfd">2.5.4. Gadermayr20131183 - Active contours methods with respect to Vickers indentations</a></li>
<li><a href="#org881363e">2.5.5. Osher198812 - Fronts propagating with curvature-dependent speed: Algorithms based on Hamilton-Jacobi formulations</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#org348671e">2.6. Depth/Shape through focus</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#orgdce683d">2.6.1. Gadermayr2012149 - Image segmentation of vickers indentations using shape from focus</a></li>
<li><a href="#org0c99986">2.6.2. Gadermayr2012468 - The impact of unfocused Vickers indentation images on the segmentation performance</a></li>
<li><a href="#org1f5eb29">2.6.3. Gadermayr2012362 - Dual-resolution active contours segmentation of vickers indentation images with shape prior initialization</a></li>
<li><a href="#org25122ab">2.6.4. Nayar1992302 - Shape from focus system</a></li>
<li><a href="#org5b88521">2.6.5. Harada2010492 - Robust method for position measurement of vertex of polyhedron using shape from focus</a></li>
<li><a href="#orgdd2c225">2.6.6. Cremers2007195 - A review of statistical approaches to level set segmentation: Integrating color, texture, motion and shape</a></li>
<li><a href="#org057246a">2.6.7. Zhao2021 - Automatic and Accurate Measurement of Microhardness Profile Based on Image Processing</a></li>
<li><a href="#orgb37c02e">2.6.8. Focus Assessment</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#org038c69e">2.7. Texture-based</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#org9a1bcf7">2.7.1. Wang2009624 - Application of fractal dimension and co-occurrence matrices algorithm in material vickers hardness image segmentation</a></li>
<li><a href="#org945ad87">2.7.2. Wang2012451 - Unsupervised texture segmentation based on redundant wavelet transform</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#org4583ddc">2.8. Misc</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#org8febe42">2.8.1. Filho2010 - Brinell and Vickers hardness measurement using image processing and analysis techniques</a></li>
<li><a href="#org1fa9eca">2.8.2. Gadermayr2011 - Algorithms for microindentation measurement in automated Vickers hardness testing</a></li>
<li><a href="#org6814189">2.8.3. Coelho2015249 - Automatic vickers microhardness measurement based on image analysis</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#org3083345">2.9. Polanco2023 - Automatic Method for Vickers Hardness Estimation by Image Processing</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#org0d2eb9a">3. Propagation of Error</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#org7cacd3f">3.1. Gontarski2022 - Weightings on the Propagation of Errors in the Vickers Hardness Parameters</a></li>
<li><a href="#orgb7bf64d">3.2. Dijmarescu2020 - Design and Development of a Software for the Estimation of the Vickers Hardness Measurement Uncertainty</a></li>
<li><a href="#org9da24bc">3.3. Elizabeth2019317 - Measurement Uncertainty Evaluation in Vickers Hardness Scale Using Law of Propagation of Uncertainty and Monte Carlo Simulation</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#org54a660b">4. Vickers using Machine learning</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#orgf927621">4.1. Li20241 - Lightweight Segmentation Neural Networks for Measuring Vickers Hardness</a></li>
<li><a href="#orgd67de90">4.2. Chen20221043 - Automatic Measurement Algorithm for Brinell Indentations Based on Convolutional Neural Network</a></li>
<li><a href="#orga446582">4.3. Tanaka2019 - Measuring Brinell hardness indentation by using a convolutional neural network</a></li>
<li><a href="#org82393c4">4.4. Cheng2022 - Vickers Hardness Value Test via Multi-Task Learning Convolutional Neural Networks and Image Augmentation</a></li>
<li><a href="#org7963def">4.5. Dovale-Farelo2022 - Vickers hardness prediction from machine learning methods</a></li>
<li><a href="#orgd1b878c">4.6. Jalilian20213 - Deep Learning Based Automated Vickers Hardness Measurement</a></li>
<li><a href="#orge01bb7e">4.7. Cai2023 - Automatic Vickers Hardness Measurement With Neural Network Segmentation</a></li>
<li><a href="#orgee37062">4.8. Li2021 - Automated measurement of Vickers hardness using image segmentation with neural networks</a></li>
<li><a href="#org6288a5a">4.9. Tanaka2018 - Vickers hardness measurement by using convolutional neural network</a></li>
<li><a href="#org0a06a53">4.10. Tanaka20201345 - Automated Vickers hardness measurement using convolutional neural networks</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#org8fa53b5">5. Papers that look at the material properties</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#orgffd74e4">5.1. Sangwal2003511 - Analysis of the indentation size effect in the microhardness measurement of some cobalt-based alloys</a></li>
<li><a href="#org5f74b2d">5.2. Kang2010337 - Conventional Vickers and true instrumented indentation hardness determined by instrumented indentation tests</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#org3bc5c54">6. Review papers</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#org5c30701">6.1. Sugimoto1997696 - Development of an automatic Vickers hardness testing system using image processing technology</a></li>
<li><a href="#orgd46054d">6.2. Leta2015413 - Metrology by image: Discussing the accuracy of the results</a></li>
<li><a href="#orge96818d">6.3. Baldner2020265 - A Review on Computer Vision Applied to Mechanical Tests in Search for Better Accuracy</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<p>
Hardness is not a fundamental property of a material but is a measure of the resistance a material exhibits to permanent deformation by penetration of another harder material - the less deformation, the harder the substance \footnote{The relationship between hardness and other properties will be discussed in the following sections}. It is commonly used for quality assurance in industry, particularly to determine the success or failure of a particular heat treatment.
</p>
<p>
The resistance to deformation is:
H = F/A
</p>
<p>
where F is the test force and A is the indentation surface
</p>
<p>
Microhardness testing is ideal for precise sampling of a small region, for a very thin part, a soft sample, or a material with either hard or soft particles you wish to include or exclude from the field of measurement.
The Knoop and Vickers indenters have different aspect ratios. Knoop indenters are elongated and better suited for more precise measurements of layers or for measurements at specific depths. Vickers indenters are more symmetric and better suited for particle hardness measurements.
</p>
<p>
Vicker&rsquo;s indenter is a straight diamond pyramid (with a square
base) with an angle between opposite faces of 136 degrees.
</p>
<p>
This form of indenter form has a special advantage - if we assume that the test force and indentation surface are proportional to each other for a given material&rsquo;s hardness, the Vicker&rsquo;s hardness value is independent of the selected test force. In spite of this regularity, a test force independence occurs in most cases for small indentations, for reasons such as surface tension.
</p>
<div id="outline-container-org1929b8b" class="outline-2">
<h2 id="org1929b8b"><span class="section-number-2">1.</span> Relevant ASTM standards</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-1">
<p>
To be able to compare hardness values, the equipment, testing procedures, testing method, and evaluation must correspond to particular standards. The following ASTM standards describe the various hardness testing procedures. See Section 12.4.2 for more standards on hardness.
</p>
<p>
Standard Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines E 4
Standard Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials E 10
Standard Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness and Rockwell Superficial Hardness of Metallic Materials E 18
Standard Test Method for Rapid Indentation Hardness Testing of Metallic Materials E 103
Standard Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Metallic Materials by Portable Hardness Testers E 110
Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals Relationship Between Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, Rockwell Hardness, Rockwell Superficial Hardness, Knoop Hard-ness and Scleroscope Hardness E 140
Standard Practice for Scleroscope Hardness Testing of Metallic Materials E 448
Standard Test Method for Microindentation Hardness of Materials E 384
Standard Test Method for Vickers Hardness of Metallic Materials E 92
</p>
<p>
At Vickers hardness testing E 92 the distance between the center of the indenta-
tion and the specimen edge and between the center of two indentations should be
2.5d. When laminated material is tested, a bond surface shall be considered as an
edge for spacing of indentation calculations.
</p>
<p>
As the test force or indentation size, or both, decrease, the influence of the speci-
men surface increases. A carefully smoothed and cleaned surface is sufficient when
macro testing, but when micro testing, the specimen must be metallographically/
materialographically prepared to remove any disruptive roughness or solidified sur-
face layers. If smoothing and polishing are insufficient, the surface can be electrolyti-
cally or chemically treated to have access to mechanically undisrupted areas. If
individual structural constituents are to be tested, additional phase contrasting, for ex-
ample by means of etching, is necessary.
</p>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org5a4f678" class="outline-3">
<h3 id="org5a4f678"><span class="section-number-3">1.1.</span> NoAuthor2018 - Metallic Materials‐Vickers Hardness Test‐Verification and Calibration of Testing Machines</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-1-1">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bibtex"> <span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">@ARTICLE</span>{<span style="color: #673AB7;">NoAuthor2018</span>,
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">journal</span>={Metallic Materials&#8208;Vickers Hardness Test&#8208;Verification and Calibration of Testing Machines},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">year</span>={2018},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">note</span>={cited By 13},
}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-orga6d71e2" class="outline-2">
<h2 id="orga6d71e2"><span class="section-number-2">2.</span> Traditional methods</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-2">
<p>
Traditional simply means through image processing and not through machine learning, not old.
</p>
<p>
<a href="#org474abab">2.4.7</a>
<a href="#org4865960">2.4.9</a>
<a href="#org6814189">2.8.3</a>
<a href="#org8febe42">2.8.1</a>
<a href="#org1fa9eca">2.8.2</a>
<a href="#org90198ad">2.4.3</a>
<a href="#orgadbc8bb">2.3.2</a>
<a href="#orga810920">2.3.1</a>
<a href="#org5c30701">6.1</a>
<a href="#org3a92dc9">2.4.10</a>
<a href="#org90198ad">2.4.3</a>
<a href="#orgc1cbef9">2.4.4</a>
<a href="#org60dfb74">2.4.11</a>
<a href="#org3083345">2.9</a>
<a href="#org057246a">2.6.7</a>
<a href="#org4c9db5e">2.4.1</a>
<a href="#org474abab">2.4.7</a>
<a href="#org4865960">2.4.9</a>
<a href="#org5f74b2d">5.2</a>
<a href="#org8febe42">2.8.1</a>
<a href="#org17841c0">2.1.1</a>
<a href="#org90198ad">2.4.3</a>
<a href="#orga810920">2.3.1</a>
<a href="#orgadbc8bb">2.3.2</a>
<a href="#org1fa9eca">2.8.2</a>
<a href="#org1f5eb29">2.6.3</a>
<a href="#orgac16f44">2.4.8</a>
<a href="#org6814189">2.8.3</a>
<a href="#orga8a607c">2.4.2</a>
<a href="#org3d8e31d">2.5.3</a>
</p>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org419c83c" class="outline-3">
<h3 id="org419c83c"><span class="section-number-3">2.1.</span> Thresholding &amp; Segmentation</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-2-1">
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org17841c0" class="outline-4">
<h4 id="org17841c0"><span class="section-number-4">2.1.1.</span> Gadermayr20127432 - The impact of unfocused Vickers indentation images on segmentation performance</h4>
<div class="outline-text-4" id="text-2-1-1">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bibtex">
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">@ARTICLE</span>{<span style="color: #673AB7;">Gadermayr20127432</span>,
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author</span>={Gadermayr, M and Maier, A and Uhl, A},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">title</span>={The impact of unfocused Vickers indentation images on segmentation performance},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">journal</span>={Advances in Visual Computing ISVC 2012 Lecture Notes Computer Science},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">year</span>={2012},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">pages</span>={7432},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">note</span>={cited By 1},
}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org9af375e" class="outline-3">
<h3 id="org9af375e"><span class="section-number-3">2.2.</span> Otsu197962 - THRESHOLD SELECTION METHOD FROM GRAY-LEVEL HISTOGRAMS.</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-2-2">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bibtex"><span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">@ARTICLE</span>{<span style="color: #673AB7;">Otsu197962</span>,
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author</span>={Otsu, Nobuyuki},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">title</span>={THRESHOLD SELECTION METHOD FROM GRAY-LEVEL HISTOGRAMS.},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">journal</span>={IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">year</span>={1979},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">volume</span>={SMC-9},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">number</span>={1},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">pages</span>={62-66},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">doi</span>={<span style="color: #673AB7;">10.1109/tsmc.1979.4310076</span>},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">note</span>={cited By 31932},
}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org273ff33" class="outline-3">
<h3 id="org273ff33"><span class="section-number-3">2.3.</span> AreaMap Operator</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-2-3">
</div>
<div id="outline-container-orga810920" class="outline-4">
<h4 id="orga810920"><span class="section-number-4">2.3.1.</span> Maier2012123967509 - The AreaMap operator and its application to Vickers hardness testing images</h4>
<div class="outline-text-4" id="text-2-3-1">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bibtex"><span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">@ARTICLE</span>{<span style="color: #673AB7;">Maier2012123967509</span>,
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author</span>={Maier, A and Uhl, A},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">title</span>={The AreaMap operator and its application to Vickers hardness testing images},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">journal</span>={Int. J. Future Gener. Commun. Netw},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">year</span>={2012},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">volume</span>={5},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">pages</span>={123967509},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">note</span>={cited By 1},
}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-orgadbc8bb" class="outline-4">
<h4 id="orgadbc8bb"><span class="section-number-4">2.3.2.</span> Maier2013 - Areamap and Gabor filter based Vickers hardness indentation measurement</h4>
<div class="outline-text-4" id="text-2-3-2">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bibtex"><span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">@CONFERENCE</span>{<span style="color: #673AB7;">Maier2013</span>,
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author</span>={Maier, A. and Uhl, A.},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">title</span>={Areamap and Gabor filter based Vickers hardness indentation measurement},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">journal</span>={European Signal Processing Conference},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">year</span>={2013},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">art_number</span>={6811569},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">note</span>={cited By 7},
}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org7548247" class="outline-3">
<h3 id="org7548247"><span class="section-number-3">2.4.</span> Hough Transform and Line-based methods</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-2-4">
<p>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hough_transform">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hough_transform</a>
</p>
<p>
<a href="#org0982bf4">2.4.5</a>
<a href="#org95a641f">2.4.6</a>
</p>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org4c9db5e" class="outline-4">
<h4 id="org4c9db5e"><span class="section-number-4">2.4.1.</span> Dominguez-Nicolas2021 - Algorithm for automatic detection and measurement of Vickers indentation hardness using image processing</h4>
<div class="outline-text-4" id="text-2-4-1">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bibtex"><span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">@ARTICLE</span>{<span style="color: #673AB7;">Dominguez-Nicolas2021</span>,
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author</span>={Dom&#237;nguez-Nicolas, S.M. and Herrera-May, A.L. and Garc&#237;a-Gonz&#225;lez, L. and Zamora-Peredo, L. and Hern&#225;ndez-Torres, J. and Mart&#237;nez-Castillo, J. and Morales-Gonz&#225;lez, E.A. and Cer&#243;n-&#193;lvarez, C.A. and Escobar-P&#233;rez, A.},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">title</span>={Algorithm for automatic detection and measurement of Vickers indentation hardness using image processing},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">year</span>={2021},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">journal</span>={Measurement Science and Technology},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">volume</span>={32},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">number</span>={1},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">doi</span>={<span style="color: #673AB7;">10.1088/1361-6501/abaa66</span>},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">url</span>={<span style="color: #673AB7;">https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85095813483&amp;doi=10.1088</span><span style="color: #90A4AE;">%2f1361-6501%2fabaa66&amp;partnerID=40&amp;md5=845343f4d30261586943a8462c79efc2},</span>
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">abstract</span>={In this paper, we present a novel algorithm for the automatic detection and measurement of Vickers indentation hardness, using image processing. This algorithm uses image segmentation via binarization, automatically evaluating the mean and extreme gray values by means of standard histogram equalization so as to determine the optimal binarization threshold from each input image. We use a morphological filter and region growing to identify the indentation footprint. Our algorithm determines the four indentation vertices required to calculate diagonal lengths and Vickers hardness number. This algorithm is applied to 230 indentation images of steel-316 and hafnium nitride specimens, obtained using a micro hardness machine. The proposed algorithm can measure the Vickers hardness number of specimens using their indentation images. The algorithm results have a relative error of less than 3<span style="color: #90A4AE;">% with respect to those obtained through a conventional manual procedure. This algorithm can be used for indentation images with low contrast and irregular indentation edges. &#169; 2020 IOP Publishing Ltd Printed in the UK},</span>
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author_keywords</span>={Algorithm; Image processing; Indentation; Non-destructive testing; Vickers hardness},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">keywords</span>={Edge detection; Elastic moduli; Hafnium compounds; Image segmentation; Microhardness; Vickers hardness; Automatic Detection; Binarization threshold; Hafnium nitrides; Histogram equalizations; Indentation edge; Morphological filters; Vickers hardness numbers; Vickers indentation; Indentation},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">type</span>={Article},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">publication_stage</span>={Final},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">source</span>={Scopus},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">note</span>={Cited by: 7}
}
</pre>
</div>
<p>
<a href="#org474abab">2.4.7</a>
<a href="#org4865960">2.4.9</a>
<a href="#org5f74b2d">5.2</a>
<a href="#org8febe42">2.8.1</a>
<a href="#org17841c0">2.1.1</a>
<a href="#org90198ad">2.4.3</a>
<a href="#orga810920">2.3.1</a>
<a href="#orgadbc8bb">2.3.2</a>
<a href="#org1fa9eca">2.8.2</a>
<a href="#org1f5eb29">2.6.3</a>
<a href="#orgac16f44">2.4.8</a>
<a href="#org6814189">2.8.3</a>
<a href="#orga8a607c">2.4.2</a>
<a href="#org3d8e31d">2.5.3</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-orga8a607c" class="outline-4">
<h4 id="orga8a607c"><span class="section-number-4">2.4.2.</span> Dominguez-Nicolas2018 - Indentation Image Analysis for Vickers Hardness Testing</h4>
<div class="outline-text-4" id="text-2-4-2">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bibtex"><span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">@CONFERENCE</span>{<span style="color: #673AB7;">Dominguez-Nicolas2018</span>,
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author</span>={Dominguez-Nicolas, Saul M. and Wiederhold, Petra},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">title</span>={Indentation Image Analysis for Vickers Hardness Testing},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">year</span>={2018},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">journal</span>={2018 15th International Conference on Electrical Engineering, Computing Science and Automatic Control, CCE 2018},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">doi</span>={<span style="color: #673AB7;">10.1109/ICEEE.2018.8533881</span>},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">url</span>={<span style="color: #673AB7;">https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85058450690&amp;doi=10.1109</span><span style="color: #90A4AE;">%2fICEEE.2018.8533881&amp;partnerID=40&amp;md5=c0246c530ebdd96633f00bcd79c00a05},</span>
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">abstract</span>={The paper presents a novel algorithm for detection and measurement of indentations in Vickers hardness testing images, within a specific case of applied research on material quality evaluation based on image processing. The algorithm performs image segmentation by binarization, morphological filtering, and region growing, where the binarization threshold is automatically obtained from the input image. After identification of the rhombus shaped indentation footprint, its four vertices are determined using corner detection, which are used to calculate the diagonal lengths and the Vickers hardness number. The proposed procedure has been tested on 185 images of real data obtained by the micro hardness machine Mitutoyo HM-124, mostly from Steel-316 specimens, but also from Hafnium Nitride. Test images include specular-polished and rough surfaces, specimen with artifacts or imperfections, indentations with deformed or damaged edges, and low contrast images. Ground true diagonal lengths obtained in the conventional manual manner by an expert were compared with the results determined by our method. The proposed method achieves competitive accuracy compared to the best known methods, but it is simpler and hence more efficient. &#169; 2018 IEEE.},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author_keywords</span>={Indentation image; Indentation vertex; Vickers hardness number; Vickers hardness test},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">keywords</span>={Automation; Edge detection; Elastic moduli; Hafnium compounds; Image segmentation; Microhardness; Process control; Vickers hardness; Vickers hardness testing; Applied research; Binarization threshold; Corner detection; Hafnium nitrides; Low contrast image; Material quality; Morphological filtering; Vickers hardness numbers; Indentation},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">type</span>={Conference paper},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">publication_stage</span>={Final},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">source</span>={Scopus},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">note</span>={Cited by: 9}
}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org90198ad" class="outline-4">
<h4 id="org90198ad"><span class="section-number-4">2.4.3.</span> Gadermayr2012 - Robust algorithm for automated microindentation measurement in Vickers hardness testing</h4>
<div class="outline-text-4" id="text-2-4-3">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bibtex"> <span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">@ARTICLE</span>{<span style="color: #673AB7;">Gadermayr2012</span>,
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author</span>={Gadermayr, M. and Maier, A. and Uhl, A.},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">title</span>={Robust algorithm for automated microindentation measurement in Vickers hardness testing},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">journal</span>={Journal of Electronic Imaging},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">year</span>={2012},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">volume</span>={21},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">number</span>={2},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">doi</span>={<span style="color: #673AB7;">10.1117/1.JEI.21.2.021109</span>},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">art_number</span>={021109},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">note</span>={cited By 12},
}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-orgc1cbef9" class="outline-4">
<h4 id="orgc1cbef9"><span class="section-number-4">2.4.4.</span> Maier2011295 - Robust automatic indentation localisation and size approximation for Vickers microindentation hardness indentations</h4>
<div class="outline-text-4" id="text-2-4-4">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bibtex"> <span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">@CONFERENCE</span>{<span style="color: #673AB7;">Maier2011295</span>,
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author</span>={Maier, A. and Uhl, A.},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">title</span>={Robust automatic indentation localisation and size approximation for Vickers microindentation hardness indentations},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">journal</span>={ISPA 2011 - 7th International Symposium on Image and Signal Processing and Analysis},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">year</span>={2011},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">pages</span>={295-300},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">art_number</span>={6046622},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">note</span>={cited By 12},
}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org0982bf4" class="outline-4">
<h4 id="org0982bf4"><span class="section-number-4">2.4.5.</span> Macedo2006287 - Using Hough transform as an auxiliary technique for Vickers hardness measurement</h4>
<div class="outline-text-4" id="text-2-4-5">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bibtex"><span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">@ARTICLE</span>{<span style="color: #673AB7;">Macedo2006287</span>,
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author</span>={Macedo, M. and Mendes, V.B. and Conci, A. and Leta, F.R.},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">title</span>={Using hough transform as an auxiliary technique for vickers hardness measurement},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">journal</span>={Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Systems, Signals and Image Processin (IWSSIP'06)},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">year</span>={2006},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">pages</span>={287-290},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">note</span>={cited By 12},
}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org95a641f" class="outline-4">
<h4 id="org95a641f"><span class="section-number-4">2.4.6.</span> Mendes2003992 - Automatic measurement of Brinell and Vickers hardness using computer vision techniques</h4>
<div class="outline-text-4" id="text-2-4-6">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bibtex"><span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">@ARTICLE</span>{<span style="color: #673AB7;">Mendes2003992</span>,
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author</span>={Mendes, V. and Leta, F.},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">title</span>={Automatic measurement of Brinell and Vickers hardness using computer vision techniques},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">journal</span>={Proceedings of the XVII IMEKO World Congress},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">year</span>={2003},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">pages</span>={992-995},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">note</span>={cited By 16},
}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org474abab" class="outline-4">
<h4 id="org474abab"><span class="section-number-4">2.4.7.</span> Yao2006950 - A hardness measuring method based on Hough fuzzy vertex detection algorithm</h4>
<div class="outline-text-4" id="text-2-4-7">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bibtex"><span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">@ARTICLE</span>{<span style="color: #673AB7;">Yao2006950</span>,
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author</span>={Yao, L. and Fang, C.-H.},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">title</span>={A hardness measuring method based on Hough fuzzy vertex detection algorithm},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">journal</span>={IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">year</span>={2006},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">volume</span>={53},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">number</span>={3},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">pages</span>={950-962},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">doi</span>={<span style="color: #673AB7;">10.1109/TIE.2006.874259</span>},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">note</span>={cited By 19},
}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-orgac16f44" class="outline-4">
<h4 id="orgac16f44"><span class="section-number-4">2.4.8.</span> Papari201179 - Edge and line oriented contour detection: State of the art</h4>
<div class="outline-text-4" id="text-2-4-8">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bibtex"><span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">@ARTICLE</span>{<span style="color: #673AB7;">Papari201179</span>,
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author</span>={Papari, G. and Petkov, N.},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">title</span>={Edge and line oriented contour detection: State of the art},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">journal</span>={Image and Vision Computing},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">year</span>={2011},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">volume</span>={29},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">number</span>={2-3},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">pages</span>={79-103},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">doi</span>={<span style="color: #673AB7;">10.1016/j.imavis.2010.08.009</span>},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">note</span>={cited By 310},
}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org4865960" class="outline-4">
<h4 id="org4865960"><span class="section-number-4">2.4.9.</span> Ji2009 - A new method for automatically measurement of Vickers hardness using thick line Hough transform and least square method</h4>
<div class="outline-text-4" id="text-2-4-9">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bibtex"><span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">@CONFERENCE</span>{<span style="color: #673AB7;">Ji2009</span>,
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author</span>={Ji, Y. and Xu, A.},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">title</span>={A new method for automatically measurement of Vickers hardness using thick line Hough transform and least square method},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">journal</span>={Proceedings of the 2009 2nd International Congress on Image and Signal Processing, CISP'09},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">year</span>={2009},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">doi</span>={<span style="color: #673AB7;">10.1109/CISP.2009.5305653</span>},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">art_number</span>={5305653},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">note</span>={cited By 21},
}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org3a92dc9" class="outline-4">
<h4 id="org3a92dc9"><span class="section-number-4">2.4.10.</span> Zexian2021 - A Novel coarse-to-fine Localization Algorithm for Automated Vickers Hardness Measurement</h4>
<div class="outline-text-4" id="text-2-4-10">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bibtex"> <span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">@CONFERENCE</span>{<span style="color: #673AB7;">Zexian2021</span>,
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author</span>={Zexian, L. and Feng, Y.},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">title</span>={A Novel coarse-to-fine Localization Algorithm for Automated Vickers Hardness Measurement},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">journal</span>={Journal of Physics: Conference Series},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">year</span>={2021},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">volume</span>={1996},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">number</span>={1},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">doi</span>={<span style="color: #673AB7;">10.1088/1742-6596/1996/1/012001</span>},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">art_number</span>={012001},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">note</span>={cited By 3},
}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org60dfb74" class="outline-4">
<h4 id="org60dfb74"><span class="section-number-4">2.4.11.</span> Fedotkin2021357 - Automatic Processing of Microhardness Images Using Computer Vision Methods</h4>
<div class="outline-text-4" id="text-2-4-11">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bibtex"> <span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">@ARTICLE</span>{<span style="color: #673AB7;">Fedotkin2021357</span>,
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author</span>={Fedotkin, A.P. and Laktionov, I.V. and Kravchuk, K.S. and Maslenikov, I.I. and Useinov, A.S.},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">title</span>={Automatic Processing of Microhardness Images Using Computer Vision Methods},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">journal</span>={Instruments and Experimental Techniques},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">year</span>={2021},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">volume</span>={64},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">number</span>={3},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">pages</span>={357-362},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">doi</span>={<span style="color: #673AB7;">10.1134/S0020441221030180</span>},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">note</span>={cited By 5},
}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org5ee9dc3" class="outline-3">
<h3 id="org5ee9dc3"><span class="section-number-3">2.5.</span> Active Contour Detection</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-2-5">
<p>
<a href="#org053448d">2.5.1</a>
<a href="#org45a8861">2.5.2</a>
<a href="#org40addfd">2.5.4</a>
</p>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org053448d" class="outline-4">
<h4 id="org053448d"><span class="section-number-4">2.5.1.</span> Chan2001266 - Active contours without edges</h4>
<div class="outline-text-4" id="text-2-5-1">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bibtex"><span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">@ARTICLE</span>{<span style="color: #673AB7;">Chan2001266</span>,
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author</span>={Chan, T.F. and Vese, L.A.},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">title</span>={Active contours without edges},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">journal</span>={IEEE Transactions on Image Processing},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">year</span>={2001},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">volume</span>={10},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">number</span>={2},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">pages</span>={266-277},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">doi</span>={<span style="color: #673AB7;">10.1109/83.902291</span>},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">note</span>={cited By 9291},
}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org45a8861" class="outline-4">
<h4 id="org45a8861"><span class="section-number-4">2.5.2.</span> Cohen1991211 - On active contour models and balloons</h4>
<div class="outline-text-4" id="text-2-5-2">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bibtex"><span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">@ARTICLE</span>{<span style="color: #673AB7;">Cohen1991211</span>,
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author</span>={Cohen, L.D.},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">title</span>={On active contour models and balloons},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">journal</span>={CVGIP: Image Understanding},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">year</span>={1991},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">volume</span>={53},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">number</span>={2},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">pages</span>={211-218},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">doi</span>={<span style="color: #673AB7;">10.1016/1049-9660(91)90028-N</span>},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">note</span>={cited By 1828},
}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org3d8e31d" class="outline-4">
<h4 id="org3d8e31d"><span class="section-number-4">2.5.3.</span> LimaMoreira2016294 - A novel Vickers hardness measurement technique based on Adaptive Balloon Active Contour Method</h4>
<div class="outline-text-4" id="text-2-5-3">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bibtex"> <span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">@ARTICLE</span>{<span style="color: #673AB7;">LimaMoreira2016294</span>,
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author</span> = {Lima Moreira, Francisco Diego and Kleinberg, Maur&#237;cio Nunes and Arruda, Hemerson Furtado and Costa Freitas, Francisco N&#233;lio and Valente Parente, Marcelo Monteiro and De Albuquerque, Victor Hugo Costa and Rebou&#231;as Filho, Pedro Pedrosa},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">title</span> = {A novel Vickers hardness measurement technique based on Adaptive Balloon Active Contour Method},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">year</span> = {2016},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">journal</span> = {Expert Systems with Applications},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">volume</span> = {45},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">pages</span> = {294 &#8211; 306},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">doi</span> = {<span style="color: #673AB7;">10.1016/j.eswa.2015.09.025</span>},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">url</span> = {<span style="color: #673AB7;">https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84946234376&amp;doi=10.1016</span><span style="color: #90A4AE;">%2fj.eswa.2015.09.025&amp;partnerID=40&amp;md5=db1918b7a7f7a4e31a52b0837821fa93},</span>
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">abstract</span> = {Among the forms of assessment of materials to use in a particular application there is the measuring systems of Vickers hardness. This measurement is performed manually by experts, being very interpretative and subjective, which usually leads to variability of the Vickers hardness value between observers and even for the same observer. The experience of the skilled in measurement will determine if the material can be used for an application or not. There are some works use traditional methods to perform the measurement of Vickers hardness for Digital Image Processing (DIP). This work's main objective has been to propose a new methodology capable of determining the Vickers Hardness testing values from indentation images by using the Adaptive Balloon Active Contour Methods. The results of the hardness measurement using the Adaptive Balloon Active Contour Method (ABACM) were significant compared to other methods, by observing the MSE obtained from the measured Vickers hardness, the value by obtained ABACM method is three times lower than the Region Growing method, and five times lower than Watershed method. In addition, the measurement method was carried out in 1.2 &#177; 0.3 s. The proposed method stands out for not requiring pre-processing and post-processing steps, because its mathematical formulation is robust to noise in this application. It is worth highlighting que Significantly cam close to the two specialists, Demonstrating que can be used to aid in measuring the Vickers hardness. &#169; 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author_keywords</span> = {Active Contour Method; Adaptive Balloon; Image segmentation; Vickers hardness},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">keywords</span> = {Balloons; Image processing; Image segmentation; Vickers hardness testing; Active contour method; Digital image processing (DIP); Hardness measurement; Mathematical formulation; Measurement methods; Measuring systems; Region growing methods; Vickers hardness measurements; Vickers hardness},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">type</span> = {Article},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">publication_stage</span> = {Final},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">source</span> = {Scopus},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">note</span> = {Cited by: 31}
}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org40addfd" class="outline-4">
<h4 id="org40addfd"><span class="section-number-4">2.5.4.</span> Gadermayr20131183 - Active contours methods with respect to Vickers indentations</h4>
<div class="outline-text-4" id="text-2-5-4">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bibtex"> <span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">@ARTICLE</span>{<span style="color: #673AB7;">Gadermayr20131183</span>,
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author</span> = {Gadermayr, Michael and Maier, Andreas and Uhl, Andreas},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">title</span> = {Active contours methods with respect to Vickers indentations},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">year</span> = {2013},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">journal</span> = {Machine Vision and Applications},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">volume</span> = {24},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">number</span> = {6},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">pages</span> = {1183 &#8211; 1196},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">doi</span> = {<span style="color: #673AB7;">10.1007/s00138-012-0478-5</span>},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">url</span> = {<span style="color: #673AB7;">https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84880824940&amp;doi=10.1007</span><span style="color: #90A4AE;">%2fs00138-012-0478-5&amp;partnerID=40&amp;md5=7eae8fca4224ccd8fffb1e0ba41c7d93},</span>
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">abstract</span> = {We investigate different Vickers indentation segmentation methods and especially concentrate on active contours approaches as these techniques are known to be precise state of the art segmentation methods. Particularly, different kinds of level set-based methods which are improvements of the traditional active contours are analyzed. In order to circumvent the initialization problem of active contours, we separate the segmentation process into two stages. For the first stage, we introduce an approach which approximately locates the indentations with a high certainty. The results achieved with this method serve as initializations for the precise active contours (second stage). This two-stage approach delivers highly precise results for most real world indentation images. However, there are images, which are very difficult to segment. To handle even such images, our segmentation method is incorporated with the Shape from Focus approach, by including 3D information. In order to decrease the overall runtime, moreover, a gradual enhancement approach based on unfocused images is introduced. With three different databases, we compare the proposed methods and we show that the segmentation accuracy of these methods is highly competitive compared with other approaches in the literature. &#169; 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author_keywords</span> = {Active contours; Focus; Shape Prior; Vickers},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">keywords</span> = {Focusing; Indentation; Numerical methods; Active contours; Initialization Problem; Segmentation accuracy; Segmentation methods; Segmentation process; Shape priors; Two-stage approaches; Vickers; Image segmentation},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">type</span> = {Article},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">publication_stage</span> = {Final},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">source</span> = {Scopus},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">note</span> = {Cited by: 10}
}
</pre>
</div>
<p>
<a href="#org90198ad">2.4.3</a>
<a href="#org1fa9eca">2.8.2</a>
<a href="#orgc1cbef9">2.4.4</a>
<a href="#org25122ab">2.6.4</a>
<a href="#org5b88521">2.6.5</a>
<a href="#org881363e">2.5.5</a>
<a href="#orgdd2c225">2.6.6</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org881363e" class="outline-4">
<h4 id="org881363e"><span class="section-number-4">2.5.5.</span> Osher198812 - Fronts propagating with curvature-dependent speed: Algorithms based on Hamilton-Jacobi formulations</h4>
<div class="outline-text-4" id="text-2-5-5">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bibtex">
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">@ARTICLE</span>{<span style="color: #673AB7;">Osher198812</span>,
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author</span>={Osher, S. and Sethian, J.A.},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">title</span>={Fronts propagating with curvature-dependent speed: Algorithms based on Hamilton-Jacobi formulations},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">journal</span>={Journal of Computational Physics},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">year</span>={1988},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">volume</span>={79},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">number</span>={1},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">pages</span>={12-49},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">doi</span>={<span style="color: #673AB7;">10.1016/0021-9991(88)90002-2</span>},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">note</span>={cited By 11814},
}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org348671e" class="outline-3">
<h3 id="org348671e"><span class="section-number-3">2.6.</span> Depth/Shape through focus</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-2-6">
<p>
<a href="#org0c99986">2.6.2</a> claims that use of Shape-from-Focus information is advantageos in images where traditional methods decrease.
</p>
<p>
<a href="#orgdce683d">2.6.1</a>
<a href="#org0c99986">2.6.2</a>
<a href="#org40addfd">2.5.4</a>
<a href="#org25122ab">2.6.4</a>
<a href="#org5b88521">2.6.5</a>
<a href="#orgdd2c225">2.6.6</a>
<a href="#org057246a">2.6.7</a>
</p>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-orgdce683d" class="outline-4">
<h4 id="orgdce683d"><span class="section-number-4">2.6.1.</span> Gadermayr2012149 - Image segmentation of vickers indentations using shape from focus</h4>
<div class="outline-text-4" id="text-2-6-1">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bibtex"><span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">@ARTICLE</span>{<span style="color: #673AB7;">Gadermayr2012149</span>,
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author</span>={Gadermayr, Michael and Uhl, Andreas},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">title</span>={Image segmentation of vickers indentations using shape from focus},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">year</span>={2012},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">journal</span>={Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics)},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">volume</span>={7324 LNCS},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">number</span>={PART 1},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">pages</span>={149&#8211;157},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">doi</span>={<span style="color: #673AB7;">10.1007/978-3-642-31295-3_18</span>},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">url</span>={<span style="color: #673AB7;">https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84864128731&amp;doi=10.1007</span><span style="color: #90A4AE;">%2f978-3-642-31295-3_18&amp;partnerID=40&amp;md5=7adb00f5fd3df6de04ae8cf17e3e478f},</span>
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">abstract</span>={To measure the hardness of a material, an indenter is pressed into the material and the deformation is measured. As we focus on Vickers hardness testing, our exercise is to compute the diagonal lengths of a square indentation. We especially investigate if it is possible to reconstruct the shape of the indentation by the use of the Shape-from-Focus method. We show that the shape information alone does not contain enough information for a robust segmentation. However, we incorporate the depth information into an effective existing approach and achieve significantly better results. &#169; 2012 Springer-Verlag.},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">keywords</span>={Image analysis; Image segmentation; Vickers hardness testing; Depth information; Indenters; Robust segmentation; Shape from focus; Shape information; Vickers indentation; Indentation},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">type</span>={Conference paper},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">publication_stage</span>={Final},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">source</span>={Scopus},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">note</span>={Cited by: 2}
}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org0c99986" class="outline-4">
<h4 id="org0c99986"><span class="section-number-4">2.6.2.</span> Gadermayr2012468 - The impact of unfocused Vickers indentation images on the segmentation performance</h4>
<div class="outline-text-4" id="text-2-6-2">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bibtex"> <span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">@ARTICLE</span>{<span style="color: #673AB7;">Gadermayr2012468</span>,
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author</span> = {Gadermayr, Michael and Maier, Andreas and Uhl, Andreas},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">title</span> = {The impact of unfocused Vickers indentation images on the segmentation performance},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">year</span> = {2012},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">journal</span> = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics)},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">volume</span> = {7432 LNCS},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">number</span> = {PART 2},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">pages</span> = {468 &#8211; 478},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">doi</span> = {<span style="color: #673AB7;">10.1007/978-3-642-33191-6_46</span>},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">url</span> = {<span style="color: #673AB7;">https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84866707751&amp;doi=10.1007</span><span style="color: #90A4AE;">%2f978-3-642-33191-6_46&amp;partnerID=40&amp;md5=e296307bc7cb04a2677e812877b0867e},</span>
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">abstract</span> = {Whereas common Vickers indentation segmentation algorithms are precise with high quality images, low quality images often cannot be segmented appropriately. We investigate an approach, where unfocused images are segmented. On the one hand, the segmentation accuracy of low quality images can be improved. On the other hand we aim in reducing the overall runtime of the hardness testing method. We introduce one approach based on single unfocused images and one gradual enhancement approach based on image series. &#169; 2012 Springer-Verlag.},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">keywords</span> = {Artificial intelligence; High quality images; Image series; Low qualities; Runtimes; Segmentation accuracy; Segmentation algorithms; Segmentation performance; Vickers indentation; Image segmentation},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">type</span> = {Conference paper},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">publication_stage</span> = {Final},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">source</span> = {Scopus},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">note</span> = {Cited by: 2}
}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org1f5eb29" class="outline-4">
<h4 id="org1f5eb29"><span class="section-number-4">2.6.3.</span> Gadermayr2012362 - Dual-resolution active contours segmentation of vickers indentation images with shape prior initialization</h4>
<div class="outline-text-4" id="text-2-6-3">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bibtex"> <span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">@ARTICLE</span>{<span style="color: #673AB7;">Gadermayr2012362</span>,
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author</span> = {Gadermayr, Michael and Uhl, Andreas},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">title</span> = {Dual-resolution active contours segmentation of vickers indentation images with shape prior initialization},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">year</span> = {2012},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">journal</span> = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics)},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">volume</span> = {7340 LNCS},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">pages</span> = {362 &#8211; 369},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">doi</span> = {<span style="color: #673AB7;">10.1007/978-3-642-31254-0_41</span>},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">url</span> = {<span style="color: #673AB7;">https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84865682634&amp;doi=10.1007</span><span style="color: #90A4AE;">%2f978-3-642-31254-0_41&amp;partnerID=40&amp;md5=25ee8d6f32287c4d6d1b1105e04e4a1d},</span>
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">abstract</span> = {Vickers microindentation imagery is segmented using the Chan-Vese level-set approach. In order to find a suitable initialization, we propose to apply a Shape-Prior gradient descent approach to a significantly resolution-reduced image. Subsequent local Hough transform leads to a very high accuracy of the overall approach. &#169; 2012 Springer-Verlag.},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">keywords</span> = {Hough transforms; Signal processing; Active contours; Gradient descent; Level set approach; Shape priors; Vickers indentation; Vickers microindentation; Image segmentation},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">type</span> = {Conference paper},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">publication_stage</span> = {Final},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">source</span> = {Scopus},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">note</span> = {Cited by: 4; All Open Access, Bronze Open Access}
}
</pre>
</div>
<p>
<a href="#org1fa9eca">2.8.2</a>
<a href="#orgc1cbef9">2.4.4</a>
<a href="#org4865960">2.4.9</a>
<a href="#org474abab">2.4.7</a>
<a href="#org5c30701">6.1</a>
<a href="#org881363e">2.5.5</a>
<a href="#orgdd2c225">2.6.6</a>
</p>
<p>
<a href="#org0982bf4">2.4.5</a>
<a href="#org95a641f">2.4.6</a>
</p>
<p>
<a href="#org053448d">2.5.1</a>
<a href="#org45a8861">2.5.2</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org25122ab" class="outline-4">
<h4 id="org25122ab"><span class="section-number-4">2.6.4.</span> Nayar1992302 - Shape from focus system</h4>
<div class="outline-text-4" id="text-2-6-4">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bibtex"><span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">@CONFERENCE</span>{<span style="color: #673AB7;">Nayar1992302</span>,
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author</span>={Nayar, S.K.},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">title</span>={Shape from focus system},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">journal</span>={Proceedings of the IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">year</span>={1992},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">volume</span>={1992-June},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">pages</span>={302-308},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">doi</span>={<span style="color: #673AB7;">10.1109/CVPR.1992.223259</span>},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">art_number</span>={223259},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">note</span>={cited By 100},
}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org5b88521" class="outline-4">
<h4 id="org5b88521"><span class="section-number-4">2.6.5.</span> Harada2010492 - Robust method for position measurement of vertex of polyhedron using shape from focus</h4>
<div class="outline-text-4" id="text-2-6-5">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bibtex"><span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">@ARTICLE</span>{<span style="color: #673AB7;">Harada2010492</span>,
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author</span>={Harada, T.},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">title</span>={Robust method for position measurement of vertex of polyhedron using shape from focus},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">journal</span>={Journal of Advanced Mechanical Design, Systems and Manufacturing},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">year</span>={2010},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">volume</span>={4},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">number</span>={2},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">pages</span>={492-503},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">doi</span>={<span style="color: #673AB7;">10.1299/jamdsm.4.492</span>},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">note</span>={cited By 1},
}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-orgdd2c225" class="outline-4">
<h4 id="orgdd2c225"><span class="section-number-4">2.6.6.</span> Cremers2007195 - A review of statistical approaches to level set segmentation: Integrating color, texture, motion and shape</h4>
<div class="outline-text-4" id="text-2-6-6">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bibtex">
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">@ARTICLE</span>{<span style="color: #673AB7;">Cremers2007195</span>,
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author</span>={Cremers, D. and Rousson, M. and Deriche, R.},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">title</span>={A review of statistical approaches to level set segmentation: Integrating color, texture, motion and shape},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">journal</span>={International Journal of Computer Vision},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">year</span>={2007},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">volume</span>={72},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">number</span>={2},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">pages</span>={195-215},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">doi</span>={<span style="color: #673AB7;">10.1007/s11263-006-8711-1</span>},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">note</span>={cited By 856},
}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org057246a" class="outline-4">
<h4 id="org057246a"><span class="section-number-4">2.6.7.</span> Zhao2021 - Automatic and Accurate Measurement of Microhardness Profile Based on Image Processing</h4>
<div class="outline-text-4" id="text-2-6-7">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bibtex"> <span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">@ARTICLE</span>{<span style="color: #673AB7;">Zhao2021</span>,
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author</span>={Zhao, Y.J. and Xu, W.H. and Xi, C.Z. and Liang, D.T. and Li, H.N.},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">title</span>={Automatic and Accurate Measurement of Microhardness Profile Based on Image Processing},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">journal</span>={IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">year</span>={2021},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">volume</span>={70},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">doi</span>={<span style="color: #673AB7;">10.1109/TIM.2021.3067191</span>},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">art_number</span>={9381729},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">note</span>={cited By 26},
}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-orgb37c02e" class="outline-4">
<h4 id="orgb37c02e"><span class="section-number-4">2.6.8.</span> Focus Assessment</h4>
<div class="outline-text-4" id="text-2-6-8">
</div>
<ol class="org-ol">
<li><a id="orgaacffea"></a>Maier2012 - Efficient focus assessment for a computer vision-based Vickers hardness measurement system<br />
<div class="outline-text-5" id="text-2-6-8-1">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bibtex"><span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">@ARTICLE</span>{<span style="color: #673AB7;">Maier2012</span>,
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author</span>={Maier, A. and Niederbrucker, G. and Stenger, S. and Uhl, A.},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">title</span>={Efficient focus assessment for a computer vision-based Vickers hardness measurement system},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">journal</span>={Journal of Electronic Imaging},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">year</span>={2012},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">volume</span>={21},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">number</span>={2},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">doi</span>={<span style="color: #673AB7;">10.1117/1.JEI.21.2.021114</span>},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">art_number</span>={021114},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">note</span>={cited By 9},
}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org038c69e" class="outline-3">
<h3 id="org038c69e"><span class="section-number-3">2.7.</span> Texture-based</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-2-7">
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org9a1bcf7" class="outline-4">
<h4 id="org9a1bcf7"><span class="section-number-4">2.7.1.</span> Wang2009624 - Application of fractal dimension and co-occurrence matrices algorithm in material vickers hardness image segmentation</h4>
<div class="outline-text-4" id="text-2-7-1">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bibtex"> <span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">@CONFERENCE</span>{<span style="color: #673AB7;">Wang2009624</span>,
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author</span> = {Wang, Guitang and Zhu, Jianlin and Cao, Peiliang},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">title</span> = {Application of fractal dimension and co-occurrence matrices algorithm in material vickers hardness image segmentation},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">year</span> = {2009},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">journal</span> = {3rd International Symposium on Intelligent Information Technology Application, IITA 2009},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">volume</span> = {3},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">pages</span> = {624 &#8211; 627},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">url</span> = {<span style="color: #673AB7;">https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77649306252&amp;doi=10.1109</span><span style="color: #90A4AE;">%2fIITA.2009.167&amp;partnerID=40&amp;md5=4849475b47bfd9d8908ace4918e28070},</span>
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">abstract</span> = {The algorithm of fractal dimension and co-occurrence matrices is proposed and is applied to material Vickers hardness image segmentation. Based on the characteristics of the indentation images, this article uses texture features to extract the indentation silhouette from the point view of texture segmentation. We adopt fractal dimension and co-occurrence matrix algorithm to describe the texture characteristics of the indentation image, forming a n-dimensional feature vector, introducing EPNSQ to smooth the features. Finally we combine with the k-means clustering algorithm to get texture segmentation result. The experiment demonstrates that in the material Vickers hardness image segmentation the proposed algorithm was significantly effective and robust. &#169; 2009 IEEE.},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author_keywords</span> = {Co-occurrence matrices; Fractal dimension; K-means clustering; Textural segmentation; Vickers hardness indentation},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">keywords</span> = {Cobalt compounds; Digital image storage; Feature extraction; Fractal dimension; Image segmentation; Information technology; Partial discharges; Textures; Vickers hardness; Vickers hardness testing; Water supply systems; Co-occurrence matrices; Co-occurrence-matrix; K-means clustering; Textural segmentation; Vickers hardness indentation; Clustering algorithms},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">type</span> = {Conference paper},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">publication_stage</span> = {Final},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">source</span> = {Scopus},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">note</span> = {Cited by: 1}
}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org945ad87" class="outline-4">
<h4 id="org945ad87"><span class="section-number-4">2.7.2.</span> Wang2012451 - Unsupervised texture segmentation based on redundant wavelet transform</h4>
<div class="outline-text-4" id="text-2-7-2">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bibtex"> <span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">@ARTICLE</span>{<span style="color: #673AB7;">Wang2012451</span>,
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author</span> = {Wang, Guitang and Liu, Wenjuan and Wang, Ruihuang and Huang, Xiaowu and Wang, Feng},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">title</span> = {Unsupervised texture segmentation based on redundant wavelet transform},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">year</span> = {2012},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">journal</span> = {Advances in Intelligent and Soft Computing},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">volume</span> = {116 AISC},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">number</span> = {VOL. 1},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">pages</span> = {451 &#8211; 456},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">doi</span> = {<span style="color: #673AB7;">10.1007/978-3-642-11276-8_59</span>},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">url</span> = {<span style="color: #673AB7;">https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84862107805&amp;doi=10.1007</span><span style="color: #90A4AE;">%2f978-3-642-11276-8_59&amp;partnerID=40&amp;md5=095db16f45c7e484bf58140a5f052ee5},</span>
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">abstract</span> = {The algorithm of Redundant Wavelet Transform (RWT) and laws texture measurement is proposed and applied to image segmentation. Based on the characteristics of the indentation images, this article uses texture features to extract the indentation silhouette from the point view of texture segmentation. We adopt Redundant Wavelet Transform and laws texture measurement algorithm to describe the texture characteristics of the indentation image, forming a n-dimensional feature vector, introducing texture features smoothing algorithm based on quadrant to smooth the features. Finally we combine with the improved k-means clustering algorithm to get texture segmentation result. The experiment demonstrates that in the material Vickers hardness image segmentation the proposed algorithm was significantly effective and robust. &#169; 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author_keywords</span> = {improved k-means clustering algorithm; laws texture measurement; RWT; Texture segmentation},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">keywords</span> = {Algorithms; Image texture; Textures; Wavelet transforms; Feature vectors; K-Means clustering algorithm; Redundant wavelet transform; RWT; Smoothing algorithms; Texture characteristics; Texture features; Texture measurement; Texture segmentation; Unsupervised texture segmentation; Image segmentation},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">type</span> = {Conference paper},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">publication_stage</span> = {Final},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">source</span> = {Scopus},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">note</span> = {Cited by: 0}
}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org4583ddc" class="outline-3">
<h3 id="org4583ddc"><span class="section-number-3">2.8.</span> Misc</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-2-8">
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org8febe42" class="outline-4">
<h4 id="org8febe42"><span class="section-number-4">2.8.1.</span> Filho2010 - Brinell and Vickers hardness measurement using image processing and analysis techniques</h4>
<div class="outline-text-4" id="text-2-8-1">
<p>
<a href="Filho2010.pdf">Filho2010.pdf</a>
</p>
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bibtex"> <span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">@ARTICLE</span>{<span style="color: #673AB7;">Filho2010</span>,
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author</span> = {Filho, Pedro Pedrosa Rebou&#231;as and Da Silveira Cavalcante, Tarique and De Albuquerque, Victor Hugo C. and Tavares, Jo&#227;o Manuel R. S.},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">title</span> = {Brinell and Vickers hardness measurement using image processing and analysis techniques},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">year</span> = {2010},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">journal</span> = {Journal of Testing and Evaluation},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">volume</span> = {38},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">number</span> = {1},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">doi</span> = {<span style="color: #673AB7;">10.1520/JTE102220</span>},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">url</span> = {<span style="color: #673AB7;">https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77953261780&amp;doi=10.1520</span><span style="color: #90A4AE;">%2fJTE102220&amp;partnerID=40&amp;md5=aa15ade4858326835c57be5e43afef81},</span>
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">abstract</span> = {Mechanical hardness testing is fundamental in the evaluation of the mechanical properties of metallic materials due to the fact that the hardness values allow one to determine the wear resistance of the material involved, as well as the approximate values of its ductility and flow tension, among a number of other key characteristics. As a result, the main objective of the present work has been the development and analysis of a computational methodology capable of determining the Brinell and Vickers hardness values from hardness indentation images, which are based on image processing and analysis algorithms. In order to validate the methodology that has been developed, comparisons of the results resulting from the consideration of ten indentation image samples obtained through the conventional manual hardness measurement approach and a computational methodology have been carried out. This analysis allows one to conclude that the semi-automatic measurement of Vickers and Brinell hardnesses by the computational approach is easier, faster, and less dependent on the operator's subjectivity. Copyright &#169; 2010 by ASTM International.},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author_keywords</span> = {Computational system; Computational vision; Histogram binarization; Image segmentation; Indentation images; Manual hardness measurement; Region growing; Testing and evaluation},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">keywords</span> = {Digital image storage; Graphic methods; Image segmentation; Imaging systems; Materials properties; Materials testing; Mathematical operators; Mechanical properties; Vickers hardness; Vickers hardness testing; Wear resistance; Binarizations; Computational system; Computational vision; Hardness measurement; Histogram binarization; Region growing; Testing and evaluation; Measurements},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">type</span> = {Article},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">publication_stage</span> = {Final},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">source</span> = {Scopus},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">note</span> = {Cited by: 37}
}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org1fa9eca" class="outline-4">
<h4 id="org1fa9eca"><span class="section-number-4">2.8.2.</span> Gadermayr2011 - Algorithms for microindentation measurement in automated Vickers hardness testing</h4>
<div class="outline-text-4" id="text-2-8-2">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bibtex"><span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">@CONFERENCE</span>{<span style="color: #673AB7;">Gadermayr2011</span>,
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author</span>={Gadermayr, M. and Maier, A. and Uhl, A.},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">title</span>={Algorithms for microindentation measurement in automated Vickers hardness testing},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">journal</span>={Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">year</span>={2011},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">volume</span>={8000},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">doi</span>={<span style="color: #673AB7;">10.1117/12.890894</span>},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">art_number</span>={80000M},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">note</span>={cited By 14},
}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org6814189" class="outline-4">
<h4 id="org6814189"><span class="section-number-4">2.8.3.</span> Coelho2015249 - Automatic vickers microhardness measurement based on image analysis</h4>
<div class="outline-text-4" id="text-2-8-3">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bibtex"><span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">@CONFERENCE</span>{<span style="color: #673AB7;">Coelho2015249</span>,
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author</span>={Coelho, B.N. and Guarda, A. and Faria, G.L. and Menotti, D.},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">title</span>={Automatic vickers microhardness measurement based on image analysis},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">journal</span>={Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Image Processing, Computer Vision, and Pattern Recognition, IPCV 2015},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">year</span>={2015},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">pages</span>={249-255},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">note</span>={cited By 5},
}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org3083345" class="outline-3">
<h3 id="org3083345"><span class="section-number-3">2.9.</span> Polanco2023 - Automatic Method for Vickers Hardness Estimation by Image Processing</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-2-9">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bibtex"> <span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">@ARTICLE</span>{<span style="color: #673AB7;">Polanco2023</span>,
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author</span>={Polanco, J.D. and Jacanamejoy-Jamioy, C. and Mambuscay, C.L. and Piamba, J.F. and Forero, M.G.},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">title</span>={Automatic Method for Vickers Hardness Estimation by Image Processing},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">journal</span>={Journal of Imaging},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">year</span>={2023},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">volume</span>={9},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">number</span>={1},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">doi</span>={<span style="color: #673AB7;">10.3390/jimaging9010008</span>},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">art_number</span>={8},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">note</span>={cited By 3},
}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org0d2eb9a" class="outline-2">
<h2 id="org0d2eb9a"><span class="section-number-2">3.</span> Propagation of Error</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-3">
<p>
<a href="#org7cacd3f">3.1</a>
<a href="#orgb7bf64d">3.2</a>
<a href="#org9da24bc">3.3</a>
</p>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org7cacd3f" class="outline-3">
<h3 id="org7cacd3f"><span class="section-number-3">3.1.</span> Gontarski2022 - Weightings on the Propagation of Errors in the Vickers Hardness Parameters</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-3-1">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bibtex"> <span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">@ARTICLE</span>{<span style="color: #673AB7;">Gontarski2022</span>,
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author</span>={Gontarski, T.L. and Leal, A.P. and Casali, R.M. and Braun, S.E. and Soares, P. and Fujarra, A.L.C. and Mikowski, A.},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">title</span>={Weightings on the Propagation of Errors in the Vickers Hardness Parameters},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">journal</span>={Brazilian Journal of Physics},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">year</span>={2022},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">volume</span>={52},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">number</span>={4},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">doi</span>={<span style="color: #673AB7;">10.1007/s13538-022-01110-x</span>},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">art_number</span>={107},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">note</span>={cited By 2},
}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-orgb7bf64d" class="outline-3">
<h3 id="orgb7bf64d"><span class="section-number-3">3.2.</span> Dijmarescu2020 - Design and Development of a Software for the Estimation of the Vickers Hardness Measurement Uncertainty</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-3-2">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bibtex"> <span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">@CONFERENCE</span>{<span style="color: #673AB7;">Dijmarescu2020</span>,
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author</span>={Dijmarescu, M.C. and Dijmarescu, M.R.},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">title</span>={Design and Development of a Software for the Estimation of the Vickers Hardness Measurement Uncertainty},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">journal</span>={IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">year</span>={2020},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">volume</span>={916},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">number</span>={1},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">doi</span>={<span style="color: #673AB7;">10.1088/1757-899X/916/1/012026</span>},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">art_number</span>={012026},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">note</span>={cited By 3},
}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org9da24bc" class="outline-3">
<h3 id="org9da24bc"><span class="section-number-3">3.3.</span> Elizabeth2019317 - Measurement Uncertainty Evaluation in Vickers Hardness Scale Using Law of Propagation of Uncertainty and Monte Carlo Simulation</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-3-3">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bibtex"> <span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">@ARTICLE</span>{<span style="color: #673AB7;">Elizabeth2019317</span>,
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author</span>={Elizabeth, I. and Kumar, R. and Garg, N. and Asif, M. and Manikandan, R.M. and Girish and Titus, S.S.K.},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">title</span>={Measurement Uncertainty Evaluation in Vickers Hardness Scale Using Law of Propagation of Uncertainty and Monte Carlo Simulation},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">journal</span>={Mapan - Journal of Metrology Society of India},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">year</span>={2019},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">volume</span>={34},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">number</span>={3},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">pages</span>={317-323},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">doi</span>={<span style="color: #673AB7;">10.1007/s12647-019-00341-9</span>},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">note</span>={cited By 9},
}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org54a660b" class="outline-2">
<h2 id="org54a660b"><span class="section-number-2">4.</span> Vickers using Machine learning</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-4">
</div>
<div id="outline-container-orgf927621" class="outline-3">
<h3 id="orgf927621"><span class="section-number-3">4.1.</span> Li20241 - Lightweight Segmentation Neural Networks for Measuring Vickers Hardness</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-4-1">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bibtex"><span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">@ARTICLE</span>{<span style="color: #673AB7;">Li20241</span>,
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author</span>={Li, Zexian and Cai, Chenglin and Yin, Feng and Guan, Wenhui and Fang, Yun},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">title</span>={Lightweight Segmentation Neural Networks for Measuring Vickers Hardness},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">year</span>={2024},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">journal</span>={IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">volume</span>={73},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">pages</span>={1&#8211;9},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">doi</span>={<span style="color: #673AB7;">10.1109/TIM.2023.3343788</span>},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">url</span>={<span style="color: #673AB7;">https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85182355288&amp;doi=10.1109</span><span style="color: #90A4AE;">%2fTIM.2023.3343788&amp;partnerID=40&amp;md5=61e46553223ac203e083bfb1caa97d9f},</span>
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">abstract</span>={&#8212; The automatic measurement algorithm for Vickers hardness indentation has been widely applied. Among these, the neural network-based method has received attention for its excellent segmentation performance. However, high storage space and computation requirements hinder its promotion on edge computing devices. To address this issue, this study proposes two lightweight Vickers indentation segmentation networks: VSNLite4M and VSNLite1M. Compared with previous methods, the proposed networks achieve a reduction of 35.2&#215; in terms of computational cost with up to 38&#215; fewer parameters, while maintaining the same level of segmentation accuracy. &#169; 2023 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author_keywords</span>={Automatic measurement; hardness testing; image segmentation; neural network; Vicker hardness},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">keywords</span>={Edge computing; Feature extraction; Image segmentation; Job analysis; Vickers hardness; Automatic measurements; Convolutional neural network; Edge computing; Features extraction; Images segmentations; Length measurement; Neural-networks; Task analysis; Vicker hardness; Neural networks},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">type</span>={Article},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">publication_stage</span>={Final},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">source</span>={Scopus},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">note</span>={Cited by: 0}
}
</pre>
</div>
<p>
<a href="#orgee37062">4.8</a>
<a href="#org3d8e31d">2.5.3</a>
<a href="#org4c9db5e">2.4.1</a>
<a href="#orga8a607c">2.4.2</a>
<a href="#org40addfd">2.5.4</a>
<a href="#org3a92dc9">2.4.10</a>
<a href="../literature_review.html#ID-NoAuthor2005">../literature_review.org</a>
<a href="#org90198ad">2.4.3</a>
<a href="#orgb7bf64d">3.2</a>
<a href="#org9da24bc">3.3</a>
<a href="#orge96818d">6.3</a>
<a href="#orgc1cbef9">2.4.4</a>
<a href="#org60dfb74">2.4.11</a>
<a href="#org3083345">2.9</a>
<a href="#org057246a">2.6.7</a>
<a href="#org6288a5a">4.9</a>
<a href="#org0a06a53">4.10</a>
<a href="#orgd67de90">4.2</a>
<a href="#orga446582">4.3</a>
<a href="#org82393c4">4.4</a>
<a href="#org7963def">4.5</a>
<a href="#orgd1b878c">4.6</a>
<a href="#orge01bb7e">4.7</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-orgd67de90" class="outline-3">
<h3 id="orgd67de90"><span class="section-number-3">4.2.</span> Chen20221043 - Automatic Measurement Algorithm for Brinell Indentations Based on Convolutional Neural Network</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-4-2">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bibtex"> <span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">@ARTICLE</span>{<span style="color: #673AB7;">Chen20221043</span>,
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author</span>={Chen, Y. and Fang, Q. and Tian, H. and Li, S. and Song, Z. and Li, J.},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">title</span>={Automatic Measurement Algorithm for Brinell Indentations Based on Convolutional Neural Network},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">journal</span>={Sensors and Materials},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">year</span>={2022},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">volume</span>={34},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">number</span>={3},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">pages</span>={1043-1056},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">doi</span>={<span style="color: #673AB7;">10.18494/SAM3780</span>},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">note</span>={cited By 2},
}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-orga446582" class="outline-3">
<h3 id="orga446582"><span class="section-number-3">4.3.</span> Tanaka2019 - Measuring Brinell hardness indentation by using a convolutional neural network</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-4-3">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bibtex"> <span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">@ARTICLE</span>{<span style="color: #673AB7;">Tanaka2019</span>,
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author</span>={Tanaka, Y. and Seino, Y. and Hattori, K.},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">title</span>={Measuring Brinell hardness indentation by using a convolutional neural network},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">journal</span>={Measurement Science and Technology},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">year</span>={2019},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">volume</span>={30},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">number</span>={6},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">doi</span>={<span style="color: #673AB7;">10.1088/1361-6501/ab150f</span>},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">art_number</span>={065012},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">note</span>={cited By 12},
}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org82393c4" class="outline-3">
<h3 id="org82393c4"><span class="section-number-3">4.4.</span> Cheng2022 - Vickers Hardness Value Test via Multi-Task Learning Convolutional Neural Networks and Image Augmentation</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-4-4">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bibtex"> <span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">@ARTICLE</span>{<span style="color: #673AB7;">Cheng2022</span>,
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author</span>={Cheng, W.-S. and Chen, G.-Y. and Shih, X.-Y. and Elsisi, M. and Tsai, M.-H. and Dai, H.-J.},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">title</span>={Vickers Hardness Value Test via Multi-Task Learning Convolutional Neural Networks and Image Augmentation},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">journal</span>={Applied Sciences (Switzerland)},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">year</span>={2022},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">volume</span>={12},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">number</span>={21},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">doi</span>={<span style="color: #673AB7;">10.3390/app122110820</span>},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">art_number</span>={10820},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">note</span>={cited By 12},
}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org7963def" class="outline-3">
<h3 id="org7963def"><span class="section-number-3">4.5.</span> Dovale-Farelo2022 - Vickers hardness prediction from machine learning methods</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-4-5">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bibtex"> <span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">@ARTICLE</span>{<span style="color: #673AB7;">Dovale-Farelo2022</span>,
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author</span>={Dovale-Farelo, V. and Tavadze, P. and Lang, L. and Bautista-Hernandez, A. and Romero, A.H.},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">title</span>={Vickers hardness prediction from machine learning methods},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">journal</span>={Scientific Reports},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">year</span>={2022},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">volume</span>={12},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">number</span>={1},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">doi</span>={<span style="color: #673AB7;">10.1038/s41598-022-26729-3</span>},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">art_number</span>={22475},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">note</span>={cited By 1},
}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-orgd1b878c" class="outline-3">
<h3 id="orgd1b878c"><span class="section-number-3">4.6.</span> Jalilian20213 - Deep Learning Based Automated Vickers Hardness Measurement</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-4-6">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bibtex"> <span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">@ARTICLE</span>{<span style="color: #673AB7;">Jalilian20213</span>,
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author</span>={Jalilian, E. and Uhl, A.},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">title</span>={Deep Learning Based Automated Vickers Hardness Measurement},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">journal</span>={Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics)},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">year</span>={2021},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">volume</span>={13053 LNCS},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">pages</span>={3-13},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">doi</span>={<span style="color: #673AB7;">10.1007/978-3-030-89131-2_1</span>},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">note</span>={cited By 5},
}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-orge01bb7e" class="outline-3">
<h3 id="orge01bb7e"><span class="section-number-3">4.7.</span> Cai2023 - Automatic Vickers Hardness Measurement With Neural Network Segmentation</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-4-7">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bibtex"> <span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">@ARTICLE</span>{<span style="color: #673AB7;">Cai2023</span>,
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author</span>={Cai, C. and Li, Z. and Yin, F. and Wang, Z. and Chen, Y.},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">title</span>={Automatic Vickers Hardness Measurement With Neural Network Segmentation},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">journal</span>={IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">year</span>={2023},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">volume</span>={72},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">doi</span>={<span style="color: #673AB7;">10.1109/TIM.2022.3227986</span>},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">art_number</span>={2501111},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">note</span>={cited By 2},
}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-orgee37062" class="outline-3">
<h3 id="orgee37062"><span class="section-number-3">4.8.</span> Li2021 - Automated measurement of Vickers hardness using image segmentation with neural networks</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-4-8">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bibtex"><span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">@ARTICLE</span>{<span style="color: #673AB7;">Li2021</span>,
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author</span> = {Li, Zexian and Yin, Feng},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">title</span> = {Automated measurement of Vickers hardness using image segmentation with neural networks},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">year</span> = {2021},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">journal</span> = {Measurement: Journal of the International Measurement Confederation},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">volume</span> = {186},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">doi</span> = {<span style="color: #673AB7;">10.1016/j.measurement.2021.110200</span>},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">url</span> = {<span style="color: #673AB7;">https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85116583257&amp;doi=10.1016</span><span style="color: #90A4AE;">%2fj.measurement.2021.110200&amp;partnerID=40&amp;md5=d1a91213d8956e1ded797b0fcf8b722b},</span>
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">type</span> = {Article},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">publication_stage</span> = {Final},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">source</span> = {Scopus},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">note</span> = {Cited by: 9}
}
</pre>
</div>
<p>
<a href="#orge96818d">6.3</a>
<a href="#orgd46054d">6.2</a>
<a href="#org5c30701">6.1</a>
<a href="#orgaacffea">2.6.8.1</a>
<a href="#org90198ad">2.4.3</a>
<a href="#orgc1cbef9">2.4.4</a>
<a href="#org4865960">2.4.9</a>
<a href="#org8febe42">2.8.1</a>
<a href="#orgadbc8bb">2.3.2</a>
<a href="#org4c9db5e">2.4.1</a>
<a href="#org40addfd">2.5.4</a>
<a href="#org3d8e31d">2.5.3</a>
<a href="#orga446582">4.3</a>
<a href="#org6288a5a">4.9</a>
<a href="#org0a06a53">4.10</a>
<a href="#org9af375e">2.2</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org6288a5a" class="outline-3">
<h3 id="org6288a5a"><span class="section-number-3">4.9.</span> Tanaka2018 - Vickers hardness measurement by using convolutional neural network</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-4-9">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bibtex"> <span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">@CONFERENCE</span>{<span style="color: #673AB7;">Tanaka2018</span>,
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author</span>={Tanaka, Y. and Seino, Y. and Hattori, K.},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">title</span>={Vickers hardness measurement by using convolutional neural network},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">journal</span>={Journal of Physics: Conference Series},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">year</span>={2018},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">volume</span>={1065},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">number</span>={6},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">doi</span>={<span style="color: #673AB7;">10.1088/1742-6596/1065/6/062001</span>},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">art_number</span>={062001},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">note</span>={cited By 6},
}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org0a06a53" class="outline-3">
<h3 id="org0a06a53"><span class="section-number-3">4.10.</span> Tanaka20201345 - Automated Vickers hardness measurement using convolutional neural networks</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-4-10">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bibtex"> <span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">@ARTICLE</span>{<span style="color: #673AB7;">Tanaka20201345</span>,
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author</span>={Tanaka, Y. and Seino, Y. and Hattori, K.},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">title</span>={Automated Vickers hardness measurement using convolutional neural networks},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">journal</span>={International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">year</span>={2020},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">volume</span>={109},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">number</span>={5-6},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">pages</span>={1345-1355},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">doi</span>={<span style="color: #673AB7;">10.1007/s00170-020-05746-4</span>},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">note</span>={cited By 13},
}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org8fa53b5" class="outline-2">
<h2 id="org8fa53b5"><span class="section-number-2">5.</span> Papers that look at the material properties</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-5">
</div>
<div id="outline-container-orgffd74e4" class="outline-3">
<h3 id="orgffd74e4"><span class="section-number-3">5.1.</span> Sangwal2003511 - Analysis of the indentation size effect in the microhardness measurement of some cobalt-based alloys</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-5-1">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bibtex"><span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">@ARTICLE</span>{<span style="color: #673AB7;">Sangwal2003511</span>,
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author</span>={Sangwal, K. and Surowska, B. and Blaziak, P.},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">title</span>={Analysis of the indentation size effect in the microhardness measurement of some cobalt-based alloys},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">journal</span>={Materials Chemistry and Physics},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">year</span>={2003},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">volume</span>={77},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">number</span>={2},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">pages</span>={511-520},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">doi</span>={<span style="color: #673AB7;">10.1016/S0254-0584(02)00086-X</span>},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">note</span>={cited By 111},
}
</pre>
</div>
<p>
Great description of Vicker&rsquo;s hardness and how to analyze experimental data.
</p>
<p>
:ID: Vickers<sub>MachineLearning</sub>
</p>
<p>
<a href="#orgf927621">4.1</a>
<a href="#org6288a5a">4.9</a>
<a href="#org0a06a53">4.10</a>
<a href="#orgd67de90">4.2</a>
<a href="#orga446582">4.3</a>
<a href="#org82393c4">4.4</a>
<a href="#org7963def">4.5</a>
<a href="#orgd1b878c">4.6</a>
<a href="#orge01bb7e">4.7</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org5f74b2d" class="outline-3">
<h3 id="org5f74b2d"><span class="section-number-3">5.2.</span> Kang2010337 - Conventional Vickers and true instrumented indentation hardness determined by instrumented indentation tests</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-5-2">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bibtex"><span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">@ARTICLE</span>{<span style="color: #673AB7;">Kang2010337</span>,
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author</span>={Kang, S.-K. and Kim, J.-Y. and Park, C.-P. and Kim, H.-U. and Kwon, D.},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">title</span>={Conventional Vickers and true instrumented indentation hardness determined by instrumented indentation tests},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">journal</span>={Journal of Materials Research},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">year</span>={2010},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">volume</span>={25},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">number</span>={2},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">pages</span>={337-343},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">doi</span>={<span style="color: #673AB7;">10.1557/jmr.2010.0045</span>},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">note</span>={cited By 48},
}
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org3bc5c54" class="outline-2">
<h2 id="org3bc5c54"><span class="section-number-2">6.</span> Review papers</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-6">
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<div id="outline-container-org5c30701" class="outline-3">
<h3 id="org5c30701"><span class="section-number-3">6.1.</span> Sugimoto1997696 - Development of an automatic Vickers hardness testing system using image processing technology</h3>
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<pre class="src src-bibtex"><span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">@ARTICLE</span>{<span style="color: #673AB7;">Sugimoto1997696</span>,
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author</span>={Sugimoto, T.},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">title</span>={Development of an automatic vickers hardness testing system using image processing technolog takao sugimoto and tadao kawaguchi},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">journal</span>={IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">year</span>={1997},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">volume</span>={44},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">number</span>={5},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">pages</span>={696-702},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">doi</span>={<span style="color: #673AB7;">10.1109/41.633474</span>},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">note</span>={cited By 47},
}
</pre>
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<div id="outline-container-orgd46054d" class="outline-3">
<h3 id="orgd46054d"><span class="section-number-3">6.2.</span> Leta2015413 - Metrology by image: Discussing the accuracy of the results</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-6-2">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bibtex"><span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">@ARTICLE</span>{<span style="color: #673AB7;">Leta2015413</span>,
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author</span>={Leta, F.R. and Gomes, J.F.S. and Costa, P.B. and De O. Baldner, F.},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">title</span>={Metrology by image: Discussing the accuracy of the results},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">journal</span>={Advanced Structured Materials},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">year</span>={2015},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">volume</span>={70},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">pages</span>={413-432},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">doi</span>={<span style="color: #673AB7;">10.1007/978-3-319-19443-1_34</span>},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">note</span>={cited By 9},
}
</pre>
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<div id="outline-container-orge96818d" class="outline-3">
<h3 id="orge96818d"><span class="section-number-3">6.3.</span> Baldner2020265 - A Review on Computer Vision Applied to Mechanical Tests in Search for Better Accuracy</h3>
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-6-3">
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-bibtex"> <span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">@ARTICLE</span>{<span style="color: #673AB7;">Baldner2020265</span>,
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">author</span>={Baldner, F.O. and Costa, P.B. and Gomes, J.F.S. and Leta, F.R.},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">title</span>={A Review on Computer Vision Applied to Mechanical Tests in Search for Better Accuracy},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">journal</span>={Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">year</span>={2020},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">pages</span>={265-281},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">doi</span>={<span style="color: #673AB7;">10.1007/978-981-13-9806-3_9</span>},
<span style="color: #263238; font-weight: bold;">note</span>={cited By 8},
}
</pre>
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<div id="postamble" class="status">
<p class="author">Author: Vishakh Pradeep Kumar</p>
<p class="date">Created: 2024-03-13 Wed 15:55</p>
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