@article{huangMicrostructureEvolutionMartensite2023, title = {Microstructure evolution, martensite transformation and mechanical properties of heat treated {Co}-{Cr}-{Mo}-{W} alloys by selective laser melting}, volume = {113}, issn = {0263-4368}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263436823000707}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2023.106170}, abstract = {The influence of laser energy density and heat treatment on the microstructure and properties of Co-Cr-Mo-W alloys fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) are investigated symmetrically. When the laser power, the scanning speed, and the scanning space are set as 160 W, 400 mm/s, and 0.07 mm, respectively, the SLM-ed Co-Cr-Mo-W alloys display high strength and good ductility simultaneously. The precipitates ranging from nano- to macro- scale are finely distributed in SLM-ed CoCr alloys grains and/or along the grain boundaries in the heat treated alloys. Co-Cr-Mo-W alloys with an excellent combination of strength and ductility can be achieved by tailoring the microstructure and morphology of SLM-ed alloys during the heat treatment. The tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation are 1221.38 ± 10 MPa, 778.81 ± 12 MPa, and 17.2 ± 0.67\%, respectively.}, urldate = {2025-04-13}, journal = {International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials}, author = {Huang, Zonglian and Wang, Bo and Liu, Fei and Song, Min and Ni, Song and Liu, Shaojun}, month = jun, year = {2023}, keywords = {Co–Cr–Mo-W alloys, Heat treatment, Martensite phase transformation, Mechanical properties, Selective laser melting}, pages = {106170}, } @article{gevariDirectIndirectThermal2020, title = {Direct and indirect thermal applications of hydrodynamic and acoustic cavitation: {A} review}, volume = {171}, issn = {1359-4311}, shorttitle = {Direct and indirect thermal applications of hydrodynamic and acoustic cavitation}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S135943111937766X}, doi = {10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115065}, abstract = {The phase change phenomenon in fluids as a result of low local pressure under a critical value is known as cavitation. Acoustic wave propagation or hydrodynamic pressure drop of the working fluid are the main reasons for inception of this phenomenon. Considering the released energy from the collapsing cavitation bubbles as a reliable source has led to its implementation to different fields, namely, heat transfer, surface cleaning and fouling, water treatment, food industry, chemical reactions, energy harvesting. A considerable amount of energy in the mentioned industries is required for thermal applications. Cavitation could serve for minimizing the energy demand and optimizing the processes. Thus, the energy efficiency of the systems could be significantly enhanced. This review article focuses on the direct and indirect thermal applications of hydrodynamic and acoustic cavitation. Relevant studies with emerging applications are discussed, while developments in cavitation, which have given rise to thermal applications during the last decade, are also included in this review.}, urldate = {2025-04-13}, journal = {Applied Thermal Engineering}, author = {Gevari, Moein Talebian and Abbasiasl, Taher and Niazi, Soroush and Ghorbani, Morteza and Koşar, Ali}, month = may, year = {2020}, note = {84 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-13]}, keywords = {Acoustic cavitation, Food industry, Heat transfer enhancement, Hydrodynamic cavitation, Water treatment}, pages = {115065}, } @incollection{francCavitationErosion2005, address = {Dordrecht}, title = {Cavitation {Erosion}}, isbn = {978-1-4020-2233-3}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-2233-6_12}, language = {en}, urldate = {2025-04-13}, booktitle = {Fundamentals of {Cavitation}}, publisher = {Springer Netherlands}, editor = {Franc, Jean-Pierre and Michel, Jean-Marie}, year = {2005}, doi = {10.1007/1-4020-2233-6_12}, keywords = {Acoustic Impedance, Adverse Pressure Gradient, Mass Loss Rate, Pressure Pulse, Solid Wall}, pages = {265--291}, } @article{ahmedInfluenceReHIPingStructure2013, title = {Influence of {Re}-{HIPing} on the structure–property relationships of cobalt-based alloys}, volume = {57}, issn = {0301-679X}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301679X12002241}, doi = {10.1016/j.triboint.2012.06.025}, abstract = {HIP-consolidation (Hot Isostatic Pressing or HIPing) of cobalt-based Stellite alloys offers significant technological advantages for components operating in aggressive wear environments. The aim of this investigation was to ascertain the effect of re-HIPing on the HIPed alloy properties for Stellite 4, 6 and 20 alloys. Structure–property relationships are discussed on the basis of microstructural and tribo-mechanical evaluations. Re-HIPing results in coarsening of carbides and solid solution strengthening of the matrix. The average indentation modulus improved, as did the average hardness at micro- and nano-scales. Re-HIPing showed improvement in wear properties the extent of which was dependent on alloy composition.}, urldate = {2024-06-30}, journal = {Tribology International}, author = {Ahmed, R. and de Villiers Lovelock, H. L. and Davies, S. and Faisal, N. H.}, month = jan, year = {2013}, note = {38 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Abrasive wear, Cobalt based alloys, HIPing and Re-HIPing, Stellite 4, 6, 20, alloys}, pages = {8--21}, } @article{crookCobaltCobaltAlloys1990, title = {Cobalt and {Cobalt} {Alloys}}, url = {https://dl.asminternational.org/handbooks/edited-volume/14/chapter/199425/Cobalt-and-Cobalt-Alloys}, doi = {10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001073}, abstract = {Abstract. This article provides a general overview of physical and mechanical properties, alloy compositions, applications, and product forms of cobalt-bas}, language = {en}, urldate = {2025-04-13}, author = {Crook, Paul}, month = jan, year = {1990}, } @article{tawancyFccHcpTransformation1986, title = {On the fcc → hcp transformation in a cobalt-base superalloy ({Haynes} alloy {No}. 25)}, volume = {5}, issn = {1573-4811}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01748098}, doi = {10.1007/BF01748098}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2025-04-13}, journal = {Journal of Materials Science Letters}, author = {Tawancy, H. M. and Ishwar, V. R. and Lewis, B. E.}, month = mar, year = {1986}, note = {33 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-13]}, keywords = {Haynes Alloy, Polymer, Polymers}, pages = {337--341}, } @book{gcgouldRoleCavitationMechanical1974, title = {The {Role} of {Cavitation} in {Mechanical} {Failures}: {Proceedings} of the 19th {Meeting} of the {Mechanical} {Failures} {Prevention} {Group}}, shorttitle = {The {Role} of {Cavitation} in {Mechanical} {Failures}}, language = {en}, publisher = {U.S. National Bureau of Standards}, author = {{G C Gould}}, year = {1974}, note = {Google-Books-ID: UmCepINKEJwC}, } @article{woodfordCavitationerosionlnducedPhaseTransformations1972, title = {Cavitation-erosion-lnduced phase transformations in alloys}, volume = {3}, copyright = {1972 The Metallurgical of Society of AIME}, issn = {2379-0083}, url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02642445}, doi = {10.1007/BF02642445}, abstract = {Previously reported surface phase transformations occurring during cavitation erosion in cobalt- and iron-base alloys have been confirmed. However, an examination of the effect of aging treatments on Stellite 6B failed to demonstrate any simple relationship between transformation characteristics and erosion resistance. For several iron-base transformable alloys, the erosion resistance was shown to be related to strength and again no direct correlation could be established between transformation and erosion. It is concluded that the phase transformation is incidental to the erosion process. However, since many erosion resistant alloys do undergo a deformation-induced phase transformation, a more general explanation for the erosion resistance of alloys with close-packed structures is offered in terms of stacking fault energy.}, language = {en}, number = {5}, urldate = {2025-04-12}, journal = {Metallurgical Transactions}, author = {Woodford, D. A.}, month = may, year = {1972}, note = {58 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Company: Springer Distributor: Springer Institution: Springer Label: Springer Number: 5 Publisher: Springer-Verlag}, keywords = {Erosion Resistance, Martensite, Metallurgical Transaction, Metallurgical Transaction Volume, Stack Fault Energy}, pages = {1137--1145}, } @article{remyKineticsFccDeformation1978, title = {Kinetics of f.c.c. deformation twinning and its relationship to stress-strain behaviour}, volume = {26}, issn = {0001-6160}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0001616078901700}, doi = {10.1016/0001-6160(78)90170-0}, abstract = {The kinetics of f.c.c. deformation twinning,i.e. the amount of twins vs applied strain were determined by quantitative microscopy at various temperatures in a Co-33Ni alloy. The kinetic curve has a quite parabolic shape and approaches saturation below 50\% transformation; however twinning occurs only after a critical strain which is an increasing function of temperature. Assuming that f.c.c. twins nucleate from perfect slip dislocations as proposed by Mahajan and Chin, the volume fraction of twins can be expressed as an implicit function of strain. The approach to saturation is described by two parameters which are temperature dependent through the temperature variation of stacking fault energy. Good agreement with experimental results was obtained. An increase of the flow stress was observed at temperatures where twinning plays an important role in the deformation as compared to slip. This extra contribution is experimentally observed to vary as the inverse of the mean size of matrix cells between neighbouring twins. This dependence has been attributed to the fact that twins can act as strong obstacles to dislocation propagation. Résumé On a déterminé par microscopie quantitative, à diverses températures, la cinétique du maclage mécanique, c'est à dire le nombre de macles en fonction de la déformation, dans un alliage Co-33Ni. La courbe cinétique a une allure parabolique et elle tend vers la saturation pour une transformation inférieure à 50\%; le maclage n'apparait cependant qu'après une déformation critique qui est une fonction croissante de al température. Si l'on admet, comme l'ont proposé Mahajan et Chin, que les macles c.f.c. germent à partir de dislocations de glissement parfaites, on peut exprimer la fraction volumique de macles sous la forme d'une fonction implicite de la déformation. L'approche de la saturation est décrite par deux paramétres, qui dépendent de la température par son influence sur l'énergie de défaut d'empilement. On obtient un bon accord avec les résultats expérimentaux. On observe une augmentation de la contrainte d'écoulement aux températures où le maclage joue un rôle important dans la déformation. On observe expérimentalement que cette contribution supplémentaire varie comme l'inverse de la taille moyenne des cellules de la matrice (entre des macles voisines). On attribue cette variation au fait que les macles peuvent constituer des obstacles importants pour le déplacement des dislocations. Zusammenfassung Mittels quantitativer Mikroskopie bei verschiedenen Temperaturen wurde an einer Co-33Ni-Legierung die Kinetik der verformungsinduzierten Zwillingsbildung, d.h. der Zwillingsanteil als Funktion der Dehnung, bestimmt. Die Kinetikkurve ist parabolisch und erreicht Sättigung unterhalb 50\% Umwandlungsgrad. Jedoch tritt Zwillingsbildung erst nach Erreichen einer kritischen Dehnung auf, deren Wert mit der Temperatur ansteigt. Mit der Annahme, daβ—wie von Mahajan und Chin vorgeschlagen—k.z. Zwillinge sich an vollständigen Gleitversetzungen bilden, kann der Volumbruchteil an Zwillingen als eine implizite Funktion der Dehnung ausgedrückt werden. Der Übergang zur Sättigung wird mit zwei Parametern beschrieben, die über die Temperaturabhängigkeit der Stapelfehlerenergie von der Temperatur abhängen. Mit den experimenttellen Ergebnissen wurde gute Übereinstimmung erzielt. Bei Temperaturen, bei denen die Zwillingsbildung eine sehr wesentliche Rolle—verglichen mit Gleitung—in der Verformung spielt, wurde ein Anstieg in der Flieβspannung beobachtet. Experimentell ergab sich, daβ dieser Sonderbeitrag umgekehrt proportional zum mittleren Abstand der Matrixzellen zwischen benachbarten Zwillingen verlief. Diese Beobachtung wird der Tatsache zugeschrieben, daβ Zwillinge starke Hindernisse für die Versetzungsbewegung darstellen.}, number = {3}, urldate = {2025-04-12}, journal = {Acta Metallurgica}, author = {Remy, L.}, month = mar, year = {1978}, note = {303 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {443--451}, } @article{hobbsPracticalAspectsCavitation1966, title = {Practical {Aspects} of {Cavitation} [and {Discussion}]}, volume = {260}, issn = {0080-4614}, url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/73557}, abstract = {Damage produced by cavitation under field conditions can be a serious problem. The main causes of this damage and its characteristics are discussed briefly and possible remedial measures are examined. Accelerated laboratory tests are found to play an important part in cavitation erosion research, but interpretation of results needs care. Most past investigators have tended to treat cavitation damage and droplet erosion as unrelated phenomena and only qualitative correlations between the respective simulated tests have been possible. This paper presents an attempt to correlate quantitatively the results of three different erosion tests. A broad correlation between results of the drop impact erosion and constricted tube cavitation tests shows general agreement. A more detailed, but restricted, correlation has been obtained between results of drop impact and vibratory cavitation erosion tests. In both correlations, however, there is evidence of some discrepancies between corrodible and incorrodible materials. A number of factors which govern the rate of damage in the various laboratory tests are of interest. In particular, in the drop impact test the velocity of collision and the jet diameter are shown to have significant effects. There is a marked similarity between the behaviour of materials in this test and in fatigue tests and also evidence of a threshold velocity below which measurable damage ceases. The other laboratory tests were found to have their own particular controlling parameters, but the general phenomenon of cavitation erosion is more complex and is not discussed in detail. By conducting comparative tests under reproducible conditions it has been possible to classify a variety of new and traditional materials in order of relative erosion resistance and thus provide some guide to their selection for service. While the results add to the evidence that hardness is the major attribute controlling erosion resistance other properties such as ductility, elasticity and fatigue strength are seen to be significant.}, number = {1110}, urldate = {2025-04-13}, journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences}, author = {Hobbs, J. M. and Hickling, R. and Brunton, J. H. and Ellis, A. T. and Gadd, G. E. and Benjamin, T. B. and Silverleaf, A. and Smith, A. V. and Hammitt, F. G. and Shal'nev, K. K. and Tuffrey, A. and Heymann, F. J. and Popple, R. G. and Broom, T. and Rasmussen, R. E. H. and Marriott, J. B. and Pearson, D. and Tabor, D. and Fyall, A. A. and Barnard, B. J. S. and Cooper, G. A.}, year = {1966}, note = {Publisher: The Royal Society}, pages = {267--294}, } @article{sageMethodeDanalyseQuantitative1950, title = {Méthode d'analyse quantitative des variétés allotropiques du cobalt par les rayons {X}}, volume = {47}, copyright = {© La Revue de Métallurgie 1950}, issn = {0035-1563, 1156-3141}, url = {https://www.metallurgical-research.org/articles/metal/abs/1950/02/metal19504702p139/metal19504702p139.html}, doi = {10.1051/metal/195047020139}, abstract = {Metallurgical Research \& Technology, an international journal for steel and other metals: from making to using}, language = {fr}, number = {2}, urldate = {2025-04-12}, journal = {Revue de Métallurgie}, author = {Sage, M. and Guillaud, Ch}, month = feb, year = {1950}, note = {81 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Number: 2 Publisher: EDP Sciences}, pages = {139--145}, } @article{usanaAmpaipongSurfaceSubsurfaceCharacteristics2019, title = {Surface and {Subsurface} {Characteristics} of {NiCrBSi} {Coating} with {Different} {WC} {Amount} {Prepared} by {Flame} {Spray} {Method}}, volume = {28}, issn = {10599630 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85060967998&doi=10.1007%2fs11666-019-00839-3&partnerID=40&md5=6f94bb9e3d1e200bc40ca58eb14f338f}, doi = {10.1007/s11666-019-00839-3}, abstract = {This research aims at understanding the spray coating of NiCrBSi with different amount of tungsten carbide particles on JIS SUP9 steel substrate. The amount of tungsten carbide added to NiCrBSi was 0, 20, and 40\% by volume to reinforce the coating. Microstructures, microhardness, adhesion, cohesion, and rigidity of coating were characterized. The results revealed that NiCrBSi structure composed of nickel solid solution as matrix embedded with Ni boride and Ni 4 Si with chromium carbide distributed across the coating. Tungsten carbide particles were apparent in the coating and they partially diffused into the NiCrBSi coating. In the case of 40\% tungsten carbide addition, the matrix hardness was increased by 29.18\%, but the cohesion of coating was reduced by 22.94\%. The adhesion failure was not apparent in all samples examined in this study under the 20 N scratch load. Wear area of coatings mixed with tungsten carbide addition was found to decrease by 3.5 to 8.8 times compared to the substrate. As per the findings, the addition of WC can promote the wear resistance by its reinforcement and also introduce the solid solution strengthening of W in the NiCrBSi matrix, specifically in the Ni solid solution. © 2019, ASM International.}, language = {English}, number = {3}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {Usana-ampaipong, T. and Dumkum, C. and Tuchinda, K. and Tangwarodomnukun, V. and Teeraprawatekul, B. and Qi, H.}, year = {2019}, note = {14 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Springer New York LLC}, keywords = {Adhesion, Adhesion failures, Chromium carbide, Chromium compounds, Flame spraying, Matrix hardness, NiCrBSi coating, NiCrBSi coatings, Nickel coatings, Solid solution strengthening, Solid solutions, Sprayed coatings, Strengthening (metal), Surface and subsurface characteristics, Thermal spray coatings, Tungsten carbide, Tungsten carbide particles, Wear of materials, Wear resistance, solid solution strengthening, thermal spray coating, tungsten carbide}, pages = {580--590}, } @article{veraCardenasSolidParticleErosive2021, title = {Solid particle erosive wear study of polymer composite materials for wind turbine applications}, volume = {42}, issn = {02728397 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85099357994&doi=10.1002%2fpc.25950&partnerID=40&md5=3215423255bc7c5d5b85e1754ef1a329}, doi = {10.1002/pc.25950}, abstract = {In this study, erosion wear tests in composites materials (carbon fiber and fiberglass) were performed in order to understand their behavior for blades of wind turbine applications. The erosion tests were also made in coated composites materials with a polyester resin (gel coat), to compare the wear erosion resistance with uncoated materials. The experimental tests were carried out according to some parameters to the ASTM G76 standard. The specimens had a rectangular shape with dimensions of 25 × 18 mm and a thickness of 4 mm. The erosive particle used was obtained from sea sand. High impact angles were used, 75°, 85°, and 90° and the velocity particle was 12 m/s. The duration of each test was 6 min, removing the specimens every 2 min to measure the amount of mass loss. In order to identify the wear mechanisms, scanning electron microscopy was used. The results showed that fiberglass specimens had a higher mass loss at 90° impact angle. The best erosive wear performance was obtained in the uncoated carbon fiber specimens at 85° impact angle. © 2021 Society of Plastics Engineers}, language = {English}, number = {4}, journal = {Polymer Composites}, author = {Vera-Cardenas, E.E. and Mendoza-Mendoza, J.C. and Martinez-Perez, A.I. and Ledesma-Ledesma, S. and Rubio-González, C. and Vite-Torres, M.}, year = {2021}, note = {Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc}, keywords = {Coated composites, Composite materials, Composites material, Erosion, Erosion resistance, Experimental test, Glass fibers, Graphite fibers, High impact angles, Polyester resins, Polymer composite materials, Rectangular shapes, Scanning electron microscopy, Turbine applications, Wear of materials, Wear resistance, Wind turbines, coating, composite materials, leading edge, solid particle erosion}, pages = {1988--1999}, } @article{perelloBadiaSiCYAGCoatingMicrostructure2024, title = {{SiC}-{YAG} {Coating} {Microstructure} {Optimization} {Through} {Powder} {Feedstock} {Manufacturing} {Process} {Control}}, volume = {33}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85188109846&doi=10.1007%2fs11666-024-01750-2&partnerID=40&md5=f68f05466393745f31f387d1a8b92e29}, doi = {10.1007/s11666-024-01750-2}, abstract = {A silicon carbide/yttrium aluminum garnet (SiC/YAG) composite powder feedstock material developed and patented by NTNU (Norway) in 2012 has been used to produce industrial SiC thermal spray coatings since 2014. This powder is the first of its kind in the thermal spray industry. The commercial powder is produced by the agglomerated and sintered route (A\&S), making it suitable mostly for High-Velocity Oxygen Fuel, but it can also be produced by the sintered and crushed (S\&C) manufacturing route for Atmospheric Plasma Spray (APS). In this work, a S\&C route is proposed using jaw crusher, hammer mill, and ball milling techniques. The resulting powders were then deposited using APS and were compared with the reference A\&S powder. The chemistry and the microstructure of the powders and coatings were characterized using electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and Vickers microhardness. The S\&C powders showed a density higher than the A\&S powder and a blocky morphology. The S\&C powders had almost no internal porosity and kept the same chemical composition as the A\&S version. The coatings obtained with the S\&C powders outperformed the A\&S coatings, having less porosity, higher hardness, and no secondary phases. © The Author(s) 2024.}, number = {4}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {Perello-Badia, D. and Espallargas, N.}, year = {2024}, note = {0 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Agglomerated and sintered, Agglomeration, Aluminum coatings, Atmospheric plasma spray, Ball milling, Coating microstructures, Composite coatings, Composite powders, Feedstocks, Manufacturing process, Microstructure, Microstructure optimizations, Milling (machining), Morphology, Plasma spraying, Porosity, Powder coatings, Powders, Silicon carbide, Sintered and crushed, Sintering, Sprayed coatings, Thermalspray, YAG, Yttrium aluminum garnet, agglomerated and sintered, silicon carbide, sintered and crushed, thermal spray}, pages = {1040--1054}, } @article{sadeghCheriSeparateDuinoDesignFabrication2020, title = {{SeparateDuino}: {Design} and {Fabrication} of a {Low}-{Cost} {Arduino}-{Based} {Microcentrifuge} {Using} the {Recycled} {Parts} of a {Computer} {DVD} {Drive}}, volume = {97}, issn = {0021-9584}, shorttitle = {{SeparateDuino}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.0c00107}, doi = {10.1021/acs.jchemed.0c00107}, abstract = {The separation of suspensions and immiscible liquids by the laboratory centrifuge is widely used in such fields as chemistry, biology, biochemistry, and clinical medicine. In this paper, an Arduino-based microcentrifuge was fabricated using a computer DVD (digital versatile disc) drive. The hardware part consisted of inexpensive mechanical and electronic parts such as the recycled parts of a computer DVD drive, an Arduino microcontroller, a motor driver, a magnetic sensor (for speed measurement), and a display. The microcentrifuge provided a wide speed range of 1,000–10,000 rpm. The fabrication process is easy, and the total fabrication cost of the fabricated microcentrifuge is less than \$25. Since the fabricated microcentrifuge has open-source hardware and software parts, it is appropriate for educational purposes and laboratory settings.}, number = {8}, urldate = {2025-01-15}, journal = {Journal of Chemical Education}, author = {Sadegh-cheri, Mohammad}, month = aug, year = {2020}, note = {6 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: American Chemical Society}, pages = {2338--2341}, } @article{munozCubillosCavitationResistanceDeep2019, title = {On the cavitation resistance of deep rolled surfaces of austenitic stainless steels}, volume = {428}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043164818307993}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Muñoz-Cubillos, J. and Coronado, J. J. and Rodríguez, S. A.}, year = {2019}, note = {Publisher: Elsevier}, pages = {24--31}, } @article{labarberaSosaMicrostructuralMechanicalCharacterization2008, title = {Microstructural and mechanical characterization of {Ni}-base thermal spray coatings deposited by {HVOF}}, volume = {202}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-44349181453&doi=10.1016%2fj.surfcoat.2008.04.041&partnerID=40&md5=c20da644bc7fd3a97e9a2d921f9e3781}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2008.04.041}, abstract = {The present work has been conducted in order to determine the microstructural features, hardness and elastic modulus of two different Ni-base coatings deposited by means of HVOF thermal spray, onto a SAE 1045 plain carbon steel substrate. The morphology and chemical composition of the phases that are present in the coatings were characterized by means of SEM, EDS and XRD techniques. Image analysis was used for the evaluation of the coatings porosity. Both conventional and instrumented indentation tests were also carried out on the surface and cross section of the coatings, in order to evaluate the effect of coating microstructure on hardness and elastic modulus. Conventional indentation tests were conducted using a Knoop indenter and a maximum load of 9.8 N. Instrumented indentation tests, in which the indenter depth and applied load were recorded continuously, were carried out employing a Vickers indenter and maximum loads of 0.49, 0.98, 1.96, 4.9 and 9.8 N. Instrumented nanoindentation tests (in a continuous stiffness measurement mode) were also conducted employing a Berkovich indenter with a maximum load of 9.8 N. The elastic modulus was computed by means of the Oliver and Pharr method and compared with the values determined by means of the method earlier advanced by Marshall et al. The results obtained indicate that the elastic modulus values determined on the cross section of the coatings are higher than those obtained on the surface, clearly indicating the anisotropy of the structure. Also, the values found employing a Berkovich indenter are very similar to those derived by means of the Vickers indenter. In addition, the these values are in agreement with those determined by taking into consideration the elastic recovery of the short Knoop diagonal after removal of the load. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, number = {18}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {La Barbera-Sosa, J.G. and Santana, Y.Y. and Staia, M.H. and Chicot, D. and Lesage, J. and Caro, J. and Mesmacque, G. and Puchi-Cabrera, E.S.}, year = {2008}, note = {22 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Anisotropy, Characterization, Coating microstructure, Coatings, Elastic moduli, Elastic modulus, Energy dispersive spectroscopy, HVOF, Hardness, Mechanical properties, Metallographic microstructure, Nanoindentation, Nanoindentation tests, Ni-base coating, Nickel, Nickel-base coating, Scanning electron microscopy, Thermal spraying, X ray diffraction analysis}, pages = {4552--4559}, } @inproceedings{alHamedInvestigationHVOFThermal2013, title = {Investigation of {HVOF} thermal sprayed nanostructured {WC}-{12Co} mixed with {Inconel}-625 coatings for oil/gas applications}, volume = {78}, isbn = {978-1-84564-722-3}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84887569400&doi=10.2495%2fSECM130181&partnerID=40&md5=b8b46bbd1256e5b47ec331d947cdb829}, doi = {10.2495/SECM130181}, abstract = {Different machine parts in oil and gas industries suffer from erosion-corrosion degradations due to the impact of small solid particles entraining a liquid stream during transportation. To overcome such a tribological problem, the demand for WC-12Co and Inconel-625 HVOF thermal spray coatings is becoming more and more stringent. To date, the development of nanostructured WC-12Co feedstock materials have significantly improved the mechanical property performance of such coatings over conventional micro-structured coatings. This paper identifies the recent developments of WC-12Co nanostructured coatings and how they have performed when deposited using different thermal spray techniques. The research focuses also on the modification of WC-12Co by the addition of Inconel-625 against erosion-corrosion. The results demonstrate that the significant improvement in nanostructured WC-12Co coating performance can be achieved by utilizing proper controlling parameters for HVOF technique. © 2013 WIT Press.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {{WIT} {Trans}. {Eng}. {Sci}.}, publisher = {WITPress}, author = {Al-Hamed, A. and Al-Fadhli, H.Y. and Al-Mutairi, S. and Yilbas, B.S. and Hashmi, M.S.J. and Stokes, J.}, editor = {{De Hosson J.Th.M.} and {Brebbia C.A.}}, year = {2013}, note = {10 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Journal Abbreviation: WIT Trans. Eng. Sci.}, keywords = {Computational methods, Controlling parameters, Corrosion resistance, Deformation, Erosion, Erosion-corrosion degradation, Experiments, HVOF, HVOF thermal spraying, Inconel-625, Mechanical properties, Nanostructure, Nanostructured coatings, Nanostructures, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray, Thermal spray coatings, Thermal spray techniques, Thermal spraying, WC-Co}, pages = {215--225}, } @inproceedings{goulartSantosInfluenceSurfaceHardening2010, title = {Influence of surface hardening depth on the cavitation erosion resistance of a low alloy steel}, volume = {5}, isbn = {978-161782016-8 (ISBN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84893225098&partnerID=40&md5=a6d7fe52a4d3d012f700f47d7c496c39}, abstract = {In this paper, the influence of surface hardening depth promoted by plasma nitriding and Cr-Al-N coating deposition on the cavitation erosion resistance of a low alloy steel was investigated. 2 and 4 hours plasma nitrided samples were produced and coated with 1 and 2 μm Cr-Al-N coatings deposited by PAPVD. The characterization was carried out by X-ray diffraction (θ-2θ and glancing angle configurations), scanning electron microscopy, Rockwell C adhesion test and 3D profilometry. Knoop microhardness tests were also performed. Cavitation erosion tests were carried out according to ASTM G32-03 Standard. The cavitation erosion rate and incubation period were determined. Coating deposition had a major influence on the incubation period, in which a higher coating thickness resulted in a longer time. Plasma nitriding treatment was more effective on reducing the average erosion rate in the accelerated period. The plasma nitriding treatment and Cr-Al-N coating in conjunction led to a decrease in both incubation period and erosion rate. The hardened systems presented mass loss up to 11 times lower than the non hardened steel for the same time. It was concluded that as ticker is the coating and as deeper is the nitrided layer better is the cavitation erosion resistance. Copyright © (2010) by Associação Brasileira de Metalurgia Materiais e Mineração (ABM).}, language = {English}, booktitle = {{ABM} {Int}. {Congr}., {IFHTSE} {Congr}. {TMS}/{ABM} {Int}. {Mater}. {Congr}.}, author = {Goulart-Santos, S. and Mancosu, R.D. and Godoy, C. and Matthews, A. and Leyland, A.}, year = {2010}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: ABM Int. Congr., IFHTSE Congr. TMS/ABM Int. Mater. Congr.}, keywords = {3-D profilometry, Adhesion test, Alloys, Aluminum, Aluminum coatings, Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation erosion, Cavitation erosion resistance, Cerium alloys, Characterization, Chromate coatings, Coating deposition, Coating thickness, Cr-Al-N, Deposition, Erosion, Erosion rates, Glancing angle, Hardening, Hardening depth, Incubation periods, Knoop microhardness, Mass loss, Nitriding, Nitrogen plasma, Papvd coating, Physical vapor deposition, Plasma applications, Plasma deposition, Plasma nitrided, Plasma nitriding, Rockwell, Scanning electron microscopy, Soil mechanics, Steel metallurgy, Surface hardening, Thickness measurement, Three dimensional, Three-dimensional (3D), Wear rates, X ray diffraction}, pages = {4219--4228}, } @article{alHamedEnhancementConventionalWCCo2016, title = {Enhancement of conventional {WC}-{Co} and {Inconel} 625 {HVOF} thermal spray coatings by the addition of nanostructured {WC}-{Co} for wear/corrosion applications in the oil/gas industry}, volume = {2}, issn = {2374068X (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85063943195&doi=10.1080%2f2374068X.2016.1159039&partnerID=40&md5=4c6c5d7ff5a31e5837b1d23293041929}, doi = {10.1080/2374068X.2016.1159039}, abstract = {Recently, economical and fast solutions for preventing failure due to wear and corrosion in oil and gas industries have been reduced through the deposition of cermets using HVOF thermal spray coatings especially tungsten carbide–cobalt (Diamalloy 2004) deposits to reduce wear effects and Inconel-625 (Diamalloy 1005) to prevent corrosion. The new research trend towards the development of bimodal (mixed of nano- and micro-size particle) feedstock powders, through the addition of nanostructured WC-Co, is showing promise and is under investigation in this research. A design-of-experiment software was implemented to study the influence of different powder percentage on the coating performance such as coating microstructure and coating mechanical performance, such as three-point bending tests and hardness measurement. Results show that hardness, bending and yield strength of the coating increased as the composition percentage of nanostructured WC-12Co mixed in with the Diamalloy 2004/1005 (WC-12Co micro/Inconel-625, respectively) composite increased due to the strong adhesion of WC nanosize grains at the substrate/coating interface through improved mechanical interlocking and reduce the possibility of cracks initiation. The results show promise in terms of the current maintenance challenges experienced by the oil/gas industry today, in terms of possibly extending the life of components, plus providing huge economic savings. © 2016, © 2016 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor \& Francis Group.}, language = {English}, number = {1}, journal = {Advances in Materials and Processing Technologies}, author = {Al-Hamed, A.A. and Benyounis, K.Y. and Al-Fadhli, H.Y. and Yilbas, B.S. and Hashmi, M.S.J. and Stokes, J.}, year = {2016}, note = {11 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Taylor and Francis Ltd.}, keywords = {Inconel-625, WC-12Co, bending, erosion–corrosion wear}, pages = {93--102}, } @article{poblanoSalasEffectsVCAdditions2015, title = {Effects of {VC} additions on the mechanical properties of bimodal {WC}-{Co} {HVOF} thermal sprayed coatings measured by nanoindentation}, volume = {48}, issn = {02634368 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84907612244&doi=10.1016%2fj.ijrmhm.2014.08.016&partnerID=40&md5=9fb19d65d4e6ada6df7040fb675323e4}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2014.08.016}, abstract = {Measurement of mechanical properties in cermets is complex since they are formed by several phases. How to quantitatively determine the relationship between the performance and the complex microstructure of this particular group of materials, especially when analyzing the effect of the reinforcement phase, is still one of the top challenging problems yet to be solved. Hardness and elastic modulus of bimodal WC-Co HVOF thermal spray coatings doped with vanadium carbide (VC) additions were studied by performing a statistical analysis of nanoindentation results. A mathematical deconvolution procedure and a Weibull distribution analysis of hardness and elastic modulus results are proposed to identify the individual contribution of each phase to the mechanical properties of different WC-12Co coatings. Both analysis methods allowed to detect a reinforcing effect of vanadium on the hardness and elastic modulus of bimodal VC-doped coatings. The combination of VC additions and a bimodal WC particle size distribution in the WC-Co coatings proved successful in increasing their mechanical properties, as the coatings processed in this work showed better mechanical properties than that reported in the literature for coatings having exclusively a bimodal WC particle size distribution or those only doped with VC additions. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.}, language = {English}, journal = {International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials}, author = {Poblano-Salas, C.A. and Cabral-Miramontes, J.A. and Gallegos-Melgar, A. and Ruiz-Luna, H. and Aguilar-Escobar, J.D. and Espinosa-Arbelaez, D.G. and Espinoza-Beltrán, F. and Trapaga-Martínez, G. and Muñoz-Saldaña, J.}, year = {2015}, note = {19 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {Elastic moduli, Elastic modulus, Nanoindentation, Thermal sprayed coating, VC additions, Vc additions, WC-Co coating, WC-Co coatings}, pages = {167--178}, } @article{rahbarKelishamiEffectsFrictionStir2015, title = {Effects of friction stir processing on wear properties of {WC}-12\%{Co} sprayed on 52100 steel}, volume = {86}, issn = {02641275 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84942288053&doi=10.1016%2fj.matdes.2015.06.132&partnerID=40&md5=ac2f56394a396ead3a2db1fcaee34367}, doi = {10.1016/j.matdes.2015.06.132}, abstract = {A WC-12\%Co coating was thermally sprayed on a 52100 steel substrate and subsequently friction stir processing (FSP) was performed on this layer. The wear resistance and hardness was compared before and after FSP. Optical and SEM revealed that FSP intermixes the sprayed layer with the substrate, reduces porosity, and enhances both hardness and wear performances. 3D profilometry mapping was conducted to evaluate the wear track depth and its morphology. Refined grain structures and a martensitic structure with retained austenite are promoted by the FSP treatment. This leads to formation of new intermetallic and carbides which were detected by X-ray diffraction, thus accounting for the increased hardness and improved wear resistance. © 2015.}, language = {English}, journal = {Materials and Design}, author = {Rahbar-kelishami, A. and Abdollah-zadeh, A. and Hadavi, M.M. and Banerji, A. and Alpas, A. and Gerlich, A.P.}, year = {2015}, note = {30 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {Carbides, Coatings, Friction, Friction stir processing, Friction stir welding, Hardness, Profilometry, Sliding wear, Thermal spray coatings, Tribology, Tungsten carbide, Wear mechanism, Wear mechanisms, Wear of materials, Wear resistance, Wear testing, Wear-testing, X ray diffraction}, pages = {98--104}, } @article{fernandezAlvarezEffectWearResistance2018, title = {Effect on wear resistance of nanoparticles addition to a powder polyester coating through ball milling}, volume = {15}, issn = {15470091 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85047659027&doi=10.1007%2fs11998-018-0106-z&partnerID=40&md5=c5b68b474a9f5648039dffdb16092080}, doi = {10.1007/s11998-018-0106-z}, abstract = {The wear properties of a textured polyester powder coating with pyrogenic silica nanoparticles addition were evaluated. Raw powders of a commercial, textured polyester organic coating were mixed with low amounts of SiO2 nanoparticles (0.5–3 wt\%) using ball milling, a simple and economical method. Nanoparticles were mixed into the powder of thermoset organic coating for 10 min in a two-body planetary ball mill. Particle size distribution of the powder was measured to evaluate the milling effect. The coatings were applied and cured in an industrial installation on aluminum substrates. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) images of the coatings were taken to analyze the homogeneity of the organic coating. Roughness, gloss and color were measured in order to evaluate their appearance. The effect of nanoparticles on abrasive and erosion wear performances was measured. Pin-on-disk wear tests were carried out. Erosion measurements were performed with free fall of sand on the samples, a test based on ASTM D968 standard. The results showed that the milling process provides a good distribution of nanoparticles as no agglomerates were found. The addition of 0.5 wt\% silica nanoparticles allows for improvement of the wear resistance of the coatings. © 2018, American Coatings Association.}, language = {English}, number = {4}, journal = {Journal of Coatings Technology and Research}, author = {Fernández-Álvarez, M. and Velasco, F. and Bautista, A.}, year = {2018}, note = {Publisher: Springer New York LLC}, keywords = {Aluminum coatings, Atomic force microscopy, Ball milling, Economical methods, Erosion, Erosion measurements, Industrial installations, Milling (machining), Organic coatings, Particle size, Particle size analysis, Pin-on-disk wear test, Planetary ball mill, Polyester, Polyester coatings, Polyester powder coatings, Polyesters, Powder coating, Powder coatings, Scanning electron microscopy, SiO2 Nanoparticles, Silica nanoparticles, Wear resistance}, pages = {771--779}, } @article{saenzBetancourtEffectBoronisingCavitation2022, title = {Effect of boronising on the cavitation erosion resistance of stainless steel used for hydromachinery applications}, volume = {498-499}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85127303134&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2022.204330&partnerID=40&md5=46e7bb3f3e189ca784baf50c680d32b6}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2022.204330}, abstract = {Erosive wear due to cavitation severely affects hydromachinery and consequently various sectors of industry, including hydroelectric plants. ASTM A743 CA6NM steel, which is typically used in hydromachinery, was boronised using the packing method at 950 °C for durations of 2, 6, and 8 h Fe2B and FeB phases were identified and characterised using optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and microhardness tests. Under all of the boronising conditions, a surface FeB phase was obtained. Its hardness was 5.22 times that of the base material. The resistance to erosion due to cavitation was evaluated according to the ASTM G32 standard by exposure for 15 h to vibrations that induced cavitation. The boronising time influenced the resistance to cavitation. After boronising for 2, 6, and 8 h, the erosion rates were reduced by 72\%, 57\%, and 55\%, respectively, compared to the erosion rate of untreated ASTM A743 CA6NM steel. According to scanning electron microscopy, the worn surfaces differed for non-boronised steel (ductile behaviour) and boronised steels (brittle behaviour) exhibiting micro-cracks, micro-pores, and detachment of the boride layers. © 2022 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Saenz-Betancourt, C.C. and Rodríguez, S.A. and Coronado, J.J.}, year = {2022}, note = {15 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {950° C, ASTM A743 CA6NM stainless Steel, ASTM a743 CA6NM stainless steel, Boronising, Cavitation, Cavitation erosion, Cavitation-erosion resistance, Erosion, Erosion rates, Erosive wear, Hydroelectric plant, Optical-, Packing method, Scanning electron microscopy, Stainless steel, X- ray diffractions}, } @article{fernandezDomeneCavitationCorrosionRepassivation2011, title = {Cavitation corrosion and repassivation kinetics of titanium in a heavy brine {LiBr} solution evaluated by using electrochemical techniques and {Confocal} {Laser} {Scanning} {Microscopy}}, volume = {58}, issn = {0013-4686}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013468611014150}, doi = {10.1016/j.electacta.2011.09.034}, abstract = {The cavitation corrosion behaviour of commercially pure Grade 2 titanium in a 992g/l LiBr solution has been investigated at 25°C using an ultrasound device. Cavitation was found to have more influence on the anodic branch than on the cathodic branch, shifting the corrosion potential, Ecorr, and the OCP value towards more negative potentials, and increasing the corrosion current density, icorr, by six times. The repassivation kinetics of Grade 2 titanium have also been studied in the 992g/l LiBr solution, at 25°C and various applied potentials, using cavitation to damage the electrode surface. The repassivation kinetics have been analysed in terms of the current density flowing from the area damaged by cavitation, and the results were described by the equation i(t)=A·t−n. At potentials within the passive region, the passive film grew according to the high-field ion conduction model in which logi(t) is linearly proportional to 1/q(t). The damage generated during the potentiostatic tests has been quantified by means of Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy.}, urldate = {2024-10-12}, journal = {Electrochimica Acta}, author = {Fernández-Domene, R. M. and Blasco-Tamarit, E. and García-García, D. M. and García-Antón, J.}, month = dec, year = {2011}, note = {41 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cavitation, Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy, Potentiostatic measurements, Repassivation, Titanium}, pages = {264--275}, } @article{pachecoCedenoAbrasiveWearBehavior2022, title = {Abrasive wear behavior in dry condition of a plasticity-induced transformation steel}, volume = {10}, issn = {2051672X (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85145584803&doi=10.1088%2f2051-672X%2fac9071&partnerID=40&md5=9d2b3d357e90759dd5be19fee7c7036a}, doi = {10.1088/2051-672X/ac9071}, abstract = {The microstructural, mechanical, and tribological evaluation was carried out through an abrasion test of low alloy steel: 0,21\%C, 1,22\%Mn, and 2,16\%Si with/without heat treatment. The steel was manufactured in an electric induction furnace from AISI-1018 steel with additions of FeMn and FeSi. Later it was hot rolled and heat treated. The microstructure of steel without heat treatment is ferritic-pearlitic with σu = 714 MPa, S = 8\%, and a hardness of 21 HRC. The microstructure of the heat-treated steel corresponds to a Plasticity Induced Transformation (TRIP) steel with σu = 890 MPa, S = 30\%, and hardness of 22 HRC. Both types of steel were subjected to abrasive wear (ASTM G-65) with silica sand particles and loads of 45, 66,5, and 130 N. The TRIP effect (transformation of retained austenite into martensite during plastic deformation) was evaluated before and after the tensile test by x-ray diffraction analysis. The results of the abrasion tests showed that the TRIP steel did not present high resistance characteristics, however, it shows better performance than steels with high carbon and/or alloy contents. The results show that with 45 N the TRIP steel is less resistant than the ferritic-pearlitic steel, however, with 66,5 and 130 N, its abrasive wear performance improved by 17\% concerning the ferritic-pearlitic steel, which is attributed to the deformation capacity of TRIP steel. The main wear mechanisms present in TRIP steel are: ploughing, fractures, plastic deformation, pits, cracks, cutting, and micro-cutting. On the other hand, the surface hardness in the abrasion test footprint did not show any change that could be related to the TRIP effect. The microstructure analysis reveals that the material’s detachment occurs at the grain boundaries of the ferrite, in which the cracks that cause the detachment of the material were generated and propagated. © 2022 IOP Publishing Ltd.}, language = {English}, number = {3}, journal = {Surface Topography: Metrology and Properties}, author = {Pacheco-Cedeño, J.S. and Cruz-Rivera, J.D.J. and Flores, A.M. and López, F.V.G. and Vite-Torres, M. and Bernal, J.L. and Garnica-González, P.}, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: Institute of Physics}, keywords = {Abrasion, Abrasion tests, Abrasive wear behavior, Alloy steel, Binary alloys, Carbides, Cracks, Dry condition, Ductile fracture, Erosion, Ferrite, Ferritic, Grain boundaries, Grain size and shape, Hardness, Heat-treated, High strength steel, Manganese alloys, Manganese steel, Mechanical evaluation, Microstructural evaluation, Microstructure, Pearlite, Pearlitic steels, Plastic deformation, Plasticity, Silica, Silica sand, Silicon alloys, Silicon steel, Steel testing, TRIP effect, TRIP steel, TRIP-steel, Tensile testing, Tribology, Wear resistance, X ray powder diffraction, abrasive, abrasive wear, heat-treated, microstructure, tribology, wear}, } @article{lagunaCamachoStudyCavitationErosion2013, title = {A study of cavitation erosion on engineering materials}, volume = {301}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043164812003687}, number = {1-2}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Laguna-Camacho, J. R. and Lewis, R. and Vite-Torres, Manuel and Mendez-Mendez, Juan Vicente}, year = {2013}, note = {Publisher: Elsevier}, pages = {467--476}, } @article{gonzalezPardoNovelOffaxisSolar2016, title = {A novel off-axis solar concentrator providing a vertical beam}, volume = {1734}, issn = {0094-243X}, url = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.4949030}, doi = {10.1063/1.4949030}, number = {1}, urldate = {2022-01-13}, journal = {AIP Conference Proceedings}, author = {González-Pardo, Aurelio and Denk, Thorsten}, month = may, year = {2016}, note = {2 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: American Institute of Physics}, pages = {020006}, } @article{reyesMojenaComparativeStudySlurry2017, title = {A comparative study on slurry erosion behavior of {HVOF} sprayed coatings}, volume = {84}, shorttitle = {Estudio comparativo del desgaste en mezclas erosivas de recubrimientos depositados por {HVOF}}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85033800172&doi=10.15446%2fdyna.v84n202.56542&partnerID=40&md5=58dd0affaebab3f12e2b7abfe93590d8}, doi = {10.15446/dyna.v84n202.56542}, abstract = {In actual work, slurry erosion behavior of three different HVOF sprayed cermet coatings has been studied. The coatings were developed using the powders feedstock having WC fine structured sizes, Cr3C2-NiCr 75-25 and NiCrWSiFeB, latter conventional grain sizes. The slurry erosion testing was performed using a laboratory made pot-type slurry erosion tester, at an impact velocity of 3.61m/s and 9.33 m/s and impact angle of 30 and 90°. The mechanism of material removal in slurry erosion was studied and discussed on microstructural investigations and mechanical properties under the erosion conditions. It was observed that the WC-CoCr cermet coating with fine WC grain exhibits higher erosion resistance as compared to conventional cermet coating due to its improved properties like low porosity, high micro-hardness and fracture toughness. © The author; licensee Universidad Nacional de Colombia.}, number = {202}, journal = {DYNA (Colombia)}, author = {Reyes-Mojena, M.Á. and Sánchez-Orozco, M. and Carvajal-Fals, H. and Sagaró-Zamora, R. and Camello-Lima, C.R.}, year = {2017}, keywords = {HVOF, Nanostructured coatings, Slurry erosion, Thermal spray coatings}, pages = {239--246}, } @inproceedings{tonThatCavitationErosionCorrosion2014, title = {Cavitation erosion - {Corrosion} behaviour of {ASTM} {A27} runner steel in natural river water}, volume = {22}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84919665411&doi=10.1088%2f1755-1315%2f22%2f5%2f052021&partnerID=40&md5=6c23900c6940b0cb6d473a3c8da5b8d4}, doi = {10.1088/1755-1315/22/5/052021}, abstract = {Cavitation erosion is still one of the most important degradation modes in hydraulic turbine runners. Part of researches in this field focuses on finding new materials, coatings and surface treatments to improve the resistance properties of runners to this phenomenon. However, only few studies are focused on the deleterious effect of the environment. Actually, in some cases a synergistic effect between cavitation erosion mechanisms and corrosion kinetics can establish and increase erosion rate. In the present study, the cavitation erosion-corrosion behaviour of ASTM A27 steel in natural river water is investigated. This paper state the approach which has been used to enlighten the synergy between both phenomena. For this, a 20 kHz vibratory test according ASTM G32 standard is coupled to an electrochemical cell to be able to follow the different corrosion parameters during the tests to get evidence of the damaging mechanism. Moreover, mass losses have been followed during the exposure time. The classical degradation parameters (cumulative weight loss and erosion rate) are determined. Furthermore, a particular effort has been implemented to determine the evolution of surface damages in terms of pitting, surface cracking, material removal and surface corrosion. For this, scanning electron microscopy has been used to link the microstructure to the material removal mechanisms. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {{IOP} {Conf}. {Ser}. {Earth} {Environ}. {Sci}.}, publisher = {Institute of Physics Publishing}, author = {Tôn-Thât, L.}, editor = {{Guibault F.} and {Turgeon M.} and {Desy N.} and {Deschenes C.} and {Giroux A.-M.} and {Page M.}}, year = {2014}, note = {2 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Journal Abbreviation: IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci.}, keywords = {Cavitation, Cavitation erosion-corrosion, Corrosion kinetics, Corrosion parameters, Corrosion resistance, Corrosive effects, Damaging mechanism, Degradation parameter, Deleterious effects, Elagatis, Erosion, Hydraulic machinery, Hydraulic motors, Material removal mechanisms, Resistance properties, Scanning electron microscopy, Surface defects, Water resources, cavitation, corrosion, degradation, electrochemical method, erosion rate, river water, turbine}, } @inproceedings{tonThatCavitationErosionCorrosion2019, title = {Cavitation erosion - {Corrosion} behavior of some hydraulic turbine runner steels}, volume = {240}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85063957597&doi=10.1088%2f1755-1315%2f240%2f6%2f062028&partnerID=40&md5=499d313493e495f8d4384ef98bdf1ef0}, doi = {10.1088/1755-1315/240/6/062028}, abstract = {Cavitation erosion is still a phenomenon which causes severe damages to hydraulic turbine runners. A lot of effort has been deployed in the scientific community to understand the materials response to this kind of solicitation. Part of researches which are conducted at Research Institute of Hydro-Quebec are focused on determining the materials behavior laws. For this, the classical ASTM G32 standard is used. Mass losses are followed during the exposure time. Also degradation parameters i.e mean depth of erosion and erosion rate are determined. Furthermore, a lot of effort has gone into the determination of the evolution of surface damages in terms of pitting, surface cracking and material removal. For this, microscopy techniques have been used to link the microstructure to the material removal mechanisms. Furthermore, another part of the researches is focused on enlightening and quantifying the deleterious effect of the environment. In some cases, a synergistic effect can establish between cavitation erosion mechanisms and corrosion kinetics and increase the material degradation. In the present study the ultrasonic cavitation rig has been coupled with electrochemical techniques to determine the contribution of corrosion to this phenomenon in natural river freshwater. The electrochemical behavior of three commonly used materials in hydraulic turbine runners, ASTM A27, E309L and UNS S41500 are studied in condition of quiescence and also in cavitation conditions. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {{IOP} {Conf}. {Ser}. {Earth} {Environ}. {Sci}.}, publisher = {Institute of Physics Publishing}, author = {Tôn-Thât, L. and Lacasse, R.}, year = {2019}, note = {0 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Issue: 6 Journal Abbreviation: IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci.}, keywords = {Cavitation, Cavitation conditions, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation erosion-corrosion, Corrosive effects, Degradation parameter, Electrochemical behaviors, Electrochemical techniques, Erosion, Hydraulic machinery, Hydraulic motors, Hydraulic turbines, Material removal mechanisms, Mean depth of erosions, Microalloyed steel, Steel corrosion, Ultrasonic cavitation}, } @inproceedings{chitraExperimentalAnalysisHardness2021, title = {Experimental analysis on hardness of textile steel components with tungsten carbide coatings}, volume = {47}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85117812065&doi=10.1016%2fj.matpr.2021.05.426&partnerID=40&md5=575b36c21f0b4f2e79ec240cbb86a1a1}, doi = {10.1016/j.matpr.2021.05.426}, abstract = {Improvement of tribological property will enhance textile equipment's efficiency, reliability, and economics and reduce system down time. The metals or alloys are protected against corrosion and wear by applying corrosion and wear resistant thermal spray coatings. EN8 material is an unalloyed medium carbon steel which possess high strength to weight ratio in comparison to that of the normal bright mild steel. In most of the textile industries, the rollers of the machines are made of EN19 material. Thermally sprayed tungsten carbide (WC) is a very successful powder applied to protect metal surfaces against wear and corrosion-erosion in industries. WC has high hardness and fracture toughness and hence it shows good wear resistance. The HVOF coatings, Plasma spray coating and PVD coatings are the techniques used to coat the tube tex rollers. There are various methods to determine the property of coatings and micro hardness measurement is a method to measure hardness and hence to measure the wear resistance. The base materials EN8 and EN19 were coated with tungsten carbide using Plasma Spray coating method. On the coated specimen, hardness tests were conducted. The hardness values are increased due to WC coatings and hardness is better than the HVOF coated samples and much better than the uncoated samples. Novelty of this work is to increase the hardness of the textile rollers to withstand the wear and tear. Hence these coatings will be more useful for increasing the wear resistance and recommended for Textile mill components. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Mater. {Today} {Proc}.}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, author = {Chitra, V. and Ramachandran, S. and Anandaraj, V.}, editor = {{Arunkumar T.} and {Ramachandran S.}}, year = {2021}, note = {0 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Journal Abbreviation: Mater. Today Proc.}, keywords = {Corrosion and wears, Corrosion resistance, Corrosion resistant coatings, Down time, EN 19 steel, EN8 steel, Electrolysis, Equipment efficiency, Experimental analysis, Fracture toughness, Hardness, Microhardness, Plasma spray coating, Plasma spray coatings, Powder coatings, Rollers (machine components), Sprayed coatings, Steel components, Textile industry, Textiles, Tribological properties, Tungsten carbide, Tungsten carbide coating, Wear of materials, Wear resistance}, pages = {4562--4565}, } @inproceedings{kumarHVOFSprayedWC2018, title = {{HVOF} {Sprayed} {WC} {Based} {Cermet} {Coating} for {Mitigation} of {Cavitation}, {Erosion} \& {Abrasion} in {Hydro} {Turbine} {Blade}}, volume = {5}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85045144096&doi=10.1016%2fj.matpr.2017.12.253&partnerID=40&md5=b586188a724ce3c3025340018669117a}, doi = {10.1016/j.matpr.2017.12.253}, abstract = {Considerable advancement has been made over the last decades in various thermal spray technologies, practices and applications. However, like other technologies, they have to continuously evolve to meet new troubles and industrial requirements. WC-based hard metals are widely used in industry mainly are being developed for a wide variety of applications to resist wear, erosion and cavitation due to their high hardness and toughness. Slurry erosion, abrasive wear andcavitation erosion problems are found in turbine runners as well as in other parts of the system. Slurry erosion complications are especially important during rainyPeriods in hydroelectric power plants owing the growth in the number of abrasive particles impacting the exteriors, especially in systems where the comprehensive clarification process is not possible. Portions in interaction with fluids usually needdistinctmaintenanceincluding time consuming heat treatments processing, welding, use of super alloy etc. Thermal spray coatings are appears as a practical alternative to the costly and health hazardous hard chrome plating to repair components and prevent excessive wear because during the deposition process no significant changes to the microstructure of substrates. The term thermal spray describes a family of processes that use chemical or electrical energy to melt (or soften) and accelerate particles of a material which is then deposited on a surface. HVOF sprayed cermet coatings have very low porosity, high hardness, high abrasive resistance, good wear resistance. The review presents the concerns related to materials and the fabrication process of protective wear resistant coatings by thermal spraying methods used for the protection of hydro turbine system. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Mater. {Today} {Proc}.}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, author = {Kumar, H. and Chittosiya, C. and Shukla, V.N.}, editor = {{Kumar Singh S.} and {Purohit R.}}, year = {2018}, note = {43 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Issue: 2 Journal Abbreviation: Mater. Today Proc.}, keywords = {Abrasion, Abrasive coatings, Abrasives, Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Cermet coating, Cermet coatings, Erosion, HVOF thermal spraying, Hard coatings, Hard metals, Hardness, High hardness and toughness, Hydraulic motors, Hydraulic turbines, Hydro turbine blades, Hydroelectric power, Hydroelectric power plants, Industrial requirements, Slurry eosion, Slurry erosion, Spray application, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray technology, Turbine components, Turbomachine blades, WC based cermet, Wear resistance}, pages = {6413--6420}, } @inproceedings{sotoudehAmineNitritePhosphate1993, title = {An amine, nitrite, phosphate and heavy metal free engine coolant inhibitor}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85072416184&doi=10.4271%2f930474&partnerID=40&md5=cb6e24ed5e4e35fd062e126b4c1ee388}, doi = {10.4271/930474}, abstract = {A new supplemental-coolant additive (SCA) has been developed suitable for heavy-duty diesel engines. The formulation stands apart from the commercially available SCAs in that, it is free of nitrite, phosphate, and all heavy metals. Its corrosion-inhibition performance in ASTM D-1384, ASTM-4340, and ASTM D-2570 have been measured. When compared to two commercially available SCAs, test results indicated better or equivalent protection for: copper, brass, low lead and silver solders, carbon steel, gray cast iron, cast aluminum and heat-rejecting aluminum surface. Its maximum hard-water stability at 480 ppm hardness and, its ability to prevent liner-pitting, as measured by the bench-top cavitation-erosion test (ASTM G32), were superior to the nitrite containing SCAs. Its scale inhibition and antifreeze compatibility was equivalent to the commercial SCAs. © Copyright 1993 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {{SAE} {Techni}. {Paper}.}, publisher = {SAE International}, author = {Sotoudeh, K.}, year = {1993}, note = {1 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Journal Abbreviation: SAE Techni. Paper.}, keywords = {Aluminum, Aluminum surface, Cast aluminum, Cast iron, Coolants, Corrosion, Corrosion inhibition performance, Diesel engines, Engine coolant, Gray cast iron, Heavy metals, Heavy-duty diesel engine, Scale inhibition, Supplemental coolant additives}, } @inproceedings{choFrictionBehaviorHVOF2007, title = {Friction behavior of {HVOF} thermal spray coating of micron size {WC}-{Co} powder}, volume = {24-25}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-48049124602&doi=10.4028%2f0-87849-463-4.1325&partnerID=40&md5=a41c3fd4054f89973bf8bae5e32a008d}, doi = {10.4028/0-87849-463-4.1325}, abstract = {High velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spray coating of WC base cermet has been studied as a promising candidate in some hard coating area for a replacement of the long traditional electrolytic hard chrome (EHC) plating, which has been raising public health and environmental problems. Micron size WC-Co (mWC-Co) has been coated on Inconel 718 substrate by HVOF thermal spray coating process. Surface properties of coating layer and friction behavior have been investigated for durability improvement coating on the sliding machine component surface.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Adv. {Mater}. {Res}.}, publisher = {Trans Tech Publications}, author = {Cho, T.Y. and Yoon, J.H. and Kim, K.S. and Song, K.O. and Joo, Y.K. and Fang, W. and Zhang, S. and Youn, S.J. and Chun, H.G. and Hwang, S.Y.}, year = {2007}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: Adv. Mater. Res.}, keywords = {Chromate coatings, Coating, Coatings, Durability improvement, Environmental problems, Friction, Friction behavior, Fuels, HVOF, HVOF thermal spraying, Hard coatings, High velocity oxy fuel, Properties of coatings, Spray coating, Sprayed coatings, Surface properties, Thermal spray coatings, m WC-Co powder}, pages = {1325--1328}, } @inproceedings{patelDevelopmentFeVWCNi2022, title = {Development of {FeV}-{WC} {Ni} {Cr} {B} {Si} coating on {Stainless} steel using {HVOF} process}, volume = {66}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85131515944&doi=10.1016%2fj.matpr.2022.05.444&partnerID=40&md5=d2677f98264a3611819a3050b866203f}, doi = {10.1016/j.matpr.2022.05.444}, abstract = {In the present investigations, 50\% Fe V + 50\% (WC Ni Cr B Si) Coating is developed on SS304 Substrate with High-Velocity Oxy-Fuel (HVOF) thermal spray process. SS304 substrate is commonly used for the plant machinery process vessels which are affected by moderate corrosion and wear applications. This investigation aims to study the performance of the developed coating. The Feedstock powders are characterized by various characterization methods such as SEM, EDS, and XRD, while the as-sprayed coating is characterized by SEM and XRD. The vicker hardness testing technique is used to identify the hardness of the coating. Present research work represents that developed coating improvises average microhardness of substrate from 185 to 205 HV0.1 to 340–680 HV0.1 and thus improves the wear resistance. © 2022}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Mater. {Today} {Proc}.}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, author = {Patel, D. and Bhatt, P. and Bateriwala, R.}, year = {2022}, note = {0 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Journal Abbreviation: Mater. Today Proc.}, keywords = {Chromium alloys, Corrosion and wears, Fe based coating, Fe-based coatings, Feedstock powders, Fuels, HVOF, HVOF thermal spraying, Hardness, High velocity oxy fuel, Machinery, Performance, Plant machinery, Process vessels, Silicon alloys, Sprayed coatings, Stainless steel, Steel corrosion, Thermal spray coating, Thermal spray coatings, Thermal spray process, Wear of materials, Wear resistance, X ray diffraction, XRD}, pages = {2008--2011}, } @inproceedings{szalaArtificialNeuralNetwork2021, title = {Artificial neural network model of hardness, porosity and cavitation erosion wear of {APS} deposited {Al2O3} -13 wt\% {TiO2} coatings}, volume = {1736}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85097020218&doi=10.1088%2f1742-6596%2f1736%2f1%2f012033&partnerID=40&md5=faaa2831afb5ad959cf97b62754ddc2b}, doi = {10.1088/1742-6596/1736/1/012033}, abstract = {The aim of the article is to build-up a simplified model of the effect of atmospheric plasma spraying process parameters on the deposits' functional properties. The artificial neural networks were employed to elaborate on the model and the Matlab software was used. The model is crucial to study the relationship between process parameters, such as stand-off distance and torch velocity, and the properties of Al2O3-13 wt\% TiO2 ceramic coatings. During this study, the coatings morphology, as well as its properties such as Vickers microhardness, porosity, and cavitation erosion resistance were taken into consideration. The cavitation erosion tests were conducted according to the ASTM G32 standard. Moreover, the cavitation erosion wear mechanism was presented. The proposed neural model is essential for establishing the optimisation procedure for the selection of the spray process parameters to obtain the Al2O3-13 wt\% TiO2 ceramic coatings with specified functional properties. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {J. {Phys}. {Conf}. {Ser}.}, publisher = {IOP Publishing Ltd}, author = {Szala, M. and Awtoniuk, M. and Latka, L. and MacEk, W. and Branco, R.}, year = {2021}, note = {9 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Issue: 1 Journal Abbreviation: J. Phys. Conf. Ser.}, keywords = {Alumina, Aluminum oxide, Artificial neural network modeling, Atmospheric plasma spraying, Cavitation, Cavitation erosion resistance, Cavitation-erosion wear, Ceramic coatings, Computational methods, Erosion, Functional properties, MATLAB, Neural networks, Optimisation procedures, Oxide minerals, Plasma diagnostics, Plasma spraying, Porosity, Stand-off distance (SoD), Titanium dioxide, Vickers microhardness, Wear of materials}, } @inproceedings{sharmaTribologicalInvestigationHVOF2020, title = {Tribological {Investigation} of {HVOF} {Sprayed} {Coated} {Turbine} {Steel} under {Varied} {Operating} {Conditions}}, volume = {24}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85090556872&doi=10.1016%2fj.matpr.2020.04.397&partnerID=40&md5=6077d2af8d8f4efe296bfccb108e89b1}, doi = {10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.397}, abstract = {In the present work, Cr3C2-25NiCr and WC-10Co-4Cr coatings were deposited on AISI304 turbine steel using HVOF-spray process. Performance of these HVOF-spray coated and bare turbines steel was investigated under varied conditions of slurry erosion. Slurry erosion resistance was premeditated by using a laboratory developed slurry erosion test rig. Phases, microstructure and eroded surface were characterized using SEM and XRD analysis. It was observed that HVOF-spray WC-10Co-4Cr coating had shown remarkable erosion resistant feature due to the presence of dense, well bonded structure along with higher hardness followed by Cr3C2-25NiCr coated steel and AISI 304 bare turbine steel. It was observed that under erosion condition, bare steel and Cr3C2-25NiCr coating exhibited ductile followed by brittle mechanisms respectively. Similarly degradation mechanism for WC-10Co-4Cr coating exhibited mainly ductile behaviour. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Mater. {Today} {Proc}.}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, author = {Sharma, M. and Kumar Goyal, D. and Kaushal, G.}, editor = {{Basavarajappa S.} and {Rao C.S.P.} and {Nagaraja S.R.}}, year = {2020}, note = {6 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Journal Abbreviation: Mater. Today Proc.}, keywords = {Condition, Degradation, Erosion, Erosion resistance, HVOF spray, HVOF thermal spraying, Hydro turbine, Hydroturbines, Operating condition, Performance, Slurry erosion, Spray process, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray coatings, Tribological investigations, Tribology, Wear, Wear of materials}, pages = {869--879}, } @inproceedings{souzaAssessingCorrosionCharacteristics2003, title = {Assessing the corrosion characteristics of metal/ceramic composites in saline environments - {Aspects} of the interactions between phases}, volume = {2003-April}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-7544231021&partnerID=40&md5=ec573e2b94056371e9d9e8d29070b2ee}, abstract = {The corrosion behaviour of WC-Co-Cr thermal-spray coatings has been given more attention lately due to their increased use in tribological applications where corrosion can occur. In this paper the mechanisms of corrosion of a WC-Co-Cr coating are presented with the focus on understanding the oxidation, dissolution rates and mechanisms in 3.5\% NaC1 at different temperatures. Coating characterization prior to and after corrosion was carried out using scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). DC electrochemical accelerated corrosion techniques (potentiodynamic and potentiostatic tests) were performed in order to evaluate the corrosion properties of the coating. Aider the corrosion tests the solution was analysed using the Inductively Couple Plasma (ICP) technique and a considerable amount of dissolved tungsten was detected. Through linking electrochemical information with water analysis, a sequence of reactions involved in corrosion of WC-Co-Cr is proposed. The practical implications in relation to corrosion and erosion-corrosion are also discussed. © 2003 by NACE International.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {{NACE} - {Int}. {Corros}. {Conf}. {Ser}.}, publisher = {National Assoc. of Corrosion Engineers International}, author = {Souza, V.A.D. and Neville, A.}, year = {2003}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: NACE - Int. Corros. Conf. Ser.}, keywords = {Accelerated corrosion, Cermet, Cermets, Coating, Coating characterizations, Coatings, Corrosion, Corrosion behaviour, Corrosion characteristics, Corrosive effects, Electrochemical corrosion, Erosion - corrosions, Potentiostatic tests, Scanning electron microscopy, Sodium compounds, Thermal spray, Thermal spray coatings, Thermal spraying, Tribological applications, X ray diffraction, X ray photoelectron spectroscopy}, } @inproceedings{riemschneiderAnalysisCavitationErosion2018, title = {Analysis of {Cavitation} {Erosion} {Resistance} of {Grey} {Cast} {Iron} {EN}-{GJL}-200 by the {Surface} {Induction} {Hardening}}, volume = {416}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85056615437&doi=10.1088%2f1757-899X%2f416%2f1%2f012005&partnerID=40&md5=76b042dd6a344ebae2cb0862da9af80f}, doi = {10.1088/1757-899X/416/1/012005}, abstract = {By surface hardening of the cast iron having metallic matrix consisting of pearlite and fine lamellar graphite separations, it has been aimed an increase in hardness and wear resistance. Testing of cavitation erosion resistance was done in the laboratory in accordance with the standard ASTM G32 2010. The mass losses curves, depending on the duration of the cavitational attack by induction hardened and tempered at 220 °C samples, were analysed in comparison with those samples obtained after the stress relief annealing at 525 °C. The hardness measurements performed on the longitudinal section of the cavitation samples beside the microstructural investigations of the eroded surfaces allowed the explanation of the wear mechanism both by the action of the graphite stress concentrator and also by the sensitivity of the metallic mass to the notch effect. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {{IOP} {Conf}. {Ser}. {Mater}. {Sci}. {Eng}.}, publisher = {Institute of Physics Publishing}, author = {Riemschneider, E. and Bordeasu, I. and Mitelea, I. and Utu, I.D.}, editor = {{Serban V.-A.} and {Utu I.-D.} and {Marsavina L.} and {Linul E.}}, year = {2018}, note = {Issue: 1 Journal Abbreviation: IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng.}, keywords = {Cast iron, Cavitation, Cavitation erosion resistance, Erosion, Graphite, Hardening, Hardness, Hardness measurement, Longitudinal section, Metallic matrices, Microstructural investigation, Stress concentrators, Stress relief, Stress relief annealing, Surface induction hardening, Wear of materials, Wear resistance}, } @inproceedings{souzaCorrosionMechanismsElectrochemical2002, title = {Corrosion mechanisms and electrochemical behaviour of thermal spray coatings ({WC}-{Cr}-{Ni} {AND} {WCCrC})}, volume = {2002-April}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85006589900&partnerID=40&md5=9823b59e9f34979333bb13a46352ecc8}, abstract = {In this experimental study the corrosion characteristics (rates and mechanisms) of two thermally-sprayed cermet coatings have been examined in a static saline environment (synthetic seawater). The coatings have complex microstructures where the ceramic hard-phase constituents are embedded in a metallic matrix. Their electrochemical response during accelerated corrosion DC polarisation tests reflects this complexity. The test protocol has enabled the mechanisms of corrosion occurring on the WC/CrC cermet and the WC-Cr-Ni cermet to be compared and contrasted. A 'critical' temperature has been defined for the WC-Cr-Ni coating similar to the critical pitting temperature (CPT) for stainless steels. Electrochemical behavior, which can not be simply described as truly 'passive' behavior, is displayed by the WC/CrC coating and such a well-defined 'critical' temperature is not apparent. The contrasting mechanisms of corrosion, identified during post-test examination, can be correlated to the contrasting electrochemical response. © 2002 by NACE International.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {{NACE} - {Int}. {Corros}. {Conf}. {Ser}.}, publisher = {National Assoc. of Corrosion Engineers International}, author = {Souza, V.A.D. and Neville, A.}, year = {2002}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: NACE - Int. Corros. Conf. Ser.}, keywords = {Accelerated corrosion, Cermet, Cermets, Coating, Coatings, Complex microstructures, Corrosion, Corrosion characteristics, Critical pitting temperatures, Electrochemical behaviors, Electrochemical behaviour, Electrochemical corrosion, Electrochemical response, Electrochemistry, Hard coatings, Seawater corrosion, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray, Thermal spray coatings, Thermal spraying}, } @inproceedings{venkataramananApplicationCCDRSM2020, title = {Application of {CCD} in {RSM} to obtain optimize treatment of tribological characteristics of {WC}-{10Co}-{4Cr} nanoceramic thermal spray coating}, volume = {45}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85108210135&doi=10.1016%2fj.matpr.2020.10.469&partnerID=40&md5=8756d4c7a38461071ab61128fcda0a43}, doi = {10.1016/j.matpr.2020.10.469}, abstract = {Ceramic coatings are effectively utilized in mechanical industry for their attention-grabbing properties, like good corrosion and wear resistance, hardness, high temperature-strength, and thermal stability. Thermal spray WC coating method was used as a effective method to produce ceramic coating, especially to reduce the wear rate in fracturing fluids usage. The most important operating parameters are applied pressure, sliding speed, coating thickness and bio lubricant. Regression models were developed by using central composite design (CCD) in response surface method (RSM) to predict the response variables. The mechanical properties, such as coefficient of friction, wear rate and mass loss were considered as responses variables. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Mater. {Today} {Proc}.}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, author = {Venkataramanan, A.R. and Subramaniyan, M. and Kumar, S.L. and Jawahar, R.R. and Prabhu, L.}, year = {2020}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: Mater. Today Proc.}, keywords = {ANOVA, Central composite designs, Ceramic, Ceramics, Corrosion resistance, Friction, High temperature corrosion, Mechanical industry, Nano ceramics, Property, RSM, Regression analysis, Response surfaces methods, Spray coating, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray coatings, Thickness measurement, Tribological characteristics, Tribology, Wear of materials, Wear resistance, Wear-rate}, pages = {6160--6170}, } @inproceedings{benaRoughnessParametersCavitation2018, title = {Roughness {Parameters} during {Cavitation} {Exposure} of {Nodular} {Cast} {Iron} with {Ferrite}-{Pearlite} {Microstructure}}, volume = {416}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85056658999&doi=10.1088%2f1757-899X%2f416%2f1%2f012011&partnerID=40&md5=9f59e9c6c8bd006c0d470a90f00d6688}, doi = {10.1088/1757-899X/416/1/012011}, abstract = {The cavitation erosion resistance of EN-GJS-400-15 nodular cast iron was tested in the laboratory according to ASTM G32- 2010 standard. The erosion average penetration depth values, MDE, were correlated with the roughness parameters and the microstructure of the samples subjected to volume heat treatments consisting from stress relieving and for softening, annealing, normalization and quenching followed by tempering. The results obtained showed that the changes in the surface roughness of the samples tested at cavitation can be used to predict the resistance of the material to this wear phenomenon. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {{IOP} {Conf}. {Ser}. {Mater}. {Sci}. {Eng}.}, publisher = {Institute of Physics Publishing}, author = {Bena, T. and Mitelea, I. and Bordeau, I. and Crǎciunescu, C.M.}, editor = {{Serban V.-A.} and {Utu I.-D.} and {Marsavina L.} and {Linul E.}}, year = {2018}, note = {2 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Issue: 1 Journal Abbreviation: IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng.}, keywords = {Cast iron, Cavitation, Cavitation erosion resistance, Erosion, Ferrite-pearlite, Microstructure, Nodular iron, Roughness parameters, Surface roughness, Wear phenomena}, } @inproceedings{junFeasibilityStudyAdvanced2005, title = {A feasibility study on advanced methodology to produce high-performance nano {WC}-{Co} granule feedstock for thermal spraying}, volume = {475-479}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-17044402622&doi=10.4028%2f0-87849-960-1.2891&partnerID=40&md5=698e6d67cec8eb8c64af54b82d8d9e8c}, doi = {10.4028/0-87849-960-1.2891}, abstract = {A feasibility study was conducted, in order to fabricate WC-Co powder granule as high-performance feedstock for thermal spraying process, by spray drying weakly flocculated nano-particulate slurries under various conditions. The defects were evaluated with respect to the amount of additives to prepare spherical WC-Co feedstock powders with few morphological defects and homogeneous microstructures. The characteristics of feedstock powders heat-treated at 850-1200°C were analyzed using SEM, EPMA, and Hg-porosimetry. The microstructure investigation revealed that the relative portion of larger pores around 10 μ increased with increasing heat-treatment temperature. On the other hand, the relative portion of smaller pores of 1 μm decreased due to the coalescence of WC particles, leading to dense feedstock powders with less defects such as hollow or craters. The hardness of thermal-sprayed coat developed with the feedstock in this study, which had exceptionally high feedstock strength, was superior to that of any other sprayed coat obtained with commercial feedstock powders. © 2005 Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Mater {Sci} {Forum}}, publisher = {Trans Tech Publications Ltd}, author = {Jun, H.W. and Seok, H.K. and Kim, J.S. and Lee, H.W.}, year = {2005}, note = {Issue: IV Journal Abbreviation: Mater Sci Forum}, keywords = {Ball milling, Decarburization, Dispersion, Dispersion medium, Feedstock, Feedstock powders, Flocculated slurries, Flocculation, Granular materials, Heat treatment, Microstructure, Nanostructured materials, Pore size, Porosimeters, Scanning electron microscopy, Slurries, Spray drying, Thermal spray coating, Thermal spraying}, pages = {2891--2894}, } @inproceedings{hibiEffectTensileStress2015, title = {Effect of {Tensile} {Stress} on {Cavitation} {Erosion} and {Damage} of {Polymer}}, volume = {656}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84956854896&doi=10.1088%2f1742-6596%2f656%2f1%2f012049&partnerID=40&md5=67d6d8cf56f75077ea3051efc285f8bd}, doi = {10.1088/1742-6596/656/1/012049}, abstract = {Cavitation erosion tests for epoxy, unsaturated polyester, polycarbonate, and acrylic resin were conducted under various tensile stress conditions (Tensile-Cavitation test). A new testing device was designed to conduct the Tensile-Cavitation test and observe specimen surface during the experiment based on ASTM G32. When tensile stress of 1.31 MPa was loaded on epoxy resin, cracks occurred on the specimen after 0.5 hours during cavitation erosion. When no tensile stress was loaded on the epoxy resin, the damage was general cavitation erosion only. As well as the epoxy resin, unsaturated polyester resin applied tensile stress of 1.31 MPa and polycarbonate resin of 6.54 MPa indicated erosion damages and cracks. When tensile stress of 6.54 MPa was loaded on acrylic resin, the erosion damage was almost the same as the results without tensile stress. We confirmed that anti-cavitation property of epoxy resin was higher than those of acrylic and polycarbonate without tensile stress while the damage of epoxy resin was much serious than that of acrylic resins under tensile stress loadings.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {J. {Phys}. {Conf}. {Ser}.}, publisher = {Institute of Physics Publishing}, author = {Hibi, M. and Inaba, K. and Takahashi, K. and Kishimoto, K. and Hayabusa, K.}, editor = {{Farhat M.} and {Muller A.}}, year = {2015}, note = {4 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Issue: 1 Journal Abbreviation: J. Phys. Conf. Ser.}, keywords = {Cavitation, Cavitation properties, Cracks, Epoxy resins, Erosion, Polycarbonate resins, Polycarbonates, Polyester resins, Specimen surfaces, Stress condition, Stress loading, Tensile stress, Tensile testing, Testing device, Unsaturated polyester, Unsaturated polyester resin, Unsaturated polymers}, } @inproceedings{kuluWearResistanceThermal2000, title = {Wear resistance of thermal sprayed coatings on the base of recycled hardmetal}, volume = {130}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0033930371&doi=10.1016%2fS0257-8972%2800%2900687-3&partnerID=40&md5=12c1dbcc9e35b757b09ad906a88342e8}, doi = {10.1016/S0257-8972(00)00687-3}, abstract = {The application of used (recycled) hardmetal base powders for new composite powder production for thermal spraying was studied. The detonation method for the deposition of sprayed WC-Co hardmetal coatings and spray and fusion technology for laying of melted self-fluxing alloy-base composite coatings containing WC-Co hardmetal particles were used. The abrasion-erosion wear resistance of sprayed WC-Co hardmetal coatings and composite coatings from self-fluxing Ni-base alloy and WC-Co hardmetal powders was evaluated. The prospects of used hardmetal base powder application for thermal spraying were shown. The wear resistance of sprayed used WC-Co hardmetal-based coatings was two times lower than comparative coatings from Amdry powder; the spray and fused composite coatings exhibited a 200\% higher wear resistance than non-coated steel. The ways of improving the abrasion-erosion wear resistance of sprayed and melted used WC-Co hardmetal powder-based thermal sprayed coatings are offered: using a narrow range of granulometry of powder, plated with Co and Ni hardmetal powder and powder with spheroidal particles. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.; The application of used (recycled) hardmetal base powders for new composite powder production for thermal spraying was studied. The detonation method for the deposition of sprayed WC-Co hardmetal coatings and spray and fusion technology for laying of melted self-fluxing alloy-base composite coatings containing WC-Co hardmetal particles were used. The abrasion-erosion wear resistance of sprayed WC-Co hardmetal coatings and composite coatings from self-fluxing Ni-base alloy and WC-Co hardmetal powders was evaluated. The prospects of used hardmetal base powder application for thermal spraying were shown. The wear resistance of sprayed used WC-Co hardmetal-based coatings was two times lower than comparative coatings from Amdry powder; the spray and fused composite coatings exhibited a 200\% higher wear resistance than non-coated steel. The ways of improving the abrasion-erosion wear resistance of sprayed and melted used WC-Co hardmetal powder-based thermal sprayed coatings are offered: using a narrow range of granulometry of powder, plated with Co and Ni hardmetal powder and powder with spheroidal particles.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Surf. {Coat}. {Technol}.}, publisher = {Elsevier Sequoia SA}, author = {Kulu, P. and Zimakov, S.}, year = {2000}, note = {Issue: 1 Journal Abbreviation: Surf. Coat. Technol.}, keywords = {Abrasion, Abrasion-erosion, Cobalt, Erosion, Hardmetal, Nickel alloys, Recycling, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray coating, Thermal spray coatings, Tungsten carbide, Wear, Wear resistance, coating, spray, wear resistance}, pages = {46--51}, } @inproceedings{khmelevMethodMeansCavitation2020, title = {Method and means of cavitation erosion tests under abnormal conditions}, volume = {1679}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85097607286&doi=10.1088%2f1742-6596%2f1679%2f4%2f042041&partnerID=40&md5=49e7673ec22a052456dde2a87a04f307}, doi = {10.1088/1742-6596/1679/4/042041}, abstract = {The monitoring method for erosion resistance of metals and protective coatings under cavitation exposure in abnormal operating conditions is proposed. This method extends the scope of the standard ASTM G32-10 Standard Test Method for Cavitation Erosion Using Vibratory Apparatus. The specialized ultrasonic device has been developed for the study of cavitation destruction of materials and coatings at high pressures, temperatures up to 1000 °C and in liquid media with various properties (including aggressive ones) for implementing the monitoring method. The control system based on continuous monitoring of electric parameters of piezoelectric vibratory system was used to providing the necessary vibration amplitude in the process of cavitation under all changes of liquids parameters. The control system (based on changes monitoring of liquid active resistance) was used for equal efficiency of cavitation process on the surface. Practical recommendations for testing of cavitation erosion of metals and protective coatings in abnormal conditions are given. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {J. {Phys}. {Conf}. {Ser}.}, publisher = {IOP Publishing Ltd}, author = {Khmelev, V.N. and Barsukov, R.V. and Golykh, R.N. and Abramenko, D.S. and Genne, D.V. and Tertishnikov, P.P.}, editor = {{Kovalev I.V.} and {Voroshilova A.A.} and {Testoyedov N.A.}}, year = {2020}, note = {5 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Issue: 4 Journal Abbreviation: J. Phys. Conf. Ser.}, keywords = {Abnormal conditions, Abnormal operating conditions, Cavitation, Continuous monitoring, Control systems, Electric parameters, Erosion, Erosion resistance, High pressure engineering, Liquids, Monitoring, Practical recommendation, Protective coatings, Standard test method, Testing, Vibration amplitude}, } @inproceedings{pejrydEngineTestExperience1996, title = {Engine test experience with {HVOF} {WC}-{Co} coated fan blade dampers}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-17044447471&partnerID=40&md5=ff2b6448cb57fdbf995ba5f7e0e88350}, abstract = {Tungsten carbide thermal spray coatings are important to the aerospace industry for reducing wear on jet engine components, fanblade mid-span dampers being one example. However, the fatigue life of a component is often reduced when a coating is applied and for some cases the coating can fail due to spallation and cracking. Coating failures can result in decreased engine performance and costly maintenance. To provide insight and possible explanations for the reduced service life of coated mid-span dampers, identify the best coating and application processes for future use, and to develop methods for improving coating performance, a comprehensive experimental research program was conducted. The program involved coating performance in jet engine tests, coating crack resistance in bending, low cycle fatigue properties of the coating and substrate, and microstructures for a wide range of coating compositions and application processes. Eleven coatings were ranked according to their performance relative to the other coatings in each evaluation category. Five of the coatings were selected for engine test runs. Results from the engine test runs for more than 800h (AMT-cycle) were compared to bend and low cycle fatigue evaluations and to measured residual stresses. Strong correlation between engine performance and the residual stresses in the coating-substrate system was found. Results from the program were used for selecting a suitable coating system for final in-service use.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Am {Soc} {Mech} {Eng} {Pap}}, publisher = {ASME}, author = {Pejryd, Lars and Wigren, Jan}, year = {1996}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: Am Soc Mech Eng Pap}, keywords = {Aerospace applications, Aerospace industry, Application process, Application programs, Bending strength, Bending tests, Coating compositions, Coating performance, Coating-substrate systems, Coatings, Composition, Crack initiation, Crack resistance, Cracks, Engines, Evaluation categories, Experimental research, Fan blade dampers, Fatigue of materials, Gas turbines, HVOF thermal spraying, Jet engines, Low cycle fatigue properties, Microstructure, Performance, Protective coatings, Residual stresses, Service life, Software testing, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray coatings, Tungsten carbide, Wear of materials}, pages = {6pp}, } @inproceedings{bordeasuLaserBeamTreatment2015, title = {Laser beam treatment effect on {AMPCO} {M4} bronze cavitation erosion resistance}, volume = {85}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84939243668&doi=10.1088%2f1757-899X%2f85%2f1%2f012005&partnerID=40&md5=a03b2da533afc84aea7b98c9fa2f94e1}, doi = {10.1088/1757-899X/85/1/012005}, abstract = {Ship propellers must resist simultaneously to ocean water corrosion and cavitation erosion. Until now, the best material used is the bronze with great copper content. These materials are expensive and there is the tendency to reduce the copper content while maintaining good properties. Such a material is AMPCO M4 used for manufacturing details for aircraft retractable landing assemblies. As a consequence we undertake cavitation erosion tests upon this bronze. In natural state (cast or even extruded) the cavitation resistance is not acceptable so, we improved the specimens by treating them with laser beams at three different impulse powers (160, 180 and 220 W). The cavitation erosion resistance was tested in the Cavitation Laboratory of Timisoara "Politehnica" University using a vibratory device respecting the conditions imposed by ASTM G32-2010 Standard. The comparisons with the genuine material (without any treatments) show that the applied procedure increased the hardness of the melted layer as well as the cavitation erosion behavior. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {{IOP} {Conf}. {Ser}. {Mater}. {Sci}. {Eng}.}, publisher = {Institute of Physics Publishing}, author = {Bordeasu, I. and Popoviciu, M.O. and Micu, L.M. and Oanca, O.V. and Bordeasu, D. and Pugna, A. and Bordeasu, C.}, editor = {{Jiang Y.} and {Lemle L.D.}}, year = {2015}, note = {11 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Issue: 1 Journal Abbreviation: IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng.}, keywords = {Bronze, Cavitation, Cavitation erosion resistance, Cavitation resistance, Copper, Copper content, Erosion, Fighter aircraft, Laser beam treatment, Laser beams, Melted layers, Ocean water, Politehnica, Sailing vessels, Ship propellers, Ship propulsion, Vibratory devices}, } @incollection{lucaEvaluatingCavitationErosion2023, title = {Evaluating the {Cavitation} {Erosion} of 7075-{T651} {Aluminum} {Alloy} {Heat} {Treated} by {Artificial} {Aging} at 140 °{C} for 12 {Hours}}, volume = {349}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85172793894&doi=10.4028%2fp-8DicAk&partnerID=40&md5=3e562220fda11ec1eeca83df5dde7760}, abstract = {Aluminum-based alloys, due to their high properties compared to pure aluminum, have expanded their use in building the aircraft strength structures, in the automotive construction and in the naval field. Some of these, such as the radome (aircraft nose) and the wings of the airplane, are exposed also to intense stress from the erosion created by the impact with the raindrops. The literature considers this type of damage to be assimilated by the erosion trough cavitation. Therefore, the paper presents the results of the behavior and resistance to erosion trough vibratory cavitation of the 7075 - T651 aluminum alloy structure, heat treated by artificial aging at 140 °C for 12 hours. The research has been carried out on a standard device that complies with the requirements described in ASTM G32-2016. The structure strength obtained through the researched heat treatment, is evaluated through comparison with the state obtained by artificial aging at 180 °C with a similar duration of 12 hours. The evaluation is done by comparing the parameters recommended by the ASTM G32-2016 norms of the two heat treatments. The results show that the achieved gain is slightly increased. © 2023 Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Solid {State} {Phenomena}}, publisher = {Trans Tech Publications Ltd}, author = {Luca, A.N. and Bordeasu, I. and Micu, L.M. and Ghera, C. and Salcianu, L. and Badarau, R. and Ostoia, D. and Hluscu, M. and Sirbu, A.N.}, year = {2023}, doi = {10.4028/p-8DicAk}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: Solid State Phenomena}, keywords = {cavitation erosion, cavity resistance, erosion depth, erosion rate, mechanical properties, microstructure, semi-finished}, pages = {77--87}, } @inproceedings{juniorEvaluationWC10NiThermal2010, title = {Evaluation of {WC}-{10Ni} thermal spray coating with shot peening on the fatigue strength of {AISI} 4340 steel}, volume = {2}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77954134332&doi=10.1016%2fj.proeng.2010.03.070&partnerID=40&md5=46de8f2fc1fae886a60c070ff2ccae4b}, doi = {10.1016/j.proeng.2010.03.070}, abstract = {Fatigue failure is a result of a crack initiation and propagation, in consequence of a cyclical load. In aeronautical components as landing gear the fatigue strength is an important parameter to be considered in project, as well as the corrosion and wear resistance. The thermal sprayed HVOF technology it's normally used to protect components against wear and corrosion, and are being considerate an alternative to replace chromium by the aeronautical industry. With respect to fatigue life, the HVOF technique induces residual stress on the interface. In the case of tensile residual stresses, the initiation and propagation phases of fatigue process are accelerated; on the other hand, compressive residual stresses close to the surface may increase fatigue life. The technique to improve the coated materials fatigue strength is the shot peening process, which induces residual stress in the surface in order to delay the nucleation and propagation process. The aim of present study is to compare the influence of WC-10 Ni coating applied by HVOF on the fatigue strength of AISI 4340 steel, with and without shot peening. S-N curves were obtained in axial fatigue tests for material base, and tungsten carbide coated specimens. © 2010 Published by Elsevier Ltd.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Procedia {Eng}.}, author = {Junior, G.S. and Voorwald, H.J.C. and Vieira, L.F.S. and Cioffi, M.O.H. and Bonora, R.G.}, year = {2010}, note = {31 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Issue: 1 Journal Abbreviation: Procedia Eng.}, keywords = {4340 Steel, AISI 4340 steel, Aeronautical components, Aircraft landing systems, Axial fatigue tests, Chromium, Coated materials, Compressive residual stress, Corrosion, Corrosion and wear resistance, Corrosion fatigue, Crack initiation and propagation, Cyclical loads, Fatigue, Fatigue failures, Fatigue life, Fatigue process, Fatigue strength, Fatigue testing, Fracture mechanics, HVOF process, HVOF technology, Initiation and propagation, Landing gear, Landing gear (aircraft), Ni coating, Propagation process, Residual stress, Residual stresses, S-N curve, Shot peening, Sprayed coatings, Steel fatigue, Tensile residual stress, Thermal spray coatings, Tungsten, Tungsten carbide, Wear resistance}, pages = {649--656}, } @inproceedings{babuStudyAnalysisCorrosion2020, title = {A study to analysis of corrosion rate of uncoated and coated {WC}- {Co}- {Cr} naval brass materials}, volume = {33}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85098557254&doi=10.1016%2fj.matpr.2020.08.353&partnerID=40&md5=8fbe94a26ba6d552287deaa611ee857b}, doi = {10.1016/j.matpr.2020.08.353}, abstract = {In this work, use of high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spraying technique was explored as a way of producing coatings with a resistance to corrosion and erosion. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to develop the empirical relationships to predict corrosion rate of uncoated and coated WC-Co-Cr naval brass materials. Dissolution of naval brass and formation of naval hydroxide are the key factors for immersion corrosion. Atomic microscope analysis shows that the corroded surface of uncoated naval brass shows higher Ra value is owing to the surface damage. Coated naval brass show less undulations on the analyzed region. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Nanotechnology: Ideas, Innovation and Industries.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Mater. {Today} {Proc}.}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, author = {Babu, N. and Murugan, K.}, editor = {{Sakthivel S.} and {Karthikeyan S.} and {Palani A.}}, year = {2020}, note = {1 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Journal Abbreviation: Mater. Today Proc.}, keywords = {Brass, Coated materials, Corrosion, Corrosion rate, Corrosion resistance, Corrosion resistant coatings, Empirical relationships, Erosion, Fuels, HVOF thermal spraying, High velocity oxy-fuel spraying, Immersion, Key factors, Nanotechnology, Naval brass, Naval brass material, Naval brass materials, PH level, Ph level, Response-surface methodology, Sprayed coatings, Spraying techniques, Thermal spray coatings}, pages = {4723--4736}, } @inproceedings{taillonStatisticalAnalysisCavitation2019, title = {Statistical analysis of cavitation erosion impacts in a vibratory apparatus with copulas}, volume = {240}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85063933812&doi=10.1088%2f1755-1315%2f240%2f6%2f062035&partnerID=40&md5=bc5f87dd6f9c591d877dda750f73847b}, doi = {10.1088/1755-1315/240/6/062035}, abstract = {A method of analysis of cavitation peaks (impact events) using copulas is developed. Impact events, otherwise known as peaks, are defined as maximum in the pressure amplitude applied to a material surface. These impact events were measured using a high speed pressure sensor in a cavitation apparatus based on the ASTM G32 standard. A total of 46180 impacts were measured over 100 realizations of 4ms long recording. First, the impact duration and amplitude's joint marginals are modeled as gamma distribution (part of the exponential family), determined by a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (KS test). Then, copulas enable the study of the dependence structure of the measured impacts characteristics. The measured parameters are shown to not be independent but instead have a complex, asymmetric dependence structure. There are almost no impacts that have a combination of a high amplitude ({\textgreater}12MPa) and low duration ({\textless}5μs). The Tawn copula best fitted the data, as determined by a maximum likelihood method. An extension of the KS test to two dimensions demonstrated that the copula is a better fit compared with a joint distribution of independent marginals. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {{IOP} {Conf}. {Ser}. {Earth} {Environ}. {Sci}.}, publisher = {Institute of Physics Publishing}, author = {Taillon, G. and Onishi, K. and Mineshima, T. and Miyagawa, K.}, year = {2019}, note = {Issue: 6 Journal Abbreviation: IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci.}, keywords = {Cavitation, Computational complexity, Dependence structures, Exponential family, Gamma distribution, Hydraulic machinery, Joint distributions, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Maximum likelihood, Maximum likelihood methods, Measured parameters, Pressure amplitudes}, } @incollection{salcianuResearchInfluenceHeat2023, title = {Research on the {Influence} of the {Heat} {Treatment} {Temperature} on the {Cavitation} {Behavior} of the {Aluminum} {Alloy} 2017 {A}}, volume = {349}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85172804333&doi=10.4028%2fp-T5fHOG&partnerID=40&md5=ed8162fc28f69630ae8bba6783ba02ed}, abstract = {The good mechanical properties of aluminum alloy 2017 A have determined its use in a wide range of applications in which cavitational solocitations occur, such as hydraulic actuation installations, heat engine blocks, boat propellers and sloops, pumps in the cooling system of thermal engines, wings and ogives of airplanes. Currently, research is focused on the development of procedures for improving the resistance to cavitational erosion of these materials. This paper presents the results of the research on the cavitation erosion behavior of the material subjected to thermal aging treatment at different temperatures of 140 °C and 180 °C respectively and a constant holding time of 12 hours. The research was carried out according to the ASTM G32-2016 norms, on a vibrating device with piezoceramic crystals from the Cavitation Laboratory of the Polytechnic University of Timisoara. The research results, based on characteristic curves, mechanical properties, micro and macro structural images, showed that the sample kept for 12 h at a temperature of 180 °C is weaker than the control sample, during the sample time kept for 12 h at a temperature of 140 °C, has a small increase, even if, compared to the control sample (without heat treatment), the hardness is lower. © 2023 Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Solid {State} {Phenomena}}, publisher = {Trans Tech Publications Ltd}, author = {Salcianu, C.L. and Bordeasu, I. and Ghiban, B. and Sirbu, A.N. and Ghera, C. and Luca, A.N. and Odagiu, O. and Badarau, R.}, year = {2023}, doi = {10.4028/p-T5fHOG}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: Solid State Phenomena}, keywords = {aging heat treatment, aluminum 2017, cavitation erosion, erosion rate, microstructure}, pages = {55--62}, } @inproceedings{agrawalThermalStressAnalysis2012, title = {Thermal stress analysis of {FeCrAlY} powder in {HVOF} thermal spray coating using {ANSYS}}, volume = {38}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84901008185&doi=10.1016%2fj.proeng.2012.06.041&partnerID=40&md5=5317fd47a2ae6cbdf3640cb910281387}, doi = {10.1016/j.proeng.2012.06.041}, abstract = {The coatings used in furnace for increasing the life of copper block (wall) usually consist of Wc-Co powder. The thermal conductivity of powders classified under this group decreases with increase in temperature resulting in high heat absorption rate and consequent failure of coating. FeCrAlY powder has been developed and its thermal analysis has been performed in ANSYS which shows that thermal conductivity of this alloy is directly proportional to temperature and thus at elevated temperature it conducts more heat to the copper block increasing its useful life. © 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Procedia {Eng}.}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, author = {Agrawal, D.H. and Patel, J.R. and Rana, H.G. and Patel, C.P.}, year = {2012}, note = {2 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Journal Abbreviation: Procedia Eng.}, keywords = {HVOF coating, Powder coaling, Thermal stress analysis in ANSYS}, pages = {321--329}, } @inproceedings{barberDevelopmentSubsurfaceDamage2005, title = {The development of sub-surface damage during high energy solid particle erosion of a thermally sprayed {WC}-{Co}-{Cr} coating}, volume = {259}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-23044510095&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2005.02.008&partnerID=40&md5=d25c25326a158fa811034997b21c4ffe}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2005.02.008}, abstract = {The erosion wear performance of a thermally sprayed hard coating has been found to be inferior to that of sintered bulk material of the same composition. The anisotropic microstructure of thermally sprayed WC-Co-Cr coatings, in particular the low fracture toughness in a direction parallel to the substrate, i.e. parallel to the long side of the splats that make up the thermal spray coating has been observed to affect the nature of crack formation both in indentation testing and under high energy solid particle erosion conditions. The present work quantifies the number and length of cracks found, both parallel and transverse to the substrate boundary, in eroded samples of thermally sprayed WC-Co-Cr material. The initiation sites of these cracks are also studied and the importance of voids and other microstructural features (i.e. cobalt lakes, splat boundaries, interfacial inclusions) in the coating as initiation sites is highlighted. Dynamic Hertzian impact theory is used to estimate the elastic contact stresses and sub-surface shear stresses induced by solid particle impacts as well as to infer likely zones of plasticity. These stress fields are related to the location of cracks and to possible mechanisms for crack propagation. The cracks appear in near-surface layers that are likely regions of localised plasticity in the matrix and could result from a mixed mode of ductile fractures driven by plastic strain accumulated after multiple solid impacts as well as fractures driven by elastic stress intensity primarily dominated by sub-surface shear stresses and surface tensile stresses. © 2005 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Wear}, author = {Barber, J. and Mellor, B.G. and Wood, R.J.K.}, year = {2005}, note = {61 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Issue: 1-6 Journal Abbreviation: Wear}, keywords = {Chromium, Coating, Cobalt, Composition, Cracks, Erosion, Fracture toughness, Plastic strain, Plasticity, Protective coatings, Shear stress, Splats, Surface tensile stress, Tensile stress, Thermal spray coatings, Tungsten carbide, WC-Co-Cr, Wear of materials, coating, lubricant}, pages = {125--134}, } @inproceedings{souzaStudyInfluenceWC10Co4Cr2001, title = {A study of the influence of {WC}-{10Co}-{4Cr} {HVOF} coating on mechanical properties of {AISI} 4340 steel}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85072464494&doi=10.4271%2f2001-01-4066&partnerID=40&md5=d268464a171bb4933dfd719d802f4bdc}, doi = {10.4271/2001-01-4066}, abstract = {Aircraft landing gear manufacturers are considering WC thermal spray coatings applied by the high-velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF) process as an alternative to hard chrome plating. The question to be answered is if the performance of the alternative candidate is at least comparable to results obtained for hard chrome plating. The objective of this research is to compare the influence of the WC-10Co-4Cr coating applied by HVOF process and hard-chromium electroplating on the fatigue strength of AISI 4340 steel with and without shot peening. S-N curves were obtained in axial fatigue tests for the base material, chromium plated and tungsten carbide coated specimens. Copyright © 2001 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {{SAE} {Techni}. {Paper}.}, publisher = {SAE International}, author = {Souza, R.C. and Nascimento, M.P.D. and Voorwald, H.J.C. and Pigatin, W.L.}, year = {2001}, note = {0 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Journal Abbreviation: SAE Techni. Paper.}, keywords = {AISI 4340 steel, Axial fatigue tests, Base material, Chromate coatings, Chromium compounds, Chromium plating, Fatigue strength, Fatigue testing, HVOF coatings, HVOF thermal spraying, Hard chromium, Hard coatings, High velocity oxygen fuel(HVOF), Landing gear (aircraft), Low carbon steel, Shot peening, Sprayed coatings, Steel research, Thermal spray coatings, Tungsten carbide}, } @inproceedings{frantInvestigationUltrasonicCavitation2020, title = {Investigation on ultrasonic cavitation erosion of wrought {Al}-{Mg} alloys}, volume = {45}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85107649408&doi=10.1016%2fj.matpr.2020.12.198&partnerID=40&md5=423fdf5729ef71fa3137d7a39f4a76c1}, doi = {10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.198}, abstract = {Al-Mg deformable alloys (5XXX series) are susceptible to cavitation, intergranular and tensile-cracking corrosion. To change the shape of the secondary phases precipitated on the boundaries of thea solid solution grains that reduce the cavitation resistance, some special heat treatments were applied. Cavitation erosion tests were performed in accordance with the ASTM G32 - 2010 standard. The alloys response to each heat treatment condition was investigated by measuring the mass loss as a function of cavitation time and by analyzing the damaged surfaces using optical and scanning electron microscopy. It was pointed out that the heat treatment consisting of a solution treatment at 530 °C followed by aging at 80 °C for 48 h increases the cavitation erosion resistance due to the prevention of secondary phase precipitation as continuous strips from the oversaturated solid solution. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Mater. {Today} {Proc}.}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, author = {Frant, F. and Mitelea, I. and Bordeasu, I. and Utu, I.-D.}, year = {2020}, note = {2 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Journal Abbreviation: Mater. Today Proc.}, keywords = {Al-Mg deformable alloy, Al-mg deformable alloy, Aluminum alloys, Aluminum corrosion, Binary alloys, Cavitation, Cavitation resistance, Corrosion resistance, Deformation, Erosion, Erosion test, Heat resistance, Heat treatment, Heat treatment conditions, Intergranular corrosion, Intergranular cracking, Magnesium alloys, Mass loss, Microstructure, Scanning electron microscopy, Secondary phase, Solid solutions, Solid-solution grains, Tensile cracking, Textures, Ultrasonic cavitation}, pages = {4242--4246}, } @inproceedings{liEffectDecarburizedLayer2004, title = {Effect of decarburized layer of tool steel on delamination strength of {WC}-{Co} thermally sprayed coating}, volume = {261-263}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-3142735873&doi=10.4028%2fwww.scientific.net%2fkem.261-263.447&partnerID=40&md5=cd873a7213e1af6f5721a9798d03d504}, doi = {10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.261-263.447}, abstract = {Decarburization treatment was carried out on SKD5 tool steel by heating at 1323K for maximum 5.4ks and quenching followed by tempering at 873K for 3.6ks. This resulted in decarburized layer of maximum thickness 0.45mm. After the treatment, WC-Co cermet of 0.2mm thickness was deposited by high-velocity oxygen fuel thermal spraying. Tensile tests were carried out on the specimens, where the load was applied parallel to the specimen. The results show that the presence of decarburized layer increases the interfacial fracture toughness. The reason seems to be that the large plastic deformation of decarburized layer relieves shear and tensile stresses at crack tip. Edge indent tests were also conducted, where shear delamination of coating occurred during the penetration of indenter. The result is that the delamination energy decreases due to the presence of decarburized layer, which is contrary to that of the tensile test. The shear fracture of soft decarburized layer may be the reason for the smaller delamination energy of decarburized specimen.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Key {Eng} {Mat}}, publisher = {Trans Tech Publications Ltd}, author = {Li, C. and Kato, M. and Nakasa, K.}, year = {2004}, note = {1 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Issue: I Journal Abbreviation: Key Eng Mat}, keywords = {Cobalt, Decarburization, Decarburized layer, Decarburized layers, Delamination, Delamination energy, Edge-indent test, Edge-indent tests, Indentation, Sprayed coatings, Strength of materials, Tensile stress, Tensile test, Tensile testing, Thermal spray coating, Thermal spray coatings, Tool steel}, pages = {447--452}, } @inproceedings{babuWearBehaviorMicrowaveannealed2020, title = {Wear behavior of microwave-annealed and cryogenically treated thermal spray coatings: {A} comparative evaluation}, volume = {33}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85100703112&doi=10.1016%2fj.matpr.2020.02.985&partnerID=40&md5=9a401fa6cd7e5ef6d54a555cca273f82}, doi = {10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.985}, abstract = {In this current study, two post-processing techniques, i.e. microwave annealing and cryogenic treatment were employed on WC-10Co-4C detonation gun (D-gun) coating to improve the tribological properties. The effect of both the post-treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties was studied using optical micrograph (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Microwave annealing, resulted in a significant change in the size and morphology of WC particles. However, cryogenic processing showed minimal variation with slight decrease in the WC particle size. Phase changes were observed after both the post-treatment techniques. The cryogenically treated sample showed considerable improvement in the hardness while there was a slight reduction in the hardness after microwave processing. Among all the coatings, the microwave processed sample had the highest fracture toughness. The improvement in hardness after the cryogenic process was attributed to the formation of g phase and the presence of nano precipitates in the coating matrix. Cryogenically treated coating showed significant improvement in the wear resistance of the WC D-gun coating due to the improvement in the microhardness in the coating. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Mater. {Today} {Proc}.}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, author = {Babu, A. and Arora, H.S. and Nair, R.B. and Chakraborty, I. and Chauhan, A. and Grewal, H.S.}, year = {2020}, note = {7 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Journal Abbreviation: Mater. Today Proc.}, keywords = {'current, Annealing, Coatings, Comparative evaluations, Cryogenic thermal spray coating, Cryogenics, D-gun, Detonation gun, Detonation gun coatings, Energy dispersive spectroscopy, Fracture toughness, Hardness, Microwave, Microwave annealing, Microwaves, Morphology, Particle size, Post treatment, Scanning electron microscopy, Thermal spray coatings, WC particles, Wear, Wear behaviors, Wear of materials, Wear resistance, X ray diffraction analysis}, pages = {5348--5353}, } @inproceedings{bhosaleEffectCounterFaces2020, title = {Effect of counter faces on sliding wear behavior of {WC}-{Cr3C2}-{Ni} composite coating deposited by high velocity oxy fuel}, volume = {41}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85103797984&doi=10.1016%2fj.matpr.2020.08.466&partnerID=40&md5=04d9ab00e425a62d680114fd89d6485d}, doi = {10.1016/j.matpr.2020.08.466}, abstract = {WC based cermet coatings deposited by thermal spray techniques are extensively used in applications where superior sliding wear resistance is a primary need. The present study aims to investigate relative effect of different counter faces on WC-Cr3C2-Ni composite coatings developed by high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) technique for the coefficient of friction, wear factor and damage to the coatings during the dry sliding tests. The experiments were following ASTM G99 on the ball-on-disc tribometer at room temperature with counter bodies alumina (Al2O3), silicon nitride (Si3N4) and bearing steel (ASTM 52100). The detailed information about wear mechanisms of coatings has been accumulated by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The outcomes from the testing of the coating were relatively studied with wear volume loss against each of the counter body. The tribo-pair formed by WC-Cr3C2-Ni coating with Si3N4recommended as the least coefficient of friction has been recorded during dry sliding process. The wear of WC-Cr3C2-Ni coatings against Al2O3ceramic counter balls is maximum and has been dominated by abrasive grooving, brittle cracking and spalling. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Mater. {Today} {Proc}.}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, author = {Bhosale, D.G. and Rathod, W.S. and Rukhande, S.W.}, editor = {{Kant R.} and {Singh H.} and {Sardana N.}}, year = {2020}, note = {12 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Journal Abbreviation: Mater. Today Proc.}, keywords = {Alumina, Aluminum alloys, Aluminum oxide, Coefficient of frictions, Composite coatings, Composites coating, Counter face, Counter faces, Dry sliding, Friction, Fuels, HVOF thermal spraying, High velocity oxy fuel, Ni coating, Scanning electron microscopy, Silicon nitride, Sliding wear, Sliding wear behaviour, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray coating, Thermal spray coatings, WC-Cr3C2-Ni coating, WC-cr3C2-ni coating, Wear of materials, Wear resistance}, pages = {780--785}, } @inproceedings{szalaCavitationErosionDamage2021, title = {Cavitation erosion damage of self-fluxing {NiCrSiB} hardfacings deposited by oxy-acetylene powder welding}, volume = {2130}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85123750684&doi=10.1088%2f1742-6596%2f2130%2f1%2f012033&partnerID=40&md5=dd55c5b438e44db42c0fa7c584df3a4a}, doi = {10.1088/1742-6596/2130/1/012033}, abstract = {This paper comparatively investigates the cavitation erosion damage of two self-fluxing NiCrSiB hardfacings deposited via the oxy-acetylene powder welding method. Examinations were conducted according to the procedure given by ASTM G32 standard. In order to research cavitation erosion (CE), the vibratory apparatus was employed. The cavitation damaged surfaces were inspected using a scanning electron microscope, optical microscope and surface profilometer. The hardness of the A-NiCrSiB hardfacing equals 908HV while that of C-NiCrSiB amounts to 399HV. The research showed that the CE resistance of C-NiCrSiB is higher than that of A-NiCrSiB. The results demonstrate that in the case of multiphase materials, like the NiCrSiB hardfacings, hardness cannot be the key factor for cavitation erosion damage estimation whereas it is strongly subjected to material microstructure. In order to qualitatively recognise the cavitation erosion damage of the NiCrSiB self-fluxing hardfacings at a given exposure time, the following factors should be respected: physical and mechanical properties, material microstructure and also material loss and eroded surface morphology, both stated at specific testing time. The general idea for the cavitation erosion damage estimation of the NiCrSiB oxy-acetylene welds was presented. © 2021 Institute of Physics Publishing. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {J. {Phys}. {Conf}. {Ser}.}, publisher = {IOP Publishing Ltd}, author = {Szala, M.}, year = {2021}, note = {2 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Issue: 1 Journal Abbreviation: J. Phys. Conf. Ser.}, keywords = {Cavitation, Cavitation-erosion resistance, Damage estimation, Damaged surfaces, Erosion, Erosion damage, Hardness, Heat affected zone, Lighting, Material microstructures, Microstructure, Morphology, Multiphase materials, Nickel compounds, Optical microscopes, Optical surfaces, Scanning electron microscopy, Silicon compounds, Surface morphology, Surface profilometers, Welding, Welding method}, } @inproceedings{marchiniCavitationErosionResistance2024, title = {Cavitation erosion resistance of 1.2709 alloy produced via {Laser}-{Powder} {Bed} {Fusion}}, volume = {53}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85187014519&doi=10.1016%2fj.prostr.2024.01.026&partnerID=40&md5=b0687e9c99058ed02d5336d3269b1bae}, doi = {10.1016/j.prostr.2024.01.026}, abstract = {Maraging steels, like 1.2709 (18Ni-300), are attractive materials for the aerospace, automotive, tooling, and bearing gear industries because of their high yield, tensile strength, and good toughness. The low-carbon martensite matrix and nanoscale intermetallic precipitates combine to provide distinctive mechanical properties. In particular, due to their low carbon content, these steels are easily weldable and are therefore appropriate for additive manufacturing (AM) processes like laser-based powder bed fusion (LPBF). The tooling and molding industry has just lately started using this fabrication technique to create inserts with conformal cooling channels that can extend the lifetime of the insert and core while boosting the cast quality. These parts are frequently exposed to high levels of stress, wear, and even aggressive conditions. In this context, this research focuses on a peculiar, and thus understudied, erosion phenomenon known as cavitation erosion. According to the ASTM G32 standard, the cavitation erosion resistance of 1.2709 maraging steel samples produced by additive manufacturing as well as by forging was investigated. Microstructural analyses were carried out to evaluate the effect of the different microstructures resulting from the different manufacturing techniques on erosion behavior. When compared to the forged maraging steel, the AM one shows less resistance to the initiation of the erosion phenomenon. Nevertheless, the wear rates of the two materials are comparable. © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Proc. {Struc}. {Inte}.}, publisher = {Elsevier B.V.}, author = {Marchini, L. and Tonolini, P. and Montesano, L. and Tocci, M. and Pola, A. and Gelfi, M.}, editor = {{Berto F.} and {Iacoviello F.} and {De Jesus A.} and {Torgersen J.} and {Vantadori S.}}, year = {2024}, note = {1 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Journal Abbreviation: Proc. Struc. Inte.}, keywords = {Cavitation erosion, L-PBF, Maraging steel}, pages = {212--220}, } @inproceedings{bordeasuCorrelationsMechanicalProperties2014, title = {Correlations between mechanical properties and cavitation erosion resistance for stainless steels with 12\% {Chromium} and variable contents of {Nickel}}, volume = {57}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84902211316&doi=10.1088%2f1757-899X%2f57%2f1%2f012006&partnerID=40&md5=8c3300cf7710b2eb8dc153de4efc6ec7}, doi = {10.1088/1757-899X/57/1/012006}, abstract = {The running time of hydraulic machineries in cavitation conditions, especially blades and runners, depend on both chemical composition and mechanical properties of the used steels. The researches of the present paper have as goal to obtain new materials with improved behavior and reduced costs. There are given cavitation erosion results upon eight cast steels with martensite as principal structural constituent. The chromium content was maintained constant at approximate 12\% but the nickel content was largely modified. The change of chemical content resulted in various proportions of austenite, martensite and ferrite and also in different cavitation erosion behavior. From the eight tested steels four have greater carbon content (approximately 0.1\%) and the other four less carbon content (approximate 0.036\%). All steels were tested separately in two laboratory facilities: T1 with magnetostrictive nickel tube (vibration amplitude 94 μm, vibration frequency 7000 ± 3\% Hz, specimen diameter 14 mm and generator power 500 W) and T2 is respecting the ASTM G32-2010 Standard (vibration amplitude 50μm, vibration frequency 20000 ± 1\% Hz, specimen diameter 15.8 mm and generator power 500 W). Analyzing the results it can be seen that the cavitation erosion is correlated with the mechanical properties in the way shown in 1960 by Hammitt and Garcia but is influenced by the structural constituents.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {{IOP} {Conf}. {Ser}. {Mater}. {Sci}. {Eng}.}, publisher = {Institute of Physics Publishing}, author = {Bordeasu, I. and Popoviciu, M.O. and Mitelea, I. and Ghiban, B. and Ghiban, N. and Sava, M. and Duma, S.T. and Badarau, R.}, year = {2014}, note = {6 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Issue: 1 Journal Abbreviation: IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng.}, keywords = {AC generators, Carbon, Cavitation conditions, Cavitation erosion resistance, Chemical compositions, Chromium, Chromium contents, Hydraulic machinery, Laboratory facilities, Martensite, Mechanical properties, Nickel, Variable content, Vibration amplitude, Vibration frequency}, } @inproceedings{bordeasuUseRzRoughness2018, title = {The use of {Rz} roughness parameter for evaluation of materials behavior to cavitation erosion}, volume = {294}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85040982918&doi=10.1088%2f1757-899X%2f294%2f1%2f012020&partnerID=40&md5=d2b986f2182bf1729f2a92b0d0e68e34}, doi = {10.1088/1757-899X/294/1/012020}, abstract = {It is well known that the cavitation eroded surfaces have a porous appearance with a pronounced roughness. The cause is the pitting resulted from the impact with the micro jets as well as the shock waves both determined by the implosion of cavitation bubbles. The height and the shape of roughness is undoubtedly an expression of the resistance of the surface to the cavitation stresses. The paper put into evidence the possibility of using the roughness parameter Rz for estimating the material resistance to cavitation phenomena. For this purpose, the mean depth erosion penetration (MDE-parameter, recommended by the ASTM G32-2010 Standard) was compared with the roughness of three different materials (an annealed bronze, the same bronze subjected to quenching and an annealed alloyed steel), both measured at four cavitation erosion exposure (30, 75, 120 and 165 minutes). The roughness measurements were made in 18 different zones, disposed after two perpendicular diameters, along a measuring lengths of 4 mm. The results confirm the possibility of using the parameter Rz for estimating the cavitation erosion resistance of a material. The differences between the measured values of Rz and those of the characteristic parameter MDE are of the same order of magnitude as those obtained for MDE determination, using more samples of the same material. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {{IOP} {Conf}. {Ser}. {Mater}. {Sci}. {Eng}.}, publisher = {Institute of Physics Publishing}, author = {Bordeasu, I. and Popoviciu, M.O. and Ghera, C. and Micu, L.M. and Pirvulescu, L.D. and Bena, T.}, year = {2018}, note = {9 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Issue: 1 Journal Abbreviation: IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng.}, keywords = {Alloyed steels, Bronze, Cavitation, Cavitation bubble, Cavitation erosion resistance, Cavitation stress, Erosion, Fighter aircraft, Material resistance, Materials behavior, Measured values, Parameter estimation, Roughness parameters, Shock waves, Surface resistance, Surface roughness}, } @inproceedings{belinSurfaceTopographyMicrostructure2018, title = {On {Surface} {Topography} and {Microstructure} in {Cavitation} {Erosion} {Tests} of {Alloy} 80 {A}}, volume = {416}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85056654794&doi=10.1088%2f1757-899X%2f416%2f1%2f012010&partnerID=40&md5=e2636bdbb1eb043a70d24734736832f7}, doi = {10.1088/1757-899X/416/1/012010}, abstract = {From practical and economic reasons for the design of components for Diesel engines, the selection of materials and/or heat treatments is essential to provide a high cavitation erosion resistance. This paper studies cavitation behavior of the Nimonic 80A alloy designed for execution of Diesel engine exhaust valves. The cavitation tests where done on an ASTM G32 -2010 compliant vibrating device with piezoceramic crystals. The metalographic examinations performed with optical microscope and electronic scanning microscopy revealed the microstructural changes occurring in the region of the cavitation affected material and the path of the crack propagation. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {{IOP} {Conf}. {Ser}. {Mater}. {Sci}. {Eng}.}, publisher = {Institute of Physics Publishing}, author = {Belin, C. and Mitelea, I. and Bordeasu, I. and Craciunescu, C.}, editor = {{Serban V.-A.} and {Utu I.-D.} and {Marsavina L.} and {Linul E.}}, year = {2018}, note = {2 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Issue: 1 Journal Abbreviation: IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng.}, keywords = {Cavitation, Cavitation erosion resistance, Diesel engines, Electronic scanning microscopy, Erosion, Heat resistance, Microstructural changes, Nimonic 80A, Piezoceramic, Piezoelectric ceramics, Selection of materials, Surface testing, Surface topography, Vibrating devices}, } @inproceedings{wangEffectsCrMicrostructure2011, title = {Effects of {Cr} on microstructure and hardness of {HVOF}-sprayed {WC}-{Co} {Coating}}, volume = {317-319}, isbn = {978-3-03785-216-3}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-80053112201&doi=10.4028%2fwww.scientific.net%2fAMR.317-319.301&partnerID=40&md5=a7e2dca04202cba466aa8ec5f0e82861}, doi = {10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.317-319.301}, abstract = {In the areas of remanufacturing and working conditions with requirements of wear and corrosion resistance, the WC-Co thermal spray coating has a wide applications. WC-10Co-4Cr is an excellent, has great application potential as a coating composition. In this research, the two kinds of coatings, WC-12Co and WC-10Co-4Cr, were sprayed by high velocity oxygen-flame(HVOF). The phase composition is studied by X-ray diffraction(XRD). The porosity is investigated by lase confocal scanning microscope(LCSM), and the micro-hardness is measured. The results show that, The porosity of two coatings don't differ, this maybe has relation with the parameters in the spraying process.The micro-hardness of WC-10Co-4Cr coating is higher than that of WC-12Co coating. Compared with the phase composition of WC-12Co coating, there are new phase composition Cr 7C3, Cr23C6 and Cr 2WO6 in the WC-10Co-4Cr coating. and the content of W 2C and η phase are reduced in WC-10Co-4Cr coating. Cr had no effect on the lattice transformation of cobalt. © (2011) Trans Tech Publications.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Adv. {Mater}. {Res}.}, author = {Wang, L. and Chen, H. and Liu, Y. and Gou, G. and Li, D.}, year = {2011}, note = {3 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Journal Abbreviation: Adv. Mater. Res.}, keywords = {Chromate coatings, Coating compositions, Cobalt, Confocal scanning microscopes, Corrosion resistance, Design, Diffraction, HVOF thermal spraying, Hardness, High velocity, Manufacture, Micro-hardness, Phase composition, Porosity, Protective coatings, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray coatings, Tungsten alloys, Tungsten carbide, WC-10co-4Cr coating, WC-12Co, WC-12Co coating, WC-Co coating, Wear and corrosion resistance, Wear resistance, Working conditions, X ray diffraction, X ray diffraction analysis, X-ray diffraction}, pages = {301--306}, } @inproceedings{bordeasuResearchesCavitationErosion2016, title = {Researches upon cavitation erosion behavior of some duplex steels}, volume = {106}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84960158694&doi=10.1088%2f1757-899X%2f106%2f1%2f012032&partnerID=40&md5=76aa63e9c7c4b933dea2e5a179f828c9}, doi = {10.1088/1757-899X/106/1/012032}, abstract = {This paper presents the cavitation erosion behavior of two stainless steels having a duplex structure formed by austenite and ferrite. The conclusions were obtained by using both the cavitation erosion characteristic curves and the pictures of the eroded surfaces obtained with performing optic microscopes. The researches were focused upon the optimal correlation between the cavitation erosion resistance and the rate of the two structural constituents. The tests were done with T2 facility, with ceramic crystals, which integrally respects the ASTM G32-2010 Standard. The obtained results present the cumulative effect upon cavitation erosion of the chemical composition, mechanical properties and the structural constituents. The results of the researches are of importance for the specialists which establishes the composition of the stainless steels used for manufacturing hydraulic machineries or other devices subjected to cavitation erosion.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {{IOP} {Conf}. {Ser}. {Mater}. {Sci}. {Eng}.}, publisher = {Institute of Physics Publishing}, author = {Bordeasu, I. and Popoviciu, M.O. and Mitelea, I. and Micu, L.M. and Bordeasu, C. and Ghera, C. and Iosif, A.}, editor = {{Lemle L.D.} and {Jiang Y.}}, year = {2016}, note = {1 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Issue: 1 Journal Abbreviation: IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng.}, keywords = {Cavitation, Cavitation erosion resistance, Chemical compositions, Cumulative effects, Duplex steels, Duplex structures, Erosion, Erosion characteristics, Hydraulic machinery, Optimal correlation, Stainless steel}, } @inproceedings{machioPerformanceWCVCCoThermal2005, title = {Performance of {WC}-{VC}-{Co} thermal spray coatings in abrasion and slurry erosion tests}, volume = {258}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-10444259763&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2004.09.033&partnerID=40&md5=ad5620a3f2e4c20a7e16e398571ee489}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2004.09.033}, abstract = {Thermal spray coatings based on tungsten carbide are widely used in wear applications. This paper presents results obtained from commercial WC-12 wt.\%Co and WC-17wt.\%Co as well as experimental WC-10wt.\%VC-12wt.\%Co and WC-10wt.\%VC-17wt.\%Co coatings. The coatings have been deposited on stainless steel substrates using a high pressure high velocity oxy-fuel (HP/HVOF) Tafa® JP 5000™ thermal spraying system. They have all been tested under identical conditions in order to compare their resistance to abrasion and slurry erosion. Similar tests have been carried out previously in our laboratory [H.L. de Villiers-Lovelock, S. Luyckx, Preliminary investigation on the potential of VC-WC-Co HP/HVOF powders and coatings, in: C.C. Berndt (Ed.), Proceedings of the First International Thermal Spray Conference, Montreal, Canada, 8-11 May 2000, pp. 647-656] but gave inconclusive results which were found due to the VC-containing powders (WC-VC-Co) not being optimal. The tests have now been repeated with optimized WC-VC-Co powders. The present results show that the WC-VC-Co coatings produced with the optimized powders exhibit higher abrasion resistance then commercial WC-Co coatings. In slurry erosion, the best performance of the VC-containing coatings is as good as that of the commercial WC-Co coatings. The role of VC and cobalt in the wear process of the coatings is discussed. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Wear}, author = {Machio, C.N. and Akdogan, G. and Witcomb, M.J. and Luyckx, S.}, year = {2005}, note = {48 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Issue: 1-4 SPEC. ISS. Journal Abbreviation: Wear}, keywords = {Abrasion, Abrasive coatings, Erosion, Optimization, Sprayed coatings, Stainless steel, Technical presentations, Thermal spray, Tungsten carbide, VC-containing coatings, Vanadium carbide, WC-Co, WC-Co coatings, Wear, Wear processes, abrasion, coating, erosion, testing}, pages = {434--442}, } @inproceedings{gopiTribologicalBehaviourThermal2020, title = {Tribological behaviour of thermal sprayed high velocity oxy-fuel coatings on tungsten carbide – {A} review}, volume = {39}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85102435359&doi=10.1016%2fj.matpr.2020.07.133&partnerID=40&md5=4d4d320a1785212b74e6fea3a44da2ed}, doi = {10.1016/j.matpr.2020.07.133}, abstract = {Thermal spray coating is a surface modification technique that improves the properties of the metal surface. The basic principle of this technique is the combination of melting and acceleration. Thermal spray coatings are also classified as plasma spray, High-Velocity Oxy-Fuel, wire arc, detonation, and so on. Among the types of thermal spraying, the high-velocity Oxy-fuel process is a widely used technique in various applications. Chromium and tungsten carbide are used in down-hole drilling tools and gas turbine engines because of high resistance to wear, erosion, cavitation, high hardness, and toughness. In this review article, wear characteristics, corrosion analysis, hardness, surface roughness, and microstructure of thermal sprayed High-Velocity Oxy-Fuel - Tungsten Carbide coatings have been addressed. © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Mater. {Today} {Proc}.}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, author = {Gopi, R. and Saravanan, I. and Devaraju, A. and Ponnusamy, P.}, editor = {{Devaraju A.} and {Palanisamy D.}}, year = {2020}, note = {15 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Journal Abbreviation: Mater. Today Proc.}, keywords = {Abrasion, Basic principles, Chromium compounds, Corrosion, Fuels, HVOF thermal spraying, Hardness, High velocity oxy fuel, High-velocity oxy-fuel, Metal surfaces, Microstructure, Plasma spraying, Property, Sprayed coatings, Surface modification techniques, Surface roughness, Thermal, Thermal spray coatings, Tribological behaviour, Tribology, Tungsten Carbide (WC) coating, Tungsten carbide, Tungsten carbide (WC) coating, Velocity, Wear rate, Wear resistance, Wear-rate}, pages = {292--295}, } @inproceedings{ibanezCorrelatingInertialAcoustic2016, title = {Correlating {Inertial} {Acoustic} {Cavitation} {Emissions} with {Material} {Erosion} {Resistance}}, volume = {87}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85013135344&doi=10.1016%2fj.phpro.2016.12.004&partnerID=40&md5=bbabb90b66053e5b8d7a09891e9484a8}, doi = {10.1016/j.phpro.2016.12.004}, abstract = {The standard ASTM G32-10 concerns the hydrodynamic cavitation erosion resistance of materials by subjecting them to acoustic cavitation generated by a sonotrode. The work reported extends this technique by detecting and monitoring the ultrasonic cavitation, considered responsible for the erosion process, specifically for coupons of aluminium-bronze alloy. The study uses a 65 mm diameter variant of NPL's cavitation sensor, which detects broadband acoustic emissions, and logs acoustic signals generated in the MHz frequency range, using NPL's Cavimeter. Cavitation readings were made throughout the exposure duration, which was carried out at discrete intervals (900 to 3600 s), allowing periodic mass measurements to be made to assess erosion loss under a strict protocol. Cavitation measurements and erosion were compared for different separations of the sonotrode tip from the material under test. The maximum variation associated with measurement of cavitation level was between 2.2\% and 3.3\% when the separation (λ) between the transducer horn and the specimen increased from 0.5 to 1.0 mm, for a transducer (sonotrode) displacement amplitude of 43.5 μm. Experiments conducted at the same transducer displacement amplitude show that the mass loss of the specimen - a measure of erosion - was 67.0 mg (λ = 0.5 mm) and 66.0 mg (λ = 1.0 mm). © 2016 The Authors.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Phys. {Procedia}}, publisher = {Elsevier B.V.}, author = {Ibanez, I. and Hodnett, M. and Zeqiri, B. and Frota, M.N.}, editor = {{Manna R.} and {DeAngelis D.}}, year = {2016}, note = {6 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Journal Abbreviation: Phys. Procedia}, keywords = {Acoustic cavitations, Acoustic emission testing, Aluminum alloys, Bronze, CaviMeter, Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation erosion, Discrete intervals, Displacement amplitudes, Engineering materials, Erosion, Hydrodynamic cavitations, Material under tests, Measurements, Metrology, Standard ASTM G32-10, Transducers, Ultrasonic applications, Ultrasonic cavitation, Ultrasonics, Ultrasound, engineering materials}, pages = {16--23}, } @inproceedings{haqueTriboperformance80WC2019, title = {Tribo-performance of 80\%{WC} + 20\%{TIO2} {HVOF} thermal spray coating on {SS}-404}, volume = {33}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85099910552&doi=10.1016%2fj.matpr.2020.07.268&partnerID=40&md5=78674ec42579e4976d882efda6253ca1}, doi = {10.1016/j.matpr.2020.07.268}, abstract = {Erosion wear occurs when solid particles impact on a metal surface with high velocity. In this work, the erosion wear of SS-404 is analyzed by utilizing slurry erosion pot tester. The test has been carried out with coated (WC-TiO2) and uncoated stainless steel (SS-404). The impact of different parameters such as rotational speed, particle concentration, and the time period and particle size on erosion wear of SS 404 has been examined. While performing experiments four distinct speeds such as 700, 950, 1200 and 1450 rpm with a time duration of 45, 90, 135 and 180 min have been considered. To protect SS 404 material from erosion the process named High-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spray has been applied. At the end of the experiment, the impact of the above-defined parameters on slurry erosion wear of pipeline material using the Taguchi mechanism has been conducted. Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) of the proposed work based on the smaller are better properties with coated and without coated material has been examined. The signal to noise ratio examined with and without a coating of SS 404 varies from 37.19 dB to 47.75 dB, 37.18 to 47.74, 37.16 to 47.72, and 37.20 to 47.76. Particle size was identified as the most influencing parameter for erosion wear in SS 404. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Mater. {Today} {Proc}.}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, author = {Haque, U. and Singh, G. and Gill, H.S. and Sehgal, S.S.}, editor = {{Singh Chohan J.} and {Singh R.} and {Singh Gill H.}}, year = {2019}, note = {3 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Journal Abbreviation: Mater. Today Proc.}, keywords = {Coated materials, Erosion, Erosion wear, HVOF thermal spraying, High velocity, High velocity oxy fuel, High-velocity oxy-fuel, Metal surfaces, Particle size, Particles sizes, Performance, Pipeline, Pipelines, Plastic coatings, Pot tester, Signal to noise ratio, Slurry erosion, Solid particle impacts, Sprayed coatings, Stainless steel, Thermal spray coatings, Titanium alloys, Titanium dioxide, Wear of materials}, pages = {1680--1689}, } @inproceedings{lazarConsiderationsRegardingErosion2018, title = {Considerations regarding the erosion mechanism of vibratory cavitation}, volume = {393}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85051866696&doi=10.1088%2f1757-899X%2f393%2f1%2f012040&partnerID=40&md5=97f9cbe78e00e7b0f71e6d37791ba1f0}, doi = {10.1088/1757-899X/393/1/012040}, abstract = {The cavitation erosion researches conducted on vibratory devices presents a way of degradation very similar with those encountered in industrial equipment. Photos of the cavitation cloud as well as the eroded surfaces, at various exposure periods, are the basis of the present work in the description of this destruction mechanism. For the experiments, there were used two materials: gray cast iron with lamellar graphite and a high resistance bronze. The used device is that of the Timisoara Polytechnic University Cavitation Laboratory which respects integrally the prescriptions of ASTM G32-2010 Standards. For the description of the results there are used both the roughness profiles and the structure images of the eroded areas, after four different exposure times (5, 60, 120 and 165 minutes). The cavitation erosion behavior is expressed both by the mean depth erosion (MDE) and the parameters of roughness values of the affected areas. The conclusion show that the specific degradation is determined by the cavitation hydrodynamics, as well as by the repeated implosion of individual bubbles which forms the cavitation cloud attached to the exposed surface. © 2018 Institute of Physics Publishing. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {{IOP} {Conf}. {Ser}. {Mater}. {Sci}. {Eng}.}, publisher = {Institute of Physics Publishing}, author = {Lazar, I. and Bordeasu, I. and Popoviciu, M.O. and Mitelea, I. and Bena, T. and Micu, L.M.}, editor = {{Rackov M.} and {Mitrovic R.}}, year = {2018}, note = {6 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Issue: 1 Journal Abbreviation: IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng.}, keywords = {Cast iron, Cavitation, Cavitation clouds, Erosion, Erosion mechanisms, Exposed surfaces, Exposure period, High resistance, Industrial equipment, Product design, Structure image, Vibratory devices}, } @inproceedings{baoWearresistantWCComposite2004, title = {Wear-resistant {WC} composite hard coatings by brazing}, volume = {13}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-4344704812&doi=10.1361%2f10599490419874&partnerID=40&md5=b9dbda997d95bda7c0d0b92634a1a53d}, doi = {10.1361/10599490419874}, abstract = {A wear-resistant tungsten carbide/copper (WC/Cu) brazing alloy coating was deposited onto a steel substrate by high-temperature furnace brazing. Compared with other hard surfacing processes, much larger WC particles could be used to make a metal layer with higher wear resistance. ASTM G-65 wear test results for the brazed composite coating showed a higher wear resistance when compared with some WC-Co hard coatings that are commonly used. In this paper, the brazing alloy, the brazing process, and the after-brazing heat treatment are studied. The microstructure of the brazing alloy and the as-deposited coating were characterized, and no significant porosity was found. A good metallurgical bond was formed at the WC/Cu alloy interface and at the composite coating/substrate interface. Little or no dilution was observed. The bond strength between the Cu alloy and substrate is also much higher than for a thermal spray coating.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {J {Mater} {Eng} {Perform}}, author = {Bao, J. and Newkirk, J.W. and Bao, S.}, year = {2004}, note = {20 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Issue: 4 Journal Abbreviation: J Mater Eng Perform}, keywords = {Binders, Bond strength, Brazing, Ceramic materials, Coatings, Copper alloys, Copper brazing alloy, Copper brazing alloys, Furnace brazing, Furnaces, Interfaces (materials), Laser beams, Steel, Substrates, Textures, Tungsten carbide, Waer-resistant coating, Wear resistance, Wear-resistant coating}, pages = {385--388}, } @inproceedings{somasundaramErosionBehaviourHVOF2020, title = {Erosion behaviour of {HVOF} sprayed {WC}.{Co}-{NiCrAlYSi} (35\%-65\%) coatings}, volume = {45}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85106698094&doi=10.1016%2fj.matpr.2020.11.863&partnerID=40&md5=327e94bb6f44b24ee1b3c3ebdbbbe499}, doi = {10.1016/j.matpr.2020.11.863}, abstract = {In the present study, WC.CO-NiCrAlYSi(35\%-65\%) cermet coatings were deposited on a Fe-based super alloy designated as SS316 (Midhani Grade) to reduce the damage caused by erosion boiler applications. Erosion studies were conducted on uncoated as well as HVOF coated steels. The erosion experiments were carried out using an air-jet erosion test rig according to ASTM G-76 standard at a velocity of 30 m/s and at different impingement angles of 30°, 60° and 90°. Alumina particles of size ranging between 50 and 80 lm were used as erodent. Analysis of weight-loss data and Volumetric steady state erosion rates for different coatings and substrate alloys are evaluated. The bare SS316 steel followed ductile erosion mode where as WC.CO-NiCrAlYSi(35\%-65\%) coating exhibited brittle behaviour respectively. Selection and/or Peer-review under responsibility of The First Materials Research Society of Thailand International Conference. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Mater. {Today} {Proc}.}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, author = {Somasundaram, B. and Navinesh, B.C. and Jegadeeswaran, N.}, year = {2020}, note = {3 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Journal Abbreviation: Mater. Today Proc.}, keywords = {Air, Air jet, Alumina, Aluminum alloys, Aluminum oxide, Cermet coatings, Coated steel, Erosion, Erosion behavior, Erosion experiments, Fe-based, HVOF, HVOF thermal spraying, Iron alloys, Microstructure, Particle size analysis, SEM, Silicon alloys, Solid particle erosion, Sprayed coatings, Super-alloys, Thermal spray coatings}, pages = {372--376}, } @inproceedings{thirumaranSynergeticEffectCavitation2019, title = {Synergetic effect of cavitation erosion-corrosion on optimized {Stir}-{Squeeze} ({Combo}) cast {AA7075} {CuCNT}/{CuGrP} reinforced {Hybrid} metal matrix {Composites}}, volume = {27}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85090155640&doi=10.1016%2fj.matpr.2019.12.378&partnerID=40&md5=d829d4c17584f24cc1140db91066dabc}, doi = {10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.378}, abstract = {Cavitation erosion corrosion of AA7075 CNT Hybrid GrP nano Composite is dealt in this paper. Since we know that AA7075 is manufactured for aerospace, automobile industries as a structural material. The need of the hour to strengthen this in manifold. To find the erosion corrosion resistance of such an alloy, was made by compo casting (Stir-Squeeze) are commonly used for the production of components, such as cylinders, pistons, pumps, valves and combustion chambers, which in service may experience a cavitation phenomenon. Microstructure, Hardness, mechanical properties were measured. Cavitation tests were carried out according to ASTM G32 standard and the erosion mechanism was examined by optical microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope. It was found the both CuCNT/CuGrP particles enhances and diminishes cavitation erosion resistance in a particular combination of the two, which is expressed in terms of mass loss, and also galvanic coupling between these particle with matrix behaves differently when it is corrosion. Both the effect are studied simultaneously to see the synergetic effect on different combination of CuCNT/CuGrP particles with AA7075. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Mater. {Today} {Proc}.}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, author = {Thirumaran, B. and Kumaresh Babu, S.P.}, editor = {{Kumaresh Babu S.P.} and {Kumaran S.}}, year = {2019}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: Mater. Today Proc.}, keywords = {AA7075, Aa7075, Automotive industry, Cavitation, Cavitation erosion corrosion, Cavitation erosion-corrosion, Corrosion resistance, Corrosion resistant alloys, CuGrP, CuMWCNT, Engines, Erosion, Galvanic corrosion, Hybrid metal matrix composites, Know-that, Metallic matrix composites, Nano composite, Nanocomposites, Scanning electron microscopy, Synergetic effect, Synergism, Taguchi}, pages = {2815--2822}, } @inproceedings{kangEffectThermalSpray2017, title = {Effect of thermal spray coatings on wear behavior of high tensile steel applicable for tiller blades}, volume = {4}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85018429658&doi=10.1016%2fj.matpr.2017.01.001&partnerID=40&md5=e02792e624666f78b5fb747165e10f96}, doi = {10.1016/j.matpr.2017.01.001}, abstract = {A rotary tiller is a mechanized agricultural implement popularly used to save time, human effort and fuel in preparation of soil bed. The tiller blades are subjected to extreme surface wear under complex abrasive environments. The aim of this study was to improve the service life of the tiller blade by means of three different thermal spray coatings. Stellite-21, WC-Co-Cr and Cr3C2-NiCr coating powders were deposited on high tensile steel which is being used for tiller blades by pulsed detonation spray technique and wear behavior of these coatings were evaluated by pin-on-disc mechanism at ambient temperature under dry conditions in accordance with ASTM G-99 standard. It was observed that WC-Co-Cr coating on high tensile steel has provided higher wear resistance in abrasion in comparison to Cr3C2-NiCrand Stellite-21. Scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM/EDAX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were used to analyze the worn out surfaces. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Mater. {Today} {Proc}.}, publisher = {Elsevier Ltd}, author = {Kang, A.S. and Grewal, J.S. and Cheema, G.S.}, editor = {{Singh S.K.}}, year = {2017}, note = {29 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Issue: 2 Journal Abbreviation: Mater. Today Proc.}, keywords = {Energy dispersive X ray analysis, High-tensile steels, Ni-Cr coatings, Rotary tiller, Saves time, Scanning electron microscopy, Sprayed coatings, Surface wear, Thermal coatings, Thermal spray coatings, Till blade, Tiller blades, WC-Co-Cr, WC-co-cr, Wear, Wear behaviors, Wear of materials, Wear resistance, X ray diffraction}, pages = {95--103}, } @inproceedings{micuInfluenceVolumicHeat2015, title = {Influence of volumic heat treatments upon cavitation erosion resistance of duplex {X2CrNiMoN} 22-5-3 stainless steels}, volume = {85}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84939241681&doi=10.1088%2f1757-899X%2f85%2f1%2f012019&partnerID=40&md5=e53e2f6208223509e393552ea8c7adc0}, doi = {10.1088/1757-899X/85/1/012019}, abstract = {The stainless steels Duplex 2205 with austenite and ferrite structure have mechanical characteristics close to those of martensite stainless steels but a better corrosion resistance; these steels are very sensitive on the heat treatments. Present work studies the cavitation erosion for those steels for three different heat treatments: simply quenched, annealed at 475°C post quenching and annealed at 875°C. The researches were undertaken at Timisoara "Politehnica" University in the Laboratory of Material Science and the Laboratory of Cavitation, using the T2 facility which integrally respects the recommendation of ASTM G32- 10 Standard. The best results were obtained with the specimens annealed at 875°C. In comparison with the stainless steel 41Cr4, with very good cavitation erosion qualities, all tested steels presented also good erosion resistance. So, Duplex 2205 steels can be used for details subjected to cavitation. The best results are obtained by increasing both the hardness and the quantity of the structure constituent with better cavitation erosion resistance, in our case the alloyed austenite. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {{IOP} {Conf}. {Ser}. {Mater}. {Sci}. {Eng}.}, publisher = {Institute of Physics Publishing}, author = {Micu, L.M. and Bordeasu, I. and Popoviciu, M.O. and Popescu, M. and Bordeaşu, D. and Salcianu, L.C.}, editor = {{Jiang Y.} and {Lemle L.D.}}, year = {2015}, note = {3 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Issue: 1 Journal Abbreviation: IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng.}, keywords = {Alloyed austenites, Annealing, Austenite, Cavitation, Cavitation erosion resistance, Corrosion resistance, Erosion, Erosion resistance, Ferrite structures, Heat resistance, Heat treatment, Martensite stainless steel, Martensitic steel, Material science, Mechanical characteristics, Mechanical properties, Post quenching, Stainless steel}, } @inproceedings{souzaCorrosionSynergyWCCoCr2005, title = {Corrosion and synergy in a {WC}-{Co}-{Cr} {HVOF} thermal spray coating - {Understanding} their role in erosion-corrosion degradation}, volume = {259}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-23044440906&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2004.12.003&partnerID=40&md5=f9b12034803d0cc946fafd9f2391c1d9}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2004.12.003}, abstract = {The material degradation of a high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) WCCoCr thermal spray coating is addressed in this paper focusing on the effect of corrosion and the degradation caused by the interaction between corrosion and erosion (synergy) on the overall material loss in erosion-corrosion environments. The mechanical and electrochemical components, which contribute to degradation are isolated and evaluated using an experimental protocol comprising electrochemical techniques and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Tests under erosion-corrosion conditions were performed in 3.5\% NaCl solution with silica sand concentrations of 200, 500 and 1000 mg/l, at two temperatures (20 and 50 °C) and using an impingement velocity of 17 m/s. Austenitic (UNS S31603) and super duplex (UNS S32760) stainless steels were used as a reference and the performance of these three materials is presented. The results show that corrosion and corrosion-erosion interactions play an important role in the overall material degradation of the HVOF coating and that the dominance of each process is critically dependent on the environment. Some discussion of potential means of improving the coating durability is presented through consideration of the dominant processes in erosion-corrosion. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Wear}, author = {Souza, V.A.D. and Neville, A.}, year = {2005}, note = {127 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Issue: 1-6 Journal Abbreviation: Wear}, keywords = {Austenite, Cermet, Chromium, Coating, Cobalt, Corrosion, Degradation, Electrochemical corrosion, Electrochemistry, Erosion, Erosion-corrosion degradation, High velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF), Material degradation, Material loss, Protective coatings, Scanning electron microscopy, Silica sand, Sodium chloride, Solutions, Stainless steel, Synergy, Thermal spray coatings, Tungsten carbide, coating, corrosion resistance}, pages = {171--180}, } @article{szalaEffectManganeseIon2022, title = {Effect of {Manganese} {Ion} {Implantation} on {Cavitation} {Erosion} {Resistance} of {HIPed} {Stellite} 6}, volume = {142}, issn = {05874246 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85149151331&doi=10.12693%2fAPhysPolA.142.741&partnerID=40&md5=ae2c443aacc79284b87adfcdcce28be5}, doi = {10.12693/APhysPolA.142.741}, abstract = {The paper studies the influence of manganese ion implantation on the cavitation erosion behaviour of the HIPed Stellite 6. The implantation process was conducted using implantation energy 175 keV, and the fluences of implanted ions were set at 5 ×1016 Mn+/cm2 and 1 ×1017 Mn+/cm2. The microstructure of the samples was investigated using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The cavitation erosion tests were carried out according to the ASTM G32 standard with the stationary specimens configuration. The cavitation erosion-damaged surfaces of unimplanted and implanted samples were qualitatively investigated using scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, the phase development due to the ion implantation and cavitation erosion was analysed using the X-ray diffraction technique. The HIPed Stellite 6 microstructure is based on the cobalt-containing matrix consisting of \${\textbackslash}gamma\$ (face-centred cubic) and ε (hexagonal close-packed) crystal structures and Cr7C3 chromium carbides. Generally, the applied implantation parameters have a minimal effect on the microstructure and erosion resistance. The X-ray diffraction analysis shows a negligible effect of implantation on the microstructure. The implantation using 1 × 1017 Mn+/cm2 seems the most promising for prolonging the cavitation erosion incubation stage as well as for minimalizing the material loss (30.4 mg) and erosion rate (1.8 mg/h); the unimplanted Stellite 6 shows these indicators at the comparable level of 34.5 mg and 2.0 mg/h, respectively. The study confirmed that cavitation loads induce the face-centred cubic to hexagonal close-packed phase transformation in the cobalt-based matrix. The cavitation erosion mechanism relies on the material loss initiated at the carbides/matrix interfaces. Deterioration starts with the cobalt matrix plastic deformation, weakening the restraint of Cr7C3 carbides in the metallic matrix. First, the deformed cobalt matrix and then hard carbides are removed at the interfaces. Further, the cobalt-based matrix undergoes cracking, accelerating material removal, pits formation, and craters growth. © 2022 Polish Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {6}, journal = {Acta Physica Polonica A}, author = {Szala, M. and Chocyk, D. and Turek, M.}, year = {2022}, note = {1 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Polska Akademia Nauk}, keywords = {Carbides, Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Chromium alloys, Chromium compounds, Cobalt alloys, Cobalt-based, Deterioration, Erosion, Face-centred cubic, Hexagonal close packed, Hexagonal close-packed, Ion implantation, Ions implantation, Manganese, Manganese ions, Material loss, Microstructure, Scanning electron microscopy, Stellite 6, Topic: cavitation erosion, X ray powder diffraction, cobalt alloy, ion implantation, manganese, matrix, topics: cavitation erosion}, pages = {741--746}, } @article{yangIsothermalTransformationGCo2019, title = {Isothermal {Transformation} of \${\textbackslash}gamma\$-{Co} to \${\textbackslash}epsilon\$-{Co} in {Stellite} 6 {Coatings}}, volume = {50}, issn = {1543-1940}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-018-5057-6}, doi = {10.1007/s11661-018-5057-6}, abstract = {Stellite 6 alloy coatings were produced by the plasma arc cladding process, and the as-cladded samples were treated with isothermal aging at 700 °C for up to 1000 hours to evaluate the effect of long-term isothermal aging on microstructural evolution. The results show that the microstructure of the cladding consists of γ-Co solid solution and carbide-based eutectics. During aging, γ-Co gradually transformed to ε-Co, and the volume fraction of ε-Co reached to about 75 pct as the aging time was 1000 hours. On other hand, the M23C6 fine particles were found to gradually precipitate in the solid solution during aging. Approximately pairwise proportional relationships were found among the fraction of precipitated M23C6 carbides, the volume fraction of martensite transformation, and the stacking fault energy, and they were verified by the statistical results of phase fraction and change of SF possibility calculated through X-ray diffraction patterns. A kinetic model for martensite transformation was also established to explain the change of martensite volume fraction during the aging period and to predict the transformation degree during high-temperature aging.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-07-14}, journal = {Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A}, author = {Yang, Dezhi and Hua, Chen and Qu, Shengzhi and Xu, Jijin and Chen, Junmei and Yu, Chun and Lu, Hao}, month = mar, year = {2019}, note = {17 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {1153--1161}, } @article{znidarcicModelingCavitationRapidly2015, title = {Modeling cavitation in a rapidly changing pressure field – {Application} to a small ultrasonic horn}, volume = {22}, issn = {1350-4177}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350417714001709}, doi = {10.1016/j.ultsonch.2014.05.011}, abstract = {Ultrasonic horn transducers are frequently used in applications of acoustic cavitation in liquids. It has been observed that if the horn tip is sufficiently small and driven at high amplitude, cavitation is very strong, and the tip can be covered entirely by the gas/vapor phase for longer time intervals. A peculiar dynamics of the attached cavity can emerge with expansion and collapse at a self-generated frequency in the subharmonic range, i.e. below the acoustic driving frequency. The term “acoustic supercavitation” was proposed for this type of cavitation Žnidarčič et al. (2014) [1]. We tested several established hydrodynamic cavitation models on this problem, but none of them was able to correctly predict the flow features. As a specific characteristic of such acoustic cavitation problems lies in the rapidly changing driving pressures, we present an improved approach to cavitation modeling, which does not neglect the second derivatives in the Rayleigh–Plesset equation. Comparison with measurements of acoustic supercavitation at an ultrasonic horn of 20kHz frequency revealed a good agreement in terms of cavity dynamics, cavity volume and emitted pressure pulsations. The newly developed cavitation model is particularly suited for simulation of cavitating flow in highly fluctuating driving pressure fields.}, urldate = {2025-02-04}, journal = {Ultrasonics Sonochemistry}, author = {Žnidarčič, Anton and Mettin, Robert and Dular, Matevž}, month = jan, year = {2015}, note = {73 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Acoustic supercavitation, CFD, Cavitation, Rayleigh–Plesset equation, Ultrasonic horn}, pages = {482--492}, } @article{zhuWearCharacteristicStellite2017, title = {Wear {Characteristic} of {Stellite} 6 {Alloy} {Hardfacing} {Layer} by {Plasma} {Arc} {Surfacing} {Processes}}, volume = {2017}, copyright = {Copyright © 2017 Zhiyuan Zhu et al.}, issn = {1932-8745}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1155/2017/6097486}, doi = {10.1155/2017/6097486}, abstract = {The microstructure and wear resistance of Stellite 6 alloy hardfacing layer at two different temperatures (room temperature and 300°C) were investigated by plasma arc surfacing processes on Q235 Steel. Tribological test was conducted to characterize the wear property. The microstructure of Stellite 6 alloy coating mainly consists of α-Co and (Cr, Fe)7C3 phases. The friction coefficient of Stellite 6 alloys fluctuates slightly under different loads at 300°C. The oxide layer is formed on the coating surface and serves as a special lubricant during the wear test. Abrasive wear is the dominant mechanism at room temperature, and microploughing and plasticity are the key wear mechanisms at 300°C.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2025-03-31}, journal = {Scanning}, author = {Zhu, Zhiyuan and Ouyang, Chun and Qiao, Yanxin and Zhou, Xiaowei}, year = {2017}, note = {37 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] \_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1155/2017/6097486}, pages = {6097486}, } @article{zhuThermalSprayCemented2018, title = {Thermal {Spray} of {Cemented} {Carbide} {Coatings} in {Off}-{Angle} {Spraying}: {Correlations} {Between} {Process}, {Coating} {Features}/{Characteristics} and {Performance}}, volume = {27}, issn = {10599630 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85054539345&doi=10.1007%2fs11666-018-0761-8&partnerID=40&md5=43cf9f9bc134e8d5126db36a6a3b84ea}, doi = {10.1007/s11666-018-0761-8}, abstract = {Oxidation or decomposition of thermally sprayed coatings during deposition may noticably impair the coating features and characteristics, i.e. the surface integrity of coated components, including coating porosity, phase, microhardness, elastic modulus and toughness, etc., having a profound influence on the final performance of components. Further degradations along with enhanced oxidation of the coatings were observed for an off-angle spraying scheme in industrial practice, where inconsistent results were previously reported for spray angle-dependent degradation of various thermal spray coatings, with the mechanism not being fully understood with the less controlled surface integrity. An improved off-angle HVOF thermal spray has been developed for cemented carbide coatings, using pretreated WC-Ni feedstock powders covered with a nanoscale capsulizing nickel layer. A comprehensive study on the formation of multiple surface integrity parameters and the correlative interactions between them is thus facilitated with controllable surface integrity generation using the capsulized powders. Decarburization is mainly attributed to the exposure of pristine WC grains causing enhanced porosity in inter-splats regions, and then microhardness depends mainly on porosity and partly on phase composition, while the elastic modulus depends on intra-splats cohesion and the indentation fracture toughness on inter-splats cohesion, respectively. Abrasive wear from mild to severe regime transition could be interpreted by the inter-splats and intra-splats cohesion correlation. It has been demonstrated by the improved off-angle thermal spray that a manufacturing process could be designed and optimized on the identified unique correlations between the processes, surface integrity and the final performance. © 2018, ASM International.}, language = {English}, number = {7}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {Zhu, X.P. and Meng, Y. and Jiang, S.W. and Du, P.C. and Lei, M.K.}, year = {2018}, note = {6 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Springer New York LLC}, keywords = {Carbide tools, Carbides, Cemented carbides, Elastic moduli, Fracture toughness, HVOF thermal spraying, Microhardness, Nanoscale layers, Nanotechnology, Nickel coatings, Porosity, Powders, Spray angle, Sprayed coatings, Surface integrity, Thermal spraying, Wear of materials, Wear resistance, cemented carbide coatings, cohesion, nanoscale layer capsulization, spray angle, surface integrity, thermal spray, wear resistance}, pages = {1123--1142}, } @article{zhuSolutionInverseProblem2017, title = {Solution to {Inverse} {Problem} of {Manufacturing} by {Surface} {Modification} with {Controllable} {Surface} {Integrity} {Correlated} to {Performance}: {A} {Case} {Study} of {Thermally} {Sprayed} {Coatings} for {Wear} {Performance}}, volume = {139}, issn = {07424787 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85024099912&doi=10.1115%2f1.4036184&partnerID=40&md5=58200fcd02c552baf4380e097c13030a}, doi = {10.1115/1.4036184}, abstract = {Inverse problem of manufacturing is studied under a framework of high performance manufacturing of components with functional surface layer, where controllable generation of surface integrity is emphasized due to its pivotal role determining final performance. Surface modification techniques capable of controlling surface integrity are utilized to verify such a framework of manufacturing, by which the surface integrity desired for a high performance can be more effectively achieved as reducing the material and geometry constraints of manufacturing otherwise unobtainable during conventional machining processes. Here, thermal spraying of WC-Ni coatings is employed to coat stainless steel components for water-lubricated wear applications, on which a strategy for direct problem from process to performance is implemented with surface integrity adjustable through spray angle and inert N2 shielding. Subsequently, multiple surface integrity parameters can be evaluated to identify the major ones responsible for wear performance by elucidating the wear mechanism, involving surface features (coating porosity and WC phase retention) and surface characteristics (microhardness, elastic modulus, and toughness). The surface features predominantly determine tribological behaviors of coatings in combination with the surface characteristics that are intrinsically associated with the surface features. Consequently, the spray process with improved N2 shielding is designed according to the desired surface integrity parameters for higher wear resistance. It is demonstrated that the correlations from processes to performance could be fully understood and established via controllable surface integrity, facilitating solution to inverse problem of manufacturing, i.e., realization of a material and geometry integrated manufacturing. © 2017 by ASME.}, language = {English}, number = {6}, journal = {Journal of Tribology}, author = {Zhu, X.P. and Du, P.C. and Meng, Y. and Lei, M.K. and Guo, D.M.}, year = {2017}, note = {9 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)}, keywords = {Coatings, Friction and wear, High performance manufacturing, Integrated manufacturing, Inverse problems, Machining, Manufacture, Process signature, Shielding, Sprayed coatings, Stainless steel, Surface characteristics, Surface integrity, Surface modification techniques, Thermal spray coatings, Thermal spraying, Thermally sprayed coatings, Tungsten carbide, Wear of materials, Wear resistance}, } @article{zhuMicrostructuralMechanicalProperties2014, title = {Microstructural and mechanical properties of thermal barrier coating at 1400°{C} treatment}, volume = {4}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84951125473&doi=10.1063%2f2.1402108&partnerID=40&md5=0794667201559992e48017e657526156}, doi = {10.1063/2.1402108}, abstract = {The mechanical properties of plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coating (TBC) play a vital role in governing their lifetime and performance. This work investigated the microstructural and mechanical properties of TBC with high temperature treatment at 1400°C by scanning electron microscopy and indentation. We calculated elastic modulus and hardness through the application of Weibull statistics analysis. The results indicate that the microstructure of ceramic coating will change continuously at high temperature, and accordingly the porosity decreases due to the grain growths and crack closes. In addition, the elastic modulus and hardness nonlinearly go up with the heat treatment time and go down with increasing porosity. This demonstrates that the microstructural evolution and porosity of TBC are caused by high temperature treatment, and as a result its mechanical properties are influenced. © 2014 The Chinese Society of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics.}, number = {2}, journal = {Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Letters}, author = {Zhu, J. and Ma, K.}, year = {2014}, note = {23 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Indentation, Mechanical property, Mircrostructure, Thermal spray coating (TBC)}, pages = {021008}, } @article{zhouUrbanFloodRisk2024, title = {Urban flood risk management needs nature-based solutions: a coupled social-ecological system perspective}, volume = {4}, copyright = {2024 The Author(s)}, issn = {2661-8001}, shorttitle = {Urban flood risk management needs nature-based solutions}, url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s42949-024-00162-z}, doi = {10.1038/s42949-024-00162-z}, abstract = {A growing number of Nature-based Solutions (NbS) has been advocated for urban flood risk management (FRM). However, whether NbS for FRM (NbS-FRM) achieves both social and ecological co-benefits remains largely unknown. We here propose and use a conceptual framework with a coupled social-ecological perspective to explore and identify such “win-win” potential in NbS-FRM. Through a scoping-review we find that ecological FRM measures are unevenly distributed around the world, and those solely targeting flood mitigation may have unintended negative consequences for society and ecosystems. In elaborating this framework with evidence from the reviewed studies, we find that NbS-FRM has the potential to provide both social and ecological co-benefits, with remaining gaps including a lack of resilience thinking, inadequate consideration of environmental changes, and limited collaborative efforts to manage trade-offs. The proposed framework shows how to move forward to leverage NbS for equitable and sustainable FRM with improved human well-being and ecosystem health.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-09-26}, journal = {npj Urban Sustainability}, author = {Zhou, Kejing and Kong, Fanhua and Yin, Haiwei and Destouni, Georgia and Meadows, Michael E. and Andersson, Erik and Chen, Liding and Chen, Bin and Li, Zhenya and Su, Jie}, month = apr, year = {2024}, note = {18 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Nature Publishing Group}, keywords = {Climate-change adaptation, Climate-change mitigation, Hydrology}, pages = {1--12}, } @article{zhengExperimentalStudyErosion2017, title = {Experimental study on the erosion behavior of {WC}-based high-velocity oxygen-fuel spray coating}, volume = {318}, issn = {00325910 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85020727695&doi=10.1016%2fj.powtec.2017.06.022&partnerID=40&md5=cb69cd761d5c65312487f865a41688e6}, doi = {10.1016/j.powtec.2017.06.022}, abstract = {In oil and gas industries, erosion wear presents a major problem in the hydraulic fracturing process and severely reduces the erosion life of tools. Tungsten carbide (WC)-based high-velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF) thermal spray coating is widely applied to improve surface properties. However, the erosion wear mechanism of this coating in liquid–solid two-phase flows is not clearly understood. Therefore, in this study, the HVOF thermal spray WC-based coating was characterized, and the erosion behavior of the coating was studied in a wet erosion test rig. Results showed that the experimental parameters, namely, attack angle, impact speed, particle size, and erosion time, exerted significant effects on the erosion rates of the specimens. The coated specimens exhibited higher hardness and better erosion wear resistance than the uncoated substrate due to the hard phase particles of the coating. The surfaces of the coated specimens showed microcutting, craters, and brittle chipping, as a visible manifestation of material removal. Furthermore, the erosion wear mechanism of the deposited coating was established by analyzing the eroded morphologies. The findings of this study can help enrich the understanding of the erosion wear mechanism of WC coatings in liquid–solid two-phase flows. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, journal = {Powder Technology}, author = {Zheng, C. and Liu, Y. and Qin, J. and Ji, W. and Zhang, S. and Ji, R. and Cai, B.}, year = {2017}, note = {23 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier B.V.}, keywords = {Article, Coatings, Erosion, Erosion wear, Erosion wear mechanism, Erosion wear resistance, Experimental parameters, HVOF thermal spraying, High velocity oxygen fuel thermal sprays, High velocity oxygen fuels, Hydraulic fracturing, Hydraulic fracturing process, Hydraulic tools, Liquids, Liquid–solid two-phase flow, Particle size, Solid particle erosion, Sprayed coatings, Thermal sprayed coating, Thermal sprayed coatings, Tribology, Tungsten carbide, Two phase flow, Wear of materials, Wear resistance, chemical structure, erosion wear, experimental study, fuel, fuel and fuel related phenomena, hardness, liquid solid two phase flow, material coating, oil industry, oxygen, particle size, physical parameters, prediction, process development, surface property, thermal spray coating, tungsten, velocity}, pages = {383--389}, } @article{zhengCavitationErosionCorrosion2008, title = {Cavitation erosion–corrosion behaviour of {CrMnB} stainless overlay and {0Cr13Ni5Mo} stainless steel in 0.5   {M} {NaCl} and 0.5   {M} {HCL} solutions}, volume = {41}, issn = {0301-679X}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301679X08000480}, doi = {10.1016/j.triboint.2008.02.011}, abstract = {The cavitation erosion–corrosion behaviour of CrMnB overlay was investigated in comparison with 0Cr13Ni5Mo stainless steel in 0.5M NaCl and 0.5M HCl solutions by using a magnetostrictive-induced cavitation facility. The micrographs of damaged surfaces were observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the polarization curves were measured under quiescent and cavitating condition. The results showed that the cavitation erosion–corrosion resistance of CrMnB overlay was 14 times higher than that of 0Cr13Ni5Mo steel in NaCl solution, but, the cavitation erosion–corrosion resistance was 5.7 times lower in HCl solution. For CrMnB overlay in NaCl solution, the excellent cavitation erosion–corrosion resistance could be attributed to strain-induced martensite transformation and its “skeleton” structure of borides. For CrMnB overlay in HCl solution, the electrochemical dissolution promoted the borides to drop out. The martensite transformation was retarded by cushion effect of H2 gas. Material removal in massive chunks (independent on the microstructural features) was accelerated by connection of cavitation cracks, which was enhanced by hydrogen embrittlement. These results suggested that developing steels with high martensite transformability and boride strengthening is an important method to design coatings or steels used in neutral cavitation environments, but which is not suitable for acidic environments.}, number = {12}, urldate = {2024-10-12}, journal = {Tribology International}, author = {Zheng, Y. G. and Luo, S. Z. and Ke, W.}, month = dec, year = {2008}, note = {32 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Acidic environment, Cavitation erosion–corrosion, Hydrogen embrittlement, Martensite transformation, Neutral environment}, pages = {1181--1189}, } @article{zhaoInvestigationUltrasonicCavitation2021, title = {Investigation on {Ultrasonic} {Cavitation} {Erosion} of {Aluminum}–{Titanium} {Alloys} in {Sodium} {Chloride} {Solution}}, volume = {11}, url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/11/11/1299}, doi = {10.3390/cryst11111299}, number = {11}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Crystals}, author = {Zhao, Jingtao and Ning, Liping and Zhu, Jingwen and Li, Yinglong}, year = {2021}, note = {4 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: MDPI}, pages = {1299}, } @article{zhaoInvestigationEffectPost2023, title = {An {Investigation} of the {Effect} of {Post} {Heat} {Treatment} on the {Wear} and {Corrosion} {Behavior} of {HVOF}-sprayed {WC}-{10Co4Cr} {Coatings}}, volume = {32}, issn = {1544-1016}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-023-01661-8}, doi = {10.1007/s11666-023-01661-8}, abstract = {The impact of heat treatment on the wear and corrosion behavior of WC-10Co4Cr coating was investigated in this study. Firstly, the prepared samples were subjected to argon protection heat treatments at 550, 750 and 950 °C. The samples were characterized using SEM, XRD and microhardness testing. The results showed that the change in temperature affected the phase transformation and mechanical properties. The coating did not undergo a phase change after the heat treatment at 550 °C, while the transformation of the η-phase occurred in the coating after heat treatment at 750 and 950 °C. However, heat treatment of the coating led to adhesive failure, resulting in partial separation between the coating and substrate. Due to the formation of hard phases, the wear resistance of the coating was improved after heat treatment, with the main wear mechanisms being micro-cutting and delamination. According to the corrosion test results, the corrosion resistance of the coating was significantly improved after heat treatment at 950 °C, with a reduction of 78.1\% in its corrosion rate in 3.5 wt.\% NaCl compared to the original coating. This was attributed to the precipitation of η-phase and recrystallization of the bonding phase in the coating which reduced the micro-cell effect within the coating.}, language = {en}, number = {8}, urldate = {2024-10-14}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {Zhao, Liangyu and Sun, Haodong and Li, Shuofan and Si, Chaorun and Xu, Shilin}, month = dec, year = {2023}, note = {5 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {WC-10Co4Cr coating, corrosion and wear resistance, heat treatment, high velocity oxygen–fuel (HVOF) spraying}, pages = {2394--2410}, } @article{zhaoCorrosionMechanismNiCrBSi2005, title = {Corrosion mechanism of {NiCrBSi} coatings deposited by {HVOF}}, volume = {190}, issn = {0257-8972}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0257897204003184}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2004.04.057}, abstract = {NiCrBSi alloy powders were coated on a low carbon steel substrate using high-velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) thermal spraying, and corrosion tests were carried out by immersing the specimens in 3.5\% NaCl with pH adjusted to 3 by addition of acetic acid. Techniques such as scanning electron microscope (SEM), spectral analysis, electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were employed to study the mechanistic process of corrosion of the coating surface. It was found that the corrosion of the NiCrBSi coating first occurred around the particles that had not melted during spraying and the defects such as pores, inclusions and microcracks, then followed by the development along the paths formed by pores, microcracks and lamellar structure, resulting in exfoliation or laminar peeling off. Adjusting the thermal spraying parameters to reduce the electrochemical unevenness or sealing the pores can improve the corrosion resistance of the coating.}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-06-29}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Zhao, Wei-Min and Wang, Yong and Dong, Li-Xian and Wu, Kai-Yuan and Xue, Jin}, month = jan, year = {2005}, note = {108 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Corrosion mechanism, HVOF, Metallic coating}, pages = {293--298}, } @article{zhangUltrahighElectrostrictionFerroelectricity2025, title = {Ultra-high electrostriction and ferroelectricity in poly (vinylidene fluoride) by 'printing of charge' throughout the film}, volume = {16}, issn = {2041-1723}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-025-56064-w}, abstract = {Electrostriction is an important electro-mechanical property in poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) films, which describes the proportional relation between the electro-stimulated deformation and the square of the electric field. Generally, traditional methods to improve the electrostriction of PVDF either sacrifice other crystalline-related key properties or only influence minimal regions around the surface. Here, we design a unique electret structure to fully exploit the benefits of internal crystal in PVDF films. Through the 3D printing of charged ink, we have obtained the best electrostrictive and ferroelectric properties among PVDF-based materials so far. The optimized electrostrictive coefficient M33 (324 x 10-18 m2 V-2) is 104 times that of normal PVDF films, and the piezoelectric constant d33 (298 pm V-1) is close to 10 times its traditional limit. The proposed 3D electret structure and the bottom-up approach to 'print the charge' open up a new way to design and adapt the electroactive polymers in smart devices and systems.}, language = {English}, number = {1}, journal = {NATURE COMMUNICATIONS}, author = {Zhang, NY and Dong, XB and He, SH and Liang, Z and Li, WP and Qian, QH and Jiang, C}, month = jan, year = {2025}, note = {0 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {BEHAVIOR, ELECTROMECHANICAL PROPERTIES, PERFORMANCE, PIEZOELECTRICITY, POLARIZATION, POLY(VINYLIDENE FLUORIDE-TRIFLUOROETHYLENE), SPACE-CHARGE, STRAIN, TEMPERATURE, THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMER GELS}, } @article{zhangPreparationCrossSections1992, title = {Preparation of cross sections of thermal spray coatings for {TEM} investigation}, volume = {1}, issn = {15441016 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-51249167865&doi=10.1007%2fBF02657022&partnerID=40&md5=f6a7f3df2fd5c3fea32e3656e7dcc9c7}, doi = {10.1007/BF02657022}, abstract = {A technique for the preparation of cross sections for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of thermal spray coatings has been developed. The procedure is designed to minimize specimen damage during mechanical thinning and to reduce the effect of differential thinning during ion milling. Specimens were made by two different coating systems- WC- Co coating produced by the FARE Gun process on a mild steel substrate and Tribaloy T- 800 sprayed by the HVOF process on a nickel- base superalloy. These specimens have large areas that are electron transparent on either side of the interface, and the results have shown the atomic scale microstructure of the interface between the thermal spray coating and the substrate. © 1992 ASM International.}, language = {English}, number = {1}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {Zhang, H.}, year = {1992}, note = {8 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Springer-Verlag}, keywords = {chemical composition, interface structure, ion beam milling, microstructure, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), tungsten carbide/cobalt coatings}, pages = {83--88}, } @article{zhangNumericalStudyCollapse2019, title = {Numerical {Study} of the {Collapse} of {Multiple} {Bubbles} and the {Energy} {Conversion} during {Bubble} {Collapse}}, volume = {11}, copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/}, issn = {2073-4441}, url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/11/2/247}, doi = {10.3390/w11020247}, abstract = {This paper investigates numerically the collapses of both a single cavitation bubble and a cluster consisting of 8 bubbles, concerning mainly on the conversions between different forms of energy. Direct numerical simulation (DNS) with volume of fluid (VOF) method is applied, considering the detailed resolution of the vapor-liquid interfaces. First, for a single bubble near a solid wall, we find that the peak value of the wave energy, or equivalently the energy conversion rate decreases when the distance between the bubble and the wall is reduced. However, for the collapses of multiple bubbles, this relationship between the bubble-wall distance and the conversion rate reverses, implying a distinct physical mechanism. The evolutions of individual bubbles during the collapses of multiple bubbles are examined. We observe that when the bubbles are placed far away from the solid wall, the jetting flows induced by all bubbles point towards the cluster centre, while the focal point shifts towards the solid wall when the cluster is very close to the wall. We note that it is very challenging to consider thermal and acoustic damping mechanisms in the current numerical methods, which might be significant contributions to the energy budget, and we leave it open to the future studies.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-10-15}, journal = {Water}, author = {Zhang, Jing and Zhang, Lingxin and Deng, Jian}, month = feb, year = {2019}, note = {31 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Number: 2 Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute}, keywords = {cavitation bubble, energy conversion rate, multiple bubble collapse, pressure wave energy}, pages = {247}, } @article{zhangMicrostructureCorrosionBehaviour2022, title = {Microstructure and corrosion behaviour of {WC}/{NiCrBSi} coatings by vacuum cladding}, volume = {38}, issn = {0267-0836}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/02670836.2021.2021500}, doi = {10.1080/02670836.2021.2021500}, abstract = {In this work, the WC-NiCrBSi and in-situ synthesised WC (IWC)-NiCrBSi coatings were successfully fabricated on SS 316 L using vacuum cladding process to investigate the WC-reinforced NiCrBSi alloy by the two methods. XRD, SEM and EDS were performed to characterise the phase constituents, microstructure and chemical composition, respectively. Subsequently, electrochemical corrosion and cavitation tests of the coatings were carried out in 3.5 wt-\% NaCl solution. The results showed that the WC-NiCrBSi cladding coating was mainly composed of γ-Ni, FeNi3, WC, Cr23C6 and CrB phases, while the IWC-NiCrBSi cladding coating was composed of γ-Ni, WC, FeNi3, Cr23C6, Cr7C3, CrB phases. The corrosion current density of the WC-NiCrBSi and IWC-NiCrBSi coatings were 5.01 × 10−7 and 3.57 × 10−7 A/cm2, respectively. The combined analysis of cumulative weight loss curve and cavitation morphology revealed a better cavitation resistance by the IWC-NiCrBSi coating than the WC-NiCrBSi coating in 3.5 wt-\% NaCl solution.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-01-15}, journal = {Materials Science and Technology}, author = {Zhang, H.F. and Zhang, C.H. and Wang, Z.Y. and Cui, X. and Zhang, S. and Chen, H.T.}, month = jan, year = {2022}, note = {22 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Taylor \& Francis \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/02670836.2021.2021500}, keywords = {Vacuum cladding, WC/NiCrBSi coating, corrosion behaviour}, pages = {19--29}, } @article{zhangFrictionWearCharacterization2002, title = {Friction and wear characterization of some cobalt- and iron-based superalloys in zinc alloy baths}, volume = {252}, issn = {0043-1648}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043164801008894}, doi = {10.1016/S0043-1648(01)00889-4}, abstract = {A full-journal submerged bearing test rig was built to evaluate the friction and wear behavior of materials in zinc alloy baths. Some cobalt- and iron-based superalloys were tested using this rig at conditions similar to those of a continuous galvanizing operation (load and bath chemistry). Metallographic and chemical analyses were conducted on tested samples to characterize the wear. It was found that a commonly used cobalt-based material (Stellite \#6) not only suffered considerable wear but also reacted with zinc baths to form intermetallic compounds. Other cobalt- and iron-based superalloys appeared to have negligible reaction with the zinc baths in the short-term tests, but cracks developed in the sub-surface, suggesting that the materials mainly experienced surface fatigue wear. The commonly used cobalt-based superalloy mostly experienced abrasive wear.}, number = {3}, urldate = {2025-04-01}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Zhang, K and Battiston, L}, month = feb, year = {2002}, note = {33 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Friction and wear, Galvanizing, Submerged hardware, Superalloys}, pages = {332--344}, } @article{zhangElectrochemicalStudyCorrosion2015, title = {Electrochemical {Study} of {Corrosion} {Behavior} of {Wrought} {Stellite} {Alloys} in {Sodium} {Chloride} and {Green} {Death} {Solutions}}, volume = {24}, issn = {1544-1024}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-015-1629-4}, doi = {10.1007/s11665-015-1629-4}, abstract = {Corrosion behavior of wrought Stellite 6B and Stellite 6K, which have similar chemical composition but contain different carbon content, in 3.5 wt.\% NaCl solution and in Green Death solution is investigated using various electrochemical methods, including potentiodynamic polarization, cyclic polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The obtained potentiodynamic polarization curves, cyclic polarization curves, and EIS spectra for these alloys are in good agreement, showing that Stellite 6K with higher carbon content is easier corroded due to its larger volume fraction of carbides but the Cr2O3 film formed on this alloy is stronger and more stable than that on Stellite 6B. Further immersion tests on these alloys show that Stellite 6K has less resistance to pitting corrosion.}, language = {en}, number = {9}, urldate = {2025-03-14}, journal = {Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance}, author = {Zhang, X. Z. and Liu, R. and Chen, K. Y. and Yao, M. X. and Collier, R.}, month = sep, year = {2015}, note = {7 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {carbide, electrochemical corrosion, oxide film, pitting corrosion, polarization, wrought Stellite alloy}, pages = {3579--3587}, } @article{zhangCorrelationMicrostructureCavitation2019, title = {Correlation of microstructure with cavitation erosion behaviour of a nickel-aluminum bronze in simulated seawater}, volume = {136}, issn = {0301-679X}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301679X19301914}, doi = {10.1016/j.triboint.2019.03.071}, abstract = {The correlation of microstructure with cavitation erosion (CE) behaviour of Ni-Al bronze in simulated seawater has been clarified. It is found that there exist a large number of dislocations and deformation twins in the α-phases after CE damage, and these dislocations and deformation twins can prevent the fatigue cracks from nucleating and expansion, thereby making Ni-Al bronze a superior CE resistance. Meanwhile, the small size of the α-phases improves the critical shear stress of dislocation movement, thus displaying good strengthening effect on this material. In addition, the microstructure evolution of Ni-Al bronze with different CE time as well as the synergistic effect between CE and corrosion in simulated seawater have also been studied.}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Tribology International}, author = {Zhang, L. M. and Ma, A. L. and Yu, H. and Umoh, A. J. and Zheng, Y. G.}, month = aug, year = {2019}, note = {49 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cavitation erosion, Corrosion, Mass loss, Ni-Al bronze, TEM}, pages = {250--258}, } @article{zhangCorrelationMicrostructuralCharacteristics2021, title = {Correlation between microstructural characteristics and cavitation resistance of {Stellite}-6 coatings on 17-4 {PH} stainless steel prepared with supersonic laser deposition and laser cladding}, volume = {860}, issn = {0925-8388}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925838820347800}, doi = {10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.158417}, abstract = {Stellite-6 coatings were deposited on 17-4 PH stainless steel substrate by supersonic laser deposition (SLD) and laser cladding (LC) to improve cavitation resistance of the substrate. The microstructural characteristics of the as-deposited coatings were analyzed on the basis of OM, SEM, EBSD, XRD, Vicker’s hardness and nano-indentation results. The cavitation erosion performances in 3.5 wt\% NaCl solution were comparatively investigated by a vibratory apparatus for the coatings prepared by SLD and LC technologies. The underlying mechanisms for differences of cavitation behavior between these two samples were elucidated in terms of grain size, dilution level, phase composition, hardness, elastic modulus and topographical features of the worn surfaces. Results show that SLD coating has finer grain, lower dilution and higher ratio of hardness to modulus. By analyzing the eroded surfaces, it is found that the pores formed due to mechanical bonding between particles in SLD coating are the priority position of cavitation where bubbles nucleate, grow and collapse. Repeated impact force from bubble collapse produces cracks and makes cracks propagation, leading to particle detachment and finally material removal. Although the porosity of SLD coating is higher than that of LC coating, its content is only less than 0.4\%. Therefore, the negative effect of porosity is weaker than the positive effect of grain refinement, low dilution ratio and high hardness on cavitation performance. Consequently, SLD coating has better cavitation resistance than LC coating.}, urldate = {2025-02-04}, journal = {Journal of Alloys and Compounds}, author = {Zhang, Qunli and Wu, Lijuan and Zou, Hongsen and Li, Bo and Zhang, Gang and Sun, Jingyong and Wang, Jianjun and Yao, Jianhua}, month = apr, year = {2021}, note = {24 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cavitation erosion, Failure mechanism, Microstructure, Stellite-6 coatings, Supersonic laser deposition}, pages = {158417}, } @article{zhangComparativeStudyCavitation2019, title = {A {Comparative} {Study} of {Cavitation} {Erosion} {Resistance} of {Several} {HVOF}-{Sprayed} {Coatings} in {Deionized} {Water} and {Artificial} {Seawater}}, volume = {28}, issn = {1544-1016}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-019-00869-x}, doi = {10.1007/s11666-019-00869-x}, abstract = {In this study, WC-10Co4Cr coatings, Co-based coatings, WC-10Co4Cr/Co-based composite coatings, and Fe-based amorphous/nanocrystalline coatings were prepared on 316L stainless steel substrates by a high-velocity oxy-fuel spraying process. The cavitation erosion resistances of all the coatings, as well as the stainless steel substrates, were investigated in deionized water and artificial seawater. Results show that the effect of marine corrosion on cavitation erosion was most significant on the stainless steels, WC-10Co4Cr coatings, and Co-based coatings, but negligible on the WC-10Co4Cr/Co-based composite coatings and the Fe-based amorphous/nanocrystalline coatings. The WC-10Co4Cr coatings (0.17 mm3/h) show improved cavitation erosion resistance than those of WC-10Co4Cr/Co-based composite coatings (0.21 mm3/h), 316L stainless steel substrates (0.22 mm3/h), Co-based coatings (0.30 mm3/h), and Fe-based coatings (0.47 mm3/h) in marine environments.}, language = {en}, number = {5}, urldate = {2024-10-12}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {Zhang, Haijun and Gong, Yongfeng and Chen, Xiuyong and McDonald, André and Li, Hua}, month = jun, year = {2019}, note = {33 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {HVOF, cavitation erosion, coatings, marine corrosion}, pages = {1060--1071}, } @article{zhangCavitationErosionErosioncorrosion2017, title = {Cavitation erosion and erosion-corrosion resistance of austenitic stainless steel by plasma transferred arc welding}, volume = {76}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350630716310706}, doi = {10.1016/j.engfailanal.2017.02.007}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Engineering Failure Analysis}, author = {Zhang, S. and Wang, S. and Wu, C. L. and Zhang, C. H. and Guan, M. and Tan, J. Z.}, year = {2017}, note = {42 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier}, pages = {115--124}, } @article{zakrzewskaConceptCavitationErosion2023, title = {Concept of cavitation erosion assessment of austenitic 1.4301 stainless steel based on roughness development}, volume = {183}, issn = {0301-679X}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301679X23002189}, doi = {10.1016/j.triboint.2023.108431}, abstract = {The influence of various flow conditions determined by flow velocities on the cavitation erosion of 1.4301 austenitic steel are presented. A linear correlation between the flow velocity and erosion rate has been obtained. Measurements of the surface roughness showed its linear increase with the exposure time and an increase in the erosion area with an increase in flow velocity. In-depth hardness measurements have proven the high ability of austenitic steel to strengthen the surface as a result of cavitation loads. A logarithmic relationship was observed between surface hardening and the maximum value of the Ra parameter. A formula was also proposed to estimate the mass loss of the tested steel on the basis of surface roughness measurements.}, urldate = {2024-08-01}, journal = {Tribology International}, author = {Zakrzewska, Dominika E. and Buszko, Marta H. and Marchewicz, Artur and Krella, Alicja K.}, month = may, year = {2023}, note = {10 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Austenitic steel, Cavitation erosion, Hardness, Roughness}, pages = {108431}, } @article{zakrzewskaCavitationErosionResistance2019, title = {Cavitation {Erosion} {Resistance} {Influence} of {Material} {Properties}}, volume = {19}, issn = {2083-4799}, url = {https://www.sciendo.com/article/10.2478/adms-2019-0019}, doi = {10.2478/adms-2019-0019}, abstract = {Abstract The cavitation erosion is the phenomena that causes degradation of fluid flow machinery components due to repetitive implosion of cavitation bubbles adjacent to the solid surface. Cavitation erosion is a complex phenomenon, which includes not only hydrodynamic factors of liquid, but also properties of erodible material e.g. microstructure, hardness or Young modulus. In order to reduce the negative impact of erosion on machine components, there are many methods to increase cavitation erosion resistance. The paper discusses the correlations between structural and mechanical properties and the resistance to cavitation erosion (CER) of pure materials, their alloys and coatings. Methods to increase CER have also been described - using heat / thermo-chemical treatment and application of coatings by various methods.}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Advances in Materials Science}, author = {Zakrzewska, D. E. and Krella, A. K.}, month = dec, year = {2019}, note = {20 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {18--34}, } @article{yuRestoringWCPlasma2004, title = {Restoring {WC} in plasma sprayed {WC}–{Co} coatings through spark plasma sintering ({SPS})}, volume = {182}, issn = {0257-8972}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0257897203009423}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2003.08.065}, abstract = {Decarburization of WC–Co is a common phenomenon during atmospheric plasma spray (APS) deposition, resulting in a large amount of W2C and other carbon-deficient phases in the coating. Consequently, the properties and performance of the coating may be inadequate and unreliable. In this study, spark plasma sintering (SPS) is applied as a post-spray heat treatment to reinstate the WC phase in the APS WC/Co coating. Three sets of sample configurations have been employed, namely: direct contact of graphite punch with APS WC–Co coating, packing the coating in WC–Co powder, and finally, packing APS WC–Co coatings in yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) powder. The treatment was carried out at 800 °C for 5 min. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) are applied to investigate the microstructure and phase composition of APS WC–Co coatings before and after SPS treatment. Rietveld refinement is utilized to quantitatively determine the coatings’ phase composition. Results showed that SPS treatment with the graphite punch directly in contact with the coating surface could restore the WC phase in the coating to approximately 52.3 wt.\% of the overall phases in the coating, which is close to the amount of WC found in the original WC–Co feedstock used in APS coating. Comparatively, the other sample configurations employing the packing of WC–Co or YSZ powders yielded a maximum of 17.6 wt.\% WC. It is believed that the direct carbon diffusion from the graphite punch during SPS played a significant role in the enhanced WC content in the coating. A comparison with the effect brought about by conventional inert atmospheric heat treatment was made by the Rietveld-refining of the XRD data from available literature, and it showed that the conventional inert atmospheric heat treatment could only cause the recrystalization of the Co3W3C phase and the transformation of W2C into Co3W3C phase. The present study showed that the SPS working as the post-spray process, which has promising effect on reverting W2C or other related metastable phases to the original WC in APS WC–Co coatings. Furthermore, the microhardness of the WC coating improved significantly after the SPS post-spray heat treatment.}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-07-10}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Yu, L. G and Khor, K. A and Li, H and Pay, K. C and Yip, T. H and Cheang, P}, month = apr, year = {2004}, note = {38 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Decarburization, Plasma spray, Rietveld refinement, Spark plasma sintering, WC}, pages = {308--317}, } @article{yungThermalSprayCoatings2019, title = {Thermal spray coatings of {Al}, {ZnAl} and {Inconel} 625 alloys on {SS304L} for anti-saline corrosion}, volume = {9}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85060539459&doi=10.3390%2fcoatings9010032&partnerID=40&md5=0b988e5dc855448f301346c7ca1948da}, doi = {10.3390/coatings9010032}, abstract = {Stainless steel 304L (SS304L) has been selected as the material for canisters for spent fuel storage from three nuclear power plants in Taiwan. A crucial issue is extending the spent fuel storage safety standards of the canisters. The anti-saline corrosion abilities of three thermal spray coatings (i.e., Al, ZnAl, and 625 Inconel alloys) on the SS304L were evaluated by immersion in 3.5 wt \% aqueous NaCl and with 0.025 g/cm2 NaCl deposition at 80 °C and 80\% relative humidity (RH) for 1000 h. The pristine thermal spray coatings were examined using the pull-offadhesion test to understand the adhesion strength, and Vickers hardness was measured for the mechanical properties of the three coatings. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was used to identify the porosities of the coatings. Furthermore, the surfaces of the specimens before and after corrosion were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The composition and distribution of the oxide layers formed on the coating surfaces during corrosion were evaluated. Electrochemical measurement was also performed with the polarization method to quantify the corrosion property of the three thermal spray coatings. The results showed that the corrosion rate of Al coating was lowest from the Tafel analysis after the 1000 h corrosion test in 3.5\% aqueous NaCl. In contrast, the corrosion rate of Inconel 625 was lowest after 1000 h of the NaCl deposition corrosion test in a controlled environment. Therefore, the ZnAl thermal spray coating is a potential protection layer, keeping in mind economic considerations, of SS304L for anti-corrosion in saline environments. © 2019 by the authors.}, number = {1}, journal = {Coatings}, author = {Yung, T.-Y. and Chen, T.-C. and Tsai, K.-C. and Lu, W.-F. and Huang, J.-Y. and Liu, T.-Y.}, year = {2019}, note = {41 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {625 Inconel alloy, Al, Corrosion, SS304L, Thermal spray, ZnAl}, } @article{yuInfluenceManufacturingProcess2008, title = {Influence of {Manufacturing} {Process} and {Alloying} {Element} {Content} on the {Tribomechanical} {Properties} of {Cobalt}-{Based} {Alloys}}, volume = {131}, issn = {0742-4787}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2991122}, doi = {10.1115/1.2991122}, abstract = {Manufacturing process routes of materials can be adapted to manipulate their microstructure and hence their tribological performance. As industrial demands push the applications of tribological materials to harsher environments of higher stress, starved lubrication, and improved life performance, manufacturing processes can be tailored to optimize their use in particular engineering applications. The aim of this paper was therefore to comprehend the structure-property relationships of a wear resistant cobalt-based alloy (Stellite 6) produced from two different processing routes of powder consolidated hot isostatic pressing (HIPing) and casting. This alloy had a nominal wt \% composition of Co–28Cr–4.5W–1C, which is commonly used in wear related applications in harsh tribological environments. However, the coarse carbide structure of the cast alloy results in higher brittleness and lower toughness. Hence this research was conducted to comprehend if carbide refinement, caused by changing the processing route to HIPing, could improve the tribomechanical performance of this alloy. Microstructural and tribomechanical evaluations, which involved hardness, impact toughness, abrasive wear, sliding wear, and contact fatigue performance tests, indicated that despite the similar abrasive and sliding wear resistance of both alloys, the HIPed alloy exhibited an improved contact fatigue and impact toughness performance in comparison to the cast counterpart. This difference in behavior is discussed in terms of the structure-property relationships. Results of this research indicated that the HIPing process could provide additional impact and fatigue resistance to this alloy without compromising the hardness and the abrasive/sliding wear resistance, which makes the HIPed alloy suitable for relatively higher stress applications. Results are also compared with a previously reported investigation of the Stellite 20 alloy, which had a much higher carbide content in comparison to the Stellite 6 alloy, caused by the variation in the content of alloying elements. These results indicated that the fatigue resistance did not follow the expected trend of the improvement in impact toughness. In terms of the design process, the combination of hardness, toughness, and carbide content show a complex interdependency, where a 40\% reduction in the average hardness and 60\% reduction in carbide content had a more dominating effect on the contact fatigue resistance when compared with an order of magnitude improvement in the impact toughness of the HIPed Stellite 6 alloy.}, number = {011601}, urldate = {2024-07-13}, journal = {Journal of Tribology}, author = {Yu, H. and Ahmed, R. and Lovelock, H. de Villiers and Davies, S.}, month = dec, year = {2008}, note = {46 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, } @article{yueWearingPredictionStellite2015, title = {Wearing prediction of stellite alloys based on opposite degree algorithm}, volume = {34}, issn = {1867-7185}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-014-0430-0}, doi = {10.1007/s12598-014-0430-0}, abstract = {In order to predict the wearing of stellite alloys, the related methods of rare metals data processing were discussed. The method of opposite degree (OD) algorithm was put forward to predict the wearing of stellite alloys. OD algorithm is based on prior numerical data, posterior numerical data and the opposite degree between numerical forecast data. To compare the performance of predicted results based on different algorithms, the back propagation (BP) and radial basis function (RBF) neural network methods were introduced. Predicted results show that the relative error of OD algorithm is smaller than those of BP and RBF neural network methods. OD algorithm is an effective method to predict the wearing of stellite alloys and it can be applied in practice.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-11-17}, journal = {Rare Metals}, author = {Yue, Xiao-Guang and Zhang, Guang and Wu, Qu and Li, Fei and Chen, Xian-Feng and Ren, Gao-Feng and Li, Mei}, month = feb, year = {2015}, note = {31 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Back propagation neural network, Opposite degree algorithm, Radial basis function neural network, Stellite alloys wearing}, pages = {125--132}, } @article{yuComparisonTriboMechanicalProperties2007, title = {A {Comparison} of the {Tribo}-{Mechanical} {Properties} of a {Wear} {Resistant} {Cobalt}-{Based} {Alloy} {Produced} by {Different} {Manufacturing} {Processes}}, volume = {129}, issn = {0742-4787}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2736450}, doi = {10.1115/1.2736450}, abstract = {This paper aims to compare the tribo-mechanical properties and structure–property relationships of a wear resistant cobalt-based alloy produced via two different manufacturing routes, namely sand casting and powder consolidation by hot isostatic pressing (HIPing). The alloy had a nominal wt \% composition of Co–33Cr–17.5W–2.5C, which is similar to the composition of commercially available Stellite 20 alloy. The high tungsten and carbon contents provide resistance to severe abrasive and sliding wear. However, the coarse carbide structure of the cast alloy also gives rise to brittleness. Hence this research was conducted to comprehend if the carbide refinement and corresponding changes in the microstructure, caused by changing the processing route to HIPing, could provide additional merits in the tribo-mechanical performance of this alloy. The HIPed alloy possessed a much finer microstructure than the cast alloy. Both alloys had similar hardness, but the impact resistance of the HIPed alloy was an order of magnitude higher than the cast counterpart. Despite similar abrasive and sliding wear resistance of both alloys, their main wear mechanisms were different due to their different carbide morphologies. Brittle fracture of the carbides and ploughing of the matrix were the main wear mechanisms for the cast alloy, whereas ploughing and carbide pullout were the dominant wear mechanisms for the HIPed alloy. The HIPed alloy showed significant improvement in contact fatigue performance, indicating its superior impact and fatigue resistance without compromising the hardness and sliding∕abrasive wear resistance, which makes it suitable for relatively higher stress applications.}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-11-17}, journal = {Journal of Tribology}, author = {Yu, H. and Ahmed, R. and de Villiers Lovelock, H.}, month = jan, year = {2007}, note = {37 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {586--594}, } @article{yuanOnestepFabricationHigh2025, title = {One-step fabrication of high β-phase {BaTiO3}/{IL}/{PVDF} triboelectric nanogenerator via {FDM} printing}, volume = {136}, issn = {1526-6125}, doi = {10.1016/j.jmapro.2025.01.052}, abstract = {The polar n phase of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is a desirable material for the fabrication of smart sensor devices, given that PVDF typically exists in its alpha phase under standard conditions. In this study, we developed a method to fabricate high dielectric PVDF composites by incorporating an ionic liquid (IL) modified barium titanate BaTiO3 (BT). This was achieved by leveraging the filling effect of F atoms in PVDF and oxygen vacancies in BT, as well as the ion-dipole interaction between the CF2 of PVDF and the imidazolium cation of IL. These synergistic effects induced a crystalline phase transition in the PVDF, leading to an increase in the content of the polar n-phase to 84.01 \% and a peak dielectric constant of 36.3 (100 HZ), which is 4.5 times that of the pure PVDF. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the n phase content of the composite material remains high during the Fused deposition molding(FDM) process, thereby providing a material foundation for one-time molding of the dielectric material. Based on the above method, the fully 3D printed triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has a stable signal output and achieves a balance between device structure and performance. These findings indicate that PVDF/BT/IL holds promise as an electronegative material in the realm of triboelectricity.}, language = {English}, journal = {JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURING PROCESSES}, author = {Yuan, M and Ma, AA and Zhang, HY and Fan, TX and Ke, FY and Chen, Y and Wang, HP}, month = feb, year = {2025}, note = {0 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {CRYSTALLIZATION, Electrical properties, FILMS, Fused deposition molding, IONIC LIQUID, NANOCOMPOSITES, PARAMETERS, POLY(VINYLIDENE FLUORIDE), PVDF, Polyvinylidene fluoride composites}, pages = {316--323}, } @article{younesMicrostructuralTribologicalProperties2015, title = {Microstructural and {Tribological} {Properties} of {Al2O3}-{13pctTiO2} {Thermal} {Spray} {Coatings} {Deposited} by {Flame} {Spraying}}, volume = {46}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84942154760&doi=10.1007%2fs11663-015-0412-0&partnerID=40&md5=7cc61af78a2989a2256f1e7bca7bde60}, doi = {10.1007/s11663-015-0412-0}, abstract = {THe present investigation has been conducted to study the tribological properties of Al2O3-13pctTiO2 (AT-13) ceramic coatings deposited on a low carbon steel type E335 by using a thermal flame spray technique. The microstructure and phase composition of wire and coatings were analyzed by scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Measurements of micro hardness were also performed on the surface of the coatings. The tribological tests were carried out using a pin-on-disk tribometer at different loads. All tests were performed using two disks as counter body, namely Al2O3-ZrO2 (AZ-25) and Al2O3-TiO2 (AT-3) which formed couple 1 and couple 2, respectively, in order to work out the wear rate and friction coefficient. Roughness profiles were also evaluated before and after each test. The SEM showed that the dense microstructure of Al2O3-TiO2 (AT-13) coatings have a homogenous lamellar morphology and complex of several phases with the presence of porosities and unmelted particles. The XRD analysis of the wire before the spray showed a majority phase of α-Al2O3 rhombohedral structure and a secondary phase of Al2TiO5 orthorhombic structure with little traces of TiO2 (rutile) tetragonal structure, whereas the XRD of the coating revealed the disappearance of TiO2 replaced by the formation of a new metastable phase γ-Al2O3 cubic structure. The tribological results showed that the applied contact pressure affects the variation of the friction coefficient with time and that it decreases with the rise of the normal force of contact. It was found also that the couple 2 with nearly chemical compositions of spray-coated (AT-13) and disk (AT-3) exhibited much higher wear resistance than the couple 1 although they have sliding coefficient of friction nearly. © 2015, The Minerals, Metals \& Materials Society and ASM International.}, number = {5}, journal = {Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B: Process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science}, author = {Younes, R. and Bradai, M.A. and Sadeddine, A. and Mouadji, Y. and Bilek, A. and Benabbas, A.}, year = {2015}, note = {12 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Alumina, Aluminum oxide, Ceramic coatings, Chemical compositions, Energy dispersive spectroscopies (EDS), Energy dispersive spectroscopy, Flame spraying, Friction, Friction coefficients, Low carbon steel, Microhardness, Microstructure, Morphology, Orthorhombic structures, Oxide minerals, Pin-on-disk tribometers, Rhombohedral structures, Scanning electron microscopy, Thermal spray coatings, Titanium dioxide, Tribological properties, Tribology, Wear of materials, Wear resistance, X ray diffraction, Zirconia}, pages = {2394--2403}, } @article{youdelisCarbidePhasesCobalt1983, title = {Carbide phases in cobalt base superalloy: role of nucleation entropy in refinement}, volume = {17}, issn = {0306-3453}, shorttitle = {Carbide phases in cobalt base superalloy}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1179/030634583790420664}, doi = {10.1179/030634583790420664}, abstract = {The role of nucleation entropy in the formation of carbide phases in cobalt base superalloy HS 21 is investigated. X-ray and electron diffraction analyses show that M23C6 is the primary carbide, the composition approximating (Cr0·77Co0·15Mo0·08)23C6. The composition of HS 21 was varied by remelting the as-received alloy in a vacuum induction furnace and adding small amounts of Ta and Nb. The addition of ∼1 at.-\%Ta or 1·5 at.-\%Nb resulted in the coarser M23C6 carbide being entirely replaced by a considerably finer MC carbide (TaC or NbC). It is shown that the carbide refinement is in agreement with the increased nucleation entropy and corresponding nucleation rate of the MC v. M23C6 carbide.}, number = {8}, urldate = {2024-11-17}, journal = {Metal Science}, author = {Youdelis, W. V. and Kwon, O.}, month = aug, year = {1983}, note = {24 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Taylor \& Francis \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1179/030634583790420664}, pages = {379--384}, } @article{yooEffectChromiumMicrostructure2024, title = {Effect of {Chromium} on {Microstructure} and {Corrosion} {Behavior} of {High}-{Cr} {White} {Cast} {Irons} {Used} in {Coal}-{Fired} {Power} {Plant} {Desulfurization} {Facilities}}, volume = {18}, issn = {19395981 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85169303238&doi=10.1007%2fs40962-023-01123-5&partnerID=40&md5=f34320f866d0f717c8cafab8a0d14ee7}, doi = {10.1007/s40962-023-01123-5}, abstract = {The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the electrochemical characteristics of high-chromium white cast irons (HCCIs) and their suitability as impellers in flue-gas desulfurizer (FGD) slurry pumps of coal-fired power plants. By evaluating the corrosion and wear resistance of HCCI specimens with varying Cr contents, it was confirmed that the corrosion mechanism of HCCI involves micro-galvanic corrosion between the matrix and iron–chromium and carbon intermetallic compounds. Furthermore, the study revealed that HCCI with 32 wt\% Cr content exhibited superior corrosion resistance, owing to the full-ferrite matrix with complete Cr dissolution that facilitated the enrichment of Cr(OH)3 and Cr2O3 on the HCCI surface. The results demonstrate that the addition of 32 wt\% Cr to HCCI enhances its passivation ability and improves its ability to resist both micro-galvanic corrosion and erosion–cavitation. Finally, the performance of the impeller fabricated with HCCI containing 32 wt\% Cr was validated in a real environment for 16 months with a FGD slurry pump, and it was found to be in excellent condition, further highlighting the effectiveness of HCCI for use as impellers in FGD slurry pumps. © American Foundry Society 2023.}, language = {English}, number = {2}, journal = {International Journal of Metalcasting}, author = {Yoo, J.-S. and Ko, S.-J. and Kim, J.-G.}, year = {2024}, note = {2 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH}, keywords = {ASTM A532, ASTM a532, Cast iron, Chromium compounds, Coal, Coal fired power plant, Coal-fired power plant, Corrosion behaviour, Corrosion rate, Corrosion resistance, Corrosive effects, Cr content, Desulfurization, Flue gases, Flue-gas desulfurizer, Flues, Fossil fuel power plants, Galvanic corrosion, Gas plants, High chromium white cast iron, Impellers, Intermetallics, Intermetallics compounds, Iron compounds, Micro-galvanic corrosion, Pumps, Slurry pumps, Wear resistance, flue-gas desulfurizer, high-chromium white cast iron, intermetallic compound, micro-galvanic corrosion}, pages = {1664--1676}, } @article{yoganandhErosionBehaviourWCCoCr2013, title = {Erosion behaviour of {WC}-{Co}-{Cr} thermal spray coated grey cast iron under mining environment}, volume = {66}, issn = {09751645 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84879688338&doi=10.1007%2fs12666-013-0262-x&partnerID=40&md5=c85a3a694b5804969930c4a1244e94ad}, doi = {10.1007/s12666-013-0262-x}, abstract = {Hydraulic machinery components made of grey cast iron (FG 260 grade) are preferred for engineering application because of their excellent damping properties. However when such materials are exposed to mining environments they exhibit poor erosion resistance without meeting their estimated life time. In order to enhance the service life of the material of hydraulic components, WC-Co-Cr thermal spray coating was identified. Grey cast iron samples (FG 260 grade) with and without WC-Co-Cr coating were subjected to slurry jet erosion tests by varying the impingent velocity and angle under two different pH levels at 3 and 7 which pertain to the mining environment. XRD characterization was done to identify and confirm the carbide phases present. Surface morphology studies were carried by SEM on both the substrate and coating, which revealed the erosion of grey cast iron surface, due to ploughing mechanism. In the case of WC-Co-Cr coating, at oblique angle of impact, the degradation is by micro cutting of the matrix and ploughing mechanism. At normal impingement, the fluctuating stress creates the cracks, which interlink each other and thereby causing erosion of the material. © 2013 Indian Institute of Metals.}, language = {English}, number = {4}, journal = {Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals}, author = {Yoganandh, J. and Natarajan, S. and Kumaresh Babu, S.P.}, year = {2013}, note = {12 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Erosive wear, Grey cast iron, SEM, Thermal spray process, WC-Co-Cr}, pages = {437--443}, } @article{yaoWearCorrosionPerformance2018, title = {Wear and corrosion performance of laser-clad low-carbon high-molybdenum {Stellite} alloys}, volume = {107}, issn = {0030-3992}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0030399218302251}, doi = {10.1016/j.optlastec.2018.05.021}, abstract = {Low-carbon Stellite alloys such as Stellite 21 exhibit good high-temperature and corrosion properties but need improved wear resistance in some applications. In this research, two low-carbon Stellite alloys with highly increased molybdenum content are produced via laser cladding. The microstructures of the laser cladding hardfacings are studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with an energy dispersive X-ray (EDS) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The wear resistance of the hardfacings is evaluated using a pin-on-disc tribometer. The corrosion performance of the hardfacings is investigated under electrochemical tests in 3.5 wt.\% sodium chloride (NaCl) solution and in Green Death solution. The experimental results show that the presence of Mo-rich intermetallic compounds enhances the wear resistance of the alloy hardfacings significantly. Since Stellite alloys are all able to form protective oxide films due to high chromium content against corrosion of the substrates, the bonding strength and repair ability of the oxide films dominate the corrosion resistance of the hardfacings in the corrosive environments. Stellite 21 hardfacing is also studied under the same testing conditions for comparison.}, urldate = {2025-03-12}, journal = {Optics \& Laser Technology}, author = {Yao, Jianhua and Ding, Yinping and Liu, Rong and Zhang, Qunli and Wang, Liang}, month = nov, year = {2018}, note = {45 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Dry-sliding wear, Electrochemical corrosion, Intermetallic compound, Laser cladding, Stellite alloy}, pages = {32--45}, } @article{yangRoleNickelMechanical2018, title = {The role of nickel in mechanical performance and corrosion behaviour of nickel-aluminium bronze in 3.5 wt.\% {NaCl} solution}, volume = {139}, issn = {0010-938X}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010938X18300490}, doi = {10.1016/j.corsci.2018.05.012}, abstract = {The mechanical properties and corrosion behaviour in 3.5 wt.\% NaCl solution of as-cast nickel-aluminium bronze (NAB) alloys with four Ni contents were investigated. The increase in Ni content leads to more precipitated κ phases, therefore improving the yield strength and hardness of the NAB alloys. Ni addition was found to significantly suppress the formation of corrodible β' phase and increase the Ni concentration in α solid solution. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopic and static immersion tests showed that the increase in Ni content (4.5–10 wt.\%) improved the corrosion resistance of the NAB alloys in 3.5 wt.\% NaCl solution.}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Corrosion Science}, author = {Yang, Fenfen and Kang, Huijun and Guo, Enyu and Li, Rengeng and Chen, Zongning and Zeng, Yanhua and Wang, Tongmin}, month = jul, year = {2018}, note = {106 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {A. Nickel, A. Nickel-aluminium bronze, B. EIS, B. Mass loss, B. TEM, C. Selective phase corrosion}, pages = {333--345}, } @article{yangImprovingFlowabilityFine2023, title = {Improving the flowability of fine {WC}-{12Co} powder using atmospheric pressure nitrogen microwave plasma torch treatment}, volume = {425}, issn = {00325910 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85154045663&doi=10.1016%2fj.powtec.2023.118604&partnerID=40&md5=d9156037860aaee8c7bae32db9aefb2f}, doi = {10.1016/j.powtec.2023.118604}, abstract = {WC-Co powders are mainly used in thermal spray coatings, which improve corrosion and wear resistance as well as the regeneration capacity of damaged components. The use of fine powders in the thermal spray coating process is essential to form a dense coating layer. However, fine powders possess poor flowability due to their morphology and van der Waals forces between particles. These characteristics limit their application in thermal spray coatings. In this study, a nitrogen microwave plasma torch was applied to WC-12Co powder (D50 = 20 μm) to improve the flowability of the powder. The rough surface of the particle was melted and changed to a smooth, spherical surface. As a result, the flowability of the plasma-treated powder improved significantly from 0 to 4.02 g/s. Thus, a microwave plasma torch improves the flowability of fine WC-12Co powders and is suitable for continuous treatment and mass production of plasma spray powders. © 2023}, language = {English}, journal = {Powder Technology}, author = {Yang, G.W. and Chun, S.M. and Jeong, S.Y. and Hong, Y.C.}, year = {2023}, note = {2 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier B.V.}, keywords = {Article, Atmospheric pressure, Corrosion and wear resistance, Corrosion resistance, Corrosion resistant coatings, Fine powders, Flowability, Microwave plasma, Microwave plasma torch, Morphology, Nitrogen microwave plasma, Nitrogen plasma, Plasma jets, Plasma spraying, Plasma torch treatment, Powders, Surface treatment, Thermal spray coatings, Van der Waals forces, WC-12Co powder, WC-12Co powders, WC/Co powder, Wear resistance, X ray diffraction, alloy, atmospheric pressure, corrosion, field emission scanning electron microscopy, medical procedures, microwave radiation, nanoparticle, nitrogen, nitrogen microwave plasma torch treatment, plasma spraying, powder flow, spectroscopy, thermal spraying, tungsten carbide-cobalt, unclassified drug}, } @article{yangEffectCarbideGrain2003, title = {Effect of carbide grain size on microstructure and sliding wear behavior of {HVOF}-sprayed {WC}–12\% {Co} coatings}, volume = {254}, issn = {0043-1648}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043164802002946}, doi = {10.1016/S0043-1648(02)00294-6}, abstract = {In order to examine the effect of carbide grain size on the wear behavior of WC–Co coatings, coatings with low degree of decomposition of WC were thermally sprayed by a high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) system from three agglomerated WC–12\% Co powders with various carbide size distributions. Characterization of the coating showed that the average carbide grain sizes of the coatings were 0.8, 1.4 and 2.8μm and that a decrease in carbide grain size led to slightly higher degree of decomposition of WC. Dry sliding friction and wear tests using sintered alumina (Al2O3) as the mating material were performed. The coefficient of friction of the coatings was nearly constant regardless of the test conditions and carbide grain sizes. The specific wear rate of the coatings was very low ∼10−6mm3/(Nm) and increased with increasing carbide grain size. The microscopic analyses of the worn tracks have shown that binder extrusion followed by carbide removal or carbide fracture are the dominant material removal mechanisms. The extruded cobalt acts as binder to form a ductile, dense and well cohered tribofilm on the worn surface to protect the surface from further wear, decreasing the wear rate of the coatings. Because a pull-out of single carbide particle provides less damage to the finer coating and also because the debris consisting of finer carbides are less effective as the third-body abrasions, the wear rate decreases with decreasing carbide size in the coatings.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-10-14}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Yang, Qiaoqin and Senda, Tetsuya and Ohmori, Akira}, month = jan, year = {2003}, note = {285 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Friction, Grain size, HVOF, Thermal spray, WC–Co coating, Wear, Wear mechanism}, pages = {23--34}, } @article{yangDrySlidingWear2022, title = {Dry sliding wear behavior of additively manufactured {CoCrWNixAly} alloys}, volume = {496-497}, issn = {0043-1648}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043164822000515}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2022.204285}, abstract = {Stellite alloys are widely utilized in aerospace and automotive applications due to their excellent wear resistance which is strongly dependent on the mechanical mixture layer (MML). However, the formation of MML under light load or low temperature is significantly restricted, leading to poor tribological performance. This study reported the tribomechanical evaluations of different CoCrWAlNixAly alloys obtained by direct laser deposition, with specific attention to the impact of aluminum and nickel content on the structure-property relationship. The wear performance was evaluated by a ball-on-disc test and microstructural features of worn surface and sub-surface were characterized by SEM, XPS and TEM. Results indicated that both aluminum and nickel facilitate the formation of MML consisting of nano-oxides, whereas the resultant wear resistance varies. The MML formed by the aluminum addition was beneficial for lubrication and wear resistance where the reduction of both mass and volume loss by 50\% was determined. In comparison, the MML formed by the nickel addition at a higher temperature was easy to peel off, indicating less efficient protection. Finally, an improved wear model for the cobalt-based alloy was proposed to reveal the characteristics of MML based on the analysis of the theoretical stress field.}, urldate = {2024-11-17}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Yang, Xudong and Li, Chuanwei and Zhang, Miao and Ye, Zhenhua and Zhang, Xinyu and Zheng, Mengyao and Gu, Jianfeng and Li, Jianjun and Li, Sijia}, month = may, year = {2022}, note = {12 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {CoCrWAlNiAl alloys, Direct laser deposition, Mechanical mixture layer, Wear resistance}, pages = {204285}, } @article{yangCavitationErosionBehaviour2018, title = {Cavitation erosion behaviour and mechanism of {HVOF}-sprayed {NiCrBSi}–({Cr3C2}–{NiCr}) composite coatings}, volume = {34}, issn = {0267-0844}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/02670844.2016.1258770}, doi = {10.1080/02670844.2016.1258770}, abstract = {NiCrBSi–(Cr3C2–NiCr) coatings were prepared by high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) thermal spraying technique, and their cavitation erosion behaviour was investigated by a magnetostrictive cavitation method. It was observed that in the initial 8 h, cavitation occurred at higher rate, and cumulative mass loss of the two coatings was apparently higher than that of the substrate. Conversely, beyond 12 h, the former was lower than the later, indicating that the coatings depressed the cavitation erosion effectively. This study verified that the cavitation is due to mechanical shock, turbulence of liquid with bubbles and residual stresses, and therefore the formation of cracks and the delamination of coating are induced. Furthermore, an increase in the number of pores results in an increase in damage to the coatings, taking this into account distributions of pores can be termed as a key factor in determining the resistance of cavitation damage.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-06-29}, journal = {Surface Engineering}, author = {Yang, X. and Zhang, J. and Li, G.}, month = mar, year = {2018}, note = {15 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: SAGE Publications}, pages = {211--219}, } @article{xiongMicrostructureEvolutionFailure2019, title = {Microstructure {Evolution} and {Failure} {Behavior} of {Stellite} 6 {Coating} on {Steel} after {Long}-{Time} {Service}}, volume = {9}, copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/}, issn = {2079-6412}, url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6412/9/9/532}, doi = {10.3390/coatings9090532}, abstract = {The microstructure evolution, elements diffusion and fracture behavior of the Stellite 6 weld overlay, deposited on 10Cr9Mo1VNbN (F91) steel by the tungsten inert gas (TIG) cladding process, were investigated after long-time service. Obvious diffusion of Fe occurred from the steel and fusion zone to the Stellite overlay, resulting in the microstructure evolution and hardness increase in the coating, where hard Co–Fe phases, σ phases (Fe–Cr metallic compounds) and Cr-rich carbides (Cr18.93Fe4.07C6) were formed. Besides, the width of the light zone, combined with the fusion zone and diffusion zone, increased significantly to a maximum value of 2.5 mm. The fracture of the Stellite coating samples mainly occurred in the light zone, which was caused by the formation and growth of circumferential crack and radial crack under high temperature and pressure conditions. Moreover, the micro-hardness values in the light zone increased to the maximum (470–680 HV) due to the formation and growth of brittle Co–Fe phases. The formation of these cracks might be caused by formed brittle phases and changes of micro-hardness during service.}, language = {en}, number = {9}, urldate = {2025-03-31}, journal = {Coatings}, author = {Xiong, Jiankun and Nie, Fuheng and Zhao, Haiyan and Zheng, Liangliang and Luo, Jun and Yang, Lin and Wen, Zhongbo}, month = sep, year = {2019}, note = {8 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Number: 9 Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute}, keywords = {10Cr9Mo1VNbN steel, Stellite 6 alloy, TIG cladding, cracking, microstructure evolution}, pages = {532}, } @article{xinUsePolyvinylideneFluoride2016, title = {The use of polyvinylidene fluoride ({PVDF}) films as sensors for vibration measurement: {A} brief review}, volume = {502}, issn = {0015-0193}, shorttitle = {The use of polyvinylidene fluoride ({PVDF}) films as sensors for vibration measurement}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00150193.2016.1232582}, doi = {10.1080/00150193.2016.1232582}, abstract = {Information about vibrating objects can be obtained by vibration measurements. Piezoelectric sensors made by piezoelectric ceramics, quartz, or organic piezoelectric materials, e. g. polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) have been adopted by many researchers to measure vibrations. Among these piezoelectric materials, PVDF has attracted much attention for its excellent properties such as outstanding chemical resistance, high thermal stability, low permitivities, low acoustic impedances, flexibility and membrane forming properties. In this paper, PVDF is introduced in brief. In addition, this paper briefly reviews the use of PVDF films as sensors for vibration measurement in the areas of portable medical detections, structural health monitoring, mechanical equipment vibration measurements and other applications. Meanwhile, some cases which have good low-frequency performances or novel features in structures will be especially introduced to provide helpful experiences for future applications. In the end, a spiral-shaped PVDF cantilever and a double-clamped PVDF beam of two piezoelectric energy harvesters are mentioned to provide ideas for reducing the resonant frequencies and enhancing the output signals of PVDF vibration sensors respectively. The idea of how to enhance the output signals of PVDF sensors for low frequency vibration measurements may be helpful to the development of geophone.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2025-03-02}, journal = {Ferroelectrics}, author = {Xin, Yi and Sun, Hongshuai and Tian, Hongying and Guo, Chao and Li, Xiang and Wang, Shuhong and Wang, Cheng}, month = sep, year = {2016}, note = {96 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Taylor \& Francis \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/00150193.2016.1232582}, keywords = {PVDF, Piezoelectric, sensors, vibration measurements}, pages = {28--42}, } @article{wuMicrostructureCavitationErosion2012, title = {Microstructure and cavitation erosion behavior of {WC}–{Co}–{Cr} coating on {1Cr18Ni9Ti} stainless steel by {HVOF} thermal spraying}, volume = {32}, copyright = {https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/}, issn = {02634368}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0263436812000054}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2012.01.002}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-10-12}, journal = {International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials}, author = {Wu, Yuping and Hong, Sheng and Zhang, Jianfeng and He, Zhihua and Guo, Wenmin and Wang, Qian and Li, Gaiye}, month = may, year = {2012}, note = {88 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {21--26}, } @article{wuMechanicallyRobustTransparent2018, title = {A mechanically robust transparent coating for anti-icing and self-cleaning applications}, volume = {6}, issn = {20507488 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85051922233&doi=10.1039%2fc8ta05692g&partnerID=40&md5=773321d42edc6acbb8b5b455340195a3}, doi = {10.1039/c8ta05692g}, abstract = {Mechanically robust, transparent coatings that display very low affinity with ice and various liquids are promising for applications in outdoor facilities and marine and aerospace structures. However, such coatings are extremely challenging to prepare because some material properties required for diverse functionalities are contradictory. In this study, we demonstrated a sol-gel-derived transparent coating with superior performance compared to the well-studied superhydrophobic coatings in terms of transmittance (∼97.8\%), ice-adhesion strength, anti-frost accumulation, and self-cleaning properties. We comprehensively investigated the mechanical properties of the transparent solid coating by nano-indentation, pencil scratch, cross-cut adhesion, and dolly pull-off tests according to the respective ASTM/ISO standards. The coating displayed higher hardness and better scratch resistance than the state-of-the-art slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces and polymer coatings. Furthermore, the coating showed good durability after sand erosion. © 2018 The Royal Society of Chemistry.}, language = {English}, number = {33}, journal = {Journal of Materials Chemistry A}, author = {Wu, X. and Chen, Z.}, year = {2018}, note = {93 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry}, keywords = {ASTM standards, Adhesion, Aerospace structure, Coatings, Ice adhesion strength, Marine applications, Mechanically robust, Scratch resistance, Self-cleaning properties, Sol-gels, Superhydrophobic coatings, Transparent coatings, Transparent solids}, pages = {16043--16052}, } @article{wuFrictionWearCharacteristics2012, title = {Friction and wear characteristics of {WC}-{10Co}-{4Cr}/{Si} {3N} 4 tribopair lubricated under silt-laden water}, volume = {294-295}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84866868761&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2012.07.002&partnerID=40&md5=0dd933c5f48e04abe8936857d0d903c6}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2012.07.002}, abstract = {This study has a specific focus on the tribological characteristics of the tribopair, which consists of high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spraying WC-10Co-4Cr coating and sintering Si 3N 4 with 5\% SiC whisker, lubricated under the silt-laden water. The friction coefficient and abrasive wear rate were measured to evaluate the friction and wear characteristics under a range of test conditions, different loads and sliding velocities, using a disk-on-disk tribological tester. The micro morphology of the original and worn surfaces obtained by scanning electron microscope was used to analyze the tribological mechanism. The results show the excellent friction and abrasive wear resistance behaviors of this tribopair under silt-laden water lubricantion. When the rotary speed is up to 2000r/min, the minimum friction coefficient is 0.0023 and the least wear rates of WC-10Co-4Cr coating and Si 3N 4 are 5.75×10 -12 and 8.0×10 -12 (cm 3/(Nm)) respectively. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Wu, D. and Liu, Y. and Yang, S. and Yang, Z. and Tang, H.}, year = {2012}, note = {32 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Abrasion, Chromate coatings, Engineering ceramic, Engineering ceramics, Friction, Friction and wear characteristics, Friction coefficients, HVOF thermal spraying, High velocity oxy-fuel spraying, Lunar surface analysis, Micromorphologies, Rotary speed, Scanning Electron Microscope, Scanning electron microscopy, SiC whisker, Silicon, Silicon carbide, Silt, Sintering, Sliding friction, Sliding velocities, Surface analysis, Test condition, Thermal spray coatings, Three body abrasion, Three-body abrasion, Tribological characteristics, Tribological mechanism, Tribology, Tribopairs, Wear rates, Worn surface}, pages = {370--379}, } @inproceedings{winartoPorosityWearResistance2017, title = {Porosity and wear resistance of flame sprayed tungsten carbide coatings}, volume = {1855}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85021450162&doi=10.1063%2f1.4985482&partnerID=40&md5=951c07d197ee0f7b26f520ae23c78420}, doi = {10.1063/1.4985482}, abstract = {Thermal-sprayed coatings offer practical and economical solutions for corrosion and wear protection of components or tools. To improve the coating properties, heat treatment such as preheat is applied. The selection of coating and substrate materials is a key factor in improving the quality of the coating morphology after the heat treatment. This paper presents the experimental results regarding the effect of preheat temperatures, i.e. 200°C, 300°C and 400°C, on porosity and wear resistance of tungsten carbide (WC) coating sprayed by flame thermal coating. The powders and coatings morphology were analyzed by a Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope equipped with Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (FE-SEM/EDS), whereas the phase identification was performed by X-Ray diffraction technique (XRD). In order to evaluate the quality of the flame spray obtained coatings, the porosity, micro-hardness and wear rate of the specimens was determined. The results showed that WC coating gives a higher surface hardness from 1391 HVN up to 1541 HVN compared to that of the non-coating. Moreover, the wear rate increased from 0.072?mm3/min. to 0.082?mm3/min. when preheat temperature was increased. Preheat on H13 steel substrate can reduce the percentage of porosity level from 10.24 \% to 3.94\% on the thermal spray coatings. © 2017 Author(s).}, author = {Winarto, W. and Sofyan, N. and Rooscote, D.}, year = {2017}, note = {8 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, } @article{williamsonComparativeStudyWear2022, title = {A comparative study of the wear performance of hard coatings for nuclear applications}, volume = {488-489}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85116594390&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2021.204124&partnerID=40&md5=c9586b65397112fb420d8030e2a7fae9}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2021.204124}, abstract = {Hard chromium plate (HCP) has been the wear resistant coating of choice in the nuclear industry for decades, but new protective coatings are required as a result of the hazardous nature of Cr(VI) compounds used in electroplating. This study compares the wear performance of candidate replacements materials, Cr2O3 and Cr3C2–NiCr. These two coatings are also compared with HCP and a WC-(W,Cr)2C–Ni coating assessed in an earlier publication. The Cr2O3 and Cr3C2–NiCr coatings were supplied having been applied to Inconel 625 substrates using high velocity oxy fuel (HVOF) and thermal detonation gun spray techniques, respectively. A ball-on-flat sliding wear configuration was used with three environments: dry, deionised water, and borated water to partially simulate nuclear reactor water chemistry. Wear rates were measured using both volume and mass standard metrics. The wear surface samples were characterised using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) in order to establish the operative wear mechanisms. All three candidate coating materials exhibited similar wear performance to HCP in the three test environments. There was, however, enough of a difference between performance in deionised and borated water, to merit the use of borated water in future testing. The data gathered using SEM and XPS provided insight into the wear mechanisms. These include both particle pull-out and tribolayer formation. The XPS data revealed that Cr3C2 is preferentially removed from the Cr3C2–NiCr coating during wear testing in a borated water environment. © 2021 The Authors}, language = {English}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Williamson, E.H. and Gee, M. and Robertson, D. and Watts, J.F. and Whiting, M.J. and Yeomans, J.A.}, year = {2022}, note = {11 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {Ceramic, Ceramics, Chromium compounds, Comparatives studies, Deionized water, Electron microscopy, HVOF thermal spraying, Hard chromium, Hard coatings, Harder coatings, Lunar surface analysis, Ni-Cr coatings, Nuclear application, Nuclear fuels, Nuclear industry, Nuclear power, Protective coatings, Scanning electron microscopy, Sliding wear, Sprayed coatings, Surface analysis, Thermal spray coatings, Tribology, Wear mechanisms, Wear of materials, Wear performance, Wear resistance, X ray photoelectron spectroscopy}, } @article{wilkensBroadbandPVDFMembrane2007, title = {Broadband {PVDF} {Membrane} {Hydrophone} for {Comparisons} of {Hydrophone} {Calibration} {Methods} up to 140 {MHz}}, volume = {54}, issn = {1525-8955}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/4337738}, doi = {10.1109/TUFFC.2007.462}, abstract = {A PVDF membrane hydrophone has been constructed in particular for comparisons of broadband ultrasound hydrophone calibration methods and of the results obtained by different laboratories. Intercomparisons have to accompany the efforts currently undertaken to enhance the calibration frequency ranges and to implement the extension from the determination of amplitude-only to complex-valued calibration data. It can be expected that such hydrophone data will be used much more frequently in the future for exposure measurements on medical ultrasound equipment, in particular for the detection of non- linearly distorted waveforms. The hydrophone design chosen has a foil thickness of 9 mum and an electrode diameter of 210 mum. A broadband differential preamplifier ( -3 dB roll-off frequency: 95 MHz) is integrated to achieve a high signal-to-noise ratio over a broad frequency range (e.g., 26 dB-30 dB in the range 50 MHz to 140 MHz for measurements of nonlinearly distorted pulses). The hydrophone response was characterized by means of a primary interferometric calibration technique, by substitution calibration using time-delay spectrometry, and by complex broadband pulse calibration using nonlinear sound propagation. The results show a flat frequency response up to 40 MHz (maximum variations below plusmn0.6 dB) and a thickness mode resonance at about 105 MHz. They indicate a useable bandwidth up to 140 MHz. The effective diameter as derived from directional response measurements is 240 mum at frequencies beyond 15 MHz.}, number = {9}, urldate = {2025-03-02}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control}, author = {Wilkens, Volker and Molkenstruck, Walter}, month = sep, year = {2007}, note = {53 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Conference Name: IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control}, keywords = {Biomembranes, Calibration, Distortion measurement, Frequency measurement, Laboratories, Nonlinear distortion, Particle measurements, Pulse measurements, Sonar equipment, Ultrasonic imaging}, pages = {1784--1791}, } @article{widjajantoComparativeMicrostructureCharacteristics2023, title = {Comparative microstructure characteristics and properties of arc-sprayed {Fe}-based and {HVOF}-sprayed {Ni}-based coatings on {ASME} {SA} 210 {C} steel tube}, volume = {17}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85152002984&doi=10.1016%2fj.rineng.2023.100985&partnerID=40&md5=67c2cb4d8466e7e84a610f76d17f693c}, doi = {10.1016/j.rineng.2023.100985}, abstract = {SA 210C is the material for tube boiler which is generally coated with Fe-based and Ni-based to increase its resistance at high temperature. The methods of thermal spray coating which is mostly performed on the material is wire arc (WA) spray and high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) have different cost and coating characteristics. Thermal spray coating with Ni-based is used more. In this study, Fe-based and Ni-based were deposited using WA and HVOF spray, respectively. Compared to Ni-based, Fe-based coating had more porosity. The amount of the porosity supports the findings stating that abrasion rate of Fe-based is higher than Ni-based. The hardness values of Fe-based (200.15 HV) and Ni-based (201.36 HV) are almost the same. The coating quality was assessed based on the evaluation of micro and crystal structure and the effect is revealed in this paper. The Fe-based coating with WAS can be the alternative technique to replace Ni-based with HVOF method. © 2023 The Authors}, journal = {Results in Engineering}, author = {Widjajanto, T. and Darmadi, D.B. and Irawan, Y.S. and Gapsari, F.}, year = {2023}, note = {5 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Arc spray, Crystal structure, Fe-based, Fe-based coatings, HVOF, HVOF thermal spraying, High velocity oxy fuel, Microstructure characteristics, Microstructures properties, Ni-based, Porosity, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray coatings, Tube coating, Tubular steel structures, Wire arc}, } @article{widiatmokoMethodMeasurePore2010, title = {A {Method} to {Measure} {Pore} {Size} {Distribution} of {Porous} {Materials} {Using} {Scanning} {Electron} {Microscopy} {Images}}, volume = {1284}, issn = {0094-243X}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3515554}, doi = {10.1063/1.3515554}, abstract = {We present a method to obtain pore size distribution of porous materials by utilizing Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images. A program was written in Visual Basic to test the method. A threshold value was set to divide the image into dark areas assumed as pores and bright areas. A cumulative frequency of pixel intensities of the image can help in determining the threshold value. Limitation of the method is also discussed.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-07-10}, journal = {AIP Conference Proceedings}, author = {Widiatmoko, Eko and Abdullah, Mikrajuddin and {Khairurrijal}}, month = oct, year = {2010}, note = {15 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {23--26}, } @article{whitmorePrecisionManualGrinding2022, title = {A precision manual grinding tool for sample preparation}, volume = {233}, issn = {0304-3991}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304399121002126}, doi = {10.1016/j.ultramic.2021.113436}, abstract = {A novel precision grinding tool has been developed for manual-grinding of samples for analysis in a transmission electron microscope. The tool can be self-made by any scientific laboratory with a 3D printer. Using a simple method, the sample can be precisely aligned with the grinding plane, which enables preparation of samples with highly precise parallel faces. Combined with light weight and low vibration, the device is ideally suited for preparing extremely thin samples even below 10 µm thickness. The paper discusses design principles and materials, and the device is evaluated by preparing samples from magnesium alloy and silicon. Design files are included for 3D printing and CNC milling.}, urldate = {2024-08-18}, journal = {Ultramicroscopy}, author = {Whitmore, Lawrence}, month = mar, year = {2022}, note = {7 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {3D-printing, Grinding, Polishing, Sample preparation, Transmission electron microscopy}, pages = {113436}, } @article{whitmoreMiniVibrationalPolishing2023, title = {A mini vibrational polishing machine produced by {3D} printing}, volume = {243}, issn = {0304-3991}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304399122001498}, doi = {10.1016/j.ultramic.2022.113630}, abstract = {A small vibrational polishing machine (MiniViP) has been designed and constructed almost entirely from 3D printing. The purpose of MiniViP is to produce high quality damage-free surfaces suitable for metallogaphic and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis. The experimental device can be self-made by any laboratory with a 3D printer. Combined with use of biodegradable filaments, MiniViP can help research labs reach their sustainable development goals. Design principles and materials are discussed and the device is evaluated by preparing samples from aluminium, brass, copper and nickel and examining the quality of etched surfaces and EBSD grain orientation maps.}, urldate = {2024-08-18}, journal = {Ultramicroscopy}, author = {Whitmore, Lawrence}, month = jan, year = {2023}, note = {2 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {3D printing, EBSD, Metallography, Polishing, Sample preparation, Sustainable development}, pages = {113630}, } @article{wangThermodynamicAnalysisCo2019, title = {Thermodynamic analysis of the {Co}–{W} system}, volume = {54}, issn = {1573-4803}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-03616-3}, doi = {10.1007/s10853-019-03616-3}, abstract = {Density functional theory (DFT) calculations including spin polarization were performed to obtain the energies for all end-member configurations of the μ phase, which were used to evaluate the Gibbs energies of the μ phase. The Co–W system was thermodynamically re-assessed in the present work. The present calculated phase diagram fits well with the experimental data. Applying the DFT results was essential for giving a better description of the μ phase.}, language = {en}, number = {14}, urldate = {2024-07-09}, journal = {Journal of Materials Science}, author = {Wang, Peisheng and Kontsevoi, Oleg Y. and Olson, Gregory B.}, month = jul, year = {2019}, note = {11 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {10261--10269}, } @article{wangScanningOpticalMicroscopy2018, title = {Scanning optical microscopy for porosity quantification of additively manufactured components}, volume = {21}, issn = {2214-8604}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214860417305705}, doi = {10.1016/j.addma.2018.03.019}, abstract = {Electron beam melting (EBM) is a representative powder-bed fusion additive manufacturing technology, which is suitable for producing near-net-shape metallic components with complex geometries and near-full densities. However, various types of pores are usually present in the additively manufactured components. These pores may affect mechanical properties, particularly the fatigue properties. Therefore, inspection of size, quantity and distribution of pores is critical for the process control and assessment of additively manufactured components. Here, we propose a method to quantify the pore size distribution and porosity of additively manufactured components by utilizing scanning optical microscopy. The advantages and limitations of the developed method are discussed based on the comparison study between Archimedes method, conventional optical microscopy and x-ray computed tomography. It is revealed that the new method exhibits the advantages of high precision (∼ 1.75 μm), more information, high repeatability and low time consumption (20 min/per sample). This provides a new metrology for measurement of not only pores but also micro-cracks, which are the common defects in additively manufactured components.}, urldate = {2024-07-10}, journal = {Additive Manufacturing}, author = {Wang, Pan and Tan, Xipeng and He, Chaoyi and Nai, Mui Ling Sharon and Huang, Ruoxuan and Tor, Shu Beng and Wei, Jun}, month = may, year = {2018}, note = {58 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {3D printing, Additive manufacturing, Optical microscopy, Porosity, X-ray computed tomography}, pages = {350--358}, } @inproceedings{wangScalabilityAnalysisMachine2020, title = {The {Scalability} {Analysis} of {Machine} {Learning} {Based} {Models} in {Road} {Traffic} {Flow} {Prediction}}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9148964}, doi = {10.1109/ICC40277.2020.9148964}, abstract = {Nowadays, traffic flow prediction, as a vital part of the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS), has attracted considerable attention from both academia and industry. Many prediction methods have been proposed and can be categorized into parametric methods and non-parametric methods. Nonparametric methods, especially Machine Learning (ML)-based methods, compared to parametric methods, need less prior knowledge about the relationship among different traffic patterns and can better fit the non-linear features of traffic data. However, we notice that, due to the complex structure, ML-models require a higher cost of implementation regarding time consumption of training and predicting. Therefore, in this paper, we evaluate not only the accuracy but also the efficiency and scalability of some state-of-the-art ML-models, which is the key to apply a prediction model into the real world. Furthermore, we design an off-line optimization method, Desensitization, to improve the scalability of a given model.}, urldate = {2024-09-26}, booktitle = {{ICC} 2020 - 2020 {IEEE} {International} {Conference} on {Communications} ({ICC})}, author = {Wang, Jiahao and Boukerche, Azzedine}, month = jun, year = {2020}, note = {9 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] ISSN: 1938-1883}, keywords = {Data models, Feature extraction, Intelligent Transportation System, Predictive models, Recurrent neural networks, Roads, Scalability, Support vector machines, machine learning, non-parametric model, prediction, traffic flow}, pages = {1--6}, } @article{wangModelingMetalPowder2024, title = {Modeling of {Metal} {Powder} {Densification} under {Hot} {Isostatic} {Pressing}}, volume = {17}, copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/}, issn = {1996-1944}, url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/8/1933}, doi = {10.3390/ma17081933}, abstract = {The consolidation of metal powders is a complex thermomechanical process, and the temperature has a significant effect on the density distribution in the compact. The consolidation process of metal powders with an average particle size of 10 μm, 25 μm, and 50 μm under hot isostatic pressure was simulated by finite element modeling. The distribution and evolution of the relative density after being hot isostatic pressing (HIP) under 1050 °C/130 MPa/4 h, 1150 °C/130 MPa/4 h, and 1250 °C/130 MPa/4 h conditions were simulated, respectively. The experimental data of HIP at 1050 °C/130 MPa/4 h were used to verify the modeling results via the geometric change in the container. The relative density difference between the simulated results and the experimental results at different positions was less than 2\%. This methodology called “modeling prediction, experimental validation” can accelerate experimental discovery in an economic manner.}, language = {en}, number = {8}, urldate = {2024-07-12}, journal = {Materials}, author = {Wang, Jingzhe and Srivatsa, Shesh and Wu, Zhanfang and Huang, Zaiwang}, month = jan, year = {2024}, note = {0 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Number: 8 Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute}, keywords = {consolidation, hot isostatic pressing, metal powder, modeling, relative density}, pages = {1933}, } @article{wangInteractionMechanismCavitation2020, title = {The interaction mechanism of cavitation erosion and corrosion on {HVOF} sprayed {NiCrWMoCuCBFe} coating in artificial seawater}, volume = {525}, issn = {01694332}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0169433220312563}, doi = {10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.146499}, abstract = {When flow passage components were used in the ocean, it was inevitable that they could be damaged by the coupling effect of cavitation erosion and corrosion. It is necessary to explore the interaction mechanism between cavitation erosion and corrosion of the protective coating in marine. In this study, NiCrWMoCuCBFe coating was prepared on 316L stainless steel by high velocity oxy fuel (HVOF) spraying technique. The microstructures and three-dimensional morphologies of coatings were observed. And its cavitation erosion resistance was evaluated by means of a vibratory apparatus in artificial seawater. The influence of corrosion on cavitation erosion of NiCrWMoCuCBFe coating was also investigated. In addition, an electrochemical workstation equipped with a three-electrode system was used to measure the electrochemical properties of this coating after different time cavitation erosion, revealing the effect of cavitation erosion on corrosion. Results show that with the increase of cavitation erosion time of NiCrWMoCuCBFe coating in artificial seawater, many particles with nanometer sizes of NiO, Cr2O3, MoO3 and Mo2C were generated on the cavitation erosion region of coatings because of the coupling effect of corrosion and cavitation erosion, which played an important role on slowing down the rate of cavitation erosion and improving corrosion resistance.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-10-12}, journal = {Applied Surface Science}, author = {Wang, Yijing and Hao, Enkang and An, Yulong and Hou, Guoliang and Zhao, Xiaoqin and Zhou, Huidi}, month = sep, year = {2020}, note = {44 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {146499}, } @article{wangHotDeformationBehavior2024, title = {Hot deformation behavior, superplasticity and microstructure evolution of a new hot isostatic pressed nickel-based superalloy}, volume = {891}, issn = {0921-5093}, doi = {10.1016/j.msea.2023.145997}, abstract = {The new hot isostatically pressed (HIP) superalloy has demonstrated remarkable superplastic characteristics, as evidenced by studying the compression and tensile deformation behavior. To identify the superplastic deformation zone, the instability regions at various strain variables were overlaid onto the strain rate sensitivity index (m) distribution map at a strain of 0.6, resulting in the acquisition of a new hot working map. The tensile test results showed that under the conditions of 1080 °C-10−2.5 s−1 (0.35 \< m \< 0.43) and 1030 °C-10−3 s−1 (0.66 \< m \< 0.74) which located in the superplastic deformation zone in the new hot working map, the new HIPed superalloy exhibited superplasticity, and the elongation was 395 \% and 410 \%, respectively. Considering the hot working map and the microstructure evolution, the suitable hot working window was further optimized to be 1030–1080 °C and 0.001–0.005 s−1. At high strain rate and low temperature conditions, continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) was the primary mechanism for dynamic recrystallization (DRX), while with the gradual decrease of strain rate, discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) tended to occur and dominate the process. DDRX dominated under high temperature deformation condition. © 2023 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, journal = {Materials Science and Engineering: A}, author = {Wang, H. and Zhang, H. and Liu, C. and Ruan, J. and Huang, H. and Zhou, X. and Meng, F. and Zhu, L. and Zhang, S. and Jiang, L.}, year = {2024}, note = {13 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Dynamic recrystallization, Hot deformation, Hot working map, Nickel-based superalloy, Superplasticity}, } @article{wangErosioncorrosionCoatingsBiomassfired1995, title = {Erosion-corrosion of coatings by biomass-fired boiler fly ash}, volume = {188}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0029374045&doi=10.1016%2f0043-1648%2895%2906598-9&partnerID=40&md5=f4f57bd085210d70a765deb8d8fdf0b1}, doi = {10.1016/0043-1648(95)06598-9}, abstract = {The erosion-corrosion (E-C) behavior of two steels (AISI 1018 low carbon steel, Type 304 stainless steel) and several thermal spray coatings by fly ash from a biomass-fired boiler was determined in laboratory tests using a nozzle type elevated temperature erosion tester. The coatings included Hypersonic Velocity Oxygen Fuel (HVOF) thermal sprayed coatings on the mild steel (Cr3Cr2NiCr, Cr3C2, NiCrSi, NiCrMo, WC-17Co and Ni-06B), wire arc-spray coatings on mild steel (FeCrSiB, NiCrTi, NiCrMoFe and aluminum), and a flame-sprayed coating (90Cr2O36SiO24Al2O3) on mild steel. It was found that this biomass-fired boiler fly ash had relatively high erosivity due to its composition containing high concentrations of chemically active compounds of alkali, sulfur, phosphorus and chlorine. The major mechanism of material wastage was erosion-stimulated corrosion and corrosion-accelerated erosion. The morphology and composition of the coatings along with the physical and chemical characteristics of fly ash particles are closely related to the E-C material wastage of the coatings. © 1995.}, language = {English}, number = {1-2}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Wang, B.-Q.}, year = {1995}, note = {51 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Alkali metal compounds, Biomass-fired boiler fly ash, Boilers, Brittle, Carbon steel, Cavitation corrosion, Chemically active compounds, Chlorine compounds, Coatings, Composition, Ductile, Ductility, Erosion Corrosion, Erosion-Corrosion, Erosion-corrosion behavior, Erosivity, Flame-sprayed coating, Fly Ash, Fly ash, HVOF thermal spray coating, Hypersonic velocity oxygen fuel thermal sprayed coatings, Morphology, Phosphorus compounds, Physical properties, Stainless steel, Steels, Sulfur compounds, Thermal spray coatings, Wire arc-spray coatings}, pages = {40--48}, } @article{wangEnhancedElectricalProperties2021, title = {Enhanced {Electrical} {Properties} of {PVDF} {Thin} {Film} by {Addition} of {NaCl} by {Near}-{Electric}-{Field} {3D} {Printing}}, volume = {50}, issn = {1543-186X}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-021-09014-3}, doi = {10.1007/s11664-021-09014-3}, abstract = {Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) thin films with high β-phase content exhibit excellent piezoelectric and dielectric properties. In this work, PVDF–NaCl composite film with high β-phase content was prepared by near-electric-field three-dimensional (3D) printing. The mechanism of the influence of NaCl on the nucleation and phase transition of the PVDF thin films was revealed based on the synergistic effect of the electric field and salt addition. The composite films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction analysis, and measurements of electrical properties. The results showed that NaCl can increase the density of the membrane, while the β-phase content and dielectric properties of the PVDF composite membrane are positively correlated with the amount of NaCl added. The β-phase content reached a maximum value of 52.68\% when the amount of NaCl added was 0.05\% by weight. The dielectric constant of the PVDF composite film increased with increasing NaCl content. The electrical properties also indicated that PVDF composite film with higher NaCl content showed higher electrical output voltage, while the response voltage of the composite film with 0.05 wt.\% NaCl was higher than that of pure PVDF film.}, language = {en}, number = {8}, urldate = {2025-03-02}, journal = {Journal of Electronic Materials}, author = {Wang, Andong and Chen, Caifeng and Qian, Jilong and Yang, Fan and Wang, Lu and Zhang, Muyu}, month = aug, year = {2021}, note = {15 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {3D printing, PVDF composite film, electrical property, near-electric-field, β phase}, pages = {4781--4786}, } @article{wangEffects3DRoughness2022, title = {Effects of {3D} {Roughness} {Parameters} of {Sandblasted} {Surface} on {Bond} {Strength} of {HVOF} {Sprayed} {WC}-{12Co} {Coatings}}, volume = {12}, issn = {20796412 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85140924040&doi=10.3390%2fcoatings12101451&partnerID=40&md5=e32f61021c0ba680dbbe0f5b3bdc498a}, doi = {10.3390/coatings12101451}, abstract = {This work aims to reveal the effects of 3D roughness parameters of sandblasted surfaces on bond strength between thermal spray coatings and substrates. The investigation was carried out on the surface of AISI 4140, which were pretreated with automatic-sandblasting system. 3D topography and roughness parameters were analyzed by a 3D optical profiler. The bond strength of WC-12Co coatings was measured using a pull-off test method. Scanning electron microscope revealed that the morphology of the surface after sandblasting was rough. Furthermore, the surface topography was characterized by several irregular peaks and pits with different directions and no fixed orientation randomly distributed on sandblasted surface. The average values for surface roughness Sa = 4.84 ± 0.34 μm and bond strength = 32.8 ± 2.8 MPa were obtained. In terms of 3D roughness parameters, Sa, Sdr, Sdq and Sq were found to have more significant impact on affecting the bond strength, showing a nonlinear regression relationship. Furthermore, bond strength was positively correlated with Sa, Sdr and Sdq, while inversely proportional to Sq. This confirmed that a greater surface roughness of a sandblasted surface was not more conducive to the improvement of bond strength. The influence mechanism of each parameter was discussed, which was consistent with the regression mathematical model. © 2022 by the authors.}, language = {English}, number = {10}, journal = {Coatings}, author = {Wang, J. and Ai, C. and Yun, X. and Chen, Z. and He, B.}, year = {2022}, note = {7 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: MDPI}, keywords = {3D roughness parameters, bond strength, nonlinear regression analysis, sandblasting pretreatment, surface morphology, thermal spraying coating}, } @article{wangEffectAnnealingCavitation2023, title = {Effect of {Annealing} on the {Cavitation} {Erosion} {Resistance} of {HVOF}-{Sprayed} {Fe}-{Based} {Amorphous} {Composite} {Coatings}}, volume = {32}, issn = {1059-9630, 1544-1016}, url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11666-023-01606-1}, doi = {10.1007/s11666-023-01606-1}, abstract = {Fe-based amorphous composite coatings were deposited onto 316L stainless steels by high-velocity oxygen-fuel spraying. Some of the coatings were annealed at 600 or 850 °C for 1 h in a vacuum. The cavitation erosion test was conducted in deionised water (DW) and artificial seawater (AS) to study the effect of annealing on the cavitation erosion resistance of the coatings. Mechanical properties and corrosion resistance were also investigated. The study revealed that the 850 °C annealed coating exhibited the best cavitation erosion resistance in both DW and AS despite compromised corrosion resistance due to the crystalline growth by annealing. The reduced porosity and increased fracture toughness of the coating after annealing at 850 °C contributed to the improved cavitation erosion resistance. In addition, the transformation of the amorphous phase to the crystalline or nanocrystalline phase was found in the as-sprayed and the 600 °C annealed coatings during cavitation erosion.}, language = {en}, number = {6}, urldate = {2024-10-12}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {Wang, Jiewen and Yang, Rui and Tian, Ye and Zhou, Ping and Huang, Jing and Li, Hua and Chen, Xiuyong}, month = aug, year = {2023}, note = {6 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {1758--1771}, } @article{wangCavitationErosionPlasma2017, title = {Cavitation erosion of plasma sprayed {YSZ} coatings produced by feedstocks with different initial sizes}, volume = {111}, issn = {0301679X (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85015416621&doi=10.1016%2fj.triboint.2017.03.019&partnerID=40&md5=a823c6cd902d866dc652a053db78bc3c}, doi = {10.1016/j.triboint.2017.03.019}, abstract = {Cavitation erosion of plasma sprayed yttria stabilized zirconia coatings produced by feedstocks with different initial sizes was investigated according to the main guidance of ASTM-G32. Prior to thermal spray, substrates were preheated to 150 and 300 °C. The size distribution of pores on the surface of coatings (as-sprayed and eroded) was estimated specifically to investigate its influences on the surface degradation during cavitation erosion. The results indicate that high feedstock size leads to high porosity of coating and low microhardness along with low resistance against cavitation erosion. Additionally, preheating processes could improve the coating resistance against cavitation erosion. The pore size distribution analysis results reveal that initial pores grow up and coalesce and cavitation pits format during cavitation erosion tests. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd}, language = {English}, journal = {Tribology International}, author = {Wang, Y. and Darut, G. and Poirier, T. and Stella, J. and Liao, H. and Planche, M.-P.}, year = {2017}, note = {16 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation erosion, Coating resistance, Coatings, Erosion, Feedstocks, High porosity, Low resistance, Plasma jets, Plasma sprayed, Plasma spraying, Pore size, Preheating process, Size distribution, Size distribution of pore, Sprayed coatings, Surface degradation, YSZ, YSZ coatings, Yttria stabilized zirconia, Yttria stabilized zirconia coatings, Zirconia}, pages = {226--233}, } @article{wangCavitationErosionBehaviorLaser2023, title = {Cavitation-{Erosion} behavior of laser cladded {Low}-{Carbon} {Cobalt}-{Based} alloys on 17-{4PH} stainless steel}, volume = {158}, issn = {0030-3992}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0030399222009070}, doi = {10.1016/j.optlastec.2022.108761}, abstract = {Stellite 728 (C14) with low-carbon and high-molybdenum was used for cavitation resistance application in this research. The specimens were fabricated on the surface of a martensitic precipitation hardening stainless steel called 17-4PH by laser cladding technique. The cavitation erosion behavior in 3.5 wt\% NaCl solution is investigated using a 20 kHz vibratory cavitation erosion test machine. The electrochemical corrosion test was also explored to reveal the mechanism of the synergistic effect of cavitation and electrochemical corrosion. The experimental results of the Stellite 728 were compared with those of well-known cavitation-resistant Stellite 6 and wrought Stellite 6B. The surface morphology and microstructure evolution after cavitation were analyzed by means of metallographic microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and 3D optical surface morphometry to explore the cavitation erosion mechanism of the specimens. The experimental results show that the Co-based alloys have better cavitation erosion resistance than 17-4PH, and laser cladded Stellite 728 has better cavitation resistance in 3.5 wt\% NaCl solution than laser cladded Stellite 6 and wrought Stellite 6B, owing to the formation of large amounts of Mo-rich intermetallic compound in the alloy.}, urldate = {2025-02-04}, journal = {Optics \& Laser Technology}, author = {Wang, Liang and Mao, Jiazhi and Xue, Chenggan and Ge, Honghao and Dong, Gang and Zhang, Qunli and Yao, Jianhua}, month = feb, year = {2023}, note = {19 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Laser-cladding 17-4PH Cobalt-base alloys Cavitation mechanism}, pages = {108761}, } @article{walkerComparisonLaboratoryWear2013, title = {Comparison of some laboratory wear tests and field wear in slurry pumps}, volume = {302}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84879129242&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2012.11.053&partnerID=40&md5=828c04f01457424d4491b5feb647497b}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2012.11.053}, abstract = {A number of different laboratory wear tests have been undertaken to measure the wear resistance of a natural rubber and a eutectic and hypereutectic white iron under abrasion and erosion conditions. Laboratory work included two different slurry jet erosion tests, a Coriolis test and an ASTM dry sand rubber wheel test.The laboratory results were compared with wear of the same materials in a centrifugal slurry pump application in a mineral processing plant. The pump application has been monitored for over 2 years and over 40 parts run to destruction. Analysis of the wear data shows a factor of almost 3 difference in wear rate between the rubber and the best white iron. Coefficient of variance of the data was in line with typical wear results from the field.The laboratory wear tests were conducted with a silica sand slurry and average particle size range of 300-500. μm to match the field conditions. The Coriolis and one of the jet erosion tests showed order of magnitude similarity with the field test results for the metals, but the other tests gave very different trends. The jet and Coriolis erosion tests on the rubber showed a much lower wear rate than seen in the field, while the DSRW test found that the eutectic white iron wear rate was lower than that of the hypereutectic iron (all opposite of the field test).Explanation for the different wear rates between the laboratory and field tests was postulated to be non-representative wear mechanisms. This is compounded by the lack of understanding of specific wear conditions in the pump (local velocity, concentration, particle size, size distribution and particle shape) as well as microstructure of the samples. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, number = {1-2}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Walker, C.I. and Robbie, P.}, year = {2013}, note = {62 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Average particle size, Centrifugal slurry pumps, Centrifugation, Coefficient of variance, Erosion, Erosion conditions, Eutectics, Field conditions, Hypereutectic irons, Iron, Iron compounds, Laboratories, Laboratory work, Mineral processing plants, Particle size, Pump, Pumps, Rubber, Slurries, Slurry, Slurry pipelines, Testing, Tribology, Wear, Wear of materials}, pages = {1026--1034}, } @inproceedings{wadaToolWearIntermittent2019, title = {Tool wear in intermittent cutting of aisi 304 stainless steel by thermally-sprayed coatings}, volume = {821 KEM}, isbn = {978-3-0357-1480-7}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85079848322&doi=10.4028%2fwww.scientific.net%2fKEM.821.287&partnerID=40&md5=feae3f1f296d368ff438d9a1a2f601dc}, doi = {10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.821.287}, abstract = {The use of thermal spray coatings is increasing to improve abrasion resistance, erosion and corrosion resistance. To improve the dimensional accuracy or surface roughness, it is often necessary for thermally-sprayed machine parts to be machined by the removal process. As thermally-sprayed coatings often show difficult-to-cut properties, a cutting, grinding, or honing process is usually employed. Replacement of the grinding process with a cutting process is an effective method for improving productivity. Cutting is performed intermittently because there is a hole in the ball part. However, there are no studies on intermittent cutting of thermally-sprayed coatings. In this study, in order to obtain an effective tool material for intermittent cutting of two types of the thermally-sprayed coating AISI 304, the tool wear was investigated experimentally. The results are as follows: (1) In the case of intermittent cutting of Ni-based self-fluxing alloy coating AISI 304, Si3N4 ceramics were considered an effective tool material. (2) In the case of intermittent cutting of thermally-sprayed (WC-Cr-Ni) cermet coating AISI 304, the uncoated cBN having the large grain size of cBN and a high content rate was effective for wear resistance. © 2019 Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Key {Eng} {Mat}}, publisher = {Trans Tech Publications Ltd}, author = {Wada, T.}, editor = {{Korsunsky A.M.}}, year = {2019}, note = {1 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Journal Abbreviation: Key Eng Mat}, keywords = {(WC-Cr-Ni) cermet coating, Austenitic stainless steel, Carbide cutting tools, Cermet coatings, Cermets, Corrosion resistance, Corrosion resistant coatings, Cubic boron nitride, Cutting tools, Erosion, Grinding (machining), Intermittent cutting, Metal cladding, Nickel alloys, Nickel coatings, Nickel-base self-fluxing alloy coating, Self fluxing alloy, Silicon alloys, Sprayed coatings, Surface roughness, Thermally sprayed coatings, Thermally-sprayed coating, Tool wear, Wear of materials, Wear resistance}, pages = {287--293}, } @article{vinogradovElectromechanicalPropertiesPiezoelectric1999, title = {Electro-mechanical properties of the piezoelectric polymer {PVDF}}, volume = {226}, issn = {0015-0193}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00150199908230298}, doi = {10.1080/00150199908230298}, abstract = {A consistent experimental program has been developed to investigate the mechanical and electrical properties of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). The results of the study indicate that this piezoelectric polymer can be characterized as an orthotropic, thermorheologically simple material with constant piezoelectric strain coefficients over the experimental range of stresses, frequencies and temperatures. The mechanical properties of PVDF are time-dependent and, under certain loading and temperature conditions, can be treated using the principles of linear hereditary viscoelasticity.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2025-03-02}, journal = {Ferroelectrics}, author = {Vinogradov, Aleksandra and Holloway, Frank}, month = apr, year = {1999}, note = {191 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Taylor \& Francis \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/00150199908230298}, keywords = {Piezoelectric polymers, electromechanical measurements, mechanical properties, thin films}, pages = {169--181}, } @article{vashishthaEffectExperimentalParameters2018, title = {Effect of experimental parameters on wear response of thermally sprayed carbide based coatings}, volume = {22}, issn = {15161439 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85056521766&doi=10.1590%2f1980-5373-MR-2018-0475&partnerID=40&md5=ccfbc4119baf1809f787248a9f4e43bd}, doi = {10.1590/1980-5373-MR-2018-0475}, abstract = {Friction and abrasive wear response of WC-12 Co and Cr3C2-25 NiCr coatings was studied. Abrasive wear experiments were conducted with SiC abrasive particles with varying load and sliding speeds. The results were analyzed using SEM, XRD and XPS observations of worn surfaces, wear debris and worn out abrasive paper. Friction coefficient diminished with rise in sliding speed and increased for increase in load while wear rates decreased for increasing sliding speed for both coatings. WC-12 Co coating had better wear resistance than Cr3C2-25 NiCr coating while Cr3C2-25 NiCr coating displayed lower friction coefficient. The variation in wear rate and friction response of coatings was due to combined effects of adhesion, abrasion and tribo oxidation effects. The composition of tribo films was strongly influenced by load and sliding velocity and altered friction and wear response of the coatings. © 2018 Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {1}, journal = {Materials Research}, author = {Vashishtha, N. and Sapate, S.}, year = {2018}, note = {13 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos}, keywords = {Abrasion, Abrasive coatings, Abrasive papers, Abrasive particles, Binary alloys, Carbides, Chromium alloys, Cobalt, Combined effect, Experimental parameters, Fracture, Friction, Friction and wear, Friction coefficients, Particle size, Silicon carbide, Silicon compounds, Sliding velocities, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray coating, Thermal spray coatings, Wear resistance}, } @article{varisEvaluationResidualStresses2020, title = {Evaluation of {Residual} {Stresses} and {Their} {Influence} on {Cavitation} {Erosion} {Resistance} of {High} {Kinetic} {HVOF} and {HVAF}-{Sprayed} {WC}-{CoCr} {Coatings}}, volume = {29}, issn = {1544-1016}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-020-01037-2}, doi = {10.1007/s11666-020-01037-2}, abstract = {Thermal spray processes have been developing toward lower particle temperature and higher velocity. Latest generation high-velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF) and high-velocity air-fuel (HVAF) can produce very dense coating structures due to the higher kinetic energy typical for these thermal spray processes. Thermally sprayed coatings usually contain residual stresses, which are formed by a superposition of thermal mismatch, quenching and, in case of high kinetic energy technologies, peening stresses. These stresses may have a significant role on the mechanical response and fatigue behavior of the coating. Understanding these effects is mandatory for damage tolerant coating design and wear performance. For instance, wear-resistant WC-CoCr coatings having high compressive stresses show improved cavitation erosion performance. In this study, comparison of residual stresses in coatings sprayed by various thermal spray systems HVOF (Thermico CJS and Oerlikon Metco DJ Hybrid) and HVAF (Kermetico AcuKote) was made. Residual stresses were determined through thickness by utilizing Tsui and Clyne analytical model. The real temperature and deposition stress data were collected in the coating process by in situ technique. That data were used for the model to represent realistic residual stress state of the coating. The cavitation erosion and abrasion wear resistance of the coatings were tested, and relationships between residual stresses and wear resistance were discussed.}, language = {en}, number = {6}, urldate = {2024-06-29}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {Varis, Tommi and Suhonen, Tomi and Laakso, Jarmo and Jokipii, Mika and Vuoristo, Petri}, month = aug, year = {2020}, note = {30 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {HVAF, HVOF, WC-CoCr, cavitation-resistant coatings, fracture toughness, in situ monitoring, residual stresses}, pages = {1365--1381}, } @article{varisApplicabilityIronBasedCoatings2023, title = {On the {Applicability} of {Iron}-{Based} {Coatings} {Against} {Abrasion} and {Cavitation} {Erosion} {Wear}}, volume = {32}, issn = {1059-9630, 1544-1016}, url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11666-022-01517-7}, doi = {10.1007/s11666-022-01517-7}, abstract = {Abstract Iron-based coatings are often considered as replacement of hard chromium and WC-Co, as they pose lower health and environmental impact. In many cases, the combination of mechanical and chemical properties of iron-based alloys may be satisfactory and their relatively low cost makes these coatings an interesting candidate for many applications. This study is inspired by opportunities to harden the iron-base materials by strain hardening, solid solution strengthening, and precipitation hardening. Already commercially available Fe-based coating materials with precipitates of mixed carbides and borides in the metastable austenitic matrix achieve a high hardness. In this study, the cavitation erosion and abrasion resistance of various Fe-based coatings produced by HVAF and HVOF processes were investigated. Four experimental precipitates containing materials were prepared, and the sprayed coatings were tested for abrasive wear and cavitation erosion. In addition to precipitates, the contributions of martensite and retained austenite phases were investigated by influencing the microstructure through heat treatments, as the ability of these phases to influence ductility and toughness can be crucial to achieve the desired material properties. The properties of experimental and two commercial Fe-based alloys are compared with WC-Co and Cr 3 C 2 -NiCr coatings by property mapping.}, language = {en}, number = {2-3}, urldate = {2024-10-12}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {Varis, Tommi and Lagerbom, Juha and Suhonen, Tomi and Terho, Sakari and Laurila, Jussi and Vuoristo, Petri}, month = mar, year = {2023}, note = {4 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {473--487}, } @article{vaidyaHighspeedVisualizationAcoustically2017, title = {High-speed visualization of acoustically excited cavitation bubbles in a cluster near a rigid boundary}, volume = {20}, issn = {1875-8975}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12650-015-0280-3}, doi = {10.1007/s12650-015-0280-3}, abstract = {In the present work, high-speed visualizations at one million frames/s have been used to study the oscillation characteristics of acoustic cavitation bubbles. The bubbles are generated by acoustic cavitation using an ultrasound transducer with an excitation frequency of 75 kHz near a rigid surface and the medium used is deionized water. The cavitation bubbles tend to collect in clusters near solid boundaries, where they are visualized using a high-speed camera. The collective oscillations give rise to many interesting phenomena like bubble collapse, coalescence, fragmentation and bubble translation. The image sequences provided here contribute to the better understanding of the entire lifecycle of acoustic cavitation bubbles.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2025-02-04}, journal = {Journal of Visualization}, author = {Vaidya, Haresh Anant and Ertunç, Özgür and Lichtenegger, Thomas and Hachmann, Johannes and Delgado, Antonio and Skupin, Andreas}, month = may, year = {2017}, note = {0 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Acoustic cavitation, Bubble cluster, Bubble dynamics, High-speed visualizations, Ultrasound}, pages = {359--368}, } @article{vadapalliCorrosionCavitationErosion2020, title = {Corrosion and cavitation erosion properties of sub-micron {WC}-{Co} /{Cr3C2}-{NiCr} multi-layered coating on aluminium substrates}, volume = {30}, issn = {08576149 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85137998146&doi=10.55713%2fJMMM.V30I3.691&partnerID=40&md5=7685881e5a808aceb8112279e1180092}, doi = {10.55713/JMMM.V30I3.691}, abstract = {Marine and automobile components are subjected to corrosion and cavitation erosion during their service. This paper aims to study the use of hard coatings on aluminium substrates with multiple layers of coating comprising of sub-micron sized WC-Co and Cr3C2-NiCr for enhancement of hardness, corrosion and cavitation erosion properties. Coatings are applied on aluminium substrates using high-velocity liquid fuel (HVLF) spray technique and the coating parameters are optimized for best results. The results indicate that multiple layered coating with alternate film coatings of Cr3C2-NiCr \& submicron WC-Co has significantly improved the hardness of aluminium surface. The resistance to corrosion with multiple layers of coating is found to be exceptional and similar to monolayer Cr3C2-NiCr coating. Cavitation erosion tests performed as per ASTM G32 show that coating with multiple layers could resist the erosion of materials under dynamic conditions. The number of layers in the multiple-layer coatings strongly affects the hardness, corrosion and cavitation erosion properties © 2020, Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals.All Rights Reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {3}, journal = {Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals}, author = {Vadapalli, S. and Pathem, U. and Vuppala, V.R.S.N. and Chebattina, K.R. and Sagari, J.}, year = {2020}, note = {1 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Chulalognkorn University}, keywords = {Aluminium substrates, Cavitation erosion, Chrome carbide-nickel chrome, Corrosion potential, Tungsten carbide-cobalt}, pages = {46--54}, } @article{usmaniEffectCarbideGrain1997, title = {Effect of {Carbide} {Grain} {Size} on the {Sliding} and {Abrasive} {Wear} {Behavior} of {Thermally} {Sprayed} {WC}-{Co} {Coatings}}, volume = {40}, issn = {1040-2004}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/10402009708983682}, doi = {10.1080/10402009708983682}, abstract = {The carbide size and cobalt content of thermally sprayed tungsten carbide/cobalt coatings (WC-Co) can influence their microstructure, fracture strength, friction response and abrasion resistance. In this paper, these properties have been determined for one commercially available and three experimental WC-17 wt.\% Co thermally sprayed coatings. The experimental coatings were processed from starting powders containing median carbide size distributions of 1.2, 3.8 and 7.9μm, respectively. All the coatings were produced using a high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spray process. The present results indicate that coatings with a higher percentage of finer carbide size distribution in the starting powder display a higher degree of decomposition of the WC phase to W2C phase and, consequently, display lower fracture toughness and abrasion resistance values. Unidirectional, unlubricated sliding wear tests did not reveal major differences in the sliding wear response of the coatings as a function of carbide size. The microscopic analysis of the sliding wear-tested surfaces showed particle delamination and fracture, providing insight into wear mechanisms in these materials. Presented as a Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers paper at the ASME/STLE Tribology Conference in San Francisco, California, October 13–17, 1996 Presented as a Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers paper at the ASME/STLE Tribology Conference in San Francisco, California, October 13–17, 1996}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-10-15}, journal = {Tribology Transactions}, author = {Usmani, Saifi and Sampath, Sanjay and Houck, David L. and Lee, David}, month = jan, year = {1997}, note = {162 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Taylor \& Francis \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/10402009708983682}, keywords = {Abrasive Wear Mechanisms, Carbides, Friction, Lubricant Application Methods}, pages = {470--478}, } @article{uriciucStudySurfaceCobaltChromium2022, title = {Study on the {Surface} of {Cobalt}-{Chromium} {Dental} {Alloys} and {Their} {Behavior} in {Oral} {Cavity} as {Cast} {Materials}}, volume = {15}, copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/}, issn = {1996-1944}, url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/9/3052}, doi = {10.3390/ma15093052}, abstract = {This study presents the correct processing of Co–Cr alloys as a method of preserving the properties of the materials as-cast, and therefore they can be safely placed in contact with the oral cavity tissues as resistance frameworks. The basic materials analyzed in this study were five commercial Co–Cr dental alloys with different components obtained in three processing steps. The analysis of the electrochemical behavior at the surface of the Co–Cr alloys was performed by electrochemical measurements: impedance spectroscopy (EIS), open circuit electrical potential (OCP), and linear polarization (LP). In terms of validation, all five alloys had a tendency to generate a stable oxide layer at the surface. After the measurements and the graphical representation, the alloy that had a higher percentage of tungsten (W) and iron (Fe) in composition showed a higher tendency of anodizing. After the application of the heat treatment, the disappearance of the hexagonal phase was observed, with the appearance of new phases of type (A,B)2O3 corresponding to some oxide compounds, such as Fe2O3, Cr2O3, (Cr,Fe)2O3, and CoMnO3. In conclusion, the processing of Co–Cr alloys by melting and casting in refractory molds remains a viable method that can support innovation, in the context of technology advance in recent years towards digitalization of the manufacturing process, i.e., the construction of prosthetic frameworks conducted by additive methods using Co–Cr powder alloy.}, language = {en}, number = {9}, urldate = {2025-02-09}, journal = {Materials}, author = {Uriciuc, Willi Andrei and Boșca, Adina Bianca and Băbțan, Anida-Maria and Vermeșan, Horațiu and Cristea, Cecilia and Tertiș, Mihaela and Pășcuță, Petru and Borodi, Gheorghe and Suciu, Maria and Barbu-Tudoran, Lucian and Popa, Cătălin Ovidiu and Ilea, Aranka}, month = jan, year = {2022}, note = {9 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Number: 9 Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute}, keywords = {EDX, SEM, XRD, casting, cobalt–chromium dental alloys, corrosion, oxidation}, pages = {3052}, } @article{tzanakisIncubationPitAnalysis2014, title = {Incubation pit analysis and calculation of the hydrodynamic impact pressure from the implosion of an acoustic cavitation bubble}, volume = {21}, issn = {1350-4177}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350417713002344}, doi = {10.1016/j.ultsonch.2013.10.003}, abstract = {An experimental study to evaluate cavitation bubble dynamics is conducted. The aim is to predict the magnitude and statistical distribution of hydrodynamic impact pressure generated from the implosion of various individual acoustic cavitation bubbles near to a rigid boundary, considering geometrical features of the pitted area. A steel sample was subjected to cavitation impacts by an ultrasonic transducer with a 5mm diameter probe. The pitted surface was then examined using high-precision 3D optical interferometer techniques. Only the incubation period where surface is plastically deformed without material loss is taken into account. The exposure time was adjusted in the range of 3–60s to avoid pit overlapping and a special procedure for pit analysis and characterisation was then followed. Moreover, a high-speed camera device was deployed to capture the implosion mechanisms of cavitation bubbles near to the surface. The geometrical characteristics of single incubation pits as well as pit clusters were studied and their deformation patterns were compared. Consequently, a reverse engineering approach was applied in order the hydrodynamic impact pressure from the implosion of an individual cavitation bubble to be determined. The characteristic parameters of the cavitation implosion process such as hydrodynamic impact pressure and liquid micro-jet impact velocity as well as the hydrodynamic severity of the cavitation impacts were quantified. It was found that the length of the hypotenuse of the orthographic projections from the center of the pit, which basically represents the deformed area of the pit, increases with the hydrodynamic impact aggressiveness in a linear rate. Majority of the hydrodynamic impacts were in the range of 0.4–1GPa while the corresponding micro-jet velocities were found to be in the range of 200–700m/s. Outcomes of this study, contribute to further understanding the cavitation intensity from the implosion of acoustically generated bubbles and could certainly represent a significant step towards developing more accurate cavitation models.}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-08-04}, journal = {Ultrasonics Sonochemistry}, author = {Tzanakis, I. and Eskin, D. G. and Georgoulas, A. and Fytanidis, D. K.}, month = mar, year = {2014}, note = {143 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Bubble collapse, Hydrodynamic impact pressure, Incubation pits, Micro-jet velocity, Optical interferometer, Steel}, pages = {866--878}, } @article{tonelliImprovementWearResistance2017, title = {Improvement of wear resistance of components for hydraulic actuators: {Dry} sliding tests for coating selection and bench tests for final assessment}, volume = {115}, issn = {0301679X (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85019704328&doi=10.1016%2fj.triboint.2017.05.021&partnerID=40&md5=2ffa7fe00bc892358831ea730e200349}, doi = {10.1016/j.triboint.2017.05.021}, abstract = {Alternative coatings/surface treatments for the replacement of the ones currently used in a hydraulic actuator (where sliding motion occurs) were investigated. Candidate solutions were ranked on the basis of laboratory dry sliding tests, followed by bench tests. Thermal-spray coatings were outperformed by a-C:H DLC coatings with a WC/C interlayer, deposited in duplex combinations on carburised or plasma-nitrided steel. The best solution (DLC-coated carburised E470 steel sliding against DLC-coated plasma-nitrided 36CrNiMo4 steel) demonstrated a remarkable increase of contact duration: from less than 5 h in the current configuration, to 22 h without temperature or drain flow increase in the new configuration. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd}, language = {English}, journal = {Tribology International}, author = {Tonelli, L. and Martini, C. and Ceschini, L.}, year = {2017}, note = {10 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {Actuators, Coating selection, Coatings, Contact duration, Current configuration, Diamond like coatings, Diamond-like coatings, Drain current, Hydraulic actuators, Plasma applications, Plasma nitrided, Sliding, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray coatings, Thermally sprayed coatings, Thermally-sprayed coatings, Tungsten carbide, Wear, Wear of materials, Wear resistance}, pages = {154--164}, } @article{tomlinsonEffectAmplitudeErosion1989, title = {Effect of amplitude on the erosion and corrosion of copper by 20 {kHz} ultrasound}, volume = {130}, copyright = {https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/}, issn = {00431648}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0043164889901919}, doi = {10.1016/0043-1648(89)90191-9}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2025-04-11}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Tomlinson, W.J. and Chapman, D.}, month = apr, year = {1989}, note = {12 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {381--384}, } @article{tocciEvaluationCavitationErosion2018, title = {Evaluation of cavitation erosion resistance of {Al}-{Si} casting alloys: {Effect} of eutectic and intermetallic phases}, volume = {12}, issn = {19718993 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85039062915&doi=10.3221%2fIGF-ESIS.43.17&partnerID=40&md5=903b9d00a44e25b04066ce9bfca0f99e}, doi = {10.3221/IGF-ESIS.43.17}, abstract = {In the present paper, the influence of eutectic and intermetallic phases on cavitation resistance of Al-Si alloys was studied. In fact, Al-Si alloys are commonly used for the production of components, such as cylinders, pistons, pumps, valves and combustion chambers, which in service may incur in cavitation phenomenon. Samples of AlSi3, AlSi9 and AlSi9CuFe were characterized from the microstructural point of view. Hardness measurements were also performed. Subsequently, cavitation tests were carried out according to ASTM G32 standard and the erosion mechanism was examined by scanning electron microscope. It was found the both eutectic and intermetallic phases enhance cavitation resistance, expressed in terms of mass loss. Particularly, intermetallic particles with complex morphologies provide a positive contribution, exceeding that of other microstructural features, as grain size. The effect of T6 heat treatment was also evaluated. It was confirmed that the precipitation of fine strengthening particles in the Al matrix successfully hinders the movement of dislocations, resulting in a longer incubation stage and a lower mass loss for heat-treated samples in comparison with as-cast ones. Finally, the relationship between cavitation resistance and material hardness was investigated. © 2018, Gruppo Italiano Frattura. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {43}, journal = {Frattura ed Integrita Strutturale}, author = {Tocci, M. and Pola, A. and Montesano, L. and La Vecchia, G.M.}, year = {2018}, note = {4 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Gruppo Italiano Frattura}, keywords = {Al-Si alloy, Al-Si alloys, Aluminum alloys, Aluminum metallography, Brinell hardness, Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation erosion, Cavitation erosion resistance, Cavitation phenomenon, Cavitation resistance, Copper compounds, Engines, Erosion, Eutectics, Inter-metallic particle, Intermetallics, Iron compounds, Microstructural features, Precipitation (chemical), Scanning electron microscopy, Silicon alloys, Strengthening particles}, pages = {218--230}, } @article{tobarMorphologyCharacterizationLaser2006, series = {{EMRS} 2005 {Symposium} {K}}, title = {Morphology and characterization of laser clad composite {NiCrBSi}–{WC} coatings on stainless steel}, volume = {200}, issn = {0257-8972}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0257897205013046}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2005.11.093}, abstract = {In this work, several mixtures of self-fluxing NiCrBSi alloy powder and a nickel-clad WC powder (10 wt.\% Ni and balance WC) were laser cladded on stainless steel substrates of austenitic type (AISI 304). The aim of the study was to determine the influence of the volume fraction of the reinforced WC particles on the formation and performance of the composite layer. The effect of other parameters of the treatment, such as the laser energy, beam profile, traverse speed and the mass rate of the feed powder was also investigated. Clad layers of 0.5–1.5 mm height were obtained, its microhardness measured and the microscopic morphology and distribution of tungsten carbide particles within the layer characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that most clad layer properties such as its porosity, microhardness and homogeneity are determined by the percentage of WC particles in the mixture. Pores were observed for volume fractions roughly above 50\%. Below this limit, homogeneous, dense and crack free clad layers were obtained, with measured hardness ranging between 600 and 1000 HV depending on the WC content.}, number = {22}, urldate = {2024-06-29}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Tobar, M. J. and Álvarez, C. and Amado, J. M. and Rodríguez, G. and Yáñez, A.}, month = jun, year = {2006}, note = {194 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Abrasive wear, Ceramic materials, Laser cladding, NiCrBSi, WC}, pages = {6313--6317}, } @article{tkachenkoWearGrindingRotors2018, title = {Wear of grinding rotors with thermally-sprayed coatings in a high-speed mill}, volume = {412-413}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85050685029&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2018.05.016&partnerID=40&md5=69fa3aad9fa84c4ba8d43a95e5aae325}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2018.05.016}, abstract = {In this paper, the erosion behavior of three types of protective thermally-sprayed coatings and non-coated substrate steel was investigated under semi-industrial test conditions using a laboratory high-speed pin mill DESI-11. The grinding in the mill was performed by two counter rotors, on which protective coatings were deposited either by atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) (Cr3C2-NiCr and NiCrBSi coatings) or by high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) process (WC-CoCr coating). The grinding rotors with deposited coatings were used for milling of the Portland cement, and rotors’ weight loss was monitored after milling of 1, 3, 5, 10, and 15 kg of this material. The lowest weight loss in the mixed impact erosion conditions was exhibited by WC-CoCr coating, which was followed by Cr3C2-NiCr and NiCrBSi coatings. The greatest material removal on the anterior and the right lateral faces of rotor pins was a result of erosion damage at high impact angles through surface fatigue wear and the following failure of protective coatings down to the substrate. In contrast, the top and the left lateral faces of the pins were subjected mostly to the ploughing and microcutting at oblique impact angles that resulted in significant erosive damage only if hardness of the pin was lower than that of the Portland cement (Cr3C2-NiCr-coated and non-coated steel pins). The study also found a significant disproportion between the volumetric wear losses of various rows of pins of grinding rotors. The central part of the grinding tool consisting of two counter rotors (both rows of 2-row rotor and a middle row of 3-row rotor) suffered more intensive erosion wear than the external part (outer rows of 3-row rotor). The design of the mill and the resulting variability in parameters of milled powder particles at different sites of the grinding tool (such as particle size, particle flux and particle velocity) were considered as main reasons of this phenomena. © 2018}, language = {English}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Tkachenko, S. and Dvořák, K. and Jech, D. and Slámečka, K. and Klakurkova, L. and Paloušek, D. and Čelko, L.}, year = {2018}, note = {5 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {Atmospheric plasma spraying, Erosion, Fuels, Grinding (machining), HVOF thermal spraying, High speed milling, High velocity oxy fuel, High-speed milling, Milling (machining), Particle size, Particle velocities, Plasma spraying, Portland cement, Protective coatings, Silicon compounds, Solid particle erosion, Sprayed coatings, Stripping (removal), Surface fatigue wears, Surface morphology, Thermal spray coatings, Thermally sprayed coatings, Velocity control, Wear of materials}, pages = {49--59}, } @article{tingNewApproachPolyvinylidene2013a, title = {A {New} {Approach} of {Polyvinylidene} {Fluoride} ({PVDF}) {Poling} {Method} for {Higher} {Electric} {Response}}, volume = {446}, issn = {0015-0193}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00150193.2013.820983}, doi = {10.1080/00150193.2013.820983}, abstract = {Good response, in particular high sensitivity, of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) attracts a lot of research works on its manufacturing process and applications. Polarization is an important factor that is influential to the performance of PVDF. In this article, a new polarization method using ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) glass is proposed. Different from the conventional poling method using metal eletrode coated onto PVDF film, ITO glass is used as electrode to transmit the electric field voltage into PVDF film for poling. With the advantage of applying higher electric field in the process of polarization and eliminating the occurrence of flashover and arcing efficiently, this approach can thus make PVDF film gain better electric output response. Also, thinner film is constructed would be another advantage of sensitivity improvement. Comparison with conventional method for regular polarization area is carried out by using both FTIR and DSC equipment. Piezoelectric charge constant d33 and electricity output response as well as sensitivity of PVDF are measured in experiment, which indicate ITO glass poling method is superior to conventional technique.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2025-03-02}, journal = {Ferroelectrics}, author = {Ting, Yung and Gunawan, Hariyanto and Sugondo, Amelia and Chiu, Chun-Wei}, month = jan, year = {2013}, note = {47 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Taylor \& Francis \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/00150193.2013.820983}, keywords = {ITO glass, PVDF, poling}, pages = {28--38}, } @article{tillmannMeasurementYoungModulus2013, title = {Measurement of the {Young}’s {Modulus} of {Thermal} {Spray} {Coatings} by {Means} of {Several} {Methods}}, volume = {22}, issn = {1544-1016}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-012-9855-x}, doi = {10.1007/s11666-012-9855-x}, abstract = {Thermally sprayed coatings are usually defined by their hardness, porosity, roughness, and wear resistance. Even though the Young’s modulus is an essential property, which describes the mechanical behavior of the coated components during their use, only few efforts have been made in the past to determine this property. The most common measurement methods of the Young’s modulus of thermally sprayed coatings are tensile tests, bending tests, and nanoindentations. During the tensile and bending tests a sliding of the splats can occur due to the laminar structure of the thermally sprayed coatings, influencing the measurement value. When using the nanoindentation test, only the elastic behavior of some splats can be determined because of a minimal measuring volume. However, the Young’s modulus of thermally sprayed coatings can also be determined by means of a resonant method, called impulse excitation technique. In this paper, the values of the Young’s moduli of thermally sprayed coatings, measured by several methods, are compared with each other and correlated to the microstructure of the coatings, investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy.}, number = {2}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {Tillmann, W. and Selvadurai, U. and Luo, W.}, month = mar, year = {2013}, note = {19 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {290--298}, } @inproceedings{tillmannInfluenceParameterVariations2013, title = {Influence of parameter variations on {WC}-{Co} splat formation in an {HVOF} process using a new beam-shutter device}, volume = {22}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84885579748&doi=10.1007%2fs11666-012-9881-8&partnerID=40&md5=68de3f90abfa3c704fc89b7ea57f2ead}, doi = {10.1007/s11666-012-9881-8}, abstract = {The formation of single splats is the foundation for any thermal spray coating. Therefore, this study focuses on the investigation of single splat morphologies to determine the influence of spray parameters on the morphological distribution of particles inside the flame. A new method to create a footprint of a spray jet with an extremely short exposure time was used. The resulting field of splats enabled the assignment of each splat to its radial position in the spray jet. The footprints were analyzed and the quantities and morphologies of the splats were correlated to particle in-flight measurements and coating properties. A strong correlation between the particle velocity, the percentage of the so-called pancake-like splats, and the porosity of the coating could be revealed. The influence of the particle temperature was found to be of minor importance to the splat form and the porosity of the coatings. Still, the particle temperature had a good correlation with the coating hardness and the dissolving of the WC. Measurements of the splat size in different areas of the footprints revealed that the percentage of splats larger than 40 μm in diameter was generally higher in the center of the footprint than in the outer regions. © 2013 ASM International.}, author = {Tillmann, W. and Hussong, B. and Priggemeier, T. and Kuhnt, S. and Rudak, N. and Weinert, H.}, year = {2013}, note = {12 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Issue: 2-3}, keywords = {HVOF, HVOF thermal spraying, Influence of spray parameters, Morphological distribution, Morphology, Particle temperature, Plasma diagnostics, Plasma jets, Porosity, Porosity of coatings, Splat morphology, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray coatings, WC-based cermets, Wear-resistant coating, diagnostics, porosity of coatings, splat morphology, wear resistant coatings}, pages = {250--262}, } @article{tianTribologicalBehaviourSelflubricated2018, title = {Tribological behaviour of a self-lubricated {GO}/{WC}–{12Co} thermal spray coating}, volume = {34}, issn = {02670844 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85026730093&doi=10.1080%2f02670844.2017.1352202&partnerID=40&md5=057795392dfcb83d119618a282715482}, doi = {10.1080/02670844.2017.1352202}, abstract = {In this work, we report on the first thermal spray coatings to consist of graphene oxide (GO) embedded in a WC–12Co matrix. The purpose of these coatings is to release lubricant into the system when needed. These coatings were prepared using detonation gun spraying, and tribological tests of the coatings were performed. The results indicated that a coating containing embedded GO exhibited approximately half the wear rate and a 28\% lower friction coefficient than a comparable coating without GO. These results were attributed to the presence of GO platelets adhering to the friction surface that formed a self-lubricating layer. © 2017, © 2017 Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining Published by Taylor \& Francis on behalf of the Institute.}, language = {English}, number = {10}, journal = {Surface Engineering}, author = {Tian, H.L. and Guo, M.Q. and Wang, C.L. and Tang, Z.H. and Cui, Y.J.}, year = {2018}, note = {17 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Taylor and Francis Ltd.}, keywords = {Detonation gun spraying, Friction, Friction coefficients, Friction surfaces, Graphene, Graphene oxide, Self-lubricating, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray coating, Thermal spray coatings, Tribological behaviour, Tribological tests, Tribology, WC–12Co, Wear resistance, graphene oxide, self-lubricated, wear resistance}, pages = {762--770}, } @article{tianOptimizationMechanicalProperties2020, title = {Optimization of the mechanical properties of ultra-fine {WC}-{Co}-{Cr3C2} cemented carbides via an approach based on thermodynamic calculations and characterization of the experimental results by the {Weibull} distribution}, volume = {70}, issn = {0364-5916}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0364591620300432}, doi = {10.1016/j.calphad.2020.101778}, abstract = {The influence of sintering temperature on the grain distribution, mechanical properties and fracture probability of WC-10 wt\% Co-Cr3C2 cemented carbide was studied. Based on thermodynamic calculations, the complete liquefaction temperature of the WC-10 wt\% Co-Cr3C2 cemented carbides shows a descend trend with the increase of Cr content. The addition of 0.5 wt\% Cr decreases the complete liquefaction temperature of the WC-10 wt\% Co cemented carbides from about 1360 °C to 1310 °C, the sintering temperature were defined starting from this result and adding 30, 50 and 80 °C. For comparison, an industrial production sintering temperature of 1410 °C is also used. Compared with four sintering schedules, WC-10 wt\%Co-0.5 wt\% Cr cemented carbides has more uniform grain size and better mechanical properties at sintering temperature for 1360 °C. In addition, the fracture probability of WC-10 wt\%Co-0.5 wt\% Cr cemented carbides is improved at sintering temperature for 1360 °C. An appropriate sintering temperature can be established by thermodynamic calculations, which enables effectively control of grain size and mechanical properties.}, urldate = {2024-07-09}, journal = {Calphad}, author = {Tian, Haixia and Peng, Yingbiao and Du, Yong and Zhang, Yinghui and Zhang, Shuyan and Zheng, Jiangpeng}, month = sep, year = {2020}, note = {12 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cemented carbides, Grain distribution, Property, Reliability, Thermodynamic calculation}, pages = {101778}, } @article{tianInsituSEMInvestigation2022, title = {\textit{{In}-situ} {SEM} investigation on stress-induced microstructure evolution of austenitic stainless steels subjected to cavitation erosion and cavitation erosion-corrosion}, volume = {213}, issn = {0264-1275}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264127521008698}, doi = {10.1016/j.matdes.2021.110314}, abstract = {This study investigated the effect of stress on the microstructure evolution of austenitic stainless steels (316L SS and 304 SS) subjected to cavitation erosion and cavitation erosion-corrosion. Results show that continuous accumulation of stress of austenitic stainless steels at the early stage of cavitation erosion was observed from the samples tested in deionised water (DIW) but not in artificial seawater (ASW), which is due to stress release induced by ASW. In addition, a stress-induced phase transformation from austenite to martensite during the cavitation erosion tests in both DIW and ASW was observed in 304 SS, but not in 316 SS. Furthermore, primary cavitation craters formed during the cavitation erosion were not expanded directly but shrank first and then expanded due to re-accumulation of stress. More importantly, this study reports for the first time that pre-existing pores are not initiation points of cavitation erosion damage, possibly because of the ductility of austenitic stainless steels, which resulted in continuous shrinkage of the pores caused by the accumulated stress. Our findings provide new insights into understanding the failure mechanisms of austenitic stainless steels subjected to cavitation erosion, which will inform the development of high-performance cavitation erosion-resistant materials.}, urldate = {2025-02-08}, journal = {Materials \& Design}, author = {Tian, Ye and Zhao, Hang and Yang, Rui and Liu, Xiaomei and Chen, Xiuyong and Qin, Jiahao and McDonald, André and Li, Hua}, month = jan, year = {2022}, note = {32 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Austenitic stainless steel, Cavitation erosion, Cavitation erosion-corrosion, Microstructure evolution, SEM observation, Stress}, pages = {110314}, } @article{tianEffectCavitationCorrosion2020, title = {Effect of cavitation on corrosion behavior of {HVOF}-sprayed {WC}-{10Co4Cr} coating with post-sealing in artificial seawater}, volume = {397}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0257897220306812}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.126012}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Tian, Ye and Zhang, Haijun and Chen, Xiuyong and McDonald, André and Wu, Shuangjie and Xiao, Tonghu and Li, Hua}, year = {2020}, note = {31 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier}, keywords = {Cavitation, Corrosion, HVOF, Sealing treatment, WC-10Co4Cr coating}, pages = {126012}, } @article{tianCoriolisErosionTesting2007, title = {Coriolis erosion testing approach for relatively thick coatings}, volume = {4}, issn = {1546962X (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-36049024986&doi=10.1520%2fJAI101224&partnerID=40&md5=ec5caa355389869bd585a14b9728ed39}, doi = {10.1520/JAI101224}, abstract = {To meet the challenge of wear and corrosion attack In various applications, coating has been an effective protection approach for the work surface of engineering components, including slurry pump wet-end parts (e.g., impellers, liners, and shells). The coated wear parts that handle flowing slurry are exposed to both sliding and impact erosion along with possible corrosion factors. In such erosive wear conditions, relatively thick coatings including overlays may be needed to extend service life of the wear components. Different wear testing methods have been used to evaluate the tribological properties of coating materials under both dry and wet wear conditions. Previous studies have shown that Coriolis erosion testing is a valuable and effective approach to study erosive wear behaviors of materials in flowing slurry conditions such as within a centrifugal slurry pump system. Although extensive research can be found on wear of hard coating materials, coating erosive wear research conducted using Coriolis wear testing methods is very limited. This paper demonstrates that Coriolis erosion testing can be applicable for both sliding and impact wear on relatively thick coatings (typically, 250 μm or thicker). By adjusting test parameters within the Coriolis erosion testing system, such as flow rate (or solids particle velocity), solids type, size, and concentration, and impact angle, various types of coatings can be tested for different erosive wear conditions. Through such Coriolis erosion testing, erosion rate and tribological characteristics of coatings can be determined and evaluated. The coating examples used in this study include NiCrSiB, NiWCrSiB, WC-NiCrSiB, and WC-Co-Cr coatings produced with flame-spray, sintering and/or high-velocity-oxygen-fuel (HVOF) and high-velocity-air-fuel (HVAF) processes. Some related factors have also been discussed. Copyright © 2007 by ASTM International.}, language = {English}, number = {9}, journal = {Journal of ASTM International}, author = {Tian, H.H. and Addie, G.R.}, year = {2007}, note = {0 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: American Society for Testing and Materials}, keywords = {Coating materials, Coatings, Coriolis erosion, Coriolis wear testing, Erosion, Parameter estimation, Sliding and impact wear, Slurries, Slurry erosion, Thick coatings, Tribology, Velocity measurement, Wear of materials}, } @article{thiruvengadamUnifiedTheoryCavitation1963, title = {A {Unified} {Theory} of {Cavitation} {Damage}}, volume = {85}, issn = {0021-9223}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3656610}, doi = {10.1115/1.3656610}, abstract = {The Cavitation Damage Number proposed by the author has been modified to incorporate the concept of strain-energy instead of the dynamic yield stress of the material. The correlation between the Cavitation Damage Number and the Number of Cavities has been extended to different materials and different sizes. A third nondimensional number known as the Inception of Damage Number has been derived and correlated with the critical cavitation parameter. Detailed investigations in the threshold zone indicate the validity of the functional relationship between the critical cavitation parameter and the Inception of Damage Number. In this paper, the part played by each parameter is analyzed and some of the experimental results arrived at by earlier investigators are explained in the light of the present theory.}, number = {3}, urldate = {2025-02-28}, journal = {Journal of Basic Engineering}, author = {Thiruvengadam, A.}, month = sep, year = {1963}, note = {34 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {365--373}, } @article{thakurComparativeStudySlurry2013, title = {A comparative study on slurry and dry erosion behaviour of {HVOF} sprayed {WC}-{CoCr} coatings}, volume = {303}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84877027757&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2013.03.028&partnerID=40&md5=19364c2b7f77268901e4cf54441e13c2}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2013.03.028}, abstract = {In the present study, slurry and dry erosion behavior of HVOF sprayed WC-CoCr cermet coatings has been studied. The coatings were developed using the powders feedstock having WC grains in conventional and fine structured sizes. The slurry erosion testing was performed using a laboratory made pot-type slurry erosion tester. The dry erosion testing was carried out using air-jet erosion test rig (ASTM G76-07), at an impact velocity of 60. m/s and 90° impact angle. The rate of dry erosion was significantly high as compared to that of slurry erosion and it was mainly due to the particle-target impact velocities and impact angle. The mechanism of material removal in slurry and dry erosion was studied and discussed on microstructural investigations and was found to be different in both the erosion conditions. The morphology of eroded surface shows crater, lip and groove formation in the binder matrix, carbide fracturing, chipping, and pullout as visible mechanism of material removal. It was observed that the cermet coating with fine WC grain exhibits higher erosion resistance as compared to conventional cermet coating due to its improved properties like micro-hardness and fracture toughness. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, number = {1-2}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Thakur, L. and Arora, N.}, year = {2013}, note = {79 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Air, Carbides, Cermets, Comparative studies, Erosion, Erosion conditions, Erosion resistance, HVOF thermal spraying, Impact velocities, Microstructural investigation, Slurry erosion, Solid particle erosion, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray coatings}, pages = {405--411}, } @article{thakareEffectCarbonNanotubes2018, title = {Effect of carbon nanotubes and aluminum oxide on the properties of a plasma sprayed thermal barrier coating}, volume = {44}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85030713541&doi=10.1016%2fj.ceramint.2017.09.196&partnerID=40&md5=ff6dd0b4e57efaa69b02489c8fe12b02}, doi = {10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.09.196}, abstract = {To protect the structural components of a power generating unit from the corrosive environment, thermal spray coatings are applied to the components. In the present work, four different types of thermal barrier coating (TBC) viz. partially stabilised zirconia (8YSZ), zirconia-20\% alumina (ZA) composite coating without carbon nanotube (CNT) reinforcement, and ZA with 1\% and 3\% CNT reinforcement. The coating was deposited on NiCrAlY coated P91 steel using a plasma spraying process. The coating microstructure and phases were characterised using field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The phases of the coating were analyzed using X-ray diffraction technique. The effect of CNT reinforcement on the thermal conductivity, porosity, and hardness of the composite coatings was investigated. The protective behavior of the coatings was characterised by potentiodynamic polarization testing and electrochemical impedance measurements. The thermal conductivity of the composite coating was found to be increased with increasing CNT content. Hardness was found to be highest for 3\% CNT reinforcement and the thermal conductivity was found to increase with decreasing porosity. The electrochemical measurements indicate that reinforcement of CNT in zirconia alumina composite coating improved its corrosion resistance. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd and Techna Group S.r.l.}, number = {1}, journal = {Ceramics International}, author = {Thakare, J.G. and Mulik, R.S. and Mahapatra, M.M.}, year = {2018}, note = {44 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Alumina, Aluminum coatings, CNT (D), Carbon, Carbon nanotubes, Composite coatings, Corrosion, Corrosion resistance, Corrosion(C), Electrochemical impedance measurements, Electrochemical measurements, Energy dispersive spectroscopies (EDS), Energy dispersive spectroscopy, Field emission scanning electron microscopes, Hardness, Nanotubes, Plasma (A), Plasma jets, Plasma spraying, Plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coating, Porosity, Porosity (B), Porosity (b), Reinforcement, Scanning electron microscopy, Sprayed coatings, Thermal barrier coating (TBC), Thermal barrier coatings, Thermal conductivity, X ray diffraction, Yarn, Zirconia}, pages = {438--451}, } @article{szkodoMathematicalDescriptionEvaluation2005, title = {Mathematical description and evaluation of cavitation erosion resistance of materials}, volume = {164-165}, copyright = {https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/}, issn = {09240136}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0924013605001202}, doi = {10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2005.01.006}, abstract = {This work presents mathematical model describing cavitation erosion of materials. The model of cavitation erosion is based on Weibull’s distribution. The model describes influence of material properties i.e. relative resistance to plastic deformation and stress intensity factor of hardened surface layer under cavitation loading on the cavitation erosion of materials. Moreover new factor describing of cavitation erosion resistance of materials was proposed. New coefficient of cavitation erosion resistance R is a function of incubation time, maximum volume loss rate vmax and time replying of vmax rate. The factor lets to evaluate of materials according to their cavitation resistance. In additional there is possibility to define influence of mechanical properties to cavitation resistance making use this new factor.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2025-02-24}, journal = {Journal of Materials Processing Technology}, author = {Szkodo, M.}, month = may, year = {2005}, note = {35 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {1631--1636}, } @article{szalaFactorsInfluencingCavitation2021, title = {Factors {Influencing} {Cavitation} {Erosion} of {NiCrSiB} {Hardfacings} {Deposited} by {Oxy}-{Acetylene} {Powder} {Welding} on {Grey} {Cast} {Iron}}, volume = {15}, issn = {22998624 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85121686973&doi=10.12913%2f22998624%2f143304&partnerID=40&md5=51fbbfee2e321cb5eb58c3d4dbf88ddd}, doi = {10.12913/22998624/143304}, abstract = {The study presents the results of cavitation erosion (CE) resistance of two NiCrSiB self-fluxing powders deposited by oxy-acetylene powder welding on cast iron substrate grade EN-GJL-200. The mean hardness of deposits A-NiCrSiB, C-NiCrSiB is equal to 908 HV, 399 HV and exceeds those of EN-GJL-200 and X5CrNi18-10 reference specimens 197 HV and 209 HV, respectively. To study CE, the vibratory apparatus has been used and tests were conducted according to the ASTM G32 standard. Cavitation eroded surfaces were examined using a profilom-eter, optical and scanning electron microscopy. The research indicated that the CE resistance, expressed by the cumulative mass loss decreased in the following order C-NiCrSiB {\textgreater} A-NiCrSiB {\textgreater} X5CrNi18-10 {\textgreater} EN-GJL-200. Therefore, hardfacings were characterised by lower cumulative mass loss, in turn, higher CE resistance than the reference sample and therefore they may be applied as layers to increase resistance to cavitation of cast iron machine components. Results indicate that in the case of multiphase materials, hardness cannot be the main indicator for CE damage prediction while it strongly depends on the initial material microstructure. To qualitatively estimate the cavitation erosion damage (CEd ) of NiCrSiB self-fluxing alloys at a specific test time, the following factors should be considered: material microstructure, physical and mechanical properties as well as surface morphology and material loss both estimated at specific exposure time. A general formula for the CEd prediction of NiCrSiB deposits was proposed. © 2021, Politechnika Lubelska. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {4}, journal = {Advances in Science and Technology Research Journal}, author = {Szala, M. and Walczak, M. and Hejwowski, T.}, year = {2021}, note = {15 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Politechnika Lubelska}, keywords = {Cast iron, Cavitation erosion, Hardfacing, Hardness, NiCrSiB, Powder welding, Stainless steel, Surface engineering, Surface roughness}, pages = {376--386}, } @article{szalaCavitationErosionWet2022, title = {Cavitation {Erosion} and {Wet} {Environment} {Tribological} {Behaviour} of {Al2O3}–13\% {TiO2} {Coatings} {Deposited} via {Different} {Atmospheric} {Plasma} {Spraying} {Parameters}}, volume = {142}, issn = {05874246 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85146053818&doi=10.12693%2fAPhysPolA.142.733&partnerID=40&md5=dfc3c6410359fed4c95ad3de88c07bec}, doi = {10.12693/APhysPolA.142.733}, abstract = {Atmospheric plasma spraying is an up-to-date and systematically developed technology. One of the crucial ideas is injecting the sprayed feedstock powder internally or externally into the plasma arc. The spraying parameters affect the microstructure and properties of the coating, which is decisive for the operation performance of coatings and specific machine components. This paper investigates the effect of atmospheric plasma spraying parameters, namely the feedstock injection mode and the spray distance, on cavitation erosion and wet environment tribological behaviour of Al2O3–13\% TiO2 coatings. The internal and external injection spraying mode, constant spray velocity (500 mm/s), and two spray distances to the substrate, namely 80 mm and 100 mm, were employed. The microstructure, porosity and hardness of the deposited coatings were studied. Cavitation erosion resistance was estimated using the ASTM G32 method. The sliding wear resistance has been estimated in the distilled water environment using the ball-on-disc apparatus. The results indicate that the internal injection supports the cavitation erosion resistance and the aquatic sliding wear. The coating fabricated with the 80 mm spray distance using the internal method is characterized by the smallest wear and the highest anti-erosion performance. A shorter spraying distance indicates greater coatings uniformity, while the increasing distance reduces the hardness and porosity, which are beneficial for the performance of the coatings. The main wet sliding wear mechanism has been fatigue-induced material detachment, while the cavitation erosion mechanism depends on the brittle fracture resulting in material detachment and pitting. © 2022 Polish Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {6}, journal = {Acta Physica Polonica A}, author = {Szala, M. and Kamiński, M. and Łatka, Ł. and Nowakowska, M.}, year = {2022}, note = {1 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Polska Akademia Nauk}, keywords = {Alumina, Alumina - titania, Aluminum oxide, Atmospheric plasma-spraying, Brittle fracture, Cavitation-erosion resistance, Ceramic coatings, Erosion, Feedstock powders, Feedstocks, Hardness, Microstructure, Performance, Plasma jets, Plasma spraying, Porosity, Sliding wear, Spray distances, Sprayed coatings, Spraying parameters, Titanium dioxide, Topic: tribology, Tribological behaviour, Tribology, Wear of materials, Wear resistance, alumina–titania, cavitation erosion, microstructure, topics: tribology}, pages = {733--740}, } @article{szalaCavitationErosionResistance2018, title = {Cavitation {Erosion} {Resistance} and {Wear} {Mechanism} {Model} of {Flame}-{Sprayed} {Al2O3}-40\%{TiO2}/{NiMoAl} {Cermet} {Coatings}}, volume = {8}, issn = {20796412 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85051601268&doi=10.3390%2fcoatings8070254&partnerID=40&md5=2040c6ef063aaffde86e81fe18028658}, doi = {10.3390/coatings8070254}, abstract = {This manuscript deals with the cavitation erosion resistance of flame-sprayed Al2O3-40\%TiO2/NiMoAl cermet coatings (low-velocity oxy-fuel (LVOF)), a new functional application of cermet coatings. The aim of the study was to investigate the cavitation erosion mechanism and determine the effect of feedstock powder ratio (Al2O3-TiO2/NiMoAl) of LVOF-sprayed cermet coatings on their cavitation erosion resistance. As-sprayed coatings were investigated for roughness, porosity, hardness, and Young's modulus. Microstructural characteristics of the cross section and the surface of as-sprayed coatings were examined by light optical microscopy (LOM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods. Coating cavitation tests were conducted in accordance with the ASTM G32 standard using an alternative stationary specimen testing method with usage of reference samples made from steel, copper, and aluminum alloys. Cavitation erosion resistance was measured by weight and volume loss, and normalised cavitation erosion resistance was calculated. Surface eroded due to cavitation was examined in successive time intervals by LOM and SEM-EDS. On the basis of coating properties and cavitation investigations, a phenomenological model of the cavitation erosion of Al2O3-40\%TiO2/NiMoAl cermet coatings was elaborated. General relationships between their properties, microstructure, and cavitation wear resistance were established. The Al2O3-40\%TiO2/NiMoAl composite coating containing 80\% ceramic powder has a higher cavitation erosion resistance than the reference aluminium alloy. © 2018 by the authors.}, language = {English}, number = {7}, journal = {Coatings}, author = {Szala, M. and Hejwowski, T.}, year = {2018}, note = {40 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: MDPI AG}, keywords = {Aluminia-titania, Cavitation erosion, Cermet coating, Flame spraying, Microstructure, Thermal spraying, Wear model}, } @article{szalaCavitationErosionElectrostatic2021, title = {Cavitation erosion of electrostatic spray polyester coatings with different surface finish}, volume = {69}, issn = {02397528 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85115115840&doi=10.24425%2fbpasts.2021.137519&partnerID=40&md5=d6c48e5904898fb913440efaad80ad35}, doi = {10.24425/bpasts.2021.137519}, abstract = {Polyester coatings are among the most commonly used types of powder paints and present a wide range of applications. Apart from its decorative values, polyester coating successfully prevents the substrate from environmental deterioration. This work investigates the cavitation erosion (CE) resistance of three commercial polyester coatings electrostatic spray onto AW-6060 aluminium alloy substrate. Effect of coatings repainting (single- and double-layer deposits) and effect of surface finish (matt, silk gloss and structural) on resistance to cavitation were comparatively studied. The following research methods were used: CE testing using ASTM G32 procedure, 3D profilometry evaluation, light optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical profilometry and FTIR spectroscopy. Electrostatic spray coatings present higher CE resistance than aluminium alloy. The matt finish double-layer (M2) and single-layer silk gloss finish (S1) are the most resistant to CE. The structural paint showed the lowest resistance to cavitation wear which derives from the rougher surface finish. The CE mechanism of polyester coatings relies on the material brittle-ductile behaviour, cracks formation, lateral net-cracking growth and removal of chunk coating material and craters’ growth. Repainting does not harm the properties of the coatings. Therefore, it can be utilised to regenerate or smother the polyester coating finish along with improvement of their CE resistance. © 2021 The Author(s).}, language = {English}, number = {4}, journal = {Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences}, author = {Szala, M. and Świetlicki, A. and Sofińska-Chmiel, W.}, year = {2021}, note = {10 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Polska Akademia Nauk}, keywords = {AW-6060 aluminium alloy, Cavitation, Cavitation erosion, Cavitation erosion resistance, Deterioration, Electrostatic coatings, Electrostatic spray, Electrostatic spray coating, Electrostatics, Environmental deterioration, Erosion, FTIR spectroscopy, Finishing, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Light optical microscopies, Optical profilometry, Polyester coatings, Polyester powder coatings, Polyesters, Powder coatings, Profilometry, Scanning electron microscopy, Silk, Spectroscopy, Stripping (removal), Wear mechanism, Wear resistance}, } @article{syamsundarErosionCharacteristicsNanoparticleReinforced2015, title = {Erosion {Characteristics} of {Nanoparticle}-{Reinforced} {Polyurethane} {Coatings} on {Stainless} {Steel} {Substrate}}, volume = {24}, issn = {10599495 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84925481760&doi=10.1007%2fs11665-015-1403-7&partnerID=40&md5=9ab39c75f9e4debe0d7c5a2e7744782b}, doi = {10.1007/s11665-015-1403-7}, abstract = {Hydropower generation from the Himalayan rivers in India faces challenge in the form of silt-laden water which can erode the turbine blades and reduce turbine life. To address this issue, polyurethane coatings reinforced with boron carbide (B4C) or silicon carbide (SiC) nanoparticles on 16Cr-5Ni martensitic stainless steel substrate were used in the present investigation to improve erosion wear resistance in silt erosion conditions. Slurry erosive wear tests were carried out based on ASTM G-73 protocol at various test conditions of impact velocity, impingement angle, and erodent particle size as well as slurry concentrations as determined by the implementation of Taguchi design of experiments. Analysis of variance studies of erosion rate indicated that nanoparticle content in PU material is the single most important parameter, and interaction of impact velocity and impingement angle was also proved to be significant. The coatings with B4C nanoparticles had higher wear resistances than those with SiC nanoparticles due to higher hardness of the former. An interesting finding from the results is that there is an optimum amount of nanoparticles at which mass removal is the minimum. This observation has been explained in terms of surface characteristics of coatings as brought out by a combination of measurements including SEM images as well as roughness measurement. © 2015, ASM International.}, language = {English}, number = {4}, journal = {Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance}, author = {Syamsundar, C. and Chatterjee, D. and Kamaraj, M. and Maiti, A.K.}, year = {2015}, note = {18 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media, LLC}, keywords = {Binary alloys, Boron carbide, Chromium steel, Coatings, Design of experiments, Electron microscopy, Erosion, Erosion characteristics, Erosion testing, Erosion wear resistance, Lunar surface analysis, Nanoparticles, Nickel steel, Particle size, Particle size analysis, Polymers, Polyurethanes, Reinforcement, Silicon carbide, Silicon carbides (SiC), Silicon steel, Silt, Solid particle erosion, Stainless steel substrates, Substrates, Surface analysis, Surface characteristics, Taguchi design of experiment, Turbomachine blades, Wear of materials, Wear resistance, electron microscopy, erosion testing, polymers, solid particle erosion, surface analysis}, pages = {1391--1405}, } @article{suzukiFeatureEvaluationComplex2013, title = {Feature evaluation of complex hysteresis smoothing and its practical applications to noisy {SEM} images}, volume = {35}, copyright = {© Wiley Periodicals, Inc.}, issn = {1932-8745}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/sca.21066}, doi = {10.1002/sca.21066}, abstract = {Quality of a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image is strongly influenced by noise. This is a fundamental drawback of the SEM instrument. Complex hysteresis smoothing (CHS) has been previously developed for noise removal of SEM images. This noise removal is performed by monitoring and processing properly the amplitude of the SEM signal. As it stands now, CHS may not be so utilized, though it has several advantages for SEM. For example, the resolution of image processed by CHS is basically equal to that of the original image. In order to find wide application of the CHS method in microscopy, the feature of CHS, which has not been so clarified until now is evaluated correctly. As the application of the result obtained by the feature evaluation, cursor width (CW), which is the sole processing parameter of CHS, is determined more properly using standard deviation of noise Nσ. In addition, disadvantage that CHS cannot remove the noise with excessively large amplitude is improved by a certain postprocessing. CHS is successfully applicable to SEM images with various noise amplitudes. SCANNING 35:292-301, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc}, language = {en}, number = {5}, urldate = {2024-07-10}, journal = {Scanning}, author = {Suzuki, Kazuhiko and Oho, Eisaku}, year = {2013}, note = {8 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] \_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/sca.21066}, keywords = {covariance, digital image processing, image quality, noise removal, scanning electron microscope}, pages = {292--301}, } @article{suzhounuclearpowerresearchinstitutesuzhou215004chinaCavitationResistanceWCCoCr2021, title = {The {Cavitation} {Resistance} of {WC}-{CoCr} {Cermet} {Coating} {Deposited} by {HVOF} for {Hydraulic} {Application}}, volume = {3}, issn = {25821474}, url = {http://www.inscience.in/files/312_Qian%20Huang%20et%20al%20%281%29.pdf}, doi = {10.52687/2582-1474/312}, abstract = {Thermal spray is a versatile technique for enhancing the cavitation resistance of hydraulic water passage components, especially in on-site repair situation. Based on the application in hydraulic components, a WCCoCr cermet coating was deposited by high velocity oxygen fuel spraying. The microstructure and hardness were characterized, and the cavitation was studied by ultrasonic vibratory system according to ASTM G32 standard. The coating shows superior anti-cavitation behavior in term of mass weight loss compared with the martensite stainless steel. The cavitation erosion mechanism is elaborated with wrinkles and craters observed on the worn surfaces, and correlated with the incubation and accelerating stages.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-07-10}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray and Engineering}, author = {{Suzhou Nuclear Power Research Institute, Suzhou 215004, China} and Huang, Qian and Qin, Enwei and {Suzhou Nuclear Power Research Institute, Suzhou 215004, China} and Li, Wenli and {School of Mechanical and Electric Engineering \& Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.} and Wang, Bo and Pan, Chenyang and {Suzhou Nuclear Power Research Institute, Suzhou 215004, China} and Wu, Shuhui and {Suzhou Nuclear Power Research Institute, Suzhou 215004, China}}, year = {2021}, note = {5 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {68--73}, } @article{suttonMetrologyScanningElectron2006, title = {Metrology in a scanning electron microscope: theoretical developments and experimental validation}, volume = {17}, issn = {0957-0233}, shorttitle = {Metrology in a scanning electron microscope}, url = {https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/17/10/012}, doi = {10.1088/0957-0233/17/10/012}, abstract = {A novel approach for correcting both spatial and drift distortions that are present in scanning electron microscope (SEM) images is described. Spatial distortion removal is performed using a methodology that employs a series of in-plane rigid body motions and a generated warping function. Drift distortion removal is performed using multiple, time-spaced images to extract the time-varying relative displacement field throughout the experiment. Results from numerical simulations clearly demonstrate that the correction procedures successfully remove both spatial and drift distortions. Specifically, in the absence of intensity noise the distortion removal methods consistently give excellent results with errors on the order of ±0.01 pixels. Results from the rigid body motion and tensile loading experiments at 200× indicate that, after correction for distortions, (a) the displacements have nearly random variability with a standard deviation of 0.02 pixels; (b) the measured strain fields are unbiased and in excellent agreement with previous full-field experimental data obtained with optical illumination; (c) the strain field variability is on the order of 60 microstrain in all components with a spatial resolution on the order of 25 pixels. Taken together, the analytical, computational and experimental studies clearly show that the correction procedures successfully remove both spatial and drift distortions while retaining excellent spatial resolution, confirming that the SEM-based method can be used for both micromaterial and nanomaterial characterization in either the elastic or elastic–plastic deformation regimes.}, language = {en}, number = {10}, urldate = {2024-07-10}, journal = {Measurement Science and Technology}, author = {Sutton, Michael A. and Li, Ning and Garcia, Dorian and Cornille, Nicolas and Orteu, Jean Jose and McNeill, Stephen R. and Schreier, Hubert W. and Li, Xiaodong}, month = aug, year = {2006}, note = {166 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {2613}, } @article{sutthiruangwongPassivityPseudopassivityCemented2005, title = {Passivity and pseudopassivity of cemented carbides}, volume = {23}, issn = {0263-4368}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263436804000782}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2004.11.006}, abstract = {During corrosion of cemented carbides the binder phase is selectively dissolved from the material. After the binder has been dissolved into the solution the remaining tungsten carbide skeleton can not withstand a mechanical force any longer and these loose grains can be easily removed even by light abrasion. In principle Co-based cemented carbide does not passivate. However the potentiodynamic curve of the material shows a conventional anodic behavior. It exhibits critical potential and breakthrough potential. Since the current density of WC–Co cemented carbides after reaching critical potential is several orders of magnitude higher when compared to true passivity this phenomenon is called pseudopassive behavior. Some precipitations could be formed in pseudopassive region at the interface of intact cemented carbide and the skeleton but they are not stable and re-dissolve into the corrosive solution. Modification of the binder with chromium carbide addition improves corrosion resistance of cemented carbides significantly. Chromium acts as an alloying element and yields to a formation of a mixed Co–Cr oxide layer as shown by EF-TEM analysis. This oxide layer is considered as a true passive layer decreasing the rate of dissolution of the binder. Vanadium has been found to dissolve into the binder besides of forming thin layer between binder and WC grains. Vanadium in the binder also improves corrosion resistance of cemented carbide.}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-06-29}, journal = {International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials}, author = {Sutthiruangwong, Sutha and Mori, Gregor and Kösters, Rolf}, month = mar, year = {2005}, note = {93 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cemented carbides, Cobalt alloys, Corrosion, Magnetic saturation, Pseudopassivity}, pages = {129--136}, } @article{sureshbabuAbrasiveWearBehavior2010, title = {Abrasive wear behavior of detonation sprayed {WC}-{12Co} coatings: {Influence} of decarburization and abrasive characteristics}, volume = {268}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77951294770&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2010.02.013&partnerID=40&md5=5b5ba52ed800b5576a693a99b78d80dd}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2010.02.013}, abstract = {The major objective of the present work is to evaluate the influence of decarburization of the WC-12Co coatings and also the abrasive characteristics on its abrasive wear behavior using a planned set of dry sand rubber wheel abrasion tests. Towards this purpose, detonation sprayed coatings have been deposited at three levels of oxygen to fuel ratios so as to obtain WC-12Co coatings with decarburization lying in the wide range of 4.4-45\%. Additionally, to study the interrelationship between the abrasive characteristics and decarburization on abrasive wear, the abrasive wear tests have been conducted on WC-12Co coatings using three abrasives, i.e. SiO2, Al2O3 and SiC. The results indicate that WC-12Co coatings with the decarburization levels of 4.4 and 34\% results in similar abrasion rates irrespective of the type of abrasive used. However, WC-12Co coatings with a decarburization of 45\% exhibited high abrasion rate and the observed increase in wear rate was also associated with a change in abrasion mechanism from one dominated by WC cuboid pullout to that of inter-splat cracking induced delamination. The wear induced subsurface damage has also been investigated. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {11-12}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Suresh Babu, P. and Basu, B. and Sundararajan, G.}, year = {2010}, note = {72 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Abrasion, Abrasion mechanism, Abrasion tests, Abrasive coatings, Abrasive wear behavior, Abrasive wears, Abrasives, Cermets, Decarburization, Detonation, Detonation sprayed coating, Dry sand, Fuel ratio, Hardness, Hardness testing, Oxygen, Rubber coatings, Rubber wheels, Silicon carbide, Sprayed coatings, Sub-surface damage, Thermal spray coatings, Three body abrasion, Three-body abrasion, Tribology, Tungsten carbide, WC-12Co, Wear rates, Wear testing}, pages = {1387--1399}, } @article{sunithaMicrosrtructuralMechanicalCharacterization2022, title = {Microsrtructural and {Mechanical} {Characterization} of {HVOF}-{Sprayed} {Ni}-{Based} {Alloy} {Coating}}, volume = {10}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85148753545&doi=10.4018%2fIJSEIMS.298705&partnerID=40&md5=07b69f3d816c46d5f07a75aefc3bbd7d}, doi = {10.4018/IJSEIMS.298705}, abstract = {The various engineering components works under aggressive environments include the furnace parts, sliding parts in lathe machine, and exhaust manifolds. Cast iron is used in these applications, and the important intention of this research work is to study enhancing the useful period of life. HVOF (high velocity oxy-fuel) sprayed Alloy-718 coatings on cast iron were analysed. Coatings were characterised by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), optical microscope (OM), and x-ray diffraction for its microstructural analysis. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) of the bare and coated samples was used to confirm the elemental details of the powder and the coating. Porosity measurements were taken and showed 1.6\% for Alloy-718 coating. Microhardness investigation was conducted for the Alloy-718 coating, and it was resulted as 560±20 HV. The bare material has a hardness of 225±10, and there is a substantial difference of hardness found as 2.5 times higher. The fracture toughness was found to be 4.0 MPa.m1/2. Copyright © 2022.}, number = {1}, journal = {International Journal of Surface Engineering and Interdisciplinary Materials Science}, author = {Sunitha, K. and Vasudev, H.}, year = {2022}, note = {2 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Alloy-718, HVOF (High Velocity Oxy-Fuel), Thermal Spray Coatings}, } @article{sunEffectUltrasonicAmplitude2025, title = {Effect of ultrasonic amplitude on cavitation erosion characteristics of hydraulic turbine materials}, volume = {37}, issn = {1070-6631}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0252423}, doi = {10.1063/5.0252423}, abstract = {Cavitation erosion would cause material loss and structural damage to the flow components of hydraulic turbines, which reduces their hydraulic efficiency and threatens the turbine's stable operation. Based on the ultrasonic cavitation test device, this paper investigates the effect of ultrasonic amplitude on the cavitation erosion of hydraulic turbine materials. The results show that the number and the volume of cavitation bubbles below the ultrasonic horn tip increased with the ultrasonic amplitude. The weight loss of S165, 1045, and S355 at ultrasonic amplitude 79 μm was 2.5, 1.67, and 1.84 times that at ultrasonic amplitude 52 μm, respectively. When the ultrasonic amplitude was 79 μm, the weight loss of S355 was 4.53 times that of S165. As the ultrasonic amplitude increased, the time for 1045 and S355 cavitation erosion to enter the maximum rate stage was shortened, while the S165 was still in the acceleration stage after 5 hours' test. The grain-boundary sliding and exfoliation of S165 were intensified, and the cavitation erosion pits in 1045 and S355 became larger and interconnected to form larger cavitation erosion pits with the ultrasonic amplitude. The number of cavitation erosion pits was more in S355 than in 1045, and the detachment of large-volume pearlite grains in 1045 and S355 at higher ultrasonic amplitude led to the large-volume cavitation erosion pits. The roughness of the three materials increased with the ultrasound amplitude. The roughness of 1045 and S355 was twice that of S165. The results were significant for the cavitation erosion protection of turbine materials.}, number = {2}, urldate = {2025-04-11}, journal = {Physics of Fluids}, author = {Sun, Shuaihui and Wu, Pengbo and Guo, Pengcheng and Nan, Haipeng and Wang, Tao}, month = feb, year = {2025}, note = {0 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {027180}, } @article{sundararajanTribologicalBehaviourDetonation2010, title = {The tribological behaviour of detonation sprayed {TiMo}({CN}) based cermet coatings}, volume = {28}, issn = {02634368 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-70350786942&doi=10.1016%2fj.ijrmhm.2009.07.007&partnerID=40&md5=923a5ba93d80bf4d87d06768e38c5f76}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2009.07.007}, abstract = {The objective of the present study was to evaluate the tribological performance of 200 μm thick TiMo(CN)-28Co and TiMo(CN)-36NiCo coatings obtained using the detonation spray coating system. Towards the above purpose, the detonation spray coating conditions were optimized to obtain the best coating properties (low porosity, high wear resistance) by varying two of the important coating process variables, i.e., oxygen to fuel ratio and gas volume. In both the coatings it was observed that the best tribological performance and also the lowest porosity were obtained at intermediate OF ratios. However, the coatings with the highest hardness did not exhibit the best tribological performance. A comparison of the tribological performance of the optimized TiMo(CN) type coatings with that of optimized WC-Co coatings revealed that the abrasion resistance of TiMo(CN) type coatings is comparable to that of WC-Co coatings. However, the erosion and sliding wear resistance of TiMo(CN) type coatings were considerably lower than that of WC-Co coatings. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {1}, journal = {International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials}, author = {Sundararajan, G. and Sivakumar, G. and Sen, D. and Srinivasa Rao, D. and Ravichandra, G.}, year = {2010}, note = {15 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Abrasion, Abrasion resistance, Cermet coatings, Cermets, Coating process, Coating properties, Detonation, Detonation spray, Detonation spray coatings, Erosion, Fuel ratio, Gas volume, High wear resistance, Low porosity, Optimization, Oxygen, Sliding wear, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray coatings, Thermal spraying, Tribological behaviour, Tribological performance, Tribology, Tungsten alloys, Tungsten carbide, WC-Co coating, Wear resistance}, pages = {71--81}, } @inproceedings{sundararajanTribologicalBehaviourDetonation2005, title = {The tribological behaviour of detonation sprayed coatings: {The} importance of coating process parameters}, volume = {258}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-10644269191&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2004.03.022&partnerID=40&md5=ca32acd52160c265e41d852b97995905}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2004.03.022}, abstract = {The tribological performance of thermal spray coatings depends on a host of properties like coating composition, nature of phases and their distribution, microstructure, porosity and residual stress. All these properties, in turn, determine the hardness of the coating, which is conventionally used as the primary correlating parameter for evaluating wear resistance. To assess such an interrelationship in the case of detonation sprayed coatings, large varieties of coatings and each coating over a range of process parameters have been deposited utilizing the detonation spray (DS) coating technique. The resulting coatings (94 in all) have been characterized in terms of phase content and distribution, porosity, microhardness, and evaluated for erosion, abrasion and sliding wear resistance. A broad-brush analysis of the data obtained clearly points to the fact that the coatings are substantially poorer than bulk material of identical composition and that the hardness and tribological properties of the coatings are more strongly influenced by the coating process parameters themselves rather than microstructural parameters like phase content and distribution, porosity, etc. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, author = {Sundararajan, G. and Sen, D. and Sivakumar, G.}, year = {2005}, note = {51 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Issue: 1-4 SPEC. ISS.}, keywords = {Abrasion, Coating composition, Composition, Detonation, Detonation spray coatings, Erosion, Microhardness, Microstructure, Microstructure parameters, Phase content, Porosity, Residual stresses, Sliding wear, Sliding wear resistance, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray coatings, Tribology, Wear resistance, coating, processing technique, tribology}, pages = {377--391}, } @article{sundararajanDetonationSprayedWCCo2009, title = {Detonation sprayed {WC}-{Co} coatings: {Unique} aspects of their structure and mechanical behaviour}, volume = {62}, issn = {09751645 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77955098370&doi=10.1007%2fs12666-009-0013-1&partnerID=40&md5=9108b80518f44067adfa26372b183249}, doi = {10.1007/s12666-009-0013-1}, abstract = {Tungsten Carbide-Cobalt (WC-Co) Cermets are known for their excellent wear resistance. Conventionally, WC-Co cermets are produced by liquid phase sintering and such a process results in optimum combination and distribution of WC and Co phases and thus a good combination of hardness and toughness. In contrast to using bulk WC-Co, there are many applications wherein a thick coating of WC-Co over the surface of the engineering component (usually made from steel) represents a cost-effective option. Numerous thermal spray coating techniques have been extensively used to deposit thick WC-Co coatings on a variety of components and detonation spray coating represents one such coating technique capable of depositing hard and dense WC-Co coatings. However, as compared to bulk WC-Co, detonation sprayed WC-Co exhibit inferior properties and performance primarily because of the nature of the detonation spray coating process. In addition, depositing a WC-Co coating on a component automatically introduces an interface between the coating and the substrate and the properties of this interface also become important in determining the overall performance of the WC-Co coating. The purpose of this article is to describe in detail the unique aspects of the structure and mechanical behaviour of detonation sprayed WC-Co coatings and contrast the same with the behaviour of bulk, liquid-phase sintered WC-Co cermet. © 2009 TIIM, India.}, language = {English}, number = {2}, journal = {Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals}, author = {Sundararajan, G. and Babu, P.S.}, year = {2009}, note = {10 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Bond strength, Decarburization, Detonation spray coatings, Thermal spray coatings, WC-Co}, pages = {95--103}, } @article{suhEffectHotIsostatic2024, title = {Effect of {Hot} {Isostatic} {Pressing} on the {Stellite} 6 {Alloy} prepared by {Directed} {Energy} {Deposition}}, volume = {31}, issn = {2799-8525, 2799-8681}, url = {http://powdermat.org/journal/view.php?number=1660}, doi = {10.4150/jpm.2024.00066}, language = {Korean}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-06-30}, journal = {Journal of Powder Materials}, author = {Suh, Joowon and Koh, Jae Hyeon and Chun, Young-Bum and Kim, Young Do and Jang, Jinsung and Kang, Suk Hoon and Han, Heung Nam}, month = apr, year = {2024}, note = {0 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: The Korean Powder Metallurgy \& Materials Institute}, pages = {152--162}, } @article{sugasawaObservationMicrostructuralDeformation2011, title = {Observation of microstructural deformation behavior in metals caused by cavitation impact}, volume = {50}, issn = {13474065 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79960582965&doi=10.1143%2fJJAP.50.07HE03&partnerID=40&md5=aa79b9b430dd02de851cee9dbbbce27d}, doi = {10.1143/JJAP.50.07HE03}, abstract = {To clarify the erosion mechanism of cavitation, we pay attention to the internal changes in grains caused by cavitation impact. The vibratory cavitation test based on ASTM G32 was carried out and the cross section of directly under the eroded surface of a specimen was observed using the electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD) technique. The situations of grain boundaries and the changes in the crystal orientations of grains in aluminum, copper, and steel were analyzed. As a result, the following observations were made. Cavitation impact causes grain refining of sub-micrometer order near the eroded surface. There exist small changes in crystal orientation in grains. In steel, grain boundaries were generated on the eroded surface and were growing inward in the grain. Finally, the mechanism of internal deformation of grains caused by cavitation impact was discussed. © 2011 The Japan Society of Applied Physics.}, language = {English}, number = {7 PART 2}, journal = {Japanese Journal of Applied Physics}, author = {Sugasawa, S. and Uematsu, S. and Akiyama, S.}, year = {2011}, note = {4 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Backscattering, Cavitation, Cavitation impacts, Cross section, Crystal orientation, Deformation, Electron backscattering diffraction, Erosion mechanisms, Grain boundaries, Grain refining, Grain size and shape, Internal changes, Internal deformation, Microstructural deformation, Submicrometers}, } @article{sugasawaInfluencePhosphorusConcentration2011, title = {Influence of {Phosphorus} {Concentration} and {Heat} {Treatment} on {Anticavitation} {Erosion} {Characteristics} in {Electroless} {Nickel} {Plating}}, volume = {77}, issn = {03875008 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85024465110&doi=10.1299%2fkikaia.77.1976&partnerID=40&md5=d053fd2c35a5df817fd4efcb186d365d}, doi = {10.1299/kikaia.77.1976}, abstract = {Cavitation erosion has been a serious problem in the use of turbomachineries such as ship propellers. In this paper, we proposed a technique to prevent cavitation erosion using electroless nickel-phosphorus plating (ENP). ENP was plated on JIS CAC703 (Ni-A1 Bronze), which is known as a material of ship propellers. We examined the anticavitation property of ENP by a vibratory cavitation apparatus based on ASTM G32. It was found that the mass loss of plated substrate can be decreased ten times less than that of substrate by selecting suitable heat treatment temperature for the concentration of phosphorus in ENP. Finally, the mechanism of erosion of ENP is discussed. © 2011, The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {783}, journal = {Nihon Kikai Gakkai Ronbunshu, A Hen/Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, Part A}, author = {Sugasawa, S. and Akiyama, S. and Uematsu, S. and Shibata, T. and Iwata, T. and Miyauchi, N. and Fujita, F.}, year = {2011}, note = {0 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cavitation, Electroless Nickel-Phosphorus Plating, Erosion, Nickel-Aluminum-Bronze, Ship Propeller}, pages = {1976--1985}, } @article{sudhakarEFFECTMIGWELDING2021, title = {{EFFECT} of {MIG} {WELDING} {PROCESS} {PARAMETERS} on {EROSION} and {CORROSION} {BEHAVIOR} of {ASTM} {A106} {GRADE}-{B} {PIPE} {WELDMENTS}}, volume = {28}, issn = {0218625X (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85109984209&doi=10.1142%2fS0218625X21500992&partnerID=40&md5=973bb1de27d33416d76a5ea8a2bf74d7}, doi = {10.1142/S0218625X21500992}, abstract = {Evaluating the integrity of the welded pipes used for fluid transportation in processing industries demands certain investigations on the erosion and corrosion behavior under various environmental conditions. ASTM A106 Grade-B pipes are butt welded using an automated MIG welding setup to obtain the optimum output response such as Reinforcement Form Factor (W1), Penetration Shape Factor (W2), and Tensile Strength (W3) in the weldments. The slurry erosion test is conducted on the weldment surface by varying the velocity and erodent concentration in acidic (0.1M H2SO4) and alkaline (3.5\%wt. NaCl) conditions. Correspondingly, the samples are subjected to electrochemical corrosion test in 0.1M H2SO4 and 3.5\% wt. NaCl solutions. The SEM investigations carried out on the eroded weldment surface show glimpses of erosion mechanisms such as shallow and deep ploughing, oxide cracks, ridges and valleys, scale formation at some areas attributing to sulphide deposition. The corrosion that occurred on the weldment surface tested under acidic conditions is relatively high compared to the alkaline conditions. The reinforcement form factor is the most preferable weld bead characteristic to obtain better erosion and corrosion resistant weldments in the investigated pipe material. © 2021 World Scientific Publishing Company.}, language = {English}, number = {11}, journal = {Surface Review and Letters}, author = {Sudhakar, R. and Yoganandh, J. and Omprakasam, S.}, year = {2021}, note = {0 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: World Scientific}, keywords = {Acidic conditions, Alkaline conditions, Approximation theory, Automation, Butt welding, Corrosion behavior, Corrosion resistance, Corrosion-resistant, Corrosive effects, Electrochemical corrosion, Electrochemical corrosion tests, Environmental conditions, Erosion, Erosion mechanisms, Gas metal arc welding, Gas welding, Inert gas welding, Pipeline corrosion, Processing industry, Reinforcement, SEM, Scanning electron microscopy, Sodium chloride, Sulfur compounds, Sulfuric acid, Surface testing, Tensile strength, corrosion, erosion, pipes, welding}, } @article{subrattiRobustEfficientEconomical2020, title = {Robust, {Efficient}, and {Economical} {Magnetic} {Stirrer}: {A} {Device} {Based} on {Pulsed} {Width} {Modulation}, {Built} {Using} {Mainly} {Recycled} {Parts}}, volume = {97}, issn = {0021-9584}, shorttitle = {Robust, {Efficient}, and {Economical} {Magnetic} {Stirrer}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.9b00395}, doi = {10.1021/acs.jchemed.9b00395}, abstract = {A magnetic stirrer is an indispensable instrument in any laboratory setting. Commercially available stirrers are costly and have a defined life-span. The construction of a low-cost magnetic stirrer based on pulse width modulation is described. The design reported uses mainly recycled parts which results in a robust and efficient device at a very reasonable cost of ∼US\$17.50, which will be particularly attractive in developing countries. The project requires a multidisciplinary approach and can be utilized as a teaching exercise.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2025-01-15}, journal = {Journal of Chemical Education}, author = {Subratti, Afraz and Lalgee, Lorale J. and Jalsa, Nigel K.}, month = jan, year = {2020}, note = {6 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: American Chemical Society}, pages = {305--307}, } @article{stoicaSlidingWearEvaluation2004, title = {Sliding wear evaluation of hot isostatically pressed ({HIPed}) thermal spray cermet coatings}, volume = {257}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-10844295822&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2004.07.016&partnerID=40&md5=eaa5679a152c1db7c65152fc57cc6545}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2004.07.016}, abstract = {The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of applying hot isostatic pressing (HIPing) as a post-treatment to thermally sprayed wear resistant cermet coatings. The relative performance of the as-sprayed and hot isostatically pressed functionally graded WC-NiCrBSi coatings was investigated in sliding wear conditions. Coatings were deposited using a high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) - JP-5000 system, and HIPed without any encapsulation at temperatures of 850 and 1200°C. The influence of post-treatment temperature on the coating's wear resistance was thus investigated. Sliding wear tests were carried out using a high frequency reciprocating ball on plate rig using steel and ceramic balls under two different loads. Results are discussed in terms of microstructural investigations, phase transformations, mechanical properties, and residual stress investigations. The results indicated significant alteration of the coating microstructure, brought about by the coating post-treatment, particularly when carried out at the higher temperature of 1200°C. As a consequence, developments in the coating mechanical properties took place that led to higher wear resistance of the HIPed coatings. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {11}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Stoica, V. and Ahmed, R. and Itsukaichi, T. and Tobe, S.}, year = {2004}, note = {44 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cermets, Coating techniques, Encapsulation, Hot isostatic pressing, Hot isostatically pressed (HIPed) thermal spraying, Mechanical properties, Microstructure, Plate rigs, Residual stress, Sliding wear, Sliding wear tests, Spraying, Thermal spray coatings, WC–NiCrBSi, Wc-NiCrBSi, Wear mechanisms, Wear of materials, Wear resistance, coating, mechanical property, microstructure, sliding wear, spray, wear resistance, wear testing}, pages = {1103--1124}, } @article{stoicaInfluenceHeattreatmentSliding2005, title = {Influence of heat-treatment on the sliding wear of thermal spray cermet coatings}, volume = {199}, issn = {02578972 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-21844464044&doi=10.1016%2fj.surfcoat.2005.03.026&partnerID=40&md5=6ad736723e828d39edf4a37c5975d2dc}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2005.03.026}, abstract = {Functionally graded WC-NiCrBSi coatings were thermally sprayed using a High Velocity Oxy-Fuel (JP5000) system and heat-treated at 1200 °C in argon environment. The relative performance of the as-sprayed and heat-treated coatings was investigated in sliding wear under different tribological conditions of contact stress, and test couple configuration, using a high frequency reciprocating ball on plate rig. Test results are discussed with the help of microstructural evaluations and mechanical properties measurements. Results indicate that by heat-treating the coatings at a temperature of 1200 °C, it is possible to achieve higher wear resistance, both in terms of coating wear, as well as the total wear of the test couples. This was attributed to the improvements in the coating microstructure during the heat-treatment, which resulted in an improvement in coating's mechanical properties through the formation of hard phases, elimination of brittle W2C and W, and the establishment of metallurgical bonding within the coating microstructure. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {1}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Stoica, V. and Ahmed, R. and Itsukaichi, T.}, year = {2005}, note = {41 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Bonding, Brittleness, Cermets, Coating microstructure, Frequencies, Functionally graded materials, Heat treatment, Heat-treated coatings, Heat-treatment, High Velocity Oxy-Fuel, Mechanical properties, Microstructure, Nickel compounds, Phase composition, Sliding wear, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray coatings, Tribology, Tungsten compounds, Wear of materials, heat treatment, sliding wear}, pages = {7--21}, } @article{stewartRollingContactFatigue2005, title = {Rolling contact fatigue of post-treated {WC}-{NiCrBSi} thermal spray coatings}, volume = {190}, issn = {02578972 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-10144258701&doi=10.1016%2fj.surfcoat.2004.04.059&partnerID=40&md5=b897b1045660750c011dc9f7718f8bec}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2004.04.059}, abstract = {The aim of this experimental study was to comprehend the relative rolling contact fatigue (RCF) performance and failure modes of functional graded WC-NiCrBSi thermal spray coatings in the as-sprayed and post processed state, by means of Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIPing) and vacuum heating. Functional graded WC-NiCrBSi coatings were deposited by a JP5000 system. HIPing was carried out at two different furnace temperatures of 850 and 1200 °C, while vacuum heating was performed at the elevated temperature of 1200 °C. The rate of heating and cooling was kept constant at 4 °C/min. Rolling contact fatigue tests were conducted using a modified four ball machine under various tribological conditions of contact stress and configuration, in full film elasto hydrodynamic lubrication. Results are discussed in terms of the relative RCF performance of the as-sprayed and post-treated coatings, and also surface and sub-surface examination of rolling elements using scanning electron microscope (SEM), light microscope and surface interferometry. Test results reveal that performance of the coating was dependant on the microstructural changes due to post-treatment. Coatings heat-treated at 1200 °C displayed superior performance in RCF testing over the as-sprayed coatings at all stress levels (2, 2.3, 2.7 GPa) with emphasis on RCF performance at lower stress load of 2 GPa, where no failure occurred. Improvement in RCF performance was attributed to the diffusion between the carbides and matrix resulting in improved strength. At higher levels of contact stress, failure was surface initiated, and was attributed to initiation and propagation of micro-cracks at the edge of rolling contact region which led to coating delamination. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {2-3}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Stewart, S. and Ahmed, R. and Itsukaichi, T.}, year = {2005}, note = {63 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Failure modes, Fatigue of materials, Hot isostatic pressing, Hydrodynamics, Interferometry, Microstructure, Rolling contact fatigue, Rolling contact fatigue (RCF), Scanning electron microscopy, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray, Thermal spray coatings, Vacuum applications, coating}, pages = {171--189}, } @article{stewartMicrostructuralEvolutionThermally2000, title = {Microstructural evolution in thermally sprayed {WC}–{Co} coatings: comparison between nanocomposite and conventional starting powders}, volume = {48}, issn = {1359-6454}, shorttitle = {Microstructural evolution in thermally sprayed {WC}–{Co} coatings}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359645499004401}, doi = {10.1016/S1359-6454(99)00440-1}, abstract = {WC–Co coatings have been deposited by high velocity oxy-fuel thermal spraying of conventional and nanocomposite powders which contain WC grains in the size range 2–5μm and 70–250nm, respectively. The coatings differed not only in microstructural scale, but also in the nature and proportion of the phases present and in the overall degree of decarburization. A model describing the evolution of microstructure has been developed. As a WC–Co particle is heated in the hot gas jet, the cobalt phase melts and the WC grains begin to dissolve in it. The periphery of the semi-molten particle becomes decarburized by oxidation, promoting further WC dissolution in this region. Particle quenching on impact with the substrate results in precipitation from the melt of W2C and possibly W depending on the local melt composition. The larger surface to volume ratio of the WC in the nanocomposite material promotes more rapid dissolution and thus decarburization. Consequently, W2C is observed in both coatings, whereas W is found only in the nanocomposite deposit.}, number = {7}, urldate = {2024-07-10}, journal = {Acta Materialia}, author = {Stewart, D. A and Shipway, P. H and McCartney, D. G}, month = apr, year = {2000}, note = {323 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Carbides, Coating, Microstructure, Phase transformations, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)}, pages = {1593--1604}, } @article{stewartInfluenceHeatTreatment1998, title = {Influence of heat treatment on the abrasive wear behaviour of {HVOF} sprayed {WC}–{Co} coatings1}, volume = {105}, issn = {0257-8972}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0257897298004447}, doi = {10.1016/S0257-8972(98)00444-7}, abstract = {WC–17wt\%Co powders have been sprayed by the HVOF method to form coatings approximately 200μm thick on steel substrates. The microstructure of the coatings has been analysed and found to consist of WC, W2C and an amorphous binder phase. Some of the carbide particles are found to decarburise and dissolve in the liquid metal binder during spraying, resulting in a brittle binder phase in the coating. The coatings also exhibit tensile stresses in the as-sprayed condition. Coatings have been heat-treated at a range of temperatures between 250 and 1100°C. Heat treatment above 600°C results in significant phase changes within the coating. However, heat treatment at all the temperatures examined resulted in changes in the integrity and residual stress state of the coating due to thermal expansion coefficient mismatch between the coating and substrate. The abrasive wear behaviour of the as-sprayed and heat-treated coatings demonstrates that heat treatment improves the wear behaviour. Indeed, heat treatment at temperatures as low as 250°C has resulted in improvements in wear resistance of up to 35\%. The abrasive wear behaviour has been correlated with the residual stress state, coating integrity and microstructure.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-07-10}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Stewart, D. A and Shipway, P. H and McCartney, D. G}, month = jun, year = {1998}, note = {141 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Abrasion, HVOF, Heat treatment, Residual stress, Tungsten carbide}, pages = {13--24}, } @article{stewartContactFatigueFailure2004, title = {Contact fatigue failure evaluation of post-treated {WC}-{NiCrBSi} functionally graded thermal spray coatings}, volume = {257}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-5344229425&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2004.05.008&partnerID=40&md5=282797e169e05d05e57d8f6f5d24d353}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2004.05.008}, abstract = {Functionally graded thermal spray coatings applied to industrial components, which are subjected to contact fatigue or repeated impact loading, can reduce components weight and internal stresses whilst improving the adhesive strength to combat surface and sub-surface crack propagation. However, defects within the coating microstructure, which cannot be removed by the functionally graded approach, can compromise components reliability in high stress tribological applications. Post-treatments such as vacuum heating and Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIPing) have been shown in scientific studies to improve the coating microstrucrure, however, the influence of post-treatment on thermal spray coatings in rolling/sliding contacts have been seldom reported. This paper reports the rolling contact fatigue (RCF) analysis of functionally graded WC-NiCrBSi coatings deposited by a JP5000 system and subjected to post-treatment. HIPing was carried out at two different furnace temperatures of 850 and 1200°C, whilst vacuum heating was performed at the elevated temperature of 1200°C. The rate of heating and cooling was kept constant at 4°C/min. RCF tests were conducted using a modified four-ball machine under various tribological conditions of contact stress and configuration, in both full film and mixed elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication (EHL). Test results reveal that the performance of coatings was highly dependent on the changes within the coating microstrucrure, Coatings HIPed at 1200°C displayed relatively improved RCF performance over the as-sprayed coatings at stress levels of 2 and 2.7 GPa in full film lubrication. Improvement in RCF performance was attributed to the densification and homogeneity within the coating microstructure. © 2004 Published by Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, number = {9-10}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Stewart, S. and Ahmed, R. and Itsukaichi, T.}, year = {2004}, note = {73 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Adhesion, Crack propagation, Elastohydrodynamic lubrication, Fatigue of materials, HIPing, Heating, Hot isostatic pressing (HIP), Impact testing, Loads (forces), Microstructure, Post-treatment, Pressing (forming), Residual stresses, Rolling, Rolling contact fatigue, Rolling contact fatigue (RCF), Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray coating, Tribology, Tungsten alloys, Vacuum applications, Vacuum heating, coating, contact stress, crack propagation, fatigue analysis, film lubricant, rolling contact, sliding contact}, pages = {962--983}, } @article{stewartContactFatigueFailure2003, title = {Contact fatigue failure modes in hot isostatically pressed {WC}-12\%{Co} coatings}, volume = {172}, issn = {02578972 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0038792649&doi=10.1016%2fS0257-8972%2803%2900390-6&partnerID=40&md5=764554486f3ab8e601f16dc555e2d255}, doi = {10.1016/S0257-8972(03)00390-6}, abstract = {The objective of this experimental study was to investigate the influence of the post-treatment, Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIPing), on the Rolling Contact Fatigue (RCF) performance of thermal spray (WC-12\%Co) coatings. Thermal spray coatings were deposited using a JP5000 High Velocity Oxy Fuel (HVOF) system in three different thicknesses on the surface of 440-C steel substrate cones to vary the depth of the shear stress within the Hertzian stress field. The furnace temperature during the HIPing process was varied at 850 °C and 1200 °C. RCF tests were conducted using a modified four ball machine under identical tribological conditions of contact stress, configuration and lubrication. Surface observations were made using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Light Microscopy. Results of this preliminary study, which is the first of its kind in published literature to evaluate the RCF of HIPed cermet coatings, indicate that variation in HIPing temperature can have a significant influence on a coating's delamination resistance. These results are discussed to comprehend the performance and ascertain the fatigue failure modes in HIPed HVOF coated rolling elements. Apart from comparing the failure modes between HIPed and As-Sprayed coatings, results indicate that by increasing the HIPing temperature to 1200 °C, and maintaining full film lubrication, it is possible to achieve a fatigue life in excess of 70 million stress cycles without failure in relatively thin (50 μm) cermet coatings. Coating failure was attributed to maximum shear stress occurring either at the coating/substrate interface or within the coating microstructure, resulting in delamination due to cyclic loading. © 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {2-3}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Stewart, S. and Ahmed, R.}, year = {2003}, note = {51 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier}, keywords = {Cyclic loads, Electric conductivity, Failure, Failure modes, Fatigue of materials, Hot isostatic pressing, Inorganic coatings, Optical microscopy, Rolling contact fatigue, Scanning electron microscopy, Sprayed coatings, Spraying, Thermal spray, Thermal spray coatings, Tribology, Tungsten, performance assessment, rolling contact}, pages = {204--216}, } @article{stellerQuantitativeAssessmentMaterial2005, series = {Second {International} {Conference} on {Erosive} and {Abrasive} {Wear}}, title = {Towards quantitative assessment of material resistance to cavitation erosion}, volume = {258}, issn = {0043-1648}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043164804001905}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2004.02.015}, abstract = {The progress in developing a new method of assessing material resistance to cavitation erosion is reported. The method proposed incorporates procedures for determining cavitation impingement structure, superposing erosive effects of various cavitation impingement fractions and determining the set of parameters needed to describe material performance under cavitation load of given amplitude distribution. The experimental techniques applied and results obtained in the process of validating and developing the method are presented. At the moment, the Sitnik model of erosion progress under uniform cavitation impingement seems especially well suited for further work on erosion modeling. No evidence of cavitation macropulses due to collective phenomena acting simultaneously on a major part of a specimen has been identified in the IMP PAN cavitation tunnel. It is shown that cavitation pulses distribution can be approximated by means of a power-exponential distribution. The mean erosion rates of PA2 aluminium alloy and E04 Armco iron have been found almost proportional to the ME cavitation intensity index even after a test of 10h duration.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-08-01}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Steller, J. and Krella, A. and Koronowicz, J. and Janicki, W.}, month = jan, year = {2005}, note = {48 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cavitation, Cavitation erosion, Data processing, PVDF, Structural analysis}, pages = {604--613}, } @article{stellerErosiveWearModelling2021, title = {Erosive wear modelling by means of the fractional approach}, volume = {484-485}, issn = {0043-1648}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043164821004038}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2021.204015}, abstract = {Fractional approach to modelling cavitation erosion kinetics was proposed by the author over two decades ago as a response to incompatibilities in material resistance assessments following from the International Cavitation Erosion Test project. The current status of the methodology, with overview of research conducted so far as well as discussion of the approach potential and limitations, was summarized in a paper published by Wear in 2020. After recapitulating the background, basic assumptions and available results, the present paper explains some details of the computational algorithm applied, including solution of the equation of polyfractional erosion kinetics and technique of extracting monofractional erosion curves from several tests conducted under polyfractional load conditions. Cavitation fatigue strength characteristics are derived from the fractional erosion curves. The methodology description is illustrated by examples. However, description of experimental technique has been confined this time to the minimum necessary for reading the present text independently of previous publications. The paper has been written as it came to author's awareness that the previous description of the methodology concept and results might be insufficient for its successful application and possible development by other researchers. The prospects for such development are discussed in the final part of the paper.}, urldate = {2025-02-24}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Steller, Janusz}, month = nov, year = {2021}, note = {5 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cavitation, Erosion modelling, International Cavitation Erosion Test, Polyfractional erosion}, pages = {204015}, } @article{stellerCavitationDamageResult2020, title = {Cavitation damage as a result of polyfractional erosion process}, volume = {456-457}, issn = {0043-1648}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043164820302544}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2020.203369}, abstract = {The paper reports on the progress in development of the fractional model of cavitation erosion kinetics. The model was proposed by the author in the end of nineties as a tool aimed at overcoming the incompatibility in cavitation erosion resistance assessments based on tests conducted at different facilities. The methodology proposed assumes testing materials under different conditions and describing their resistance to each load fraction under consideration by parameters of an analytic function modelling the monofractional cumulative erosion curves. A differential superposition law is used to derive the erosion curve under a polyfractional impingement. The fractional model has been used to retrieve cavitation load at test facilities involved in the International Cavitation Erosion Test project and to predict erosion at a rotating disk rig basing on the results of the cavitation tunnel tests. The technique of determining the erosive load basing on the pressure pulses amplitude distribution is currently considered the main weakness of the approach. Statistical analysis of pit distribution in a soft material in the initial period of erosion and the use of research results of LEGI lab (Grenoble, France) is proposed as a solution. Some further research aimed at refining the methodology is suggested as well.}, urldate = {2024-08-01}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Steller, Janusz}, month = sep, year = {2020}, note = {10 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cavitation, Erosion, Fractional erosion model, International Cavitation Erosion Test, Laboratory test}, pages = {203369}, } @article{srinivasMechanicalCorrosionCavitation2022, title = {Mechanical, corrosion and cavitation erosion properties of {LM} 9 grade aluminium–multi-walled carbon nanotubes composites}, volume = {20}, issn = {14484846 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85087522181&doi=10.1080%2f14484846.2020.1784557&partnerID=40&md5=bb2a34ac4c8cdbcaaf82131691653fe6}, doi = {10.1080/14484846.2020.1784557}, abstract = {This paper is intended to study mechanical, corrosion and cavitation erosion properties of aluminium metal matrix composites with Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as reinforcement. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes in different weight percentages (1, 2 and 3\%) are reinforced in Light metal 9 (LM 9) aluminium alloy using the ultrasonic stir casting method. Hardness, pitting corrosion potential and erosion resistance are evaluated to assess the influence of different weight percentages of MWCNTs as reinforcements in LM 9 alloy. The results indicate that Aluminium–MWCNTs composites possess an improved hardness of up to 150 \% compared to base LM 9 alloy. The pitting corrosion resistance of composites was found to be excellent with minimum corrosion damage to the composite specimen. Cavitation erosion test performed as per ASTM G32 indicates a decrease in erosion wear for composites reinforced with MWCNTs compared to base material LM 9. The property improvement of the LM 9–MWCNT composite under dynamic conditions is verified using SEM micrographs. The effect of weight percentage of MWCNTs found to be significant in the enhancement of properties.  There are 16 \% and 30 \% reductions respectively in pitting corrosion potential and erosive wear respectively for composite with 3 \% MWCNTs. © 2020 Engineers Australia.}, language = {English}, number = {4}, journal = {Australian Journal of Mechanical Engineering}, author = {Srinivas, V. and Jayaraj, A. and Venkataramana, V.S.N. and Ravisankar, H. and Moorthy, C.V.K.N.S.N.}, year = {2022}, note = {7 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Taylor and Francis Ltd.}, keywords = {Aluminium alloy LM 9, Aluminium metal matrix composites, Aluminum corrosion, Cavitation, Composite specimens, Corrosion potentials, Corrosion resistance, Erosion, Erosion resistance, Hardness, Metallic matrix composites, Multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNTs), Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCN), Nanotubes, Pitting, Property improvement, Reinforced plastics, Reinforcement, Stir casting method, Wear of materials, Weight percentages, cavitation erosion, composite, hardness, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, pitting corrosion}, pages = {1126--1135}, } @inproceedings{srichenEffectsHeatTreatments2021, title = {Effects of heat treatments on the microstructure and hardness of thermally sprayed {Ni}-{Cr}-{Mo}-{Al} alloy coating}, volume = {1719}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85100776041&doi=10.1088%2f1742-6596%2f1719%2f1%2f012060&partnerID=40&md5=292ed51a9a5ba5ec7efab8cb8464db75}, doi = {10.1088/1742-6596/1719/1/012060}, abstract = {Thermal spray coating is one of the technologies used to prevent corrosion and wear by creating a protective layer on the substrate. From previous research, the microstructure of arc-sprayed nickel-chromium-molybdenum-aluminium (Ni-Cr-Mo-Al) after heat treatment at 1100°C was investigated. It was found that the corrosion rate of this coating under 20vol\%H2SO4 was reduced by 97\%. However, the heat treatment at high temperatures is still limited to industrial applications. Therefore, this research will focus on studying microstructure and properties after heat treatment at moderately high temperatures, which are in a range of service temperature. Specimens were arc sprayed and heat treated at 300, 400, 500, 600 and 700°C and characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) technique. Phases were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). There was no significant change of γ-Ni grains after heat treated at 600°C for 10 days from the Electron Backscattered Diffraction (EBSD) study. The hardness of the coatings increased after heat treatments due to a reduction in porosity, an increase of oxides and the formation of MoSi2. © Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence.}, author = {Srichen, A. and Banjongprasert, C.}, year = {2021}, note = {2 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Issue: 1}, keywords = {After-heat treatment, Aluminum alloys, Aluminum coatings, Aluminum metallography, Chromium alloys, Chromium metallography, Corrosion and wears, Corrosion prevention, Corrosion rate, Corrosion resistant coatings, Effects of heat treatment, Electron back-scattered diffraction, Energy dispersive X ray spectroscopy, Energy dispersive spectroscopy, Hardness, Metal cladding, Microstructure, Microstructure and properties, Moderately high temperature, Molybdenum alloys, Molybdenum metallography, Nickel alloys, Nickel metallography, Scanning electron microscopy, Service temperature, Sprayed coatings, Sulfuric acid, Thermal spray coatings}, } @article{sreedharCavitationDamageTheory2017, title = {Cavitation damage: {Theory} and measurements – {A} review}, volume = {372-373}, issn = {0043-1648}, shorttitle = {Cavitation damage}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043164816307487}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2016.12.009}, abstract = {This paper reviews the work done to understand cavitation damage. The paper covers the theoretical formulation of cavitation bubble collapse and the estimate of bubble collapse pressure, the techniques for measurement of cavitation damage in the laboratory and the special facilities for measurement of cavitation damage in sodium, the instrumentation for measurement of collapse pressure during cavitation as well as the work done in predicting damage from material properties. The paper also discusses the work done on cavitation damage in liquid sodium and concludes with a discussion on reasons for the limited success in achieving good damage prediction.}, urldate = {2024-08-01}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Sreedhar, B. K. and Albert, S. K. and Pandit, A. B.}, month = feb, year = {2017}, note = {190 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cavitation, Cavitation equipment, Damage measurement, Instrumentation, Sodium}, pages = {177--196}, } @article{souzaUsingSituAtomic2007, title = {Using in situ atomic force microscopy to investigate the kinetics of corrosion of {WC}-{Co}-{Cr} cermet coatings applied by high-velocity oxy-fuel}, volume = {129}, issn = {00944289 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34248159345&doi=10.1115%2f1.2400258&partnerID=40&md5=bbdb266e3c61b3527c9ffec54b2579c9}, doi = {10.1115/1.2400258}, abstract = {Most of the early applications of thermal spray coatings were focused toward providing a remedy to excessive wear degradation. However, as the introduction of such coatings into wider industrial sections increases there is also exposure to other potential degradation processes - aqueous corrosion is one such process. The complex microstructures in cermet coatings have been shown to translate to complex modes of corrosion attack. In this paper an electrochemical test methodology to probe the local/microaspects of corrosion initiation and propagation will be described. A new electrochemical cell has been devised in which the corrosion can be followed "live" and in "real-time." The surface is subjected to in situ imaging by atomic force microscopy which shows that not only the binder (Co, Cr) corrodes in high-velocity oxy-fuel thermal spray coatings but also the hard phase, with oxidation and dissolution of WC/W2C taking place. Also potentiostatic tests indicated that the corrosion of WC-based coatings follows an Arrhenius relationship enabling the determination of activation energy (Ea) for the corrosion of WC and demonstrating that the oxidation and dissolution of WC are temperature, particle size, potential, and pH related Copyright © 2007 by ASME.}, language = {English}, number = {1}, journal = {Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology}, author = {Souza, V.A.D. and Neville, A.}, year = {2007}, note = {6 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers(ASME)}, keywords = {AFM, Activation energy, Atomic force microscopy, Cermets, Corrosion WC, Corrosion rate, Oxidation, Potentiostatic tests, Thermal spray coatings, Thermal spraying, WC-Co-Cr cermet coatings, Wear degradation, Wear of materials, pH effects}, pages = {55--68}, } @article{souzaMechanismsKineticsWCCoCr2006, title = {Mechanisms and kinetics of {WC}-{Co}-{Cr} high velocity oxy-fuel thermal spray coating degradation in corrosive environments}, volume = {15}, issn = {10599630 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33645651271&doi=10.1361%2f105996306X92677&partnerID=40&md5=3709fd4e151184faee4547eaeb3a2735}, doi = {10.1361/105996306X92677}, abstract = {In this work, aspects of the corrosion behavior of WC-Co-Cr high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) thermal spray coatings have been assessed using a combination of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to understand the corrosion mechanisms and, in particular, the electrochemical interactions between phases. Direct curent electrochemical accelerated corrosion techniques (potentiodynamic and potentiostatic tests) were performed to evaluate the corrosion kinetics of the coating. After the corrosion tests, the solution was analyzed using the inductively coupled plasma (ICP) technique, and a considerable amount of dissolved tungsten was detected. By combining information from XPS, SEM, ICP, and anodic polarization results, it is possible to propose a number of key reactions that can take place during WC-Co-Cr coating degradation, thus enabling the susceptible components of the coating to be identified. The implications of these findings for coating durability are discussed. © ASM International.}, language = {English}, number = {1}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {Souza, V.A.D. and Neville, A.}, year = {2006}, note = {50 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Anodic polarization, Durability, Electrochemical corrosion, Electrochemical interactions, Electrochemistry, High velocity oxy-fuel, High velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF), Inductively coupled plasma, Reaction kinetics, Scanning electron microscopy, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray coatings, Tungsten compounds, WC, X ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)}, pages = {106--117}, } @article{souzaLinkingElectrochemicalCorrosion2003, title = {Linking electrochemical corrosion behaviour and corrosion mechanisms of thermal spray cermet coatings ({WC}–{CrNi} and {WC}/{CrC}–{CoCr})}, volume = {352}, issn = {0921-5093}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921509302008882}, doi = {10.1016/S0921-5093(02)00888-2}, abstract = {In this experimental study the corrosion characteristics (rates and mechanisms) of two thermally-sprayed cermet (ceramic/metal composite) coatings have been examined in a static saline environment. The coatings have complex microstructures where the ceramic hard-phase constituents are embedded in a metallic matrix. Their electrochemical response during accelerated corrosion DC polarisation tests reflects this complexity. A test protocol involving potentiostatic and potentiodynamic tests has been devised which enables the mechanisms of corrosion occurring on the WC/CrC–CoCr cermet and the WC–CrNi cermet to be compared and contrasted. A ‘critical’ temperature has been defined for the WC–CrNi coating similar to the critical pitting temperature defined for stainless steels. Electrochemical behaviour, which can not be simply described as truly ‘passive’ behavior, is displayed by the WC/CrC–CoCr coating and such a well-defined ‘critical’ temperature is not apparent. The contrasting mechanisms of corrosion on the two coatings, identified during post-test examination, can be correlated to the contrasting electrochemical response.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-10-12}, journal = {Materials Science and Engineering: A}, author = {Souza, V. A. D and Neville, A}, month = jul, year = {2003}, note = {89 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cermet, Coating, Corrosion, Electrochemistry, Thermal spray}, pages = {202--211}, } @article{souzaFatigueStrengthHVOF2008, title = {Fatigue strength of {HVOF} sprayed {Cr3C2}-{25NiCr} and {WC}-{10Ni} on {AISI} 4340 steel}, volume = {203}, issn = {02578972 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-55049136704&doi=10.1016%2fj.surfcoat.2008.07.038&partnerID=40&md5=2a06c02b26ca28e9570bbf3cb94067cb}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2008.07.038}, abstract = {The fatigue strength of coated material is significantly influenced by internal residual stresses. Chromium coatings are used in applications to guarantee protection against wear and corrosion, combined with chemical resistance and good lubricity. The reduction in the fatigue strength of base material and since this technology presents detrimental environmental and health effects, resulted in the search on coatings viewed as being capable of replacing hard chrome plating. Thermally sprayed HVOF coatings are being considered to replace galvanic chromium deposits in industrial applications with, at least, comparable performance with respect to wear and corrosion resistance. The aim of the present study is to compare the influence of Cr3C2-25NiCr and WC-10Ni coatings applied by HVOF process and hard chromium electroplating on the fatigue strength, abrasive wear and corrosion resistance of AISI 4340 steel. S-N curves were obtained in axial fatigue tests for base material, chromium plated and HVOF coated specimens. Experimental data showed higher axial fatigue resistance for HVOF coated specimens in comparison to electroplated chromium. The wear weight loss tests indicated better results for the HVOF thermal spray processing in comparison to the chromium electroplating. An increase in the corrosion resistance of steel protected with WC-10Ni HVOF coatings occurred with increased coating thickness. For Cr3C2-25NiCr HVOF coating, results indicate clearly the higher salt spray resistance. © 2008.}, language = {English}, number = {3-4}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Souza, R.C. and Voorwald, H.J.C. and Cioffi, M.O.H.}, year = {2008}, note = {62 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier}, keywords = {AISI 4340 steel, Abrasive coatings, Axial fatigue tests, Chromate coatings, Chromium, Chromium coatings, Chromium electroplating, Chromium plating, Coated materials, Coatings, Corrosion, Corrosion resistance, Electroplating, Environmental and health effects, Environmental technology, Fatigue, Fatigue of materials, Fatigue testing, HVOF thermal spraying, Hard coatings, Nickel, Sprayed coatings, Strength of materials, Thermal spray coatings, Thermal spray processing, Thickness measurement, Tungsten carbide, Wear, Wear and corrosion resistance, Wear of materials, Wear resistance}, pages = {191--198}, } @article{souzaEffectWC17CoThermal2003, title = {The {Effect} of {WC}-{17Co} {Thermal} {Spray} {Coating} {By} {HVOF} and {Hard} {Chromium} {Electroplating} on the {Fatigue} {Life} and {Abrasive} {Wear} {Resistance} of {AISI} 4340 {High} {Strength} {Steel}}, volume = {21}, issn = {03346005 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0037255652&doi=10.1515%2fCORRREV.2003.21.1.75&partnerID=40&md5=4b280d8552f3a7f1b05d21634168a684}, doi = {10.1515/CORRREV.2003.21.1.75}, abstract = {One of the most interesting alternatives for replacement of hard chrome plating is tungsten carbide thermal spray coating applied by the high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) process which presents a safer, cleaner and less expensive alternative to chromium plating. The objective of this research is to compare the influence of the tungsten carbide-17cobalt (WC-17Co) coating applied by high velocity oxy fuel (HVOF) process with that of hard-chromium electroplating on the fatigue strength and abrasive wear of AISI 4340 steel. © 2003, by Walter de Gruyter GmbH \& Co. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {1}, journal = {Corrosion Reviews}, author = {Souza, R.C. and Nascimento, M.P. and Voorwald, H.J.C. and Pigatin, W.L.}, year = {2003}, note = {12 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Electroplating, Fatigue of materials, HVOF, Hard chromium electroplating, High strength steel, High velocity oxy-fuel process, Protective coatings, Steel, Strength of materials, Thermal spray coating, Tungsten alloys, WC-17Co thermal spray coating, Wear resistance, abrasive wear, fatigue, hard chromium electroplating}, pages = {75--96}, } @article{souzaAspectsMicrostructureSynergy2007, title = {Aspects of microstructure on the synergy and overall material loss of thermal spray coatings in erosion-corrosion environments}, volume = {263}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34548219588&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2007.01.071&partnerID=40&md5=4f3c2956635d918f7eeee51724e1655c}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2007.01.071}, abstract = {The influence of microstructure on the overall material loss in erosion-corrosion environments is presented for WC-Co-Cr coatings applied by (i) High Velocity Oxy-Fuel (HVOF) and (ii) Super Detonation-Gun (D-Gun) processes. The study is focused on understanding the synergy effect (here defined as the enhancement of erosion due to corrosion effects) on material loss when two different microstructures are formed and also the influence of chemical composition of the coating. Experiments showed that HVOF coatings have a slightly lower corrosion resistance than the Super Detonation-Gun (D-Gun) coatings but higher overall erosion-corrosion resistance. It is important to point out that HVOF and Super D-Gun coating microstructures vary depending on parameters of application and therefore the results presented in this paper cannot be generalised. In this work a particular case is presented to establish a link between the coating composition, microstructure and erosion-corrosion performance for WC-Co-Cr coatings when different microstructures are formed. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {1-6 SPEC. ISS.}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Souza, V.A.D. and Neville, A.}, year = {2007}, note = {80 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Chemical composition, Coating composition, Coatings, Corrosion resistance, Erosion-corrosion, Erosion–corrosion, Microstructure, Parameter estimation, Synergy, Synergy effect, Thermal spray coatings, Thermal spraying}, pages = {339--346}, } @article{sotoodehStelliteWeldOverlay2023, title = {Stellite {Weld} {Overlay} {Qualification} on the {Body} of a {Dual} {Plate} {Check} {Valve} in {Low}-{Temperature} {Carbon} {Steel} in the {Offshore} {Oil} and {Gas} {Industry}}, volume = {47}, copyright = {2022 The Society for Experimental Mechanics, Inc}, issn = {1747-1567}, url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40799-022-00594-1}, doi = {10.1007/s40799-022-00594-1}, abstract = {Stellite is a cobalt-chromium alloy that is widely used for hard facing of the industrial valves’ internal components, including the seat and closure member, to prevent erosion and cavitation. Although previous studies have emphasized using stellite to avoid erosion and wearing of substrates, most of them do not focus on applying this material for the valve industry in oil and gas projects. Thus, the present study mainly aims to provide a method to qualify the stellite 6 hardfacing applied on the low-temperature carbon steel (LTCS) valve body contact surface with disks and ensure that the weld overlay is used correctly. This study has developed a weld overlay qualification method including various tests such as Non-destructive test (NDT), Charpy V-Notch test, chemical composition, hardness test, and finally micro examination. The results of the trials and interpretation and evaluation are also included in this research.}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2025-02-08}, journal = {Experimental Techniques}, author = {Sotoodeh, Karan}, month = aug, year = {2023}, note = {1 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Company: Springer Distributor: Springer Institution: Springer Label: Springer Number: 4 Publisher: Springer International Publishing}, pages = {929--938}, } @article{songEffectSiAddition2023, title = {Effect of {Si} addition on microstructures and oxidation behavior of {CoCrW} alloy prepared by spark plasma sintering}, volume = {214}, issn = {0010-938X}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010938X23000537}, doi = {10.1016/j.corsci.2023.111011}, abstract = {Three Stellite alloys with different Si contents (CCW, CCW-3Si and CCW-5Si) were prepared via spark plasma sintering. Their oxidation behavior at 800 °C was studied. After 200 h oxidation, oxide scale grown on the alloys CCW and CCW-3Si is mainly composed of Cr2O3 and CoCr2O4. While for the alloy CCW-5Si, SiO2 formed at the alloy/scale interface, which inhibited effectively the outward diffusion of Co and ensured the formation of a pure and dense external Cr2O3 scale. Its oxidation resistance is significantly improved, and the parabolic rate constant accounts for less than one fifth of that of CCW.}, urldate = {2024-11-17}, journal = {Corrosion Science}, author = {Song, Kaili and Liu, Chengji and Chen, Minghui and Xie, Leipeng and Sun, Wenyao and Wang, Fuhui}, month = apr, year = {2023}, note = {6 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {CoCrW alloy, Compound pinning, Diffusion, Oxidation, Si addition}, pages = {111011}, } @article{solnyshkinTemperatureEvolutionDielectric2024, title = {Temperature evolution of dielectric characteristics of {PVDF} and {P}({VDF}-{TrFE}) films produced by {4D} printing}, issn = {2226-4442}, doi = {10.26456/pcascnn/2024.16.720}, abstract = {In this work, films of polyvinylidene fluoride, copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and trifluoroethylene have been studied. The samples were made by direct ink writing technology. Some of the produced films were polarized in the corona discharge field. The dependences of the relative permittivity on temperature were studied for the films. The study showed that for polyvinylidene fluoride films, no maximum is observed in the dependences of the permittivity on temperature, since the assumed temperature of the ferroelectric phase transition is higher than the melting temperature. The maximum in the temperature dependence of permittivity for polarized copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and trifluoroethylene films is shifted by 10 degrees C toward higher temperatures compared to the maximum for non-polarized films. In this case, the permittivity of non-polarized films has higher values compared to the corresponding value for polarized samples. This is due to an increase in the proportion of the beta-phase after polarization, as well as to the internal electric field caused by the space charge formed during the polarization process at the phase boundaries.}, language = {Russian}, number = {16}, journal = {PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF THE STUDY OF CLUSTERS NANOSTRUCTURES AND NANOMATERIALS}, author = {Solnyshkin, AV and Vostrov, NV and Gudkov, SI and Belov, AN}, year = {2024}, note = {0 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {3D printing, 4D printing, Curie temperature, PHASE-TRANSITION, additive technologies, ferroelectric polymer, permittivity, phase transition}, pages = {720--728}, } @article{sivarajanEffectPowerScan2021, title = {Effect of power and scan speed on the melt profile and hardness of laser-treated {HVOF} thermally sprayed nanostructured {WC}-{12Co} mixed with {Inconel} 625 coatings}, volume = {7}, issn = {2374068X (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85083662878&doi=10.1080%2f2374068X.2020.1754742&partnerID=40&md5=60c086b3820c6e65b0de546fa591fcda}, doi = {10.1080/2374068X.2020.1754742}, abstract = {The life of a machine part limited by high wear rate can be prolonged by HVOF thermal spray coatings followed by laser treatment. The main hindrance of the HVOF spraying is the porosity of the coatings, which can disturb its performance in particularly erosion/corrosion environments. In the present paper, three coating materials have been arranged. Tungsten carbide cobalt (WC-12Co) of both conventional micro-sized Diamalloy 2004 and superfine nanostructured InfralloyTM S7412, mixed with Inconel 625 (Ni-Cr alloy) Diamalloy 1005, were used to produce hard coatings applied by HVOF thermally sprayed process onto carbon steel 4041 substrates. The substrates were laser treated by changing laser power and scanning speed. The present work investigates the effect of laser power and scan speed on the melt profile and microhardness on the laser-treated HVOF thermally sprayed coatings. This study of laser treatment and melt profile gives physical insight into the process and provides useful information on the effect of laser power and scan speed. Laser treatment of thermally sprayed coatings could considerably improve the hardness of the laser-treated zone and minimise the porosity of coatings. © 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor \& Francis Group.}, language = {English}, number = {1}, journal = {Advances in Materials and Processing Technologies}, author = {Sivarajan, S. and Padmanabhan, R. and Stokes, J.}, year = {2021}, note = {2 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Taylor and Francis Ltd.}, keywords = {HVOF, Wear, laser treatment, power, scan speed}, pages = {126--135}, } @article{singhWettingErosiveBehavior2023, title = {Wetting and erosive behavior of {VC}-{TiC} + {CuNi}-{Cr} based coatings developed by {HVOF}: {Role} of laser texturing}, volume = {152}, issn = {13506307 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85165058455&doi=10.1016%2fj.engfailanal.2023.107479&partnerID=40&md5=508444634d36b449cf9ec2a381693b17}, doi = {10.1016/j.engfailanal.2023.107479}, abstract = {Laser texturing method was used in the current study to create a micro-textured surface over SS316 steel with HVOF (High Velocity Oxy-fuel) sprayed VC-TiC and CuNi-Cr based coatings. The static contact angle, cross-sectional characterization, hardness, EDS mapping, surface roughness, porosity percentage, XRD analysis, bond strength and slurry erosion resistance of textured and non-textured surfaces were measured. Slurry erosion experiments were carried out in accordance with ASTM G-73 standards. According to the findings, laser texturing was found as an effective technique for increasing the static contact angle of the surfaces, which in turn increases the slurry erosion resistance of the surfaces. SEM images were used to analyze the failure mechanism, and it was discovered that hard surfaces experienced a brittle mode of failure, whereas soft surfaces experienced a ductile mode of failure. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd}, language = {English}, journal = {Engineering Failure Analysis}, author = {Singh, V. and Singla, A.K. and Bansal, A.}, year = {2023}, note = {14 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {'current, Abrasion, Brittle fracture, Cavitation, Contact angle, Cr-based, Ductile fracture, Erosion, Erosion resistance, HVOF thermal spraying, High velocity oxy fuel, Hydraulic machinery, Laser texturing, Mechanical Engineering, Micro-textured surfaces, Mode of failures, Slurry erosion, Sprayed coatings, Static contact angle, Steel, Surface coating, Surface coatings, Surface roughness, Titanium alloys, Titanium carbide, Wear, Wetting}, } @article{singhSlurryErosionPerformance2023, title = {Slurry erosion performance analysis and characterization of high-velocity oxy-fuel sprayed {Ni} and {Co} hardsurfacing alloy coatings}, volume = {35}, issn = {10183639 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85110104325&doi=10.1016%2fj.jksues.2021.06.009&partnerID=40&md5=2c34f0b7ed7a01e57464134b91c6fa1d}, doi = {10.1016/j.jksues.2021.06.009}, abstract = {In this paper, the performance of hardsurfacing Cobalt alloy (Stellite 6) and Nickel alloy (Colmonoy 88) was tested in tribological slurry conditions by using a pot tester. Thermal spraying powders were deposited on AISI 316L substrates by using a high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) technique. Wear experiments are carried out using a lab-scale pot tester at low velocities like 1.81, 2.71, 3.61, and 4.59 m/s. The high mass flux of ashes (ranging 30–60 wt\%) is used to produce severe accelerated conditions. The effect of the size fraction of eroding particles was evaluated by preparing the multi-sized slurries of size fractions (ASTM: −200, −140 + 200, −100 + 140, and −60 + 100). Results show that the microhardness of AISI 316L was improved by the HVOF depositing of Cobalt alloy-6 and Nickel alloy-88. The average surface microhardness of Cobalt alloy-6 was found lower (439 ± 19 HV1000) than the Nickel alloy-88 coating (601 ± 11 HV1000). Erosion performance of coatings was found to be increased with an increase in the value of the velocity, time, mass flux, and weighted mean size of eroding particles. Results show that the Ni-alloy improved the wear resistance of AISI 316L by 2.03 ± 0.021 times in fly ash slurry conditions and 3.21 ± 0.035 times in bottom ash slurry conditions. However, the Co-alloy was beneficial in reducing the wear of AISI 316L by 1.48 ± 0.019 times in fly ash and 2.50 ± 0.032 times in bottom ash slurry conditions. Moreover, the maximum wear of AISI 316L steel was observed at an impingement angle of 30° whereas 60° and 45° for Ni-alloy and Co-alloy coatings respectively in fly ash conditions. Although, the AISI 316L and Ni-alloy coating show maximum wear at the same impingement conditions under the bottom ash slurry conditions. However, the Co-alloy coating showed maximum wear at 60° in bottom ash slurry conditions. © 2021 King Saud University}, language = {English}, number = {6}, journal = {Journal of King Saud University - Engineering Sciences}, author = {Singh, J.}, year = {2023}, note = {18 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: King Saud University}, keywords = {316L, 316L steel, AISI 316L steel, AISI 316l steel, Abrasion, Alloy coatings, Ash handling, Austenitic stainless steel, Bottom ash, Cobalt alloys, Colmonoy, Condition, Erosion, Fly ash, HVOF technique, HVOF thermal spraying, High velocity oxy-fuel techniques, Microhardness, Nickel alloys, Nickel coatings, Particle size, Particle size analysis, Pot tester, Slurry erosion, Sprayed coatings, Stellite, Velocity, Wear resistance}, pages = {415--429}, } @article{singhReviewDesignAnalysis2023, title = {A review on the design and analysis for the application of {Wear} and corrosion resistance coatings}, issn = {19552513 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85161868755&doi=10.1007%2fs12008-023-01411-8&partnerID=40&md5=0c5c907b20e78c50dc4fc97172959647}, doi = {10.1007/s12008-023-01411-8}, abstract = {This numerical modelling has enabled the prediction of wear rates in different materials and for different sliding conditions. It has also enabled the development of more efficient and reliable wear-resistant materials. Additionally, this modelling has been applied to improve the performance of existing components and to design new ones. The WC-Co coatings are used for wear resistance applications. The paper discusses the numerical modelling approach used for the development of coatings. The different governing equations have been discussed for the development of coatings with respect to process parameters. In this article, discuss the effects of Plasma spraying (PS), cold spraying, HVOF, and DS produce particles with the maximum temperature. WC, WC-12Co, WC-CoCr, WC-(W,Cr), Cr3C2–NiCr, and TiC feedstock powders cover surfaces in thermal spray coating. HVOF deposition coats a variety of substrates efficiently and economically. HVOF deposits homogeneous coatings with low porosity and great wear and corrosion resistance. Heat treatment can improve thermal spray coatings after processing. As a final point, advances in numerical modelling of sliding wear rate are discussed in this article. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag France SAS, part of Springer Nature.}, language = {English}, journal = {International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing}, author = {Singh, N. and Mehta, A. and Vasudev, H. and Samra, P.S.}, year = {2023}, note = {13 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Springer-Verlag Italia s.r.l.}, keywords = {Chromium compounds, Computing, Corrosion resistance, Corrosion resistant coatings, Corrosion, substrate, microstructure, Design and analysis, HVOF thermal spraying, Nickel compounds, Numerical modelling, Numerical models, Sliding conditions, Sprayed coatings, Substrate microstructure, Substrates, Sustainability, Thermal spray coatings, Titanium carbide, Variable, Variables, Wear and corrosion resistance, Wear of materials, Wear resistance, Wear resistant materials, Wear-rate}, } @article{singhPerformanceYttriaZirconia2023, title = {Performance of {Yttria} and {Zirconia} reinforced {WC}-{10Co4Cr} {HVOF} {Coatings} of {Slurry} {Pump}}, issn = {2374068X (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85175103906&doi=10.1080%2f2374068X.2023.2241796&partnerID=40&md5=42b3dfe0d3efa8055389c68661638da9}, doi = {10.1080/2374068X.2023.2241796}, abstract = {This research paper focuses on the development of additive-based erosion-resistant high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) WC-10Co4Cr coating for pump steel. In this study, the WC-10Co4Cr cermet powder consists of yttria and zirconia, each with a concentration of 3 wt.\%. The HVOF spraying method was utilised to develop the ceramics-added WC-10Co4Cr coatings. The study conducted erosion tests using a pot tester under mining conditions. The microstructure, crystalline phases and microhardness of the as-HVOF coatings were analysed and compared between the pure and ceramics-based WC-10Co4Cr coatings. The results revealed the effect of ceramics addition on surface erosion of WC-10Co4Cr coating. The results indicate that yttrium oxide enhances the performance of WC-10Co4Cr coating in terms of erosion resistance, while zirconium oxide is not suitable for use in WC-10Co4Cr coating in erosion wear environments. © 2023 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor \& Francis Group.}, language = {English}, journal = {Advances in Materials and Processing Technologies}, author = {Singh, J. and Kumar, S. and Vasudev, H. and Gill, H.S. and Kumar, S.}, year = {2023}, note = {0 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Taylor and Francis Ltd.}, keywords = {HVOF, Wear, slurry erosion, thermal spray coatings, tribology}, } @article{singhNeuralComputingTaguchi2023a, title = {Neural computing and {Taguchi}’s methodbased study on erosion of advanced {Mo} $_{\textrm{2}}$ {C}–{WC10Co4Cr} coating for the centrifugal pump}, issn = {2374-068X, 2374-0698}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/2374068X.2023.2221884}, doi = {10.1080/2374068X.2023.2221884}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-06-24}, journal = {Advances in Materials and Processing Technologies}, author = {Singh, Jashanpreet and Singh, Simranjit and Vasudev, Hitesh and Singh Chohan, Jasgurpreet and Kumar, Sandeep}, month = jun, year = {2023}, note = {0 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {HVOF coatings, Taguchi method, Tribology, neural network, slurry erosion, thermal spray coatings}, pages = {1--13}, } @article{singhMechanicalMicrostructuralProperties2022, title = {Mechanical and microstructural properties of yttria-stabilized zirconia reinforced {Cr3C2}-{25NiCr} thermal spray coatings on steel alloy}, volume = {12}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85139980463&doi=10.5599%2fjese.1278&partnerID=40&md5=b784fbd24d3434704a9e738d34597ea1}, doi = {10.5599/jese.1278}, abstract = {In this research work, nano yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) reinforced Cr3C2-25NiCr composite coatings were prepared and successfully deposited on ASME-SA213-T-22 (T22) boiler tube steel substrates using high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) thermal spraying method. Different nanocomposite coatings were developed by reinforcing Cr3C2-25NiCr with 5 and 10 wt.\% YSZ nanoparticles. The nanocomposite coatings were analysed by scanning elec-tron microscope (SEM)/Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The porosity of YSZ-Cr3C2-25NiCr nanocomposite coatings was found to be decreasing with the increase in YSZ content, and hardness has been found to be increasing with an increase in the percentage of YSZ in the composite coatings. The coating of 10 wt.\% YSZ-Cr3C2-25NiCr showed the lowest porosity, lowest surface roughness, and highest microhardness among all types of coatings. This may be due to the flow of YSZ nanoparticles into the pores and gaps that exist in the base coatings, thus providing a better shield to the substrate material. © 2022, International Association of Physical Chemists. All rights reserved.}, number = {5}, journal = {Journal of Electrochemical Science and Engineering}, author = {Singh, S. and Goyal, K. and Bhatia, R.}, year = {2022}, note = {12 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Boiler steel tube, coatings, composite nanoparticles, hardness, porosity, surface roughness}, pages = {819--828}, } @article{singhMachineLearningRegression2023, title = {Machine learning regression tools for erosion prediction of {WC}-{10Co4Cr} thermal spray coating}, volume = {13}, issn = {26668459 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85176099173&doi=10.1016%2fj.rsurfi.2023.100156&partnerID=40&md5=910856b06b32ed8091ac329f8be6e0c6}, doi = {10.1016/j.rsurfi.2023.100156}, abstract = {The prediction of erosion in WC-10Co4Cr thermal spray coating is predicted using regression machine learning technique. A pot tester helped to examine the erosion rate of WC-10Co4Cr thermal spray coatings. WC-10Co4Cr thermal spray powder was sprayed onto the SS316L steel. Different impingement conditions (30, 45, and 60°) were tested by using textures designed to simulate erosion. The collected data is used to construct a robust Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) model. The projected values are compared to the actual values obtained via experimentation. To further demonstrate the accuracy of the suggested model, the produced model is compared to various state-of-the-art machine learning methods. The GPR outperforms more commonplace methods of other regression techniques like decision trees, Ensemble boosted trees, and linear regression models. The erosion of coated and bare SS316L austenitic steel was effectively predicted using a GPR model. © 2023 The Authors}, language = {English}, journal = {Results in Surfaces and Interfaces}, author = {Singh, J. and Kumar, S. and Kumar, R. and Mohapatra, S.K.}, year = {2023}, note = {3 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier B.V.}, keywords = {HVOF coatings, Machine learning, Regression learning, Slurry erosion, Thermal spray, Wear}, } @article{singhLaserCladdingStellite2014a, title = {Laser cladding of {Stellite} 6 on stainless steel to enhance solid particle erosion and cavitation resistance}, volume = {251}, issn = {0257-8972}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0257897214002989}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2014.04.008}, abstract = {Laser cladding of Stellite 6 on stainless steel 13Cr–4Ni has been performed to study the performance of clad on solid particle erosion (SPE) and cavitation erosion at varied energy densities (from 32 to 52J/mm2). Results are also compared with the AISI 304 stainless steel. The cladding geometry, dilution, microstructure and variation in microhardness were also investigated with laser energy inputs. The performance of cladded surfaces was studied for solid particle erosion and cavitation erosion resistance in 3.5\% NaCl solution according to ASTM standard G76-07 and ASTM G32-07 methods respectively. Results indicated that clad dilution was 3–6\% (geometrically) and 4.48\% (compositionally) at 32J/mm2 that increased further with laser energy density. This accompanied compositional changes in the clad such that the Fe and Ni contents increased and Co, Cr, and W were observed to reduce with variation of laser energy density from 32 to 52J/mm2. The highest hardness (705Hv) of the clad was obtained at 32J/mm2 which reduced further by enhancing the laser energy density. Stellite 6 cladding has significantly enhanced the solid particle erosion resistance of stainless steel. Cladding at 32J/mm2 showed SPE and cavitation resistance than the cladding performed at higher laser energy densities. Cavitation erosion resistance of the stainless steel in 3.5\% sodium chloride solution was enhanced by {\textgreater}90\% by laser cladding. Lower corrosion current density of 13Cr–4Ni is observed after laser cladding which further increased with laser energy density. The erosion resistance obtained can be explained on the basis of dimensionless parameter related to kinetic energy. Cavitation resistance appears related to elastic recovery after cladding.}, urldate = {2025-03-14}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Singh, Raghuvir and Kumar, Damodar and Mishra, S. K. and Tiwari, S. K.}, month = jul, year = {2014}, note = {124 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {AISI-304 stainless steel, Cavitation, Cavitation erosion resistance, Corrosion, Corrosion current densities, Dimensionless parameters, Erosion, Kinetics, Laser cladding, Nickel, Sodium chloride, Sodium chloride solution, Solid particle erosion, Solid particle erosion resistance, Stainless steel, Stellite 6}, pages = {87--97}, } @article{singhInfluenceLaserTexturing2023, title = {Influence of laser texturing on hydrophobicity and slurry erosion behaviour of {VC}-{CuNiCr} based {HVOF} coatings}, volume = {11}, issn = {2051672X (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85165330713&doi=10.1088%2f2051-672X%2face4e1&partnerID=40&md5=afe7b60f0f3ae810ef28621d1ddeab7c}, doi = {10.1088/2051-672X/ace4e1}, abstract = {Superhydrophobic surfaces had gained attention all over the world owing to their unique properties such as self-cleaning, drag reduction, and anti-bacterial etc. The current research has used the laser texturing approach to create a micro-textured surface over SS316 steel with HVOF sprayed VC and CuNi-Cr coating. Aspects of static contact angle, cross-sectional characterization, hardness, erosive wear resistance were compared with textured and non-textured surfaces. Slurry erosion experimentation was conducted as per ASTM G-73 standards using water (slurry) jet erosion test rig. From the results, it was concluded that laser texturing can be used as an effective technique for enhancing the static contact angle; development of pillar like structure can be said as a probable reason for the development of said effect. The failure mechanism was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images; and it was noted that hard surfaces experienced brittle mode of failure whereas soft surfaces experienced ductile mode of failure. © 2023 IOP Publishing Ltd.}, language = {English}, number = {3}, journal = {Surface Topography: Metrology and Properties}, author = {Singh, V. and Singla, A.K. and Bansal, A.}, year = {2023}, note = {5 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Institute of Physics}, keywords = {Abrasion, Chromium alloys, Chromium steel, Contact angle, Ductile fracture, Erosion, Erosion behavior, HVOF coatings, HVOF spraying, HVOF thermal spraying, Hydrophobicity, Laser texturing, Mode of failures, Property, Scanning electron microscopy, Self cleaning, Slurry erosion, Static contact angle, Super-hydrophobic surfaces, Textures, Wear resistance, Wetting, hydrophobicity, laser texturing, slurry erosion}, } @inproceedings{singhImprovementSurfaceIntegrity2021, title = {Improvement in surface integrity of thermally sprayed cermet coatings}, volume = {45}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85107438486&doi=10.1016%2fj.matpr.2020.12.522&partnerID=40&md5=085bc625e57feb959ed1027af5265f1e}, doi = {10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.522}, abstract = {Burnishing process is considered as the finishing operation to improve surface characteristics of thermal sprayed coatings. The process can be successfully utilized to achieve refined surface layers with ultrafine grains on the surface. The dynamic recrystallization on the surface is achieved due to severe plastic deformation with burnishing process. The decrease in surface roughness and porosity can also be achieved with effectively utilizing the burnishing process. The increase in surface hardness on the surface of coating was due to the compressive residual stresses induced by burnishing operation. The current study reveals the comparative study of burnishing process with different burnishing speeds along with observation of microstructural changes on the surface of thermal spray coatings. The increase in temperature and burnishing forces are also measured to analyze their effect on burnishing properties. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, author = {Singh, P. and Kumar, P.}, year = {2021}, note = {5 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Burnishing, Burnishing force, Burnishing forces, Burnishing process, Cermet coatings, Dynamic recrystallization, Finishing operation, Micro hardness, Micro-hardness, Microhardness, Microstructure, Residual stresses, Sprayed coatings, Surface characteristics, Surface integrity, Surface layers, Surface roughness, Thermal-sprayed coatings, Ultra fine grain}, pages = {4431--4436}, } @article{singhErosionPerformanceDetonation2020, title = {Erosion performance of detonation gun deposited {WC}–{12Co}, {Stellite} 6 and {Stellite} 21 coatings on {SAE213}-{T12} steel}, issn = {17515831 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85087628633&doi=10.1080%2f17515831.2020.1785232&partnerID=40&md5=d9cffb645d50ed99840c5feb1d3d7e5f}, doi = {10.1080/17515831.2020.1785232}, abstract = {Thermal spray coatings are used to improve the erosion resistance of boilers and turbine components for power plants and other industries. In this work, detonation gun spraying method is used to deposit WC-12Co, Stellite 6 and Stellite 21 coatings on SAE213-T12 boiler steel. The coatings were characterized using microhardness tester, scanning electron microscope (SEM), optical microscope and X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The solid particle erosion behaviours of the coatings were evaluated at 30° and 90° impact angles using an air jet erosion test rig. The erosion rates of Stellite 6 and Stellite 21 coatings are found approximately 60\% and 50\% respectively higher than WC–Co coating, which might be attributed to the respective hardness of the coatings. Cobalt content in the coatings played an important role on the erosion behaviour of the coatings. The erosion mechanisms of the coatings involved micro-ploughing, micro-cutting along with some micro-cracking and hard phase pull-outs. © 2020, © 2020 Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining and Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor \& Francis Group.}, language = {English}, journal = {Tribology - Materials, Surfaces and Interfaces}, author = {Singh, P.K. and Mishra, S.B.}, year = {2020}, note = {7 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Taylor and Francis Ltd.}, keywords = {Boilers, Detonation, Detonation gun, Detonation gun spraying, Erosion, Erosion mechanisms, Erosion resistance, Hard coatings, Microhardness tester, SEM, Scanning electron microscopy, Solid particle erosion, Stellite, Stellite 21, Stellite 6, Thermal spray coatings, WC–Co, X ray diffractometers, X-ray Diffraction‌, erosion, microhardness}, pages = {229--239}, } @article{singhEffectNanoYttriastabilized2022, title = {Effect of nano yttria-stabilized zirconia on properties of {Ni}-{20Cr} composite coatings}, volume = {12}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85139864812&doi=10.5599%2fjese.1319&partnerID=40&md5=70a232e768b988fecd7cf7c620d7c3cb}, doi = {10.5599/jese.1319}, abstract = {In the present work, 5 and 10 wt.\% yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) nanoparticles were reinforced in Ni-20Cr powder and deposited on boiler tube steel using a high-velocity oxy-fuel spraying process. The effect of YSZ reinforcement on microhardness, surface roughness and porosity were investiga-ted. The hardness was the highest for nanocomposite coating reinforced with 10 wt.\% YSZ and hardness was found to increase with a decrease in porosity. The coating microstructure and elements were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) with an energy dispersive spectroscope (EDS). The constituents of the coating were identified using X-ray diffracto-meter. It was found that the composite coating with 10 wt.\% YSZ reinforced nanocomposite coating has the highest microhardness, in the range of 1008-1055 hv. During the coating process, nano YSZ particles were dispersed in the gaps between the micrometric Ni-20Cr particles, providing a better coating matrix than conventional Ni-20Cr. The Ni-20Cr with 10 wt.\% of YSZ nanoparticles showed better results in terms of mechanical and microstructural properties during the investigation. © 2022 by the authors; licensee IAPC, Zagreb, Croatia.}, number = {5}, journal = {Journal of Electrochemical Science and Engineering}, author = {Singh, S. and Goyal, K. and Bhatia, R.}, year = {2022}, note = {8 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {HVOF, Thermal spray coatings, nanocomposites, oxy-fuel, porosity, hardness, microstructure}, pages = {901--909}, } @article{singhEffectLaserRemelting2024, title = {Effect of {Laser} {Remelting} on the {Microstructural} and {Mechanical} {Properties} of {High}-{Velocity} {Oxy}-{Fuel} ({HVOF})-{Sprayed} {WC}-{NiCr} {Coating}}, issn = {10599630 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85193693580&doi=10.1007%2fs11666-024-01785-5&partnerID=40&md5=6b2cc440f7b999d9d259f4a416ef7248}, doi = {10.1007/s11666-024-01785-5}, abstract = {WC-based coatings are found efficient in providing excellent tribological properties to the structures and components subjected to harsh wear and erosion environments. High-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spraying is known as one of the best techniques to deposit such coatings. However, there still exists scope for further microstructural refinement and improvement in the mechanical properties of the as-sprayed HVOF coatings. Laser remelting has proven to be an appropriate process to achieve such improvement in as-sprayed WC-based coatings. In the current investigation, laser remelting at two different power levels was done on the HVOF-sprayed WC-NiCr coating on stainless steel specimens. The post-processed coatings were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope, x-ray diffraction, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and ImageJ software to study the microstructural changes. Microhardness and surface roughness measurements were also performed to study the mechanical changes. The laser remelting resulted in a smoother coating surface, having lower porosity, lower surface roughness, and higher microhardness as compared to the as-sprayed HVOF coatings. The highest reduction in the porosity was found to be around 72\%, whereas, an increment of around 21\% in the microhardness was witnessed. These two parameters are crucial for the tribological performance of the coatings. The current study also gives direction to further study these remelted coatings in tribological conditions. © ASM International 2024.}, language = {English}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {Singh, N.K. and Vinay, G. and Singh, H. and Bandyopadhyay, P.P.}, year = {2024}, note = {2 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Springer}, keywords = {'current, HVOF thermal spraying, Hardening, High velocity oxy fuel, High velocity oxy-fuel spraying, Laser heating, Laser re-melting, Micro-structural, Microhardness, Microstructural refinement, Ni-Cr coatings, Porosity, Remelting, Scanning electron microscopy, Sintering, Sprayed coatings, Surface roughness, Surface treatment, Surface-modification, Thermal spray coatings, Tribological properties, Tribology, X ray photoelectron spectroscopy, laser remelting, microstructural refinement, surface modification, thermal spray coatings}, } @article{singhEffectInprocessCryogenic2023a, title = {Effect of {In}-process {Cryogenic} {Cooling} in the {Burnishing} {Process} on the {Solid} {Particle} {Erosion} {Behavior} of {HVOF} {Cermet} {Coating}}, volume = {32}, issn = {1059-9630, 1544-1016}, url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11666-023-01632-z}, doi = {10.1007/s11666-023-01632-z}, abstract = {The paper presents the role of in-process cryogenic cooling in the burnishing process carried out on high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) thermal spray coating (WC-10Co-4Cr). The work on the same coating on dry burnishing with a novel grinding wheel-shaped tool was published earlier. The average normal burnishing forces, measured with the help of dynamometer, were more than thrice the tangential forces during the cryogenic burnishing with the same tool. The burnishing process not only modified the surface but also the cross-section as the micro-hardness in the cross-section was also more in the cryogenic burnished specimen. The decrease in the surface porosity and the roughness of the HVOF thermal spray coating (WC-10Co-4Cr) after cryogenic burnishing was not as much as reported after dry burnishing. The compressive residual stresses, as determined through XRD, were more on the cryogenic burnished surface as compared to those on HVOF as-sprayed surface, but lesser than those reported for dry burnished. The cryogenic burnished specimens performed much better in both oblique and normal impact air-jet solid particle erosion (SPE) testing, than HVOF as-sprayed coating. In spite of having higher porosity, as compared to that reported for dry burnished specimens, the cryogenic burnished specimens performed better against SPE due to higher compressive residual stresses.}, language = {en}, number = {7}, urldate = {2024-06-24}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {Singh, Parvinkal and Kumar, Pardeep and Virdi, Roshan Lal}, month = oct, year = {2023}, note = {1 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {'Dry' [, Burnishing process, Compressive residual stress, Cryogenic burnishing, Cryogenic cooling, Cryogenics, Effect of In, Erosion, Grinding (machining), HVOF thermal spraying, High velocity oxy fuel, In-process, Microhardness, Porosity, Residual stresses, Solid particle erosion, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray coatings, compressive residual stresses, cryogenic burnishing, porosity, solid particle erosion, thermal spray coating}, pages = {2068--2080}, } @article{singhCorrosionCavitationErosion2024, title = {Corrosion–{Cavitation} {Erosion} {Improvement} of {Marine} {Steel} by {High}-{Velocity} {Oxy}-fuel-{Sprayed} {Vanadium} {Carbide} {Coatings} and {Polytetrafluorethylene} {Topcoat}}, issn = {1059-9495, 1544-1024}, url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11665-024-09711-0}, doi = {10.1007/s11665-024-09711-0}, abstract = {This study looks into ways to improve cavitation erosion and corrosion resistance of SS316 steel material using HVOF-sprayed vanadium carbide (VC) and polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) topcoat. Optimal conditions were evaluated using the response surface methodology, resulting in a considerable reduction in mass loss. Material-specific cavitation responses revealed that HVOF-sprayed VC had greater resistance, which may be attributable to its improved hardness (1323 HV). The reactions of PTFE-sprayed samples varied, demonstrating the complex interaction between PTFE characteristics and jet velocities. Scanning electron microscopy images confirmed the efficiency of HVOF-sprayed VC and PTFE coatings as corrosive element barriers. In a cyclic corrosion test, VC coating created a dense, stable oxide layer; however, PTFE showed great corrosion resistance and impermeability even after seven cycles. After coating the SS316 substrate with VC and PTFE, percentage improvements of cavitation resistance compared to the SS316 were observed to be 28.8 and 55.3\%, while the percentage improvement of corrosion resistance was observed to be 68 and 79.7\%, respectively, for VC and PTFE. Furthermore, HVOF-sprayed VC and PTFE coatings, along with laser texturing, converted surfaces into superhydrophobic ones (water contact angle: WCA {\textgreater} 158°). Comprehensive mechanical evaluations revealed microhardness, porosity, surface roughness, and bond strength, revealing VC robust resistance to indentation and created strong bond strength with the substrate as (72.8 MPa). These findings suggest methods and coatings for improving material resistance in cavitation-prone and corrosive environments.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-10-12}, journal = {Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance}, author = {Singh, Vikrant and Kumar, Vijay and Bansal, Anuj and Singla, Anil Kumar and Verma, Rajeev}, month = jun, year = {2024}, note = {3 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, } @article{singhCharacterizationSlurryErosion2021, title = {Characterization and {Slurry} {Erosion} {Mechanisms} of {Nickel}-{Based} {Cermet} {Coatings} on {Monel} {K}-500}, volume = {30}, issn = {10599630 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85117882427&doi=10.1007%2fs11666-021-01267-y&partnerID=40&md5=e46b65ce5ff9bccc03bcc7e5d330186b}, doi = {10.1007/s11666-021-01267-y}, abstract = {Monel K-500 is a nickel-based alloy broadly used in several industries such as power generation, aerospace, marine and chemical processing for manufacturing several critical components. During hydraulic applications, the alloy is subjected to different degradation phenomena such as cavitation erosion, slurry erosion and corrosion. The current study assesses the potential of using two HVOF-sprayed nickel-based cermet coatings: WC-10Ni-5Cr and WC-18Hastelloy C to control the slurry erosion of Monel K-500. The coatings were subjected to slurry erosion tests for 90 min at normal (90°) and oblique (30°) impingement angles. It was observed that these coatings significantly reduced the erosive wear in Monel alloy. WC-10Ni-5Cr coating, having relatively better microhardness and fracture toughness has shown minimum erosion losses. At normal impact, WC-10Ni-5Cr coating and WC-18Hastelloy C coating reduced the erosion rate of Monel by 2.3 and 1.6 times, respectively. At oblique impact, WC-10Ni-5Cr coating and WC-18Hastelloy C coating reduced the erosion rate of Monel by 4.75 and 2.4 times, respectively. In-depth study of the erosion mechanism for the investigated materials was conducted using scanning electron microscopy. Ploughing and micro-cutting were the primary erosion mechanisms in Monel alloy, whereas coating spallation and crater formation were the primary erosion mechanisms in the coatings. © 2021, ASM International.}, language = {English}, number = {8}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {Singh, N.K. and Kumar, A. and Ang, A.S.M. and Mahajan, D.K. and Singh, H.}, year = {2021}, note = {5 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Springer}, keywords = {Cermet coatings, Cermets, Chemical industry, Erosion, Erosion mechanisms, Erosion rates, Fracture toughness, HVOF thermal spraying, Impingement angle, Monel K-500, Monel alloys, Nickel alloys, Nickel based alloy, Power- generations, Scanning electron microscopy, Slurry erosion, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray coatings, impingement angle, slurry erosion, thermal spray coatings}, pages = {2138--2154}, } @article{singhCavitationErosionResistant2021, title = {Cavitation erosion resistant nickel-based cermet coatings for monel {K}-500}, volume = {159}, issn = {0301679X (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85101791936&doi=10.1016%2fj.triboint.2021.106954&partnerID=40&md5=f28c1def942f7738d20b9cfe94440d7a}, doi = {10.1016/j.triboint.2021.106954}, abstract = {WC-NiCr and WC-Hastelloy C coatings were deposited on Monel K-500 substrate by HVOF-spray with an aim to enhance cavitation erosion resistance of the alloy. The cavitation tests were performed for 10 h following ASTM G32-10 standard. Both WC-NiCr as well as WC-Hastelloy C coatings successfully reduced the erosion volume loss of the alloy by 59\% and 9\% respectively. The relatively superior performance of WC-NiCr coating could be attributed to better combination of its microhardness and fracture toughness. Formation of craters, cavities, and debonding of splats were found to be the signatures of cavitation erosion in the coatings. Whereas, microplastic tearing and microcracks were observed as the primary erosion mechanism in Monel K-500. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd}, language = {English}, journal = {Tribology International}, author = {Singh, N.K. and Ang, A.S.M. and Mahajan, D.K. and Singh, H.}, year = {2021}, note = {29 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {Cavitation, Cavitation erosion resistance, Cermet, Cermet coatings, Erosion, Erosion mechanisms, Fracture toughness, HVOF spray, HVOF thermal spraying, Hastelloy, Microcracks, Monel K-500, Ni-Cr coatings, Nickel coatings, Thermal spray coatings, Volume loss}, } @article{singhCavitationErosionMechanisms2022, title = {Cavitation erosion mechanisms of {HVOF}-sprayed {Ni}-based cermet coatings in 3.5\% {NaCl} environment}, volume = {434}, issn = {02578972 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85124599238&doi=10.1016%2fj.surfcoat.2022.128194&partnerID=40&md5=e70ffe5faa49c2853206d35322672975}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2022.128194}, abstract = {Monel K-500 is a nickel-based alloy that is a widely used material in industries like hydraulic, chemical and marine. In its marine application, such as in seawater, Monel alloy suffers from high cavitation and corrosion. In one of the approaches to control these degradations, thermal spray coatings are recommended to enhance the resistance against these degradations. The current study assesses the synergic effect of cavitation erosion (CE) and corrosion on two HVOF-sprayed nickel-based cermet coatings, WC-10Ni5Cr (WC-NiCr) and WC-18Hastelloy C (WC-H), on Monel K-500 substrate. CE tests were conducted for 15 h in a corrosive (3.5\% NaCl) environment. It was observed that WC-NiCr coating reduced the CE losses in Monel alloy by 45\%. In pure cavitation (DI water) conditions, the better CE of a coating originates from its better combination of microhardness and indentation toughness. Whereas, in a corrosive medium, the CE behavior of a coating depends upon its electrochemical properties too. Electrochemical corrosion test on both the coatings revealed that WC-NiCr coating had better corrosion results than that of WC-H coating due to its higher corrosion potential (Ecorr) value and slightly lower corrosion current density which may influence the CE performance of the investigated coatings. In-depth study of the erosion mechanism for each of the coatings was conducted using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). It was observed that due to the effect of the corrosive medium, several pits and pores were generated over the coating surface. These defects provided additional nucleation sites for CE in the coatings resulting in a high level of erosion losses in the coatings. Considering the effects of cavitation and corrosion simultaneously, HVOF-sprayed WC-NiCr coating is recommended to enhance the cavitation-corrosion resistance in Monel K-500 alloy. © 2022 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Singh, N.K. and Vinay, G. and Ang, A.S.M. and Mahajan, D.K. and Singh, H.}, year = {2022}, note = {29 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier B.V.}, keywords = {'current, 3.5\%Nacl, Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation erosion, Cerium, Cermet coatings, Cermets, Corrosion, Corrosion resistance, Corrosion resistant coatings, Corrosive media, Electrochemical corrosion, Erosion, Erosion loss, Erosion mechanisms, HVOF thermal spraying, Monel alloys, Nickel alloys, Nickel based alloy, Nickel coatings, Scanning electron microscopy, Seawater corrosion, Sodium chloride, Sprayed coatings, Surface modification, Surface-modification, Thermal spray coatings}, } @article{singhCavitationErosionBehavior2022, title = {Cavitation erosion behavior of high velocity oxy fuel ({HVOF}) sprayed ({VC} + {CuNi}-{Cr}) based novel coatings on {SS316} steel}, volume = {432}, issn = {02578972}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0257897221012263}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2021.128052}, abstract = {A well-known hard material (VC) has not been explored as potential candidate for surface modifications to overcome the problem of cavitation erosion (CE) in hydro machinery components. Therefore, in this course of work, VC has been blended with a malleable and soft binder material (CuNi-Cr) in three different proportions (VC, VC + 50\%CuNi-Cr, and CuNi-Cr) and coated over SS316 steel with the help of HVOF spraying system. It has been observed that with the increase in VC content in the candidate coatings, the hardness, porosity, and thickness increased. CE tests were carried out with the help of an in-house fabricated cavitation erosion apparatus as per ASTM G134 Standard. The CE resistance of SS316 steel was found to be enhanced with the application of HVOF sprayed VC and CuNi-Cr based coatings. HVOF coating prepared with 100\% VC content have showed excellent wear resistive properties owing to its maximum hardness (1023 HV9.81N) and better rebounding properties due to maximum thickness and porosity. CE parameters consisting of highest velocity of jet, intermediate stand-off distance (SOD) and normal impedance were found to be dominating to produce maximum cavitation erosion. Moreover, SS316 steel have showed ductile mode of failure with signatures of material removal as overlapped CE pits and plastic deformation sites. However, the mode of failure for coatings have been changed from ductile to brittle with the increase in VC content in the coating matrix with signatures changes from plastic deformation to cracks and pores in case of CuNi-Cr and VC coatings, respectively.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-10-12}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Singh, Vikrant and Singh, Indraj and Bansal, Anuj and Omer, Ankita and Singla, Anil Kumar and {Rampal} and Goyal, Deepak Kumar}, month = feb, year = {2022}, note = {37 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {128052}, } @article{singhBurnishingGrindingWheelShaped2022, title = {Burnishing with {Grinding} {Wheel}-{Shaped} {Alloy} {Tool} and {Its} {Effect} on {Surface} {Integrity} and {Erosion} {Behavior} of {WC}-{10Co}-{4Cr} {HVOF} {Coating}}, volume = {31}, issn = {10599630 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85133529107&doi=10.1007%2fs11666-022-01435-8&partnerID=40&md5=f3ff7aaf9a0c7348a06cc3570dd0c170}, doi = {10.1007/s11666-022-01435-8}, abstract = {High-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) thermal spray cermet coatings have shown good resistance to erosion-corrosion. High level of porosity on the coating surface hinders the erosion performance, particularly at high particle flux. The work in this paper aims to investigate the influence of burnishing with a grinding wheel-shaped alloy tool, on the surface integrity and solid particle erosion (SPE) behavior of WC-10Co-4Cr high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) thermal spray coating on SS 304. The normal and tangential forces were measured during the burnishing process with the help of a dynamometer. The tangential forces applied by the burnishing tool helped in the flow of plastically deformed surface peaks of the coating. A larger normal force component enforced by the burnishing tool helped to push them into the nearby valleys and the local frictional heat helped to plastically deform them. The burnishing process resulted in large reduction in surface porosity and increased micro-hardness. The optical surface profiles exhibited a major fall in the surface roughness after burnishing. The effect of the burnishing process could also be seen under the coating surface as a decrease in porosity and increase in micro-hardness in the cross-section. As compared to the as-sprayed surface, larger compressive residual stresses, as measured through XRD, were also observed in the burnished surface. The room- and high-temperature SPE weight loss in air-jet erosion testing, at oblique and normal impact angles, improved by about three times after burnishing. The morphology of the surfaces after SPE was studied through SEM micrographs. This indicated that the reduced porosity and higher compressive residual stresses after burnishing provided large improvement in the erosion performance. © 2022, ASM International.}, language = {English}, number = {7}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {Singh, P. and Kumar, P. and Virdi, R.L.}, year = {2022}, note = {4 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Springer}, keywords = {Burnishing, Burnishing process, Cermet coatings, Coating surface, Corrosion resistance, Corrosion resistant coatings, Erosion, Erosion behavior, Fuels, Grinding (machining), HVOF thermal spraying, High velocity oxy fuel, Microhardness, Microstructural characterizations, Morphology, Performance, Porosity, Residual stresses, Solid particle erosion, Sprayed coatings, Surface integrity, Surface roughness, Thermal spray processing, Wheels, burnishing process, cermet coating, erosion, microstructural characterization, thermal spray processing}, pages = {2172--2190}, } @article{simAdaptiveNoiseWiener2016, title = {Adaptive noise {Wiener} filter for scanning electron microscope imaging system}, volume = {38}, copyright = {© Wiley Periodicals, Inc.}, issn = {1932-8745}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/sca.21250}, doi = {10.1002/sca.21250}, abstract = {Noise on scanning electron microscope (SEM) images is studied. Gaussian noise is the most common type of noise in SEM image. We developed a new noise reduction filter based on the Wiener filter. We compared the performance of this new filter namely adaptive noise Wiener (ANW) filter, with four common existing filters as well as average filter, median filter, Gaussian smoothing filter and the Wiener filter. Based on the experiments results the proposed new filter has better performance on different noise variance comparing to the other existing noise removal filters in the experiments. SCANNING 38:148–163, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-07-10}, journal = {Scanning}, author = {Sim, K. S. and Teh, V. and Nia, M. E.}, year = {2016}, note = {21 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] \_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/sca.21250}, keywords = {Wiener filter, electron microscope, noise, signal-to-noise ratio}, pages = {148--163}, } @article{silvaEffectCobaltAlloy2019, series = {22nd {International} {Conference} on {Wear} of {Materials}}, title = {Effect of cobalt alloy addition in erosive wear and cavitation of coatings welds}, volume = {426-427}, issn = {0043-1648}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004316481930208X}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2019.01.120}, abstract = {The gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process is employed for coating when speed and high efficiency are required. Cold-wire GMAW is a variation of this process, in which an extra wire is introduced into the electric arc and/or the molten puddle. Parameter adjustment in this process is difficult, because it involves twice as many independent parameters as conventional GMAW. Improved mastery of this technology and its variables is essential for furthering its industrial use broadening its range of industrial uses for application of coatings. In this study, the impacts of cold-wire GMAW process variables on the fillet weld and alloy resistance to wear by pure erosion and cavitation were evaluated. A filler metal was deposited on Stellite™ 6 and 21 cobalt alloys on ABNT 1020 carbon steel sheets in the horizontal position. Coating wear was characterized through analysis of hardness and surface topography. The resulting cobalt alloys exhibited superior erosion resistance. Strengthening of Stellite 21 was verified with the pure erosion assay, while strengthening of Stellite 6 was established with the cavitation assay. Use of multiple wires during welding processes was shown to be necessary to obtain alloy combinations with superior resistance to the combined erosion-cavitation phenomenon.}, urldate = {2025-02-08}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Silva, H. R. and Ferraresi, V. A.}, month = apr, year = {2019}, note = {9 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cavitation, Coating, Erosion, GMAW cold wire}, pages = {302--313}, } @article{silva3DPrinterGuide2021, title = {A {3D} {Printer} {Guide} for the {Development} and {Application} of {Electrochemical} {Cells} and {Devices}}, volume = {9}, issn = {2296-2646}, url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/chemistry/articles/10.3389/fchem.2021.684256/full}, doi = {10.3389/fchem.2021.684256}, abstract = {{\textless}p{\textgreater}3D printing is a type of additive manufacturing (AM), a technology that is on the rise and works by building parts in three dimensions by the deposit of raw material layer upon layer. In this review, we explore the use of 3D printers to prototype electrochemical cells and devices for various applications within chemistry. Recent publications reporting the use of Fused Deposition Modelling (fused deposition modeling®) technique will be mostly covered, besides papers about the application of other different types of 3D printing, highlighting the advances in the technology for promising applications in the near future. Different from the previous reviews in the area that focused on 3D printing for electrochemical applications, this review also aims to disseminate the benefits of using 3D printers for research at different levels as well as to guide researchers who want to start using this technology in their research laboratories. Moreover, we show the different designs already explored by different research groups illustrating the myriad of possibilities enabled by 3D printing.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}}, language = {English}, urldate = {2024-08-20}, journal = {Frontiers in Chemistry}, author = {Silva, Ana Luisa and Salvador, Gabriel Maia da Silva and Castro, Sílvia V. F. and Carvalho, Nakédia M. F. and Munoz, Rodrigo A. A.}, month = jul, year = {2021}, note = {36 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Frontiers}, keywords = {3D printing, Additive manufactuirng, Electroanalyisis, Electrochemical devices, electrochemical cells}, } @article{silenceEffectStructureWear1978, title = {Effect of {Structure} on {Wear} {Resistance} of {Co}-, {Fe}-, and {Ni}-{Base} {Alloys}}, volume = {100}, issn = {0022-2305}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3453203}, doi = {10.1115/1.3453203}, abstract = {Alloy characteristics that relate directly to wear resistance are much sought after, but elusive. Attempts have been made to correlate wear resistance with mechanical and physical properties, including hardness, but only with limited success. During the course of this investigation, cast, wrought, and hard facing wear alloys were processed using various casting, consolidation and deposition techniques and evaluated using laboratory sand abrasion wear tests, and metal-to-metal (adhesive) wear tests. In general, superior abrasive wear resistance was obtained with those processing conditions that produced microstructures which contained coarse carbide morphologies. No general relationship between hardness and abrasive or adhesive wear was found in this processing study. Little effect of processing, structure or hardness was observed on metal-to-metal wear. Where chemical similarity and common structural condition between the commercial alloys tested allows comment on chemical effects, carbon appeared to be the most effective variable; particularly with abrasive wear where resistance increased with increasing carbon level and volume percent of carbide phases present.}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-07-13}, journal = {Journal of Lubrication Technology}, author = {Silence, William L.}, month = jul, year = {1978}, note = {57 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {428--435}, } @article{siebertChangesPorosityYoungs1999, title = {Changes in porosity and {Young}’s {Modulus} due to sintering of plasma sprayed thermal barrier coatings}, volume = {92-93}, copyright = {https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/}, issn = {09240136}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0924013699002435}, doi = {10.1016/S0924-0136(99)00243-5}, abstract = {Increased efÆciencies in energy conversion systems are the driving forces for the development of new and improved materials as part of operating component such as gas turbines. Due to the large amounts of energy produced, even the smallest changes of the inlet temperatures result in a considerably smaller demand of fuel to produce the same amount of energy. In order to protect the material of the turbines against heat and oxidation, yttria stabilized zirconia is used.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-10-12}, journal = {Journal of Materials Processing Technology}, author = {Siebert, B. and Funke, C. and Vaβen, R. and Stöver, D.}, month = aug, year = {1999}, note = {149 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {217--223}, } @article{sidhuStudiesPropertiesHighvelocity2005, title = {Studies on the properties of high-velocity oxy-fuel thermal spray coatings for higher temperature applications}, volume = {41}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33646776093&doi=10.1007%2fs11003-006-0047-z&partnerID=40&md5=0976124cf8edc7166d7b236f817fe44e}, doi = {10.1007/s11003-006-0047-z}, abstract = {Materials operating at high temperatures in corrosive media suffer erosion-corrosion wear, oxidation, and hot corrosion. Among various methods used for the protection of the surfaces against degradation, we can especially mention the technology of application of coatings by high-velocity oxy-fuel spraying, which gives coatings which high strength and hardness, low (less than 1\%) porosity, and high erosion-corrosion and wear resistances. The characteristics of the coatings and their protective properties are presented. The role of some high-velocity oxy-fuel coatings in the protection of metals and alloys against degradation at high temperatures in various media is demonstrated. © 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.}, number = {6}, journal = {Materials Science}, author = {Sidhu, T.S. and Prakash, S. and Agrawal, R.D.}, year = {2005}, note = {111 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Alloys, Corrosion, Erosion corrosion wear, High velocity oxy fuel, Hot corrosion, Oxidation, Porosity, Protective coatings, Thermal effects, Thermal spray coatings, Wear resistance}, pages = {805--823}, } @article{siddarthaTribologicalBehaviourMetal2022, title = {Tribological behaviour of metal matrix composites}, volume = {54}, issn = {22147853 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85127551425&doi=10.1016%2fj.matpr.2021.10.175&partnerID=40&md5=3444de22fec1ca60e4bf51b6516ed7dd}, doi = {10.1016/j.matpr.2021.10.175}, abstract = {Aluminum 6061 is a precipitation hardening aluminum alloy, has good mechanical properties, and exhibits good weldability. It is used in Aircraft and Aerospace components, Bicycle frames, Drive shafts and Brake components. The addition WC with Ali6061 helps to improve the wear rate of metal matrix composite. In this present investigation, Aluminum (Al 6061) is used as base matrix metal and Tungsten Carbide (WC) particulate as reinforcement. Fabrication of MMCs was done by stir-casting process. Microstructure examination was carried by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to obtain the distribution of tungsten carbide. Three body abrasion study was carried out to do the analysis. Dry sand abrader followed with ASTM G-65 test was also done. © 2021}, language = {English}, journal = {Materials Today: Proceedings}, author = {Siddartha, D.E. and Patil, S.K. and Halundi, S.}, year = {2022}, note = {2 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {Abrasion, Aerospace components, Age hardening, Aircraft components, Al 6061, Aluminium 6061, Aluminum alloys, Bicycle frames, Composites, Erosion, Fabrication, Hardness, Matrix composite, Metal matrix, Metallic matrix composites, Metals, Precipitation (chemical), Scanning electron microscopy, Shaft components, Tribological, Tribological behaviour, Tribology, Tungsten carbide}, pages = {441--443}, } @article{shorinovEffectProcessTemperature2023, title = {The effect of process temperature and powder composition on microstructure and mechanical characteristics of low-pressure cold spraying aluminum-based coatings}, volume = {10}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85147729664&doi=10.1088%2f2053-1591%2facb6f0&partnerID=40&md5=2c24846669b8fb3a3973db6d13a25ef4}, doi = {10.1088/2053-1591/acb6f0}, abstract = {The effect of operating gas temperature and powder type on microstructure and mechanical characteristics of cold spraying coatings deposited on EZ33A-T5 magnesium alloy was studied. Three aluminum-based cold spraying powder mixtures Al + Zn, Al + Al2O3 and Al + Zn + Al2O3 were used for the investigation. Deposition was performed using D423 low-pressure cold spray system at operating gas pressure of 1.0 MPa and different temperatures -300 °C, 450 °C, and 600 °C. The coatings microstructure was investigated with optical and scanning electron microscopy. Mechanical properties of the coatings were characterized through standard test methods for adhesion and cohesion strength, and standard test methods for Vickers hardness of thermal spray coatings. The results demonstrate that with increasing initial gas temperature at spraying nozzle inlet from 300 °C to 600 °C, an increase in the porosity of the coatings of all investigated powder mixtures can be observed. Microstructure characterization showed an increase in porosity from 2.3\% to 4.1\% for Al + Zn powder mixture, from 2.1\% to 3.5\% for Al + Al2O3 powder mixture, and from 2.5\% to 5.6\% for Al + Zn + Al2O3 powder mixture. The minimum porosity was obtained at 450 °C for all investigated powder mixtures. Adhesion and cohesion strength and microhardness of coatings were reach their maximum value at 450 °C. The best performance was obtained for Al + Al2O3 powder mixture: coating adhesion—31.9 MPa (was limited by the bonding strength of the glue), cohesion—93.5 MPa, microhardness—81 HV0.15. The influence of Al2O3 particles in the powder mixture on the above-mentioned parameters was also established. The results show that the presence of ceramic particles in powder mixtures can positively effect porosity level and mechanical characteristics. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd.}, number = {2}, journal = {Materials Research Express}, author = {Shorinov, O. and Dolmatov, A. and Polyviany, S.}, year = {2023}, note = {4 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Adhesion, Alumina, Aluminum coatings, Aluminum oxide, Ceramic powder, Cohesion strength, Cold spraying, Gas temperature, Low pressures, Magnesium alloys, Magnesium powder, Mechanical characteristics, Metal-ceramic powder, Microhardness, Microstructure, Microstructure characteristics, Porosity, Powder coatings, Powder mixtures, Scanning electron microscopy, Spray nozzles, Sprayed coatings, Standard test method, Vickers hardness, adhesion, coating, metal-ceramic powders, microhardness, porosity}, } @article{shimEffectsRareEarth2002, title = {Effects of {Rare} {Earth} {Metal} addition on the cavitation erosion-corrosion resistance of super duplex stainless steels}, volume = {8}, issn = {1598-9623, 2005-4149}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF03186100}, doi = {10.1007/BF03186100}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Metals and Materials International}, author = {Shim, Sung-Ik and Park, Yong-Soo and Kim, Soon-Tae and Song, Chi-Bok}, month = may, year = {2002}, note = {15 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {301--307}, } @article{shibeCombatingWearASTM2016, title = {Combating {Wear} of {ASTM} {A36} {Steel} by {Surface} {Modification} {Using} {Thermally} {Sprayed} {Cermet} {Coatings}}, volume = {2016}, issn = {16878434 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85003955430&doi=10.1155%2f2016%2f3894145&partnerID=40&md5=30e0043e829c3d4b4dc15e4b5bd4079a}, doi = {10.1155/2016/3894145}, abstract = {Thermal spray coatings can be applied economically on machine parts to enhance their requisite surface properties like wear, corrosion, erosion resistance, and so forth. Detonation gun (D-Gun) thermal spray coatings can be applied on the surface of carbon steels to improve their wear resistance. In the present study, alloy powder cermet coatings WC-12\% Co and Cr3C2-25\% NiCr have been deposited on ASTM A36 steel with D-Gun thermal spray technique. Sliding wear behavior of uncoated ASTM A36 steel and D-Gun sprayed WC-12\% Co and Cr3C2-25\% NiCr coatings on base material is observed on a Pin-On-Disc Wear Tester. Sliding wear performance of WC-12\% Co coating is found to be better than the Cr3C2-25\% NiCr coating. Wear performance of both these cermet coatings is found to be better than uncoated ASTM A36 steel. Thermally sprayed WC-12\% Co and Cr3C2-25\% NiCr cermet coatings using D-Gun thermal spray technique is found to be very useful in improving the sliding wear resistance of ASTM A36 steel. © 2016 Vineet Shibe and Vikas Chawla.}, language = {English}, journal = {Advances in Materials Science and Engineering}, author = {Shibe, V. and Chawla, V.}, year = {2016}, note = {9 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Hindawi Limited}, keywords = {Alloy steel, Carbon, Carbon steel, Cermet coatings, Cermets, Coatings, Erosion resistance, Ni-Cr coatings, Powder coatings, Sliding wear behaviors, Sprayed coatings, Surface treatment, Thermal spray coatings, Thermal spray techniques, Tungsten carbide, WC-12\%Co coating, Wear of materials, Wear performance, Wear resistance}, } @article{sheppardEffectDissolutionNiCrBSiWC2014, title = {Effect of {W} dissolution in {NiCrBSi}-{WC} and {NiBSi}-{WC} arc sprayed coatings on wear behaviors}, volume = {317}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84903138687&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2014.06.008&partnerID=40&md5=9e52e90739da40bca46d3ba6abcdf6be}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2014.06.008}, abstract = {This work concerns the arc-sprayed NiCrBSi-WC and NiBSi-WC coatings produced from cored-wires. Porosity and WC/W2C contents were determined from the as-sprayed coatings. It was suggested that the dissolution of W into the Ni-rich matrix, which was more pronounced in NiBSi-WC coating and resulting in the thermal expansion coefficient of the matrix to reduce, caused this coating to have lower thermal stress from fabrication. This resulted in a lower amount of WC/W2C detachment in NiBSi-WC coating. The dissolution of W however has an adverse effect of reducing the WC/W2C contents in the coating, which reduces its hardness. Wear testing revealed that, even though the NiCrBSi-WC coating contained higher WC/W2C content than the NiBSi-WC coating due to lower W dissolution, its performance was inferior to the latter. In the dry sliding wear test, the problem of WC/W2C detachment on the contacting surface became exacerbated in the NiCrBSi-WC coating, leaving craters on the wear surface. In the three-body abrasive wear test, there was much less WC/W2C detachment. However the NiBSi-WC coating continued to out-perform the NiCrBSi-WC coating, suggesting that the higher W dissolution into the Ni-rich matrix has a major role in increasing the abrasive resistance of the coating. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, number = {1-2}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Sheppard, P. and Koiprasert, H.}, year = {2014}, note = {44 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {Abrasion, Abrasive resistance, Abrasives, Cermets, Coatings, Contacting surfaces, Dissolution, Dry sliding wear test, Nickel, Sliding wear, Sprayed coatings, Thermal expansion, Thermal expansion coefficients, Thermal spray coatings, Three body abrasion, Three body abrasive wear, Three-body abrasion, Tungsten carbide, Tungsten dissolution, Wear behaviors, Wear of materials}, pages = {194--200}, } @article{sergiRolePowderAtomisation2021, title = {The role of powder atomisation route on the microstructure and mechanical properties of hot isostatically pressed {Inconel} 625}, volume = {808}, issn = {0921-5093}, doi = {10.1016/j.msea.2021.140950}, abstract = {The powder's characteristics and its purity can greatly influence the properties of nickel (Ni)-base superalloys parts produced by near net-shape powder metallurgy hot isostatic pressing (NNS PM HIP) manufacturing process. In this study, Inconel 625 (IN625) powders produced using four different atomisation routes, argon, nitrogen, plasma and water atomisation (AGA, NGA, PA, WA, respectively) were investigated. The first section of this study is focused on the determination of powder characteristics which includes chemical composition, particle size distribution (PSD), tap density and powder's cross-section analysis, whereas the second section is about hot isostatic pressing (HIPping) of the four powder types and to assess the impact of the powder characteristics on the microstructure-property development after HIPping. To gain an understanding of the surface chemistry of the powders, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis were carried out on the surface of the four powders. The latter analysis highlighted fundamental differences on the powder's surface, especially the differences in the surface and near-surface distribution of the alloying elements i.e. C, O, Cr, Mo and Nb present in the alloy chemistry. The micrographs of the four IN625 hot isostatically pressed (HIPped) powders revealed a fully dense microstructure with the presence of prior particle boundaries (PPBs). The atomisation route greatly impacted the nature and amount of PPBs, as well as on the fractions and sizes of oxides, carbides, oxycarbides and oxycarbonitrides precipitates. WA showed the most severe presence of PPBs, followed by NGA, AGA and lastly PA. The powder quality has a greater impact on the mechanical properties of as-HIPped materials, especially on ductility. Overall, PA HIPped IN625 possessed the optimum balance between tensile strength, ductility and Charpy impact properties once compared to the others and match the properties to wrought IN625 material. © 2021 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, journal = {Materials Science and Engineering: A}, author = {Sergi, A. and Khan, R.H.U. and Attallah, M.M.}, year = {2021}, note = {18 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Mechanical properties, Microstructure, Ni-base superalloys, Powder metallurgy hot isostatic pressing, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy}, } @article{serajComparisonStelliteCoatings2019, title = {Comparison of {Stellite} coatings on low carbon steel produced by {CGS} and {HVOF} spraying}, volume = {372}, issn = {02578972}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0257897219305018}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.05.022}, abstract = {Stellite alloys are of great interest in industries due to a unique combination of high temperature mechanical strength, outstanding wear and corrosion resistance. Different thermal spraying processes are used for deposition of stellite alloys on industrial components. However, the investigations on the structure–property relationship of these alloys produced via different deposition process are limited. This study focuses on the microstructure, oxidation, and tribo-mechanical properties of Stellite 21 deposited by cold gas spraying (CGS) and high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) process on a low carbon steel substrate. The coating crosssection was characterized by SEM and optical microscopy. The coatings were further characterised by using nanoindentation, adhesion, and ball-on-disk wear tests. Moreover, XRD tests were run on the powder and the coatings to reveal possible phase transformation during spraying, as well as during wear and oxidation tests. The results showed no phase transformation in the as-sprayed CGS coating, besides higher values of porosity and oxide phase in the HVOF coating. However, an fcc-to-hcp phase transformation occurs at the surface layer of both types of coating during the ball-on-disk wear test. The presence of continuous oxide networks in HVOF coatings leads to delamination during the wear test. Overall, the CGS Stellite 21 coatings exhibit better performance than HVOF coatings in wear and oxidation tests.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2025-03-31}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Seraj, Rajab Ali and Abdollah-zadeh, Amir and Dosta, Sergi and Assadi, Hamid and Cano, Irene Garcia}, month = aug, year = {2019}, note = {18 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {299--311}, } @article{seoDroneenabledBridgeInspection2018, title = {Drone-enabled bridge inspection methodology and application}, volume = {94}, issn = {0926-5805}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0926580517309755}, doi = {10.1016/j.autcon.2018.06.006}, abstract = {The field of Civil Engineering has lately gained increasing interest in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), commonly referred to as drones. Due to an increase of deteriorating bridges according to the report released by the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), a more efficient and cost-effective alternative for bridge inspection is required. The goal of this paper was to analyze the effectiveness of drones as supplemental bridge inspection tools. In pursuit of this goal, the selected bridge for inspection was a three-span glued-laminated timber girder with a composite concrete deck located near the city of Keystone in the state of South Dakota (SD). A drone, a Dà-Jiāng Innovations (DJI) Phantom 4, was utilized for this study. Also, an extensive literature review to gain knowledge on current bridge inspection techniques using drones was conducted. The findings from the literature review served as the basis for the development of a five-stage drone-enabled bridge inspection methodology. A field inspection utilizing the drone was performed following the stages of the methodology, and the findings were compared to current historical inspection reports provided by the SD Department of Transportation (SDDOT). Quantified data using the drone such as a spalled area of 0.18 m2, which is identical to the measurement provided by the SDDOT (0.3 m by 0.6 m), demonstrated the efficiency of the drone to inspect the bridge. This study detailed drone-enabled inspection principles and relevant considerations to obtain optimum data acquisition. The field investigation of the bridge demonstrated the image quality and damage identification capabilities of the drone to perform bridge inspection at a lower cost when compared to traditional methods.}, urldate = {2024-11-12}, journal = {Automation in Construction}, author = {Seo, Junwon and Duque, Luis and Wacker, Jim}, month = oct, year = {2018}, note = {244 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Bridge, Damage identification, Field application, Girder, Glulam, Inspection methodology, Superstructure, UAV}, pages = {112--126}, } @article{selvaduraiInfluenceHandlingParameters2015, series = {6th {Rencontres} {Internationales} de la {Projection} {Thermique}}, title = {Influence of the handling parameters on residual stresses of {HVOF}-sprayed {WC}-{12Co} coatings}, volume = {268}, issn = {0257-8972}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0257897214011104}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2014.11.055}, abstract = {In this research work HVOF WC–12Co coatings were deposited on C45 steel (1.0503) substrates. Unfavorable residual stresses can lead to delamination and spallation and thus have to be avoided by optimizing the handling parameters. This study investigates the influence of the following handling parameters: substrate temperature, number of overruns, stand-off distance, track pitch, and gun velocity on the residual stress and hardness. Additionally, the effect of post-treating the coating by means of surface grinding was determined. For the HVOF spraying experiments, fine agglomerated and sintered WC–12Co powders (2–10μm) with WC particles in the submicron range (400nm) were chosen. It was determined that alterations of these handling parameters had significant effects on the residual stress and the hardness.}, urldate = {2024-07-10}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Selvadurai, Ursula and Hollingsworth, Peter and Baumann, Ingor and Hussong, Birger and Tillmann, Wolfgang and Rausch, Sascha and Biermann, Dirk}, month = apr, year = {2015}, note = {39 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Fine WC–12Co powder, HVOF, Residual stress}, pages = {30--35}, } @inproceedings{secosanWearResistanceInternal2012, title = {Wear resistance of internal {WC}-{CoCr} coatings produced by high velocity oxy-fuel spraying}, volume = {188}, isbn = {978-3-03785-391-7}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84861418397&doi=10.4028%2fwww.scientific.net%2fSSP.188.416&partnerID=40&md5=c13491c7011d6ac64e6647c2e370f2a4}, doi = {10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.188.416}, abstract = {Thermal spray coatings, and in particular those applied by HVOF process, are being used in a diverse range of engineering applications to extend component life by retarding wear and corrosion degradation [1]. Coatings performance is strongly dependent on microstructure [2]. The mechanical properties are a complex function of carbide size, shape and distribution, matrix hardness and toughness and the presence of various reaction products. This paper is focused on the wear resistance of WC-based coatings containing 10 mass\% Co and 4 mass\% Cr as the metallic binder, involving a heat-treated steel rings as substrate, a hot rolled product of structural steel in accordance with DIN EN 10113-2 for steel construction, detaining a tensile strength about 520-680 N/mm2. A feedstock powder of WC-CoCr 86 10 4 agglomerated/sintered was used for coatings production. It has good properties, such as: high resistance against oxidation and corrosion (due to the metallic component), good wear resistance (due to the ceramic component) and with a hardness in range of 1000-1300HV. The coatings have been produced by HVOF spraying of four different WC-CoCr grain size of powder particles, such as: sample 1 (-45+22μm), sample2 (-22+5μm), sample 3 (-10+2μm) and sample 4 (-2+0.5μm), using an ID CoolFlow gun developed especially for internal surfaces. This type of gun is a HP HVOF system for high pressure, but cold internal HVOF spraying. The morphology and the structure of the sprayed coatings were investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDS) and the qualitative and quantitative phase composition of those coatings were determined applying the x-ray diffraction technique (XRD). In order to determine the sliding wear resistance of the coated samples, it was used the pin on ring test method under dry condition, with and without compressed air. This method consists into a stationary ball loaded against a ring sample in relative motion. The sliding wear rate of the tested samples was calculated from the volume of material lost during the test. The investigated samples were examined by means of stereo and light microscopy before and after exposure to wear tests. Based on the obtained results it was demonstrated that the coatings obtained from -10+2μm powder particles exhibit an optimal wear behavior when exposed to severe conditions. © (2012) Trans Tech Publications.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Diffus {Def} {Data} {Pt} {B}}, publisher = {Trans Tech Publications Ltd}, author = {Secosan, I.F. and Utu, D. and Serban, V.A. and Brandl, W.}, year = {2012}, note = {5 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Journal Abbreviation: Diffus Def Data Pt B}, keywords = {Building materials, Carbide size, Carbides, Ceramic component, Cermet coating, Cermet coatings, Chromate coatings, Coated sample, Complex functions, Component life, Compressed air, Corrosion, Corrosion degradation, Degradation, Diverse range, Dry condition, Engineering applications, Feedstock powders, Fuels, Grain size, HVOF process, HVOF system, HVOF thermal spraying, Hardening, Hardness, Heat resistance, High pressure, High resistance, High velocity oxy-fuel spraying, Hot rolled steel, Hot rolling, Hot-rolled, Internal surfaces, Matrix hardness, Metallic component, Morphology, Powder coatings, Powder particles, Relative motion, Ring test, SEM/EDS, Scanning electron microscopy, Sliding wear, Sprayed coatings, Steel rings, Structural steels, Tensile strength, Testing, Thermal Engineering, Thermal spray coatings, Toughness, Tungsten carbide, WC-CoCr coating, Wear, Wear behaviors, Wear of materials, Wear resistance, Wear test, X ray diffraction, X-ray diffraction techniques}, pages = {416--421}, } @article{sebastianiWearMechanismsService2012, title = {Wear mechanisms and in-service surface modifications of a {Stellite} {6B} {Co}–{Cr} alloy}, volume = {290-291}, issn = {0043-1648}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043164812002025}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2012.05.027}, abstract = {In the present paper, the in-service wear mechanisms and cross-sectional microstructural evolution of a Stellite 6B cobalt-based alloy subjected to sliding contact conditions were analysed by focused ion beam (FIB), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and nanoindentation techniques. Samples under investigation consisted of a lip-seal adopted in a tunnel boring machine (TBM). In the working conditions, the lip-seal is in sliding contact with a rubber seal in a pressurised oil environment. In this specific case, an unexpected low wear resistance was observed during service, and a long machine downtime was necessary to remove the component. Results of FIB-SEM/EDS characterisation showed deep grooving due to sand (SiO2) particles embedded in the rubber seal inside the contact area, while three-body abrasive wear is observed immediately outside it. Microstructural evaluation of Stellite 6 B Co-based alloy of the cross-section also showed the presence of a nano-crystalline hardened layer with diffuse presence of stacking faults. The presence of a tribo-film with a complex structure was also clearly observed. It is concluded that wear resistance of such components could be significantly enhanced either by a proper control of abrasive contaminant particles in the lubricant oil or by introducing surface microstructural modifications of the component (e.g. a nanostructured thick coating).}, urldate = {2024-11-17}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Sebastiani, M. and Mangione, V. and De Felicis, D. and Bemporad, E. and Carassiti, F.}, month = jun, year = {2012}, note = {33 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Abrasive wear, FIB, Nanoindentation, Stellite, TEM}, pages = {10--17}, } @article{scrivaniContributionSurfaceAnalysis2001, title = {A contribution to the surface analysis and characterisation of {HVOF} coatings for petrochemical application}, volume = {250}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0035482335&doi=10.1016%2fS0043-1648%2801%2900621-4&partnerID=40&md5=8312dd4ea48d6d6bc5cba4cad7cb0e73}, doi = {10.1016/S0043-1648(01)00621-4}, abstract = {The appropriate selection of bulk materials and coatings of valve components is an important factor for the economic success of oil and gas production activities in the petrochemical field. Materials and coatings are important because particle erosion and surface wear are asscociated to corrosion by hydrogen sulphide during oil and gas flow. The wear of high pressure valves of gas system will lead to pollution, safety problems and cost increases. The most common solution of these problems is the deposition of hard materials as tungsten carbide or chromium carbide by thermal spray. These coatings are deposited by high velocity oxgen fuel (HVOF) thermal spray process to obtain a very high hardness with excellent cohesion and adhesion. Tungsten carbide cobalt-chromium based coating, chromium carbide nickel-chromium coating as well as Inconel 625 have been adopted in the specifications of petrochemical companies and their behaviour and wear, erosion and corrosion properties are reported in the literature. This paper addresses the experimental study, surface analysis and functional characterisation of HVOF coatings innovative for the specific application such as NiAl and composite material WC/intermetallic compounds containing Ni, Cr, Co and Mo. These coatings have been systematically submitted to corrosion and functional tests based on the determination of the behaviour of the coatings in H2S and CO2 atmosphere and to wear and erosion according to standard ASTM G75-95 (slurry test); material loss and surface damage have been determined; the coatings have been completely characterised from the point of view of the structure (morphology, porosity, hardness, wear) and of the surface properties by means of a prototype 3-dimensional (3-D) stylus micro-geometrical surface analysis system; their corrosion and functional behaviour have been compared with the behaviour of the above mentioned coatings. The slurry test allows a clear discrimination among the performances of analysed coatings. Namely, WC/Mo compound, because of its carbide content, shows fairly good behaviour in an erosive environment and higher erosion resistance than Inconel 625 and NiAI; all the tested coatings show similar behaviour in a corrosive environment. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {1-12}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Scrivani, A. and Ianelli, S. and Rossi, A. and Groppetti, R. and Casadei, F. and Rizzi, G.}, year = {2001}, note = {104 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Carbon dioxide, Coatings, Corrosion, Erosion, HVOF, Hydrogen sulfide, NiAl, Petrochemical plants, Surface treatment, Surface wear, Tungsten carbide, WC/Mo, Wear, coating, corrosion, petrochemical industry, wear}, pages = {107--113}, } @article{schunkReceiverReactorSolarThermal2008, title = {A {Receiver}-{Reactor} for the {Solar} {Thermal} {Dissociation} of {Zinc} {Oxide}}, volume = {130}, issn = {0199-6231}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2840576}, doi = {10.1115/1.2840576}, abstract = {An improved engineering design of a solar chemical reactor for the thermal dissociation of ZnO at above 2000K is presented. It features a rotating cavity receiver lined with ZnO particles that are held by centrifugal force. With this arrangement, ZnO is directly exposed to concentrated solar radiation and serves simultaneously the functions of radiant absorber, chemical reactant, and thermal insulator. The multilayer cylindrical cavity is made of sintered ZnO tiles placed on top of a porous 80\%Al2O3–20\%SiO2 insulation and reinforced by a 95\%Al2O3–5\%Y2O3 ceramic matrix composite, providing mechanical, chemical, and thermal stability and a diffusion barrier for product gases. 3D computational fluid dynamics was employed to determine the optimal flow configuration for an aerodynamic protection of the quartz window against condensable Zn(g). Experimentation was carried out at PSI’s high-flux solar simulator with a 10kW reactor prototype subjected to mean radiative heat fluxes over the aperture exceeding 3000suns (peak 5880suns). The reactor was operated in a transient ablation mode with semicontinuous feed cycles of ZnO particles, characterized by a rate of heat transfer—predominantly by radiation—to the layer of ZnO particles undergoing endothermic dissociation that proceeded faster than the rate of heat transfer—predominantly by conduction—through the cavity walls.}, number = {2}, urldate = {2022-01-15}, journal = {Journal of Solar Energy Engineering}, author = {Schunk, L. O. and Haeberling, P. and Wepf, S. and Wuillemin, D. and Meier, A. and Steinfeld, A.}, month = mar, year = {2008}, note = {154 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, } @article{schunkHeatTransferModel2009, title = {Heat transfer model of a solar receiver-reactor for the thermal dissociation of {ZnO}—{Experimental} validation at {10kW} and scale-up to {1MW}}, volume = {150}, issn = {1385-8947}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1385894709001806}, doi = {10.1016/j.cej.2009.03.012}, abstract = {A transient heat transfer model is developed for analyzing the thermal performance of a thermochemical reactor for the solar-driven dissociation of ZnO in the 1600–2136K range. The reactor consists of a rotating cavity-receiver lined with ZnO particles that are directly exposed to concentrated solar radiation. The model couples radiation, convection, and conduction heat transfer to the reaction kinetics for a shrinking domain and simulates a transient ablation regime with semi-batch feed cycles of ZnO particles. Validation is accomplished in terms of the numerically calculated and experimentally measured temperature profiles and reaction extents for a 10kW reactor prototype tested in a high-flux solar simulator and subjected to peak solar concentration ratios exceeding 5000 suns. Scaling-up the reactor technology to 1MW solar thermal power input has the potential of reaching a solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of 56\%.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2022-01-15}, journal = {Chemical Engineering Journal}, author = {Schunk, L. O. and Lipiński, W. and Steinfeld, A.}, month = aug, year = {2009}, note = {119 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Ablation, Cycle, Dissociation, Energy, Heat transfer, Hydrogen, Oxide, Radiation, Reactor, Solar, Thermochemical, Water splitting, Zinc}, pages = {502--508}, } @article{schroederMachiningMechanicalEngraving1998, title = {Machining and mechanical engraving of copper thermal-sprayed coatings}, volume = {7}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0032164696&doi=10.1361%2f105996398770350783&partnerID=40&md5=913efedff814af2fdcfede0e8ba24726}, doi = {10.1361/105996398770350783}, abstract = {Copper rolls and copper thermal spray coated rolls are being used throughout the printing industry. Copper is the material of choice for printing rolls that are subsequently machined, mechanically engraved, and hard chrome plated. However, there are several limitations associated with the application of copper thermal spray coatings, especially onto copper substrates at thicknesses greater than 0.015 in. This article presents thermal spray techniques that will improve the coating quality of copper coatings. These techniques reduce the oxide content, lower the porosity level, and produce a coating with a more desirable hardness range that allows for improved machining and easier mechanical engraving of copper coatings.}, number = {3}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {Schroeder, M.}, year = {1998}, note = {2 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Coated materials, Copper, Hardness, Machining, Mechanical engraving, Metallic films, Porosity, Printing, Rolls (machine components), Sprayed coatings, Substrates, Thermal spraying}, pages = {325--327}, } @article{savarimuthuSlidingWearBehavior2001, title = {Sliding wear behavior of tungsten carbide thermal spray coatings for replacement of chromium electroplate in aircraft applications}, volume = {10}, issn = {10599630 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0035440014&doi=10.1361%2f105996301770349286&partnerID=40&md5=0b9bb5409058d4ad5d51de733585a499}, doi = {10.1361/105996301770349286}, abstract = {Tungsten carbide (WC) thermal spray coatings have gained increased acceptance for commercial aircraft applications driven by the desire to replace chromium electroplate due to environmental and economic considerations. In order to confidently replace electroplated chrome with WC thermal spray coatings in aircraft applications, the coatings must demonstrate fatigue and wear characteristics as good as or better than those of electroplated chrome. Previous research in this area has shown that the fatigue life of the WC thermal spray coatings can be improved by inducing compressive residual stresses in the coating. This paper compares the wear characteristics of several types of WC thermal spray coatings with those of electroplated chrome in sliding wear tests using the "block-on-ring" procedures described in the ASTM G77 standard. Wear results are interpreted in terms of coating residual stresses and in terms of x-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses.}, language = {English}, number = {3}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {Savarimuthu, A.C. and Taber, H.F. and Megat, I. and Shadley, J.R. and Rybicki, E.F. and Cornell, W.C. and Emery, W.A. and Somerville, D.A. and Nuse, J.D.}, year = {2001}, note = {55 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {ASTM G77, Aircraft landing gear, Aircraft materials, Block on ring procedures, Chromate coatings, Chrome plating, Chromium electroplate, Electroplating, Fatigue of materials, HVOF, Landing gear (aircraft), Materials testing, Residual stress, Residual stresses, Scanning electron microscopy, Sliding wear behavior, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray coatings, Tungsten carbide, Wear, Wear of materials, X ray diffraction analysis}, pages = {502--510}, } @article{saucedaEffectHVOFProcessing2023, title = {Effect of {HVOF} processing parameters on {Cr3C2}-{NiCr} hard coatings deposited on {AISI} 4140 steel}, volume = {39}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85147580451&doi=10.1016%2fj.jestch.2023.101342&partnerID=40&md5=8fb4e2c9c480a7c864bc09eba99277dd}, doi = {10.1016/j.jestch.2023.101342}, abstract = {High Velocity Oxygen Fuel (HVOF) thermal spray coating is a deposition process that is widely employed at present to improve surfaces and the remanufacturing of components subject to severe wear, offering an alternative to reduce the cost of spare parts and used as a substitute for electro-chromium, also generating greater thickness than chemical vapor deposition and physical vapor deposition. This study evaluates the influence of the projected application parameters for Cr3C2-20(Ni20Cr) coatings on AISI 4140 steel using the HVOF technique. To do so, a 24 factorial experimental design was used to evaluate the effect on the thickness, porosity, surface hardness, and microhardness in the cross-section, produced by four of the main operational factors in the HVOF process: the fuel/oxygen (F/O) ratio entering the combustion chamber, powder flow, the roughness of the substrate before deposition, and spray gun speed. The morphology of the Cr3C2-20(Ni20Cr) powders and the microstructure of the coatings were studied through a scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectroscopy, while the composition were analyzed by X-ray diffraction. It was determined that: (i) the F/O ratio is the operation parameter with the most significant influence on the properties studied; (ii) the gun speed has a significant effect on the thickness generated and porosity; and (iii) the powder flow and roughness of the substrate have a greater effect on the surface hardness and microhardness. Finally, it was determined that coatings with great thickness, low porosity, and great hardness, ideal for the recovery of parts, can be achieved from a F/O ratio of 0.45 and a powder flow with the system feeder rotating at 12 rpm, applied to a substrate with a roughness of Ra=18μm, combined with a spray gun speed of 5 mm/s. © 2023 Karabuk University}, journal = {Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal}, author = {Sauceda, S. and Lascano, S. and Núñez, J. and Parra, C. and Arévalo, C. and Béjar, L.}, year = {2023}, note = {4 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Experimental design, HVOF, Hard coatings, Thermal spray coating}, } @article{saravananExperimentalDesignPerformance2001, title = {Experimental design and performance analysis of alumina coatings deposited by a detonation spray process}, volume = {34}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0035125119&doi=10.1088%2f0022-3727%2f34%2f1%2f320&partnerID=40&md5=4cc5cce5078e12e7f4385338302bd562}, doi = {10.1088/0022-3727/34/1/320}, abstract = {The increasing demands for high-quality coatings has made it inevitable that the surface coating industry would put more effort into precisely controlling the coating process. Statistical design of experiments is an effective method for finding the optimum spray parameters to enhance thermal spray coating properties. In the present investigation, an attempt is made to produce high-quality alumina (Al2O3) coatings by optimizing the detonation spray process parameters following a (L16-24) factorial design approach. The process parameters that were varied include the fuel ratio, carrier gas flow rate, frequency of detonations and spray distance. The coating characteristics were quantified with respect to roughness, hardness and porosity. The performance of the coatings was quantitively evaluated using erosion, abrasion and sliding wear testing. Through statistical analysis of the experimental results, performed by the ANOVA method, the significance of each process parameter together with an optimal variable combination was obtained for the desired coating attributes. Confirmation experiments were conducted to verify the optimal spray parameter combination, which clearly showed the possibility of producing high-quality Al2O3 coatings.}, number = {1}, journal = {Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics}, author = {Saravanan, P. and Selvarajan, V. and Joshi, S.V. and Sundararajan, G.}, year = {2001}, note = {0 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Abrasion, Alumina, Detonation, Detonation spray processes, Erosion, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray processes}, pages = {131--140}, } @article{santanaMechanicalPropertiesMicrostructure2008, title = {Mechanical properties and microstructure of {WC}-{10Co}-{4Cr} and {WC}-{12Co} thermal spray coatings deposited by {HVOF}}, volume = {24}, issn = {02670844 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-51749092168&doi=10.1179%2f174329408X326380&partnerID=40&md5=b479077dbd5c7838e9a131c259e793ef}, doi = {10.1179/174329408X326380}, abstract = {The present investigation has been conducted in order to determine the microstructural features, hardness and elastic modulus of two different WC-Co and WC-Co-Cr high velocity oxy fuel sprayed coatings. Particular emphasis has been given to the evaluation of the elastic modulus on the surface and cross-section of both coatings, employing three different indenters and the influence of the applied load on such property. For this purpose, both conventional and instrumented indentation tests were carried out on the surface and cross-section of the coatings. The elastic modulus was computed by means of the Oliver and Pharr method (1992; 2004) and compared with the values determined by means of the Marshall et al. method (1982). The values of the elastic modulus found both on the surface and on the cross-section of the samples were ∼250 GPa, which indicates a quasi-isotropic behaviour due to the uniform and dense microstructure observed along both directions. © 2008 Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining.}, language = {English}, number = {5}, journal = {Surface Engineering}, author = {Santana, Y.Y. and La Barbera-Sosa, J.G. and Caro, J. and Puchi-Cabrera, E.S. and Staia, M.H.}, year = {2008}, note = {43 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Chromate coatings, Chromium, Coatings, Cobalt, Cobalt compounds, Elastic moduli, Elasticity modulus, Error analysis, Hardness, Mechanical properties, Microstructural characterisation, Microstructural evolution, Microstructure, Pesticides, Sprayed coatings, Spraying, Thermal spray coatings, Thermal spraying, Tungsten alloys, Tungsten carbide, WC-Co coatings, X-ray diffraction analysis}, pages = {374--382}, } @article{santanaInfluenceMechanicalProperties2012, title = {Influence of mechanical properties of tungsten carbide-cobalt thermal spray coatings on their solid particle erosion behaviour}, volume = {28}, issn = {17432944 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84862181321&doi=10.1179%2f1743294411Y.0000000016&partnerID=40&md5=fce7c837e9af17feefe2f7d0e3109538}, doi = {10.1179/1743294411Y.0000000016}, abstract = {The present investigation has been carried out in order to study the erosion wear behaviour of WC-Co base thermal spray coatings. WC-12Co and WC-10Co-4Cr coatings were deposited by means of high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) thermal spraying. The erosion tests were conducted at impact angles of 30 and 90u using SiC particles of {\textasciitilde}50 mm in diameter as erodent, at a velocity of 83.4 m s -1. It has been found that the erosion rate for both coated systems was higher when the test was carried out at an angle of 90°. The through-thickness residual stresses of the coatings, as well as the microstructural characterisation, allowed an explanation of the results and the erosion mechanisms in each case. It has been found that, under the experimental conditions carried out in the present study, the WC-10Co-4Cr coating exhibited a higher erosive wear resistance as compared to the WC-12Co coating. © 2012 Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining.}, language = {English}, number = {4}, journal = {Surface Engineering}, author = {Santana, Y.Y. and La Barbera-Sosa, J.G. and Bencomo, A. and Lesage, J. and Chicot, D. and Bemporad, E. and Puchi-Cabrera, E.S. and Staia, M.H.}, year = {2012}, note = {37 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Chromate coatings, Coated systems, Cobalt, Erodent, Erosion, Erosion mechanisms, Erosion rates, Erosion test, Erosion wear, Experimental conditions, HVOF, HVOF thermal spraying, High velocity oxygen fuels, Impact angles, Mechanical properties, Microstructural characterisation, Residual stresses, SiC particles, Silicon carbide, Solid particle erosion, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray, Thermal spray coatings, Toughness, Tungsten, Tungsten carbide, Tungsten carbide cobalt, WC-12Co, WC-12Co and WC-10Co-4Cr coatings, Wear of materials}, pages = {237--243}, } @article{santanaCharacterizationResidualStresses2008, title = {Characterization and residual stresses of {WC}-{Co} thermally sprayed coatings}, volume = {202}, issn = {02578972 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-44449108087&doi=10.1016%2fj.surfcoat.2008.04.042&partnerID=40&md5=a87b9db270d58c0aa0e1c260945a86c2}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2008.04.042}, abstract = {The present investigation has been conducted in order to determine the residual stresses of an as-ground WC-12Co coating of two different thicknesses, by means of two different methods. Firstly, X-ray diffraction techniques, which allowed the determination of the surface residual stresses of the coating by means of the method called "sin2ψ" method. Secondly, an incremental hole drilling technique together with the integral method, which allowed the analysis of the non-uniform through-thickness residual stresses present in the coatings. It has been determined that the surface residual stresses are of a compressive nature, which could be due to the grinding that was applied to the coatings in order to achieve the desired thicknesses. On the contrary, the results of the incremental hole drilling tests indicated that the through-thickness residual stress distributions are not uniform and are characterized by the presence of tensile peak stresses, at depths in the range of {\textasciitilde} 50-125 μm. Such stresses were observed to decrease towards the coating-substrate interface where the compressive component of the stress state becomes greater than the tensile component. It has been found that the mean residual von Mises stress is higher in the thinner coating than in the thicker one, of approximately 180 and 107 MPa, respectively. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {18}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Santana, Y.Y. and Renault, P.O. and Sebastiani, M. and La Barbera, J.G. and Lesage, J. and Bemporad, E. and Le Bourhis, E. and Puchi-Cabrera, E.S. and Staia, M.H.}, year = {2008}, note = {87 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Characterization, Incremental hole drilling technique, Incremental hole drilling test, Residual stresses, Residual von Mises stress, Sprayed coatings, Tensile stress, Thermal spray coating, Thermal spraying, Tungsten alloys, Tungsten carbide-cobalt coatings, X ray diffraction analysis, X-ray diffraction stress analysis}, pages = {4560--4565}, } @article{rupomTailoringPiezoelectricity3D2024, title = {Tailoring {Piezoelectricity} of {3D} {Printing} {PVDF}-{MoS2} {Nanocomposite} via {In} {Situ} {Induced} {Shear} {Stress}}, volume = {7}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.4c03695}, doi = {10.1021/acsanm.4c03695}, abstract = {3D printing of unique structures with tunable properties offers significant advantages in the fabrication of complex and customized electronic devices. This study introduces a process-microstructure–property-guided manufacturing route to fabricate PVDF-2D MoS2 piezoelectric nanocomposites with tunable piezoelectric properties without having a postprocess. We control PVDF’s microstructure through direct ink writing (DIW) 3D printing while tuning PVDF-MoS2 interfacial strain by controlling rheology and 3D printing parameters, such as nozzle size and printing speed. Our approach demonstrates tunable piezoelectricity in PVDF-MoS2, achieving a 15-fold increase in the piezoelectric coefficient (d33) at a printing-induced shear stress of 6685 Pa. This enhancement arises from the electrostatic interactions between PVDF and MoS2 and the filler distribution and alignment caused by the in situ shear stress in 3D printing, as confirmed by XPS and Raman mapping analyses. Our findings advance the understanding of piezoelectric mechanisms in PVDF-based nanocomposites, laying the foundation for 3D printing of piezoelectric sensors in wearable device applications with enhanced performance and customization capabilities.}, number = {19}, urldate = {2025-03-02}, journal = {ACS Applied Nano Materials}, author = {Rupom, Rifat Hasan and Islam, Md Nurul and Demchuk, Zoriana and Advincula, Rigoberto and Dahotre, Narendra B. and Jiang, Yijie and Choi, Wonbong}, month = oct, year = {2024}, note = {1 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: American Chemical Society}, keywords = {2D MoS2, 3D printing-induced shear stress, ALPHA, BETA-PHASE, LAYER, PVDF, interfacial interaction, mechanical poling, nanocomposites, numerical simulation, tailorable piezoelectricity}, pages = {22714--22722}, } @article{rukhandeHightemperatureTribologicalInvestigation2022, title = {High-temperature tribological investigation of {APS} and {HVOF} sprayed {NiCrBSiFe} coatings on {SS} {316L}}, volume = {16}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85104295033&doi=10.1080%2f17515831.2021.1898887&partnerID=40&md5=d997f6d0ca14b20af506365e3103f0e4}, doi = {10.1080/17515831.2021.1898887}, abstract = {In numerous high-temperature applications like hot forming, power generation and aerospace, many components are coated by thermal spraying to counter wear and high-temperature oxidation. In this paper, the unidirectional dry sliding wear and friction behaviour of APS (atmospheric plasma spray) and HVOF (high velocity oxy-fuel) sprayed NiCrBSiFe coatings have been investigated at 300, 500, and 700°C temperature. The high-temperature dry sliding wear tests were performed at 18 m/min sliding velocity, 10 N normal load, and silicon nitride (1580 HV0.3) as counter material on the pin on disc tribometer, as per ASTM G99 standard. The specific wear rate and the coefficient of friction were compared to assess the behaviour of APS and HVOF coatings. For both coatings, the specific wear rates increased with the temperature. As compared to the APS coating, the HVOF coating had enhanced wear resistance at high-temperature, due to the close packed partially melted particles, low oxide inclusion, low porosity and high hardness. © 2021 Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining and Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor \& Francis Group.}, number = {2}, journal = {Tribology - Materials, Surfaces and Interfaces}, author = {Rukhande, S.W. and Rathod, W.S. and Bhosale, D.}, year = {2022}, note = {12 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {APS, Atmospheric plasma spray, Atmospheric temperature, Chromium compounds, Coefficient of frictions, Dry sliding wear test, Friction, Fuels, HVOF, HVOF thermal spraying, High temperature applications, High velocity oxy fuel, Hot stamping, Iron compounds, NiCrBSiFe, Nickel compounds, Pin on disc tribometer, Plasma spraying, Silicon nitride, Sliding velocities, Specific wear rates, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray coatings, Thermooxidation, Tribological investigations, Tribology, Wear of materials, Wear resistance, high-temperature sliding wear}, pages = {98--109}, } @article{rovaniUseMicroscaleAbrasion2019, title = {On the use of microscale abrasion test for determining the particle abrasivity}, volume = {49}, issn = {00903973 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85071289095&doi=10.1520%2fJTE20180576&partnerID=40&md5=74d0dbdec84a8bcc8f3ca0ca7f308dfd}, doi = {10.1520/JTE20180576}, abstract = {Particle abrasivity is an important concept for helping to select materials for pumps and for disc cutters in underground excavation, and specific ASTM standards are available for making these selections. However, for manufacturing processes in which abrasive action is their core, the particle size range is approximately a few micrometers. The evaluation of particle abrasivity using the microscale abrasion test matches this range of particles for this purpose, but relatively few investigations using this kind of method have been conducted. The aim of this investigation is to use the microscale abrasion test to evaluate the particle abrasivity, avoiding changes on the ball surface and on the particle size distribution. Samples of quenched AISI D2 tool steel were used for tests. The wear mode was dependent on the testing time. Alumina (Al2O3) particles presented a lower abrasiveness when compared to boron carbide (B4C) ones, confirmed by the higher wear coefficient found in the latter after reaching the steady-state regime. This behavior was evidenced by the number of active particles in the contact, which showed that there were a larger number of B4C particles than Al2O3 during the contact at all sliding distances. The particle abrasivity is discussed in terms of significant characteristics of slurries: particle shape, particle size distribution, hardness-to-elastic modulus ratio, zeta potential, and density. As the controlling of those characteristics seems to be very important, particle abrasivity is a concept that needs to be improved besides the test system used for that purpose. Copyright © 2019 by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959}, language = {English}, number = {1}, journal = {Journal of Testing and Evaluation}, author = {Rovani, A.C. and Rosso, T.A. and Pintaude, G.}, year = {2019}, note = {6 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: ASTM International}, keywords = {ASTM standards, Abrasion, Abrasive particles, Abrasiveness, Abrasives, Alumina, Aluminum oxide, Boron carbide, Erosion, Excavation, Light transmission, Manufacturing process, Micro-abrasive wear, Micro-scale abrasion test, Particle size, Particle size analysis, Particle size ranges, Size distribution, Sliding distances, Steady-state regime, Testing, Tool steel, Underground excavation}, } @article{rosalbinoCorrosionBehaviourAssessment2013a, title = {Corrosion behaviour assessment of cast and {HIPed} {Stellite} 6 alloy in a chloride-containing environment}, volume = {111}, issn = {0013-4686}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013468613015338}, doi = {10.1016/j.electacta.2013.08.019}, abstract = {Cobalt-base (Stellite) alloys have seen extensive use in wear environments mainly due to their high strength, corrosion resistance and hardness. Co-base superalloys rely primarily on carbides formed in the Co matrix and at grain boundaries, for their strength and wear resistance. The distribution, size and shape of carbides depend on processing conditions. Currently, the use of Stellite alloys has extended into various industrial sectors (e.g. pulp and paper processing, oil and gas processing, pharmaceuticals, chemical processing) and the need for improved information regarding corrosion of Stellite alloys has increased. It has been recognized that processing changes, which affect the microstructure of Stellite alloys, most affect corrosion resistance. In this work the corrosion behaviour of Stellite 6 alloy in the as-cast and the HIPed consolidated forms is compared and contrasted using DC and AC electrochemical techniques in static saline conditions. The results show that there is a significant difference in the corrosion performance of HIP consolidated Stellite 6 and it is possible to link the corrosion behaviour to the microstructure. The benefits of using HIPing as a manufacturing process for the corrosion performance of Stellite 6 are discussed.}, urldate = {2025-03-14}, journal = {Electrochimica Acta}, author = {Rosalbino, F. and Scavino, G.}, month = nov, year = {2013}, note = {42 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Corrosion behaviour, Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), Passive film, Sodium chloride solution, Stellite 6 alloy}, pages = {656--662}, } @article{ronzaniCavitationResistanceTungsten2020, title = {Cavitation resistance of tungsten carbide applied on {AISI} 1020 steel by {HVOF} and remelted with {CO2} laser}, volume = {42}, issn = {16785878 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85085032687&doi=10.1007%2fs40430-020-02382-7&partnerID=40&md5=44fa197af40e6b15a2c08b0937ff0ef9}, doi = {10.1007/s40430-020-02382-7}, abstract = {In engineering, there are major concerns about cavitation wear, as well as erosion, caused by the transport of abrasive sediments in hydraulic installations, like pumps and turbines, due to the damage these phenomena can cause in pumping stations and hydroelectric plants. Several studies are proposed to reduce this problem, like component design alteration and deposition of coatings with different materials that can be optimized for different wear issues. The objective of this work was to characterize and analyze the cavitation erosion of AISI 1020 steel samples coated with WC10Co4Cr deposited by high-velocity oxy fuel (HVOF) and laser-remelted with CO2 laser beam to evaluate the influence of this process in the cavitation erosion resistance of the coating. Microstructure, before and after laser treatment, was analyzed by means of optical and scanning electronical microscopy with SEM/EDS, indicated the metallurgical bonding between substrate and coating and a thickness reduction in the initial coating sprayed by HVOF of 100–35 µm after laser irradiation, with an enhanced coating hardness (20\%) near the surface. The cavitation erosion resistance evaluated using vibratory ultrasonic equipment, according ASTM G32-92 standard, indicated a reduction of 40\% after laser treatment. This performance could be attributed to the surface densification of the HVOF-sprayed coating. © 2020, The Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering.}, language = {English}, number = {6}, journal = {Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering}, author = {Ronzani, A.G. and Pukasiewicz, A.G.M. and da Silva Custodio, R.M. and de Vasconcelos, G. and de Oliveira, A.C.C.}, year = {2020}, note = {1 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Springer}, keywords = {Abrasive wear, Carbon dioxide, Carbon dioxide lasers, Cavitation, Cavitation erosion resistance, Cavitation resistance, Coating, Coating hardness, Erosion, Fuels, HVOF, HVOF thermal spraying, High velocity oxy fuel, Hydraulic motors, Hydroelectric plant, Laser, Laser beams, Metallurgical bonding, Sprayed coatings, Surface densification, Thermal spraying, Thickness reduction, Tungsten carbide, Wear of materials}, } @article{romoCavitationHighvelocitySlurry2012, title = {Cavitation and high-velocity slurry erosion resistance of welded {Stellite} 6 alloy}, volume = {47}, issn = {0301679X (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84856240362&doi=10.1016%2fj.triboint.2011.10.003&partnerID=40&md5=77bc5b529937543083c683cc6f5d689d}, doi = {10.1016/j.triboint.2011.10.003}, abstract = {The cavitation and slurry erosion resistances of Stellite 6 coatings and 13-4 stainless steel were compared in laboratory. The Cavitation Resistance (CR) was measured according to ASTM G32 standard and the Slurry Erosion Resistance (SER) was tested in a high-velocity erosion tester under several impact angles. The results showed that the coatings improved the CR 15 times when compared to bare stainless steel. The SER of the coatings was also higher for all the impingement angles tested, the highest erosion rate being observed at 45°. The main wear mechanisms were micro-cracking (cavitation tests), and micro-cutting and micro-ploughing (slurry erosion tests). © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, journal = {Tribology International}, author = {Romo, S.A. and Santa, J.F. and Giraldo, J.E. and Toro, A.}, year = {2012}, note = {82 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation erosion, Cavitation resistance, Cerium alloys, Chromate coatings, Erosion, Erosion rates, High velocity, Impact angles, Impact resistance, Impingement angle, Micro-cutting, Slurry erosion, Stainless steel, Stellite, Stellite 6, Stellite 6 alloy, Stellite 6 coating, Tribology, Wear mechanisms, alloy}, pages = {16--24}, } @article{romeroLowTemperaturePlasma2019, title = {Low temperature plasma nitriding of a {Co30Cr19Fe} alloy for improving cavitation erosion resistance}, volume = {426-427}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85060102386&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2019.01.019&partnerID=40&md5=2999ef7b19a2ade4a01d3525f666e95b}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2019.01.019}, abstract = {Cobalt alloys are used when improved cavitation-erosion (CE) resistance is needed. Low temperature plasma nitriding - (LTPN) is known to greatly enhance the CE resistance of austenitic and duplex stainless steels, due to formation of a very hard, super-saturated fcc - phase, known as expanded austenite or S-phase. In this work, Low Temperature Plasma Nitriding of a non-standard Co-Cr alloy was carried out to explore the formation of an expanded S-phase hard layer and to assess its effect on the CE resistance of the Co-Cr alloy. The Co-Cr samples, containing α-fcc and ε-hcp solid solutions phases, were plasma nitrided at 350 °C and 400 °C for 20 h. The CE tests were carried out in a vibratory cavitation equipment according to ASTM G32-92. Microstructural and micromechanical characterization of the specimens indicated the formation of an expanded S-phase fcc layer, containing small amounts of CrN. Plasma nitriding at 400 °C and greater amounts of α-fcc volume fraction in the matrix led to thicker and harder (10.5 GPa) S-phase layers. The 400 °C nitrided samples exhibited higher CE resistances than the non-nitrided samples, with up to 267\% greater incubation times and 5 times reduced wear rate. All Co30Cr19Fe samples showed higher CE resistances than AISI 304 and only the solution-treated sample showed lower CE resistance than Stellite 6. The results are discussed in terms of the mechanisms of material removal, during the initial stages of CE, which are controlled by plastic deformation, with formation of slip steps, grain boundaries protrusion and material removal from these protruded areas. Twin boundaries are preferably eroded. The increase in nitrogen content increases the elastic energy returned to the environment and decreases the amount of plastic energy absorbed by the alloy, at cavitation impact spots. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Romero, M.C. and Tschiptschin, A.P. and Scandian, C.}, year = {2019}, note = {13 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {Aluminum nitride, Binary alloys, Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation erosion, Cavitation erosion resistance, Cavitation impacts, Chromium alloys, Cobalt alloy, Cobalt alloys, Duplex stainless steel, Erosion, Expanded austenite, Grain boundaries, Iron alloys, Low temperature plasma nitriding, Micromechanical characterization, Nitriding, Nitrogen plasma, Plasma applications, Plasma nitriding, Temperature, Ternary alloys, Wear mechanisms, Wear of materials}, pages = {581--588}, } @article{romeroCavitationErosionResistance2019, series = {22nd {International} {Conference} on {Wear} of {Materials}}, title = {Cavitation erosion resistance of a non-standard cast cobalt alloy: {Influence} of solubilizing and cold working treatments}, volume = {426-427}, issn = {0043-1648}, shorttitle = {Cavitation erosion resistance of a non-standard cast cobalt alloy}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043164818316284}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2018.12.044}, abstract = {The wear behavior of a non-standard cast cobalt chromium alloy (Co30Cr19Fe), during vibratory cavitation test, was investigated. Low stacking fault energies (SFE) cobalt alloys deform by complex plastic deformation mechanisms, which enhance the cavitation erosion (CE) resistance, since the onset of localized stress, leading to fatigue failure and material removal, is delayed. The purpose of this work is to characterize the main operating deformation mechanisms during cavitation erosion testing of the non-standard Co30Cr19Fe alloy. As cast, solution treated, and 15\% and 30\% cold rolled specimens were tested. The as cast microstructure consisted of {\textasciitilde}2 mm fcc alpha grains and hcp epsilon-martensite. The 1473 K solubilization treatment led to primary recrystallization and formation of 250 µm new grains. The 15\% cold worked microstructure consisted of heavily deformed fcc phase containing deformation twins and epsilon-martensite. Ultrasonic cavitation testing was carried out, during 40 h, according to ASTM G32-09. The solubilized specimens presented the worst behavior, whereas, the 30\% cold worked specimens were the most CE resistant. The CE results are discussed based on the microstructural parameters: amount of alpha fcc and epsilon-hcp phases, grain sizes, relative amounts of twinning, slip lines and strain induced martensite formation.}, urldate = {2025-02-08}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Romero, M. C. and Tschiptschin, A. P. and Scandian, C.}, month = apr, year = {2019}, note = {14 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Binary alloys, Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation erosion resistance, Cavitation-erosion, Chromium alloys, Co-Cr alloy, Co-Cr alloys, Cobalt alloys, Cobalt compounds, Cobalt-chromium alloys, Cold rolling, Cold work, Cold working, Erosion, Iron alloys, Low stacking fault energies, Martensite, Metal cladding, Microstructural parameters, Microstructure, Plastic deformation mechanisms, Primary recrystallization, Strain induced martensite, Strain-induced martensite, Ternary alloys, Twinning, Ultrasonic testing}, pages = {518--526}, } @article{roganteThroughthethicknessResidualStress2009, title = {Through-the-thickness residual stress analysis by neutron diffraction in inoxidizable martensitic steel samples with and without tungsten carbide coating}, volume = {204}, issn = {02578972 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-71749119514&doi=10.1016%2fj.surfcoat.2009.08.044&partnerID=40&md5=5c29f8580f83299f5ec77799c5a30e4e}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2009.08.044}, abstract = {The residual stress (RS) induced in the substrate by thermal spray-coating plays a significant role in the behaviour of coated materials. The characterisation of High-Velocity Oxy-Fuel (HVOF) coatings through RS determination justifies various cases of failure or bad performance due to the delamination of coating which is not easily interpretable through more traditional microstructural analyses and mechanical tests. Two 13Cr4Ni inoxidizable martensitic steel samples, one having a thermal spray (WC-12\% Co) HVOF coated surface, the other a shoot peened surface, were analyzed by neutron diffraction (ND) in order to determine the real RS depth-profile and investigate the effects of the thermal process on the considered materials. The stresses resulted in the range from - 80 to 50 MPa for the uncoated sample, while for the coated sample they increased gradually from a slight compressive status in correspondence of the uncoated surface, to greatest values of {\textasciitilde} 250 MPa in correspondence of the coating. A traditional X-ray investigation on the coated surface measured compressive RS values σ = - 550 ± 40 MPa, showing that ND investigation is very suitable for critical applications, where a much greater stress situation could be present at a diverse depth. The results achieved yielded trends that can be used in monitoring of the coating characteristics, in particular adhesion, thereby confirming the relevance of thermal stresses induced by HVOF coating processes. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {5}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Rogante, M. and Mikula, P. and Vrana, M.}, year = {2009}, note = {3 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {13Cr4Ni steel, A-thermal, Characterisation, Coated materials, Coated sample, Coated surface, Coating, Coating characteristics, Coatings, Critical applications, Depth-profile, HVOF coatings, HVOF thermal spraying, High velocity oxy-fuel, Martensite, Martensitic steel, Mechanical tests, Microstructural analysis, Neutron diffraction, Neutrons, Rapid solidification, Residual stress, Residual stresses, Steel coatings, Steel metallography, Stress analysis, Surfaces, Thermal process, Thermal spray, Thermal spraying, Tungsten, Tungsten carbide, Tungsten carbide coating, X-ray investigations}, pages = {650--656}, } @article{roebuckMeasurementGrainSize2000, title = {Measurement of grain size and size distribution in engineering materials}, volume = {16}, issn = {0267-0836}, url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1179/026708300101506911}, doi = {10.1179/026708300101506911}, abstract = {Methods to characterise grain size distribution in engineering materials are evaluated, and compared with measurements on two representative materials, an equiaxed aluminium alloy and a heterogeneous nickel alloy. Computer simulations from a model tetrakaidecahedron structure have also been obtained using a personal computer program to rotate and section the model randomly, generating distribution data on section area and intercept lengths. Comparisons have been made between the model distribution data and intercept distribution data from the material microstructures. It is recommended that size distributions of area plotted against size (intercept) or normalised size provide an effective method for discriminating between different grain size distributions. An estimate of area can be used indirectly by squaring intercept values rather than making direct measurements of grain areas.}, language = {en}, number = {10}, urldate = {2024-07-11}, journal = {Materials Science and Technology}, author = {Roebuck, B.}, month = oct, year = {2000}, note = {30 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: SAGE Publications}, pages = {1167--1174}, } @article{roebuckExtrapolatingHardnessstructureProperty2006, series = {Science of hard materials-8. {Part} {II}. {Selected} papers from the 8th {International} {Conference} on the {Science} of {Hard} {Materials}}, title = {Extrapolating hardness-structure property maps in {WC}/{Co} hardmetals}, volume = {24}, issn = {0263-4368}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263436805000545}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2005.04.021}, abstract = {The concept of microstructural design has been extensively used for many years by the hardmetal industry to develop hard and tough products with consistent properties. The primary microstructural features are the size of the hard phase crystals and the volume fractions of the constituent phases. The range of commercial materials now comprises products with grain sizes in the range 0.2–5μm, but there is interest in manufacturing materials with both finer and coarser structures. The Hall–Petch expression, that predicts high hardness for materials with ever finer grain sizes, underpins this drive. The availability of very fine powders, even down to nanosizes, has stimulated great interest in developing processing routes that can take advantage of these very fine powders. Powders in the nanometer size range are available. The technological challenge is to maintain this small crystal size in the sintered product. The current research has paid careful attention to accurate measurements of hardness and WC grain size, over the whole range of grain sizes, but especially at the finer end, with the objective of reviewing the Hall–Petch predictions for a large population of WC/Co hardmetals with either 6 or 10wt\% Co as binder-phase. Alternative property maps are discussed that may provide a better fit for the experimental data. The use of alternative maps has implications with regard to trends in hardness with grain size and these predictions are discussed. However, they are empirical and currently have no physical basis to underpin their use.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-07-13}, journal = {International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials}, author = {Roebuck, B.}, month = jan, year = {2006}, note = {53 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Hall-petch, Hard metals, Microstructural design, Property maps}, pages = {101--108}, } @article{roebTestOperation100kW2011, series = {{SolarPACES} 2009}, title = {Test operation of a {100kW} pilot plant for solar hydrogen production from water on a solar tower}, volume = {85}, issn = {0038-092X}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0038092X10001623}, doi = {10.1016/j.solener.2010.04.014}, abstract = {The present work describes the realisation and successful test operation of a 100kW pilot plant for two-step solar thermo-chemical water splitting on a solar tower at the Plataforma Solar de Almería, which aims at the demonstration of the feasibility of the process on a solar tower platform under real conditions. The process applies multi-valent iron based mixed metal oxides as reactive species which are coated on honeycomb absorbers inside a receiver–reactor. By the introduction of a two-chamber reactor it is possible to run both process concepts in parallel and thus, the hydrogen production process in a quasi-continuous mode. In summer 2008 an exhaustive thermal qualification of the pilot plant took place, using uncoated ceramic honeycombs as absorbers. Some main aspects of these tests were the development and validation of operational and measurement strategy, the gaining of knowledge on the dynamics of the system, in particular during thermal cycling, the determination of the controllability of the whole system, and the validation of practicability of the control concept. The thermal tests enabled to improve, to refine and finally to prove the process strategy and showed the feasibility of the control concept implemented. It could be shown that rapid changeover between the modules is a central benefit for the performance of the process. In November of 2008 the absorber was replaced and honeycombs coated with redox material were inserted. This allowed carrying out tests of hydrogen production by water splitting. Several hydrogen production cycles and metal oxide reduction cycles could be run without problems. Significant concentrations of hydrogen were produced with a conversion of steam of up to 30\%.}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2022-01-15}, journal = {Solar Energy}, author = {Roeb, M. and Säck, J. -P. and Rietbrock, P. and Prahl, C. and Schreiber, H. and Neises, M. and de Oliveira, L. and Graf, D. and Ebert, M. and Reinalter, W. and Meyer-Grünefeldt, M. and Sattler, C. and Lopez, A. and Vidal, A. and Elsberg, A. and Stobbe, P. and Jones, D. and Steele, A. and Lorentzou, S. and Pagkoura, C. and Zygogianni, A. and Agrafiotis, C. and Konstandopoulos, A. G.}, month = apr, year = {2011}, note = {156 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Ferrites, Hydrogen, Receiver–reactor, Solar tower, Thermochemical cycle}, pages = {634--644}, } @article{rodriguezExperimentalStudyWear2003, title = {An experimental study of the wear performance of {NiCrBSi} thermal spray coatings}, volume = {255}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0041562728&doi=10.1016%2fS0043-1648%2803%2900162-5&partnerID=40&md5=1e0a3b94fe5257a4ed0f96a52d5a1f0a}, doi = {10.1016/S0043-1648(03)00162-5}, abstract = {The increasingly extreme conditions in which components are required to work have led to the use of thermal coatings in a lot of industrial applications. Special attention has been paid in NiCrBSi alloys since they provide a high wear and corrosion resistance at high temperatures. In this communication, an experimental programme has been carried out to analyse the influence of several factors such as load, temperature, presence of reinforcement particles and the type of thermal spray technique on the wear behaviour of a NiCrBSi alloy.Specimens were tested in a reciprocating pin on plate wear machine able to select loads ranging from 50 to 200 N and temperatures up to 500 °C. Four sets of specimens were tested varying the composition (with the presence or not of WC in the powders) and the type of thermal spraying technique (plasma or flame+fusion).A statistical analysis based on the design of experiments methodology was applied to identify the main significative effects and interactions. © 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {7-12}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Rodríguez, J. and Martín, A. and Fernández, R. and Fernández, J.E.}, year = {2003}, note = {143 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier BV}, keywords = {Corrosion resistance, NiCrBSi alloy, Nickel alloys, Reinforcement, Sprayed coatings, Spraying, Thermal coatings, Thermal effects, Wear behaviour, Wear resistance, coating, industrial application, nickel alloy}, pages = {950--955}, } @article{rodriguezEffectsDispersionTime2014, title = {Effects of the dispersion time on the microstructure and wear resistance of {WC}/{Co}-{CNTs} {HVOF} sprayed coatings}, volume = {258}, issn = {02578972 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84912528814&doi=10.1016%2fj.surfcoat.2014.10.014&partnerID=40&md5=1a3aeb064a38dba1034eca7150679099}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2014.10.014}, abstract = {WC-Co is widely used as a tribological coating material providing a combination of high toughness, high hardness, and good strength. Herein, an attempt has been made to further enhance the mechanical and wear properties of tungsten carbide cobalt coatings by reinforcing them with multiwall carbon nanotubes (CNTs) using thermal spraying. In this work, 0.35. wt.\% of CNTs were mixed by jar-milling in ethanol solution with WC-12\%Co microcrystalline powders for different blending times. The mixture was thermally sprayed using the HVOF process onto a plain steel substrate. Also, coatings deposited with both WC-12\%Co microcrystalline and nanostructured powders, using the same thermal spray process, were evaluated and compared with samples reinforced with CNTs. The microstructures of the coatings were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The microhardness was measured by Vickers indentation and the abrasive wear resistance was evaluated using a dry sand rubber wheel technique according to ASTM G-65-00 standard. Effects of blending times of CNTs on the microstructure, abrasion wear and microhardness of the coatings were investigated. Experimental results have shown that 36. h of milling time was suitable to disperse CNTs with WC-Co feed powders since it produces an adequate relationship between CNTs' dispersion time and particle size which enhances the microhardness and porosity of the coatings. The C-36 coating showed an increase in wear resistance of almost 80\% and 70\% compared with conventional and nanostructured coatings, respectively. This was attributed to the CNTs acting as bridges, promoting the cohesion between lamellas and reducing the decarburization. All reinforced coatings showed a higher abrasive wear resistance than non-reinforced indicating that CNTs are a good alternative to improve abrasion wear resistance of WC-Co coatings. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Rodríguez, M.A. and Gil, L. and Camero, S. and Fréty, N. and Santana, Y. and Caro, J.}, year = {2014}, note = {30 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier B.V.}, keywords = {Abrasion, Abrasion wear, Abrasion wear resistance, Abrasive coatings, Abrasives, Blending, CNTs, Dispersion, Dispersion (waves), Dispersions, Energy dispersive X ray spectroscopy, Energy dispersive spectroscopy, Erosion, HVOF, HVOF thermal spraying, Microcrystalline powders, Microcrystals, Microhardness, Microstructure, Milling (machining), Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCN), Particle size, Powders, Raman, Reinforcement, Scanning electron microscopy, Sprayed coatings, Tungsten carbide, Tungsten carbide cobalt, WC-Co, Wear resistance}, pages = {38--48}, } @article{roaComparisonResistanceCavitation2021, title = {Comparison of the {Resistance} to {Cavitation} {Erosion} and {Slurry} {Erosion} of {Four} {Kinds} of {Surface} {Modification} on 13-4 {Ca6NM} {Hydro}-{Machinery} {Steel}}, volume = {30}, issn = {10599495 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85107513747&doi=10.1007%2fs11665-021-05908-9&partnerID=40&md5=8543d9246527352a1a7bc70ff69ef0c8}, doi = {10.1007/s11665-021-05908-9}, abstract = {The cavitation and slurry jet erosion resistance of surface-coated and thermochemically treated CA6NM 13-4 steel were evaluated in this work. The cavitation erosion experiments followed the ASTM G32 standard, while the slurry jet erosion tests were performed using a homemade tribometer. CA6NM steel was used as substrate and as reference material for all wear experiments. The surface treatments included plasma nitriding and salt bath nitro-carburization, while the coatings evaluated were thermal-sprayed WC-10Co4Cr and a commercial grade elastomeric coating. The microstructures were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD), and the mechanical properties were estimated by nanoindentation. From the results analysis, it was found that the plasma nitriding permitted high improvement against slurry jet erosion, similarly to the WC-10Co4Cr coating. Moreover, the thermochemical treatments of plasma nitriding and salt bath nitrocarburizing showed better increments of cavitation resistance when compared to the coatings evaluated. Based on these findings, comments on the challenges involved in the manufacture route for hydropower runners with enhanced performance against wear are included. © 2021, ASM International.}, language = {English}, number = {10}, journal = {Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance}, author = {Roa, C.V. and Valdes, J.A. and Larrahondo, F. and Rodríguez, S.A. and Coronado, J.J.}, year = {2021}, note = {21 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Springer}, keywords = {13-4 CA6NM steel, Aluminum nitride, Cavitation, Cavitation resistance, Commercial grade, Elastomeric coatings, Erosion, Erosion experiments, Erosion resistance, HVOF coating, Machinery, Nitriding, Nitrogen plasma, Plasma applications, Reference material, Scanning electron microscopy, Sprayed coatings, Surface resistance, Thermo-chemically, Thermochemical treatments, Wear of materials, cavitation erosion, plasma nitriding, salt bath nitrocarburizing, slurry erosion, turbomachinery}, pages = {7195--7212}, } @inproceedings{riemschneiderEFFECTPLASMANITRIDING2021, title = {{THE} {EFFECT} {OF} {PLASMA} {NITRIDING} {ON} {CAVITATION} {EROSION} {RESISTANCE} {OF} {GRAY} {CAST} {IRON} {WITH} {LAMELLAR} {GRAPHITE}, {EN}-{GJL}-200}, isbn = {978-808729499-4 (ISBN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85124362088&doi=10.37904%2fmetal.2021.4137&partnerID=40&md5=fe36a1927213098b3d5d44f98952528b}, doi = {10.37904/metal.2021.4137}, abstract = {Numerous engineering components which are in contact with liquid environments that are working under pressure can be degraded by cavitation erosion. The present paper study the improvement of cavitation erosion resistance of gray cast iron with lamellar graphite and pearlite microstructure by applying the nitriding thermochemical treatment. The cavitation tests were carried out on a vibratory device with piezoceramic crystals in accordance with ASTM G32 - 2016 standard. The material degradation is demonstrated by mass loss and erosion rate variation depending on the cavitation attack period. As reference material it was considered the same type of gray cast iron, subjected to softening annealing treatment. The eroded surface was examined by optical and scanning electronic microscopy. © 2021 TANGER Ltd., Ostrava.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {{METAL} - {Anniv}. {Int}. {Conf}. {Met}. {Mater}., {Conf}. {Proc}.}, publisher = {TANGER Ltd.}, author = {Riemschneider, E. and Bordeașu, I. and Mitelea, I. and Uțu, I.-D. and Crăciunescu, C.M.}, year = {2021}, note = {1 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Journal Abbreviation: METAL - Anniv. Int. Conf. Met. Mater., Conf. Proc.}, keywords = {Aluminum nitride, Cast iron, Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation erosion, Cavitation-erosion resistance, Engineering components, Erosion, Graphite, Gray cast iron, Grey cast iron, Liquid environment, Mass loss rate, Materials degradation, Nitriding, Nitrogen plasma, Piezo-ceramics, Plasma applications, Plasma nitriding, Thermochemical treatments, Vibratory devices}, pages = {520--524}, } @article{richmanCorrelationCavitationErosion1990, title = {Correlation of cavitation erosion behavior with mechanical properties of metals}, volume = {140}, issn = {0043-1648}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/004316489090122Q}, doi = {10.1016/0043-1648(90)90122-Q}, abstract = {Good correlations are presented between material removal rates and cyclic deformation parameters, a strong indication that damage in cavitation erosion is a fatigue process. The predominant property in cavitation erosion resistance is shown to be the fatigue strength coefficient σf′ which accounts for most of the differences among materials. Correlations are further improved by incorporating the cyclic strain-hardening exponent n′ in a combined parameter σf′n′. This combined parameter also correlates well with the stacking fault energy, a primary determinant of deformation modes in many of the materials used in past experiments.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2025-04-11}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Richman, R. H. and McNaughton, W. P.}, month = oct, year = {1990}, note = {199 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {63--82}, } @article{redaErosionCorrosionBehaviour2023, title = {Erosion–{Corrosion} {Behaviour} of {ASTM} {A106} {GR}.{B} {Carbon} {Steel} {Pipelines}}, volume = {9}, issn = {21984220 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85141044154&doi=10.1007%2fs40735-022-00729-2&partnerID=40&md5=57056d7a5522663dac0747464f00f83d}, doi = {10.1007/s40735-022-00729-2}, abstract = {Erosion–corrosion “E–C” of the ASTM A106 Gr.B carbon steel was investigatedusing self-constructed E–C setup. Well water “NWW”, extracted from Noroos Gas-Wells located at Western Desert—Egypt, was used as testing electrolyte. The effect of the impingement angle, sand content and flow pressure was studied. For comparison, similar experiments were conducted using distilled water. The test results were obtained for angles of 20°, 45°, 70° and 90° using 1.5–3 g/l suspended solids (sand) and flow pressure ranging from 20, 30 and 40 psi. It was found that the greatest E–C occurred at impact angles of roughly 70° for distilled water and 90° for well water. The erosion rate increased as the sand concentration and flow pressure increased. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were the main characteristics of the metal surface. Ploughing and metal cutting were the primary erosion mechanisms at low impact angles, according to SEM micrographs. Flattening of ridges and fractures are the major metal removal processes at high impingement angles. At impact angle 90°, the total synergism (S) based on E–C is calculated to be the sum of the material loss times {\textasciitilde} 2.3 because of pure erosion and corrosion. In addition, the erosion contribution “E” increased with increasing impingement angle. Its values were 34.61, 47.97, 56.92 and 58.3\%, for impingement angles 20°, 40°, 70° and 90°, respectively. The variation in the open-circuit potential with exposure time is quite different based on the presence of chloride ions as well as a load of sand. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.}, language = {English}, number = {1}, journal = {Journal of Bio- and Tribo-Corrosion}, author = {Reda, Y. and Gamal, A. and Abdel-Karim, R. and El-Raghy, S.M.}, year = {2023}, note = {3 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH}, keywords = {Chlorine compounds, Corrosion, Corrosion rate, Corrosive effects, Distilled water, Electrolytes, Erosion, Erosion test, Flow pressure, Impact angles, Impingement angle, Metal cutting, OCP, Pipeline corrosion, Pipelines, SEM, Sand, Scanning electron microscopy, Steel corrosion, Steel pipe, Steel pipeline, Steel pipeline ASTM A106 Gr.B, Steel pipeline ASTM a106 GrB, Wear of materials, Wear rate, Wear-rate, Well testing, Well water}, } @article{rayComparativeAnalysisAbrasion2021, title = {A comparative analysis of the abrasion wear characteristics of industrial wastes filled glass/polyester composites based on the design of experiment and neural network}, volume = {42}, issn = {02728397 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85092183086&doi=10.1002%2fpc.25836&partnerID=40&md5=0c176881982962c0a402e85f0975e40f}, doi = {10.1002/pc.25836}, abstract = {This article presents the abrasion wear behaviour of different industrial wastes filled glass/polyester composites. Two types of fillers such as fly ash and granite dust are chosen with different weight proportions along with polyester and glass fiber for fabricating the composite using hand layup route. Abrasion wear properties of the developed composites are studied in the dry sand abrasion wear test rig as per the ASTM-G-65 standard. The experiments were conducted based on Taguchi design. Between the two fillers, granite filled composite showed better abrasion resistance property as compared with fly ash. Normal load and filler content are found to be the most influential factor for the abrasion loss of the composites followed by abrading distance and sliding velocity. The results are predicted using neural network and also compared with the experimental and regression model data. Abraded surfaces are examined by the SEM to ascertain the different wear mechanisms responsible for abrasion loss of material. © 2020 Society of Plastics Engineers}, language = {English}, number = {1}, journal = {Polymer Composites}, author = {Ray, S. and Kumar Rout, A. and Kumar Sahoo, A.}, year = {2021}, note = {18 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc}, keywords = {Abrasion, Comparative analysis, Design of experiments, Erosion, Filled composites, Filler contents, Fillers, Fly ash, Glass, Glass/polyester composites, Granite, Influential factors, Neural networks, Regression analysis, Regression model, Sliding velocities, Wear mechanisms, design of experiment, industrial wastes, neural network, three-body abrasion}, pages = {424--438}, } @article{ravichandranInvestigationsErosionCorrosion2016, title = {Investigations on erosion and corrosion behavior of high-velocity oxy-fuel sprayed {WC}-{Cr3C2}-{Ni} coatings on {AISI} 1018 steel}, volume = {71}, issn = {18672493 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84983507698&doi=10.3139%2f105.110291&partnerID=40&md5=01bde86cc81577c17fae379c9993d9a7}, doi = {10.3139/105.110291}, abstract = {WC-Cr3C2-Ni thermal spray coatings was applied on the surface of low carbon steel (AISI 1018) using high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) process. The base metal, coating powder and coated materials were analyzed using scanning electron microscope. Water-jet erosion test (WJET) was used to test the mass loss of the samples with different process parameters such as impingement angle, water jet velocity, erodent discharge, and stand-off distance. As results lower mass loss was observed for the selected process parameters. Pitting corrosion test reveals that better corrosion resistance can be achieved for the low carbon steels by WC-Cr3C2-Ni powder coating. © Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH \& Co. KG.}, language = {English}, number = {4}, journal = {HTM - Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials}, author = {Ravichandran, M. and Saravanan, S. and Balasubramaniyan, V.}, year = {2016}, note = {3 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Carl Hanser Verlag}, keywords = {Carbon steel, Coated materials, Coating powder, Coatings, Corrosion, Corrosion behavior, Corrosion resistance, Erosion, Fighter aircraft, Fuels, HVOF, HVOF thermal spraying, High velocity oxy fuel, High-velocity oxy-fuel, Impingement angle, Jets, Low carbon steel, Mild steel 1018, Nickel, Pitting, Powder coatings, Powder metals, Process parameters, Scanning electron microscopy, Sprayed coatings, Stand-off distance (SoD), Thermal spray coatings, Tungsten carbide, Velocity, WC-Cr3C2-Ni}, pages = {163--169}, } @article{ratiaEffectTemperatureSliding2019, title = {The effect of temperature on sliding wear of self-mated {HIPed} {Stellite} 6 in a simulated {PWR} water environment}, volume = {420-421}, issn = {0043-1648}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043164818305167}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2018.09.012}, abstract = {Cobalt-based Stellite alloys are widely used in the primary circuit of pressurised water reactors (PWR) to protect valve surfaces against wear and galling in a corrosive environment. In this study, self-mated sliding wear of HIP-consolidated (Hot Isostatically Pressed) Stellite 6 (Co - 27.1 Cr - 1.5 Si - 5.0 W - 0.96 C, in wt\%) was investigated. A pin-on-disc apparatus was enclosed in an autoclave for wear testing, which was conducted in lithiated water from room temperature up to 250 °C (a representative PWR environment). Samples were characterized before and after wear testing using mass measurements, profilometry, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The bulk HIPed alloy is predominantly two phase and comprises a cobalt-rich fcc matrix and an M7C3 carbide phase. However, surface grinding prior to wear testing causes a surface layer of the matrix to partially transform to a hcp cobalt-rich phase. The wear (mass loss) is very low below 150 °C but increases by approximately an order of magnitude when the temperature is increased from 150° to 250°C. SEM/EBSD reveals sub-surface damage and partial fcc to hcp transformation of the Co-rich matrix phase to a depth of {\textasciitilde} 15 µm in the disc. However, there is little change in transformation behaviour and depth with temperature and this is not regarded as a significant cause of the increased wear. The order of magnitude increase in wear is instead ascribed to a tribocorrosion mechanism associated with significantly higher corrosion rates at 250 °C than at 150 °C. As the material removal and factors affecting it are found to be significantly dependent on temperature, this work demonstrates the necessity of conducting assessments of materials for use in PWR environments under representative conditions.}, urldate = {2024-06-30}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Ratia, V. L. and Zhang, D. and Carrington, M. J. and Daure, J. L. and McCartney, D. G. and Shipway, P. H. and Stewart, D. A.}, month = feb, year = {2019}, note = {13 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cobalt based alloys, Electron backscatter diffraction, Sliding wear, Stellite 6}, pages = {215--225}, } @article{ratiaComparisonSlidingWear2019, series = {22nd {International} {Conference} on {Wear} of {Materials}}, title = {Comparison of the sliding wear behaviour of self-mated {HIPed} {Stellite} 3 and {Stellite} 6 in a simulated {PWR} water environment}, volume = {426-427}, issn = {0043-1648}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004316481930211X}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2019.01.116}, abstract = {Cobalt-based alloys such as Stellite 3 and Stellite 6 are widely used to protect stainless steel surfaces in primary circuit nuclear reactor applications where high resistance to wear and corrosion are required. In this study, self-mated sliding wear of Stellite 3 and Stellite 6 consolidated by hot isostatic pressing were compared. Tests were performed with a pin-on-disc apparatus enclosed in a water-submerged autoclave environment and wear was measured from room temperature up to 250 °C (a representative pressurized water reactor environment). Both alloys exhibit a microstructure of micron-sized carbides embedded in a cobalt-rich matrix. Stellite 3 (higher tungsten and carbon content) contains M7C3 and an eta (η) -carbide whereas Stellite 6 contains only M7C3. Furthermore, the former has a significantly higher carbide volume fraction and hardness than the latter. Both alloys show a significant increase in the wear rate as the temperature is increased but Stellite 3 has a higher wear resistance over the entire range; at 250 °C the wear rate of Stellite 6 is more than five times that of Stellite 3. There is only a minimal formation of a transfer layer on the sliding surfaces but electron backscatter diffraction on cross-sections through the wear scar revealed that wear causes partial transformation of the cobalt matrix from fcc to hcp in both alloys over the entire temperature range. It is proposed that the acceleration of wear with increasing temperature in the range studied is associated with a tribocorrosion mechanism and that the higher carbide fraction in Stellite 3 resulted in its reduced wear rate compared to Stellite 6.}, urldate = {2024-06-30}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Ratia, Vilma L. and Zhang, Deen and Carrington, Matthew J. and Daure, Jaimie L. and McCartney, D. Graham and Shipway, Philip H. and Stewart, David A.}, month = apr, year = {2019}, note = {20 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cobalt-based alloys, Electron backscatter diffraction, HIP, Nuclear, Stellite}, pages = {1222--1232}, } @article{rather3DPrintingSuperhydrophobic2025, title = {{3D} printing of superhydrophobic and multifunctional objects via simple and inexpensive vat photopolymerization}, issn = {2040-3364}, doi = {10.1039/d4nr05135a}, abstract = {3D printing has emerged as a revolutionary technology in the manufacturing industry, enabling the creation of complex and intricate structures with precision and accuracy. Among various 3D printing technologies, vat photopolymerization has several advantages including high precision, fast molding, and ambient temperature printing. In this work, we employed an inexpensive vat photopolymerization 3D printer (nearly an order of magnitude lower in cost compared to prior reports), with an ink that consists of only two commercially-available components (photopolymer resin and PVDF particles), and a process that consists of only two steps (photopolymerization and washing) to fabricate superhydrophobic 3D objects with complex shapes and geometries. Our intention here is to convey that fabrication of superhydrophobic objects via vat photopolymerization 3D printing is very forgiving and does not require expensive instrumentation or custom-made multi-component inks ({\textgreater}2 components) or multi-step processing ({\textgreater}2 steps). Furthermore, by modifying the inks with magnetic particles or photochromic/thermochromic dyes, we fabricated multifunctional 3D printed objects with superhydrophobicity as well as magnetic or color morphing properties. We envision that our simple and inexpensive 3D printing technique will democratize the fabrication of superhydrophobic and multi-functional objects by enabling access to a wide range of end-users, especially in cost-constrained or skill-constrained environments.}, language = {English}, journal = {NANOSCALE}, author = {Rather, AM and Barrubeeah, M and Zarei, MJ and Kim, YJ and Vallabhuneni, S and Kota, AK}, month = feb, year = {2025}, note = {0 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {CONTACT TIME, SURFACES}, } @article{raoTwoFlowStates2018, title = {On the two flow states in the wake of a hatchback {Ahmed} body}, volume = {173}, issn = {0167-6105}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167610517304713}, doi = {10.1016/j.jweia.2017.10.021}, abstract = {Recent experimental investigations in the wake of an idealised car model – the Ahmed body showed the existence of two stable wake states: flow state I, where the flow is fully separated over the back slant of the Ahmed body, and flow state II, where the flow initially separates and then reattaches further along the back slant. The existence of the two flow states is confirmed numerically by using the partially-averaged Navier–Stokes (PANS) turbulence model for various configurations of the Ahmed body. The two flow states can also be distinguished by the instantaneous values of the force coefficients. In flow state I, values of both the lift and drag coefficient are lower compared to flow state II. The influence of the aspect ratio, defined as the ratio of the width of the model to that of a standard Ahmed body, on the two flow states is investigated for the 25° back slant Ahmed body. For low aspect ratios, flow state II is observed, while for larger aspect ratios, flow state I is observed. Next, the influence of the yaw angle (β) on the occurrence of the two flow states is investigated for the 35° back slant Ahmed body. For {\textbar}β{\textbar}≲12.5°, flow state I is observed; and as the yaw angle is increased to {\textbar}β{\textbar}=15°, flow state II is observed, with stronger longitudinal vortices aiding the flow reattachment over the back slant.}, urldate = {2024-07-08}, journal = {Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics}, author = {Rao, A. and Minelli, G. and Basara, B. and Krajnović, S.}, month = feb, year = {2018}, note = {55 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Ahmed body, Bi-stability, Wakes}, pages = {262--278}, } @article{raoPredictiveCapabilityLongterm1984, title = {Predictive capability of long-term cavitation and liquid impingement erosion models}, volume = {94}, issn = {0043-1648}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0043164884901315}, doi = {10.1016/0043-1648(84)90131-5}, abstract = {A brief overview is presented of long-term cavitation and liquid impingement erosion and modeling methods proposed by different investigators, including the curve-fitting approach and a power law relationship recently suggested from this laboratory. A table is prepared to highlight the number of variables necessary for each model in order to compute the erosion versus time curves. An attempt was made to investigate the importance of the different models using data from both cavitation and liquid impingement devices. Detailed analysis of data sets indicates that the normalized curve-fitting approach suggested from this laboratory affords a better solution than other models for certain sets of data with scatter bands to cover a wide range of experimental conditions. The study also indicates that the methods proposed by Heymann and Thiruvengadam are good for the prediction of individual materials following the peak erosion rate. A power law relation proposed between cavitation erosion rate and cumulative erosion may solve several modeling problems.}, number = {3}, urldate = {2025-02-24}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Rao, P. Veerabhadra and Buckley, Donald H.}, month = mar, year = {1984}, note = {26 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {259--274}, } @article{raoInvestigationNearwakeFlow2018, title = {Investigation of the near-wake flow topology of a simplified heavy vehicle using {PANS} simulations}, volume = {183}, issn = {0167-6105}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167610518304835}, doi = {10.1016/j.jweia.2018.09.019}, abstract = {The near-wake flow topology of a ground transportation system (GTS) is investigated using partially-averaged Navier–Stokes (PANS) simulations at Re=2.7×104. Recent numerical investigations for the GTS model using large eddy simulations (LES) showed an anti-symmetric flow topology (flow state II) in the vertical midplane compared to that observed in previous experimental studies (flow state I). The geometrical configuration of the GTS permits bi-stable behaviour, and the realisation of each of the two flow states, which are characterised by an asymmetrical flow topology, is achieved by varying the differencing scheme for the convective flux in the PANS simulations; AVL SMART schemes predict flow state I, while central differencing scheme (CDS) predicts flow state II. When the GTS model was placed away from the ground plane, the AVL SMART scheme fails to predict the flow asymmetry resulting in a pair of symmetrical vortices in the vertical midplane, while flow state II topology is observed when CDS is used. The switch from flow state I (II) to flow state II (I) is achieved by changing the numerical scheme from AVL SMART (CDS) to CDS (AVL SMART), with an intermediate transient-symmetric (TS) state being observed during the switching process. The numerical scheme in the PANS simulations thus plays a critical role in determining the initial flow topology in the near wake of the GTS.}, urldate = {2024-07-08}, journal = {Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics}, author = {Rao, Anirudh N. and Minelli, Guglielmo and Zhang, Jie and Basara, Branislav and Krajnović, Siniša}, month = dec, year = {2018}, note = {21 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Bi-stability, Heavy vehicles, Hybrid RANS-LES, Wakes}, pages = {243--272}, } @article{raoEffectOxygenContent2006, title = {Effect of oxygen content of powder on microstructure and mechanical properties of hot isostatically pressed superalloy {Inconel} 718}, volume = {435-436}, issn = {0921-5093}, doi = {10.1016/j.msea.2006.07.053}, abstract = {Inert gas atomized (IGA) superalloy Inconel 718 powders with varied oxygen levels of 275, 180 and 140 ppm were consolidated by hot isostatic pressing (HIPing) at 1200 °C/120 MPa/3 h. The microstructural characterization of as-HIPed alloys has shown that the densification phenomenon of the powder does not depend on its oxygen content. However, the formation of deleterious phases such as prior particle boundaries (PPBs) occur more predominantly in the HIPed material produced from the powder with high oxygen content. It was also observed that the recrystallization and formation of annealing twins in the HIPed alloy are greatly influenced by the oxygen content. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies have revealed that the precipitation of γ″, γ′ and δ phases does not depend on oxygen level of HIPed alloy during heat treatment as per AMS 5662J standard schedule but the MC carbides enriched with Nb and Ti precipitated preferentially at the PPBs for the alloy with high oxygen content of 275 ppm. In contrast, the carbides were found to be precipitated more uniformly in the matrix of the alloy with low oxygen content of 140 ppm. Tensile properties of the as-HIPed and HIP + heat treated alloys have shown that the yield strength (YS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS) do not get influenced by the oxygen content, but the ductility was found to be deteriorated drastically at elevated temperatures with increasing the oxygen content of the alloy. Stress rupture properties of the heat treated alloys at 650 °C under a stress level of 690 MPa have maintained a direct relation with the oxygen content, as the alloy with 275 ppm of oxygen content has shown inferior rupture life of 27 h with 2.1\% ductility as compared to 84.5 h of life with 4.5\% ductility and 116 h of life with 6\% ductility offered by the alloys with 180 and 140 ppm of oxygen content, respectively. A better combination of mechanical properties achieved by use of prealloyed powder with low oxygen content makes it possible to explore the near net shape advantage of HIP technology to its maximum potential for alloy 718 components. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, journal = {Materials Science and Engineering: A}, author = {Rao, G.A. and Srinivas, M. and Sarma, D.S.}, year = {2006}, note = {131 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Ductility, Gamma double prime, Hot isostatic pressing, Inconel 718, Near net shape, Oxygen content, Powder metallurgy, Prior particle boundaries, Superalloy}, pages = {84--99}, } @article{ranjbarEffectImpactAngle2015, title = {Effect of impact angle on the erosion-corrosion behavior of {AISI} 420 stainless steel in 3.5 wt.\% {NaCl} solution}, volume = {137}, issn = {07424787 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84930958934&doi=10.1115%2f1.4029939&partnerID=40&md5=c6e3b33047f6d9c885ec4a856387e625}, doi = {10.1115/1.4029939}, abstract = {Erosion, erosion-corrosion, and synergistic behaviors of AISI 420 stainless steel were studied in 3.5 wt.\% NaCl solution containing silica sand with the size of 250-500 lm as erodent particle. The erosion and erosion-corrosion tests were carried out according to ASTM G11909 standard and the synergism was calculated. The tests were performed using a slurry jet apparatus at a jet velocity of 6.5 m/s, sand concentration of 90 g/l, and various impinging angles of 20 deg-90 deg. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to study the eroded surfaces and erosion mechanisms. The SEM images showed that under low impacting angles, cutting deformation was the main erosion mechanism while impact and work hardening could be responsible for material removal at high impacting angles. The results showed that the maximum erosion-corrosion and synergism rates occurred at an impingement angle of about 50 deg while the maximum pure erosion rate was obtained at impingement angle of about 35 deg. Energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) analysis showed that an oxide layer was formed on the surfaces of the samples during erosion-corrosion tests. This oxide layer could make the surface more brittle and could lead to an increment of about 15 deg in the angle of the maximum removal rate. The formation and the subsequent removal of the nonprotective oxide layer as well as possible initiation and propagation of pits during erosion-corrosion tests could lead to higher erosion-corrosion rate compared to pure erosion resulting in a positive synergism under the conditions tested. Copyright © 2015 by ASME.}, language = {English}, number = {3}, journal = {Journal of Tribology}, author = {Ranjbar, M. and Ghasemi, H.M. and Abedini, M.}, year = {2015}, note = {8 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)}, keywords = {Atmospheric corrosion, Corrosion, Corrosion rate, Corrosion resistance, Cutting deformations, Energy dispersive spectrometry, Erosion, Erosion - corrosions, Erosion-corrosion behavior, Impingement angle, Initiation and propagation, Oxide layer, Scanning electron microscopy, Silica sand, Stainless steel, Strain hardening, erosion-corrosion, impingement angle, oxide layer, pure erosion, synergism}, } @article{rameshSolidParticleErosion2010, title = {Solid particle erosion of {HVOF} sprayed {WC}-{Co}/{NiCrFeSiB} coatings}, volume = {269}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77955560499&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2010.03.019&partnerID=40&md5=1020f62a7d8b66c1b3871cc163059a76}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2010.03.019}, abstract = {It is a well-known fact that materials that consist of both brittle and ductile constituents can show erosion behavior in either a ductile or a brittle manner. The high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) sprayed WC-Co/NiCrFeSiB coatings on GrA1 boiler tube steel exhibit composite ductile and brittle modes of erosion under angular silica sand erodent of size 125-180μm impacted at 40. m/s. The HVOF spraying leads to a high retention of WC in the coating matrix accompanied with lower porosity. The as-sprayed as well as eroded coatings have been characterized using scanning electron microscope and optical profilometer. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, number = {3-4}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Ramesh, M.R. and Prakash, S. and Nath, S.K. and Sapra, P.K. and Venkataraman, B.}, year = {2010}, note = {137 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Boiler tubes, Cermets, Composite coatings, Erodent, Erosion behavior, HVOF, High velocity oxy-fuel, Optical profilometer, Power generation, Scanning Electron Microscope, Scanning electron microscopy, Silica, Silica sand, Solid particle erosion, Sprayed coatings, Surface analysis, Thermal spray coatings, Tungsten carbide, matrix}, pages = {197--205}, } @article{rajputEffectVibratoryTip2022, title = {Effect of {Vibratory} {Tip} {Amplitude} on the {Erosion} {Rate} of {Various} {Microstructures} of {High} {Carbon} {Steel}}, volume = {31}, issn = {1544-1024}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-021-06508-3}, doi = {10.1007/s11665-021-06508-3}, abstract = {The present work discusses the effect of vibratory tip amplitude on the cavitation damage of coarse pearlitic, fine pearlitic, bainitic, and tempered martensitic steels made from a high carbon steel using annealing, normalizing, austempering, and tempering, respectively. The cavitation tests were performed on the heat-treated steels at the amplitudes of 50, 30, and 10 μm with the help of a vibratory probe-type ultrasonic device. The solution pressure changes by changing the amplitude of the vibratory tip attached to the horn of the ultrasonic device, and the cavitating intensity decreases with the decrease in amplitude of the vibratory tip. The mean erosion rate of the heat-treated steels decreases with the decrease in amplitude of the vibratory tip. The trend of damage is similar in all the steel samples. However, the softer the steel, the higher is the effect of amplitude on the degree of damage. The cavitation resistance of the steels increases in the following order: coarse pearlitic, fine pearlitic, bainitic, tempered martensitic steels.}, language = {en}, number = {5}, urldate = {2025-04-11}, journal = {Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance}, author = {Rajput, Arun and Ramkumar, J. and Mondal, K.}, month = may, year = {2022}, note = {1 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {electron microscopy, heat treatment, microstructure, nanoindentation, steel, wear}, pages = {4257--4271}, } @article{rajicicErosionBehaviourFeCrC2024, title = {Erosion behaviour of {Fe}-{Cr}-{C} alloys: {Cast} alloy versus coating}, volume = {3}, issn = {28129717 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85199516461&doi=10.46793%2ftribomat.2024.008&partnerID=40&md5=abdb6e1e162f73fcf2b2165bcf8727e5}, doi = {10.46793/tribomat.2024.008}, abstract = {This research focuses on the erosion wear behaviour of two Fe-Cr-C alloys with similar chemical compositions obtained using different production methods. The first alloy belongs to the high chromium cast irons (HCCI). It was made by casting, after which the samples were heat treated by annealing. The second alloy in the form of the coating was applied by the plasma transferred arc (PTA) surface welding process at the substrate material (structural carbon steel). Damage to the components of industrial plants due to erosive and/or abrasive wear is a frequent cause of failure and outages of such systems. For this reason, and to bring the experimental research closer to real service conditions, an erosion test was performed at a gas blast sand facility with a high erodent speed of 90 m/s and a higher feed rate than standard erosion testing parameters recommended in ASTM G76 standard. Microstructural characterisation of all samples was done using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) was used to identify the phases present. Similar erosion mechanisms were observed on all tested specimens, but coated samples (PTA alloy) had a lower mass loss during the erosion test compared to cast samples (HCCI alloy), i.e. they showed better erosion resistance. © 2024, Balkan Scientific Centre. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {2}, journal = {Tribology and Materials}, author = {Rajicic, B. and Maslarevic, A. and Bakic, G. and Maksimovic, V. and Djukic, M.B.}, year = {2024}, note = {2 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Balkan Scientific Centre}, keywords = {Fe-Cr-C alloys, erosion, high chromium cast irons, plasma transferred arc, wear}, pages = {59--66}, } @article{rahmanScanningElectronMicroscopy2024, title = {Towards scanning electron microscopy image denoising: a state-of-the-art overview, benchmark, taxonomies, and future direction}, volume = {35}, issn = {1432-1769}, shorttitle = {Towards scanning electron microscopy image denoising}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00138-024-01573-9}, doi = {10.1007/s00138-024-01573-9}, abstract = {Scanning electron microscope (SEM) enables imaging of micro-nano scale objects. It is an analytical tool widely used in the material, earth and life sciences. However, SEM images often suffer from high noise levels, influenced by factors such as dwell time, the time during which the electron beam remains per pixel during acquisition. Slower dwell times reduce noise but risk damaging the sample, while faster ones introduce uncertainty. To this end, the latest state-of-the-art denoising techniques must be explored. Experimentation is crucial to identify the most effective methods that balance noise reduction and sample preservation, ensuring high-quality SEM images with enhanced clarity and accuracy. A thorough analysis tracing the evolution of image denoising techniques was conducted, ranging from classical methods to deep learning approaches. A comprehensive taxonomy of this reverse problem solutions was established, detailing the developmental flow of these methods. Subsequently, the latest state-of-the-art techniques were identified and reviewed based on their reproducibility and the public availability of their source code. The selected techniques were then tested and investigated using scanning electron microscope images. After in-depth analysis and benchmarking, it is clear that the existing deep learning-based denoising techniques fall short in maintaining a balance between noise reduction and preserving crucial information for SEM images. Issues like information removal and over-smoothing have been identified. To address these constraints, there is a critical need for the development of SEM image denoising techniques that prioritize both noise reduction and information preservation. Additionally, one can see that the combination of several networks, such as the generative adversarial network and the convolutional neural network (CNN), known as BoostNet, or the vision transformer and the CNN, known as SCUNet, improves denoising performance. It is recommended to use blind techniques to denoise real noise while taking into account detail preservation and tackling excessive smoothing, particularly in the context of SEM. In the future the use of explainable AI will facilitate the debugging and the identification of these problems.}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-07-10}, journal = {Machine Vision and Applications}, author = {Rahman, Sheikh Shah Mohammad Motiur and Salomon, Michel and Dembélé, Sounkalo}, month = jul, year = {2024}, note = {4 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Benchmarking, Deep learning based denoising, Frequency domain denoising, Image denoising, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Spatial domain denoising, State-of-the-art (SOTA)}, pages = {87}, } @article{raduTribologicalBehaviorStellite2004, title = {Tribological behavior of {Stellite} 21 modified with yttrium}, volume = {257}, issn = {0043-1648}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043164804001590}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2004.07.013}, abstract = {Cobalt-base alloys have found a wide variety of tribological applications particularly at elevated temperatures or in corrosive environments in many industries, such as aerospace, automotive, power and gas turbines. One of the standard Co-base alloys, Stellite 21, is used predominantly to resist the synergistic effects of corrosion and mechanical attack, especially at elevated temperatures and continuing efforts have been made to improve its properties. One approach is to add reactive elements, such as yttrium, in order to beneficially affect its oxidation behavior. Research was conducted to investigate the effects of Y additions on Stellite 21 on its microstructure, mechanical behavior, and high-temperature wear performance. These studies employed various experimental tools, such as micro-mechanical probe, XRD, SEM, EDS, and high-temperature tribometer. The effects of Y addition on the properties of the oxide film formed on Stellite 21 were also investigated using grazing XRD and nano-mechanical probing techniques. It has been demonstrated that Y additions benefited the wear behavior of Stellite 21, especially at elevated temperatures. The oxide scale developed at 600°C also showed markedly enhanced mechanical properties when Y was alloyed to the alloy.}, number = {11}, urldate = {2024-11-17}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Radu, Iulian and Li, D. Y. and Llewellyn, R.}, month = dec, year = {2004}, note = {68 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {High-temperature wear, Micro-scratch, Nano-indentation, Oxide, Stellite 21, Yttrium}, pages = {1154--1166}, } @article{quInfluencePowderParticle2022, title = {Influence of powder particle size on the microstructure of a hot isostatically pressed superalloy}, volume = {16}, issn = {2238-7854}, doi = {10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.12.081}, abstract = {The influence of powder particle size on the microstructure of the powder metallurgy superalloy FGH97 was investigated. The powder atomized by the plasma rotating electrode process was sieved to three types: fine powder (0–53 μm), medium-sized powder (53–150 μm), and coarse powder (150–212 μm), which were all characterized by their nearly perfect spherical shape and low oxygen content. The powder was filled, degassed, sealed, and then densified by hot isostatic pressing. Then the microstructures of the fully dense compacts were characterized. The results show that fine powder led to limited plastic deformation of particles during densification, resulting in a minimum of Σ3 boundaries and modest PPB (Previous Particle Boundary) decoration. The fine powder compact showed that low impact toughness was caused by fracture along the PPB. However, the addition of Nb and Hf promoted the formation of the dispersed stable MC particles inside the grain, thus preventing the diffusion of C to the surface of the powder particles to form M6C carbides, and resulting in little tendency to present PPB for this alloy. Therefore, the medium-sized powder and coarse powder compact did not present PPB. Thus, the medium-sized powder is optimal for HIP compact preparation, given that fine powder produced PPB while the coarse powder increased the grain size. © 2021 The Author(s)}, language = {English}, journal = {Journal of Materials Research and Technology}, author = {Qu, Z. and Zhang, P. and Lai, Y. and Wang, Q. and Song, J. and Liang, S.}, year = {2022}, note = {20 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {FGH97, Hot isostatic pressing, Plasma rotating electrode process, Powder particle size, Previous particle boundaries}, pages = {1283--1292}, } @article{qiuInfluenceHotIsostatic2013, title = {Influence of hot isostatic pressing temperature on microstructure and tensile properties of a nickel-based superalloy powder}, volume = {564}, issn = {0921-5093}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S092150931201636X}, doi = {10.1016/j.msea.2012.11.084}, abstract = {A high strength high γ′ fraction nickel-based superalloy powder RR 1000 has been hot isotatically pressed (HIPed) at different temperatures. Microstructural analysis and assessment of the tensile properties were performed on these samples. It was found that HIP led to the formation of (Hf,Zr)O2 particles on prior particle boundaries (PPBs) which were not present in the as-received powder. It is suggested that the oxides are formed by the diffusion of Hf and Zr from the interior of powder particles to the particle surfaces where oxygen level is usually high. When different HIP temperatures were used, no obvious effect on oxide size and distribution was observed but there was an effect on the microstructure and tensile properties. Thus, HIPing at super-solvus temperatures reduced the density of PPBs over the density observed in samples HIPed at sub-solvus temperatures by making grains within the original powder particles grow beyond the precipitates on PPBs, resulting in larger grains with serrated boundaries. Slow cooling from HIPing temperatures also led to the formation of irregular-shaped γ′. The 0.2\% yield strengths at room temperature and at 700°C were found to decrease with increase of HIP temperature but the high temperature ultimate tensile strengths and elongation increased considerably. Increasing HIPing temperature from sub-solvus to super-solvus temperatures also led to the transition of fracture mode from interparticle debonding to transgranular fracture mode.}, urldate = {2024-06-30}, journal = {Materials Science and Engineering: A}, author = {Qiu, C. L. and Attallah, M. M. and Wu, X. H. and Andrews, P.}, month = mar, year = {2013}, note = {111 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Gamma prime, Hot isostatic pressing, Nickel-based superalloy, Powder metallurgy, Prior particle boundaries, Tensile fracture}, pages = {176--185}, } @article{qinMicrostructureDesignImprove2018, title = {Microstructure design to improve the corrosion and cavitation corrosion resistance of a nickel-aluminum bronze}, volume = {139}, issn = {0010-938X}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010938X17312805}, doi = {10.1016/j.corsci.2018.04.043}, abstract = {Microstructure evolution of the nickel-aluminum bronze alloy was studied by heat treatment, including annealing, normalizing, quenching and aging. The microstructure was refined and homogenized after quenching or quenching/aging at 450 ℃, which can eliminate selective phase corrosion effectively. Compared with the current production process, static corrosion rate reduced about 50\%, due to the rapid formation of a protective film. In addition, cavitation corrosion rate reduced by a factor of 4.9 and 7.9 for the quenched and quenched/aged at 450 ℃ samples, respectively. This can be attributed to the improved hardness and weakened synergy between corrosion and mechanical attack.}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Corrosion Science}, author = {Qin, Zhenbo and Zhang, Qi and Luo, Qin and Wu, Zhong and Shen, Bin and Liu, Lei and Hu, Wenbin}, month = jul, year = {2018}, note = {90 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {A. Alloy, A. Copper, B. EIS, B. Erosion, B. Polarization, C. De-alloying}, pages = {255--266}, } @article{pulsfordSlidingWearBehaviour2020, title = {Sliding wear behaviour of {WC}-{Co} reinforced {NiCrFeSiB} {HVOAF} thermal spray coatings against {WC}-{Co} and {Al2O3} counterbodies}, volume = {386}, issn = {02578972 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85079543708&doi=10.1016%2fj.surfcoat.2020.125468&partnerID=40&md5=9f516e90cd627e02f9a2d06e2c953b68}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.125468}, abstract = {NiCrFeSiB alloys reinforced with WC-Co are potentially useful composite coating materials for use in applications in which resistance to sliding wear, hot corrosion and high temperature is required. Furthermore these materials offer an advantage over WC-Co and WC-CoCr coatings in applications where a more ductile coating is required. A powder feedstock containing a 50/50 mixture of WC-Co/NiCrFeSiB was sprayed by a HVOAF (high velocity oxy-air fuel) thermal spray torch, which was developed by Monitor Coatings Castolin Eutectic for internal diameter applications, with two sets of spray parameters with the overall gas flowrate entering the torch changed. The powder feedstock and sprayed coatings were characterised using SEM imaging, XRD and measurement of mechanical properties such as microhardness and indentation fracture toughness. The specific wear rates of the coatings were measured when testing the coatings against WC-Co and Al2O3 counterbodies and it was determined that the coating sprayed at the higher gas flowrate wore out less against both counterbody materials, due to its superior microhardness. Tests against the Al2O3 counterbody led to increased material loss of both coatings in comparison to testing against WC-Co. This was due to the wear of the Al2O3 ball throughout the test leading to an increase in contact area between the coating and counterbody. © 2020 The Authors}, language = {English}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Pulsford, J. and Venturi, F. and Kamnis, S. and Hussain, T.}, year = {2020}, note = {31 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier B.V.}, keywords = {Air, Alumina, Aluminum oxide, Chromium alloys, Cobalt alloys, Composite coatings, Corrosion resistant coatings, Counterbody material, Feedstocks, Fracture toughness, HVOF thermal spray, HVOF thermal spraying, High temperature applications, High temperature corrosion, Indentation fracture toughness, Internal diameters, Iron alloys, Microhardness, NiCrFeSiB, Powder coatings, Reinforcement, Silicon, Silicon alloys, Sliding wear, Sliding wear behaviour, Specific wear rates, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray coatings, WC-Co, Wear of materials, Wear resistance}, } @article{pulsfordApplicationHVOFWCCoCr2019, title = {Application of {HVOF} {WC}-{Co}-{Cr} coatings on the internal surface of small cylinders: {Effect} of internal diameter on the wear resistance}, volume = {432-433}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85068866612&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2019.202965&partnerID=40&md5=5ece52eebec2cec5704b0d6696c1806a}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2019.202965}, abstract = {Due to the restrictions and mediocre performance of current methods of coating complex shaped parts in which line of sight processes currently struggle, the development of new coating methods is essential, with High Velocity Oxy-Fuel (HVOF) thermal spray coatings being a good candidate. In this study, a new compact High Velocity Oxy-Air Fuel (HVOAF) thermal spray torch designed to coat internal surfaces was traversed within cylindrical pipes of internal diameters (IDs) of 70 mm, 90 mm and 110 mm and a WC-10Co-4Cr coating was applied with a commercially available powder feedstock. Powder and coating microstructures were analysed using SEM/EDX and XRD. Fracture toughness and microhardness of the coatings were measured, and dry sliding wear performance was investigated at two loads: 96 and 240 N. It was found that the coating sprayed at 90 mm (medium ID) had a lower specific wear rates at both test loads due to the highest fracture toughness and microhardness; whereas, the coating sprayed at 110 mm (high ID) showed the highest specific wear rates at both low and high conditions due to poor fracture toughness. © 2019 The Authors}, language = {English}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Pulsford, J. and Venturi, F. and Pala, Z. and Kamnis, S. and Hussain, T.}, year = {2019}, note = {42 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {Air, Coating microstructures, Cylindrical pipes, Fracture toughness, Fuels, HVOF, HVOF thermal spraying, High velocity oxy fuel, ID spray, Internal diameters, Microhardness, Specific wear rates, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray, Thermal spray coatings, Thermal spraying, WC-Co-Cr, WC-Co-Cr coatings, Wear, Wear of materials, Wear resistance}, } @article{pukasiewiczInfluencePlasmaRemelting2014, title = {Influence of {Plasma} {Remelting} on the {Microstructure} and {Cavitation} {Resistance} of {Arc}-{Sprayed} {Fe}-{Mn}-{Cr}-{Si} {Alloy}}, volume = {23}, copyright = {http://www.springer.com/tdm}, issn = {1059-9630, 1544-1016}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11666-013-0001-1}, doi = {10.1007/s11666-013-0001-1}, abstract = {Surface remelting is an important technique for modifying the microstructure of thermally sprayed coatings as it reduces the porosity and promotes a metallurgical bond between substrate and coating. Many studies have been carried out in the field of materials selection and surface engineering in an attempt to reduce cavitation damage. In this work, an Fe-Mn-Cr-Si alloy was deposited by arc spraying and then remelted by a plasma-transferred arc process. The base metal was a soft martensitic stainless steel. The influence of remelting current on coating and base metal microstructure and cavitation resistance was studied. The use of a lower mean current and a pulsed arc reduced the thickness of the heat-affected zone. In specimens remelted with constant arc current, dendrites were aligned parallel to the path followed by the plasma torch; while in those remelted with a pulsed plasma arc, the alignment of the microstructure was disrupted. The use of a higher peak current in pulsed-current plasma transferred arc remelting reduced mass loss due to cavitation. Fe-Mn-Cr-Si coatings exhibited cavitation-induced hardening, with martensite formation during cavitation tests. This transformation helps to increase the cavitation resistance of the remelted coating compared with the soft martensitic stainless steel base metal.}, language = {en}, number = {1-2}, urldate = {2024-10-12}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {Pukasiewicz, A. G. M. and Alcover, P. R. C. and Capra, A. R. and Paredes, R. S. C.}, month = jan, year = {2014}, note = {14 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {51--59}, } @article{pukasiewiczInfluenceDepositionParameters2021, title = {Influence of the deposition parameters on the tribological behavior of cold gas sprayed {FeMnCrSi} alloy coatings}, volume = {428}, issn = {02578972}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0257897221010628}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2021.127888}, abstract = {Cold Spray deposition process may be an alternative for the High-Velocity Oxy-Fuel (HVOF), providing high kinetic energy without particles oxidation. In this work, an FeMnCrSi alloy was deposited onto carbon steel substrate by Cold Gas Spray (CGS) process varying spraying parameters (working gas, its pressure and temperature). Cavitation resistance was evaluated by ultrasonic cavitation testing, and the sliding wear resistance was studied by ball on disk testing, with intent to understand the behavior of this coating when exposed to sliding wear condition. FeMnCrSi sprayed using N2 working gas at 1000 ◦C showed higher hardness, elastic modulus, cavitation resistance, and sliding wear resistance than FeMnCrSi deposited with 900 and 1100 ◦C. The samples deposited with N2 at 1000 ◦C and He at 600 ◦C showed higher compressive residual stress and flatenning ratio also. The tests were performed for CGS sprayed 316 L stainless steel, which is used as a benchmark material.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-10-12}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Pukasiewicz, Anderson G.M. and De Oliveira, Willian R. and Váz, Rodolpho F. and De Souza, Gelson B. and Serbena, Francisco C. and Dosta, Sergi and Cano, Irene G.}, month = dec, year = {2021}, note = {14 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {127888}, } @article{prchlikDepositionPropertiesHighvelocityoxygenfuel2001, title = {Deposition and properties of high-velocity-oxygen-fuel and plasma-sprayed {Mo}-{Mo2C} composite coatings}, volume = {10}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0035568139&doi=10.1361%2f105996301770349178&partnerID=40&md5=5c3168e51cc3d68e8565e286c1590282}, doi = {10.1361/105996301770349178}, abstract = {Molybdenum thermal-spray coatings, dispersion strengthened by molybdenum oxides and molybdenum carbides, play an Important role in industrial tribological applications. Traditionally, they have been prepared by plasma and wire flame spraying. High porosity and lower cohesion strength limit their application in situations where both galling and abrasion wear is involved. In this study, high-velocity-oxygen-fuel (HVOF) deposition of molybdenum and molybdenum carbide coatings was attempted. Deposition was achieved for all powders used. Composition, microstructure, mechanical, and wear properties of the HVOF synthesized coatings were evaluated and compared with plasma-sprayed counterparts. The HVOF coatings possessed a very good abrasion resistance, whereas plasma deposits performed better in dry sliding tests. Measurements showed a close relationship between the coating surface hardness and its abrasion resistance. Results also suggested correlation between molybdenum carbide distribution in the molybdenum matrix and the sliding friction response of Mo-Mo2C coatings.}, number = {4}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {Prchlik, L. and Gutleber, J. and Sampath, S.}, year = {2001}, note = {15 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Abrasion, Composite coatings, Composition, Decarburization, Friction, HVOF, Hardness, Metallographic microstructure, Mo2C, Molybdenum compounds, Particle size analysis, Plasma spraying, Powder coatings, Surface properties, Wear of materials, Wear resistance}, pages = {643--655}, } @article{plessetCollapseInitiallySpherical1971, title = {Collapse of an initially spherical vapour cavity in the neighbourhood of a solid boundary}, volume = {47}, issn = {1469-7645, 0022-1120}, url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-fluid-mechanics/article/abs/collapse-of-an-initially-spherical-vapour-cavity-in-the-neighbourhood-of-a-solid-boundary/C4D057E588080DE95DB9F5E6AD9893BC}, doi = {10.1017/S0022112071001058}, abstract = {Vapour bubble collapse problems lacking spherical symmetry are solved here using a numerical method designed especially for these problems. Viscosity and compressibility in the liquid are neglected. Two specific cases of initially spherical bubbles collapsing near a plane solid wall were simulated: a bubble initially in contact with the wall, and a bubble initially half its radius from the wall at the closest point. It is shown that the bubble develops a jet directed towards the wall rather early in the collapse history. Free surface shapes and velocities are presented at various stages in the collapse. Velocities are scaled like (Δp/ρ)½ where ρ is the density of the liquid and Δp is the constant difference between the ambient liquid pressure and the pressure in the cavity. For {\textbackslash}[ {\textbackslash}Delta p/{\textbackslash}rho = 10{\textasciicircum}6 \{{\textbackslash}rm cm\}{\textasciicircum}2/{\textbackslash}sec{\textasciicircum}2 {\textbackslash}approx 1{\textbackslash}, {\textbackslash}hbox\{atm/density of water\} {\textbackslash}] the jet had a speed of about 130m/sec in the first case and 170m/sec in the second when it struck the opposite side of the bubble. Such jet velocities are of a magnitude which can explain cavitation damage. The jet develops so early in the bubble collapse history that compressibility effects in the liquid and the vapour are not important.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-08-04}, journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics}, author = {Plesset, Milton S. and Chapman, Richard B.}, month = may, year = {1971}, note = {942 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {283--290}, } @article{pitchukaComparisonMechanicalTribological2013, title = {A comparison of mechanical and tribological behavior of nanostructured and conventional wc-12co detonation-sprayed coatings}, volume = {22}, issn = {10599630 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84885670599&doi=10.1007%2fs11666-013-9901-3&partnerID=40&md5=7da7f9355a5926d2ed2cff18490e2bb4}, doi = {10.1007/s11666-013-9901-3}, abstract = {In the present study, WC-12Co coatings were deposited by detonation-spraying technique using conventional and nanostructured WC-12Co feedstock at four different oxy/fuel ratios (OF ratio). The coatings exhibited the presence of phases like W2C and W due to the decarburization of the WC phase, and the proportions of these phases were higher in the nano WC-12Co coatings compared with conventional WC-12Co coatings. Coating hardness and fracture toughness were measured. The tribological performance of coatings was examined under dry sand rubber wheel abrasion wear, and solid particle erosion wear conditions. The mechanical and wear properties of coatings were influenced by degree of decarburization and more so in the case of nanostructured WC-Co coatings. The results indicate that the extent of decarburization has a substantial influence on the elastic modulus of the coating which in turn is related to the extent of intersplat cracking of the coating. © 2013 ASM International.}, language = {English}, number = {4}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {Pitchuka, S.B. and Basu, B. and Sundararajan, G.}, year = {2013}, note = {10 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Abrasion, Coating hardness, Decarburization, Detonation, Nano-structured, Solid particle erosion, Sprayed coatings, Thermal-spray coatings, Three body abrasion, Tribological behaviors, Tribological performance, Tribology, WC-12Co, decarburization, solid particle erosion, thermal-spray coatings, three body abrasion}, pages = {478--490}, } @article{picasTribologicalEvaluationHVOF2011, title = {Tribological evaluation of {HVOF} thermal-spray coatings as a hard chrome replacement}, volume = {43}, issn = {10969918 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-80052519533&doi=10.1002%2fsia.3721&partnerID=40&md5=99f512a2af2055b8365fafbfe05d16a7}, doi = {10.1002/sia.3721}, abstract = {Hard chrome plating has been used in several different applications in industries that require abrasive sliding wear resistance, such as hydraulic pistons, shafts or bearings. However, the increasing environmental and worker safety pressures on electrolytic hard chrome are leading companies to adopt alternatives. The improvements of the high-velocity-oxy-fuel (HVOF) thermal spray process allow the chromium coating replacement with a comparable or superior surface treatment and are more environmentally friendly. This HVOF process, as a flexible dry-coating technology, avoids high-volume waste streams and enables a flexible choice of coating material for each application. The cobalt-chromium-cemented tungsten carbides are some of the easiest materials to spray and the WC-10Co-4Cr coatings have demonstrated superior performance over hard chrome with regard to mechanical and tribological properties. In this work, this coating has been deposited with a Sulzer Metco WokaJet-400 kerosene fuel spray gun, and the spray conditions have been optimized in order to ensure the best properties of the coatings. The mechanical and tribological properties have been evaluated in coatings sprayed with four deposition conditions that involve different gas flow rates. The most wear-resistant coating is obtained with those HVOF parameters that prevent decarburization of WC particles and, at the same time, allow an adequate agglomerate melting giving a good intersplat adhesion. The results indicate that HVOF-sprayed WC-CoCr coatings are a reliable alternative to electrolytic hard chrome (EHC) in the aeronautical industry to coat landing gear components. In particular, in the dry wear tests, the WC-CoCr coatings outperform hard chrome coatings in wear resistance. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.}, language = {English}, number = {10}, journal = {Surface and Interface Analysis}, author = {Picas, J.A. and Punset, M. and Teresa Baile, M. and Martín, E. and Forn, A.}, year = {2011}, note = {48 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Abrasive coatings, Chromate coatings, Chrome plating, Chromium, Chromium coatings, Chromium plating, Coating material, Cobalt, Deposition conditions, Dry wear, Engines, Environmentally-friendly, HVOF, HVOF process, HVOF thermal spraying, Hard chrome replacement, Hard coatings, Hydraulic pistons, Kerosene fuels, Landing gear (aircraft), Mechanical and tribological properties, Occupational risks, Spray conditions, Spray guns, Sprayed coatings, Sulzer Metco, Surface treatment, Thermal spray coatings, Thermal spray process, Tribological evaluations, Tribology, Tungsten, Tungsten carbide, WC particles, WC-CoCr coating, Waste stream, Wear resistance, Wear-resistant coating, Worker safety, hard chrome alternatives, thermal spray coatings, wear}, pages = {1346--1353}, } @article{picasCorrosionMechanismHVOF2019, title = {Corrosion mechanism of {HVOF} thermal sprayed {WC}-{CoCr} coatings in acidic chloride media}, volume = {371}, issn = {02578972 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85054674048&doi=10.1016%2fj.surfcoat.2018.10.025&partnerID=40&md5=39561894e68c23d02dd2a8f825007b1a}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.10.025}, abstract = {HVOF thermal sprayed WC cermet coatings exhibit excellent abrasive and erosive wear resistance due to the presence of high volume fraction of WC particles bounded by a tough cobalt or cobalt-chromium alloy binder. However, less information is at present available on the corrosion response of these coatings in strong acidic environment. In this study, the corrosion behaviour of the HVOF WC-CoCr coatings was investigated by electrochemical polarization technique in 0.1 N hydrochloric (HCl) acid solution at 25 °C. The coating morphology was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the relationships between the microstructure and corrosion mechanism were investigated using small-angle X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectroscopy measurements. The analysis of the corroded coating surface showed that during anodic polarization, the corrosion attack of the WC-CoCr coating began with active oxidation of the binder phase followed by the formation of a pseudo-passive layer composed by anhydrous Cr-oxides (CrO), Co-oxides (CoO/Co3O4) and W-oxides (WO3). At higher potentials the corrosion was governed by the hydration of tungsten oxide (WO3·xH2O) and the extension of the oxidation to the WC particles. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Picas, J.A. and Punset, M. and Rupérez, E. and Menargues, S. and Martin, E. and Baile, M.T.}, year = {2019}, note = {52 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier B.V.}, keywords = {Abrasive coatings, Anodic oxidation, Chlorine compounds, Chromium alloys, Chromium compounds, Cobalt alloys, Cobalt compounds, Cobalt-chromium alloys, Corrosion, Corrosive effects, Electrochemical polarization, Fuels, HVOF thermal spraying, High velocity oxy fuel, High velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF), High volume fraction, Morphology, Photoelectrons, Photons, Polarization, Raman spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy measurements, Scanning electron microscopy, Small angle x-ray diffractions, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray coatings, WC-CoCr, Wear resistance, X ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy}, pages = {378--388}, } @article{philippCavitationErosionSingle1998, title = {Cavitation erosion by single laser-produced bubbles}, volume = {361}, issn = {1469-7645, 0022-1120}, url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-fluid-mechanics/article/abs/cavitation-erosion-by-single-laserproduced-bubbles/F83DCA51380911CD0C4A29CEB65B127D}, doi = {10.1017/S0022112098008738}, abstract = {In order to elucidate the mechanism of cavitation erosion, the dynamics of a single laser-generated cavitation bubble in water and the resulting surface damage on a flat metal specimen are investigated in detail. The characteristic effects of bubble dynamics, in particular the formation of a high-speed liquid jet and the emission of shock waves at the moment of collapse are recorded with high-speed photography with framing rates of up to one million frames/s. Damage is observed when the bubble is generated at a distance less than twice its maximum radius from a solid boundary (γ=2, where γ=s/Rmax, s is the distance between the boundary and the bubble centre at the moment of formation and Rmax is the maximum bubble radius). The impact of the jet contributes to the damage only at small initial distances (γ[les ]0.7). In this region, the impact velocity rises to 83 m s−1, corresponding to a water hammer pressure of about 0.1 GPa, whereas at γ{\textgreater}1, the impact velocity is smaller than 25 m s−1. The largest erosive force is caused by the collapse of a bubble in direct contact with the boundary, where pressures of up to several GPa act on the material surface. Therefore, it is essential for the damaging effect that bubbles are accelerated towards the boundary during the collapse phases due to Bjerknes forces. The bubble touches the boundary at the moment of second collapse when γ{\textless}2 and at the moment of first collapse when γ{\textless}1. Indentations on an aluminium specimen are found at the contact locations of the collapsing bubble. In the range γ=1.7 to 2, where the bubble collapses mainly down to a single point, one pit below the bubble centre is observed. At γ[les ]1.7, the bubble shape has become toroidal, induced by the jet flow through the bubble centre. Corresponding to the decay of this bubble torus into multiple tiny bubbles each collapsing separately along the circumference of the torus, the observed damage is circular as well. Bubbles in the ranges γ[les ]0.3 and γ=1.2 to 1.4 caused the greatest damage. The overall diameter of the damaged area is found to scale with the maximum bubble radius. Owing to the possibility of generating thousands of nearly identical bubbles, the cavitation resistance of even hard steel specimens can be tested.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-08-04}, journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics}, author = {Philipp, A. and Lauterborn, W.}, month = apr, year = {1998}, note = {897 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {75--116}, } @article{pflitschWearPropertiesMOCVDgrown2007, title = {Wear properties of {MOCVD}-grown aluminium oxide films studied by cavitation erosion experiments}, volume = {201}, issn = {02578972 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34547802641&doi=10.1016%2fj.surfcoat.2007.04.092&partnerID=40&md5=dd6cd2f44389792c4950290a2f3d8c1b}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.04.092}, abstract = {Thin aluminium oxide films are of interest due to many technical applications, such as hard coating, electrical insulator, or antireflective coating. It is obvious for such applications that the used films should have a good contact with the substrate underneath, be well adhering and be mechanically resistant. Therefore, cavitation experiments according to the ASTM G32-92 standard were now used to study the adhesion and wear resistance of CVD-grown aluminium oxide films. It is shown that amorphous alumina films (0.75 μm thick) which are grown in a hot wall reactor on steel are enduring the cavitation erosion better than the clean and uncovered steel, and are thus very promising for technical applications. After 30 min cavitation, no damages are observed on the coated samples by SEM while uncoated steel is clearly damaged. After 180 min, the mass loss of the specimen caused by cavitation erosion is more than 7 times lower than the one of coated steel. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {22-23 SPEC. ISS.}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Pflitsch, C. and Curdts, B. and Buck, V. and Atakan, B.}, year = {2007}, note = {6 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Adhesion, Alumina, Aluminium oxide, Antireflective coating, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation erosion, Electrical insulator, Hard coating, Hard coatings, MOCVD, Metallorganic chemical vapor deposition, Steel, Thin aluminium oxide films, Wear properties, Wear resistance}, pages = {9299--9303}, } @article{pettigrewVibrationAnalysisShellandtube2003, series = {Arrays of {Cylinders} in {Cross}-{Flow}}, title = {Vibration analysis of shell-and-tube heat exchangers: an overview—{Part} 1: flow, damping, fluidelastic instability}, volume = {18}, issn = {0889-9746}, shorttitle = {Vibration analysis of shell-and-tube heat exchangers}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889974603001208}, doi = {10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2003.08.007}, abstract = {Design guidelines were developed to prevent tube failures due to excessive flow-induced vibration in shell-and-tube heat exchangers. An overview of vibration analysis procedures and recommended design guidelines is presented in this paper. This paper pertains to liquid, gas and two-phase heat exchangers such as nuclear steam generators, reboilers, coolers, service water heat exchangers, condensers, and moisture-separator-reheaters. Generally, a heat exchanger vibration analysis consists of the following steps: (i) flow distribution calculations, (ii) dynamic parameter evaluation (i.e. damping, effective tube mass, and dynamic stiffness), (iii) formulation of vibration excitation mechanisms, (iv) vibration response prediction, and (v) resulting damage assessment (i.e., comparison against allowables). The requirements applicable to each step are outlined in this paper. Part 1 of this paper covers flow calculations, dynamic parameters and fluidelastic instability.}, language = {en}, number = {5}, urldate = {2022-03-01}, journal = {Journal of Fluids and Structures}, author = {Pettigrew, M. J. and Taylor, C. E.}, month = nov, year = {2003}, note = {138 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {469--483}, } @article{peshkovskyMatchingTransducerWater2007, title = {Matching a transducer to water at cavitation: {Acoustic} horn design principles}, volume = {14}, issn = {1350-4177}, shorttitle = {Matching a transducer to water at cavitation}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350417706000824}, doi = {10.1016/j.ultsonch.2006.07.003}, abstract = {High-power ultrasound for several decades has been an integral part of many industrial processes conducted in aqueous solutions. Maximizing the transfer efficiency of the acoustic energy between electromechanical transducers and water at cavitation is crucial when designing industrial ultrasonic reactors with large active volumes. This can be achieved by matching the acoustic impedances of transducers to water at cavitation using appropriately designed ultrasonic horns. In the present work, a set of criteria characterizing the matching capabilities of ultrasonic horns is developed. It is shown that none of the commonly used tapered-shape horns can achieve the necessary conditions. An analytical method for designing five-element acoustic horns with the desirable matching properties is introduced, and five novel types of such horns, most suitable for practical applications, are proposed. An evaluation of the horns’ performance is presented in a set of experiments, demonstrating the validity of the developed theoretical methodology. Power transfer efficiency increase by almost an order of magnitude is shown to be possible with the presented horn designs, as compared to those traditionally utilized.}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-10-15}, journal = {Ultrasonics Sonochemistry}, author = {Peshkovsky, Sergei L. and Peshkovsky, Alexey S.}, month = mar, year = {2007}, note = {80 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Acoustic energy transference, Acoustic horns, Acoustic impedance matching, Cavitation, Electromechanical transducers, Industrial processes in liquids, Industrial ultrasonic reactors, Sonochemistry, Ultrasonic power transference, Ultrasonic rod horns}, pages = {314--322}, } @article{perryAssessmentCorrosionRates2001, title = {Assessment of the corrosion rates and mechanisms of a {WC}–{Co}–{Cr} {HVOF} coating in static and liquid–solid impingement saline environments}, volume = {137}, issn = {0257-8972}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0257897200010628}, doi = {10.1016/S0257-8972(00)01062-8}, abstract = {The corrosion behaviour of a WC–Co–Cr high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF)-sprayed coating has been examined in static saline conditions and under the influence of an impinging jet of liquid free from solids and containing solids. The corrosion behaviour in static conditions is neither passive nor active, and its complexity results from the composite ceramic/metal nature of the coating surface. The influence of exposure to the impinging jet free from solids is to slightly increase the corrosion rate, and a further increase in corrosion rate is observed when solid particles are added to the liquid stream. This paper assesses the corrosion behaviour of this cermet system and discusses the factors controlling the electrochemical material loss.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-10-12}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Perry, J. M. and Neville, A. and Wilson, V. A. and Hodgkiess, T.}, month = mar, year = {2001}, note = {70 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cermet, Corrosion, Electrochemical, High velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF)}, pages = {43--51}, } @article{pavlovicCavitationWearBasaltbased2019, title = {Cavitation wear of basalt-based glass ceramic}, volume = {12}, issn = {19961944 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85065735613&doi=10.3390%2fma12091552&partnerID=40&md5=8c3fb069fa98b45edfb2f92707edbc0a}, doi = {10.3390/ma12091552}, abstract = {This paper examines the possibility of using basalt-based glass ceramics for construction of structural parts of equipment in metallurgy and mining. An ultrasonic vibration method with a stationary sample pursuant to the ASTM G32 standard was used to evaluate the possibility of the glass ceramic samples application in such operating conditions. As the starting material for synthesis of samples, olivine-pyroxene basalt from the locality Vrelo-Kopaonik Mountain (Serbia) was used. In order to obtain pre-determined structure and properties of basalt-based glass ceramics, raw material preparation methods through the sample crushing, grinding, and mechanical activation processes have been examined together with sample synthesis by means of melting, casting, and thermal treatment applied for the samples concerned. The mass loss of samples in function of the cavitation time was monitored. Sample surface degradation level was quantified using the image analysis. During the test, changes in sample morphology were monitored by means of the scanning electronic microscopy method. The results showed that basalt-based glass ceramics are highly resistant to cavitation wear and can be used in similar exploitation conditions as a substitute for other metal materials. © 2019 by the authors.}, language = {English}, number = {9}, journal = {Materials}, author = {Pavlovic, M. and Dojcinovic, M. and Prokic-Cvetkovic, R. and Andric, L. and Ceganjac, Z. and Trumbulovic, L.}, year = {2019}, note = {11 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: MDPI AG}, keywords = {Basalt, Basalt-based glass ceramics, Cavitation, Cavitation wear, Construction equipment, Glass ceramics, Image analysis, Mass loss, Material preparation, Mechanical activation, Morphology, Operating condition, Scanning electronic microscopy, Silicate minerals, Structural ceramics, Structure and properties, Ultrasonic effects, Ultrasonic vibration, Wear of materials}, } @article{parkEffectStabilizerConcentration2019, title = {Effect of stabilizer concentration on the cavitation erosion resistance characteristics of the electroless nickel plated gray cast iron in seawater}, volume = {376}, issn = {02578972 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85054709447&doi=10.1016%2fj.surfcoat.2018.08.098&partnerID=40&md5=6d333b1c8cd841f0ba738e434ed54854}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.08.098}, abstract = {In this study, electroless nickel (EN) plating was performed with stabilizer concentration to improve cavitation erosion resistance of gray cast iron under marine environment. Cavitation erosion tests were carried out in natural seawater solution in accordance with modified ASTM G32. The change of stabilizer concentration affected the plating rate, P content, and average crystal size of EN coating. The decrease of the plating rate with the stabilizer concentration and the flake-shaped graphite exposed to the gray cast iron surface negatively affected the cavitation erosion and corrosion prevention. In particular, cavitation erosion damage of EN coating was accelerated due to combined galvanic corrosion when the EN coating was destroyed and the substrate was exposed under the cavitation erosion environment. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Park, I.-C. and Kim, S.-J.}, year = {2019}, note = {7 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier B.V.}, keywords = {Cast iron, Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation erosion, Cavitation erosion resistance, Coatings, Corrosion prevention, Crystal size, Electroless nickel, Electroless nickel plating, Erosion, Galvanic corrosion, Gray cast iron, Marine environment, Plating, Plating rates, Seawater, Seawater effects, Stabilizer concentration}, pages = {31--37}, } @article{parkCorrelationMicrostructureTribological2020, title = {Correlation between microstructure and tribological properties of laser surface heat-treated stellite coatings}, volume = {10}, issn = {20796412 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85086001331&doi=10.3390%2fCOATINGS10050433&partnerID=40&md5=e1b3c0ccdc8dd1caa0857c1147cd6665}, doi = {10.3390/COATINGS10050433}, abstract = {To manufacture superior-performance continuous casting mold components, high-velocity oxygen fuel spraying of a Stellite-1 coating was followed by its laser heat treatment at 1373-1473 K using a diode laser. The effects of the laser irradiation conditions on the macro-and microstructural variations along with the hardness and wear resistance within the Stellite-1 coating were evaluated. After the heat treatment, micro-voids within the sprayed coating decreased in number slightly with an increase in the heat treatment temperature. The hardness of the sprayed Stellite-1 coating increased from that of the as-sprayed coating (680 HV) after the laser heat treatment, with a hardness of 860 HV obtained at 1473 K. The cause of the increase in hardness could be the formation of nano-sizedW-and Cr-based carbides such as WC, M7C3, and M23C6, as suggested by transmission electron microscopy analysis. The tribological properties of as-sprayed and laser heat-treated samples were investigated by a pin-on-disk tribometer. The laser heat treatment of Stellite-1 coating enhanced wear resistance. This resulted in a lower coefficient of friction and wear rate for the laser heat-treated sample than those for the as-sprayed sample. © 2020 by the authors.}, language = {English}, number = {5}, journal = {Coatings}, author = {Park, C.-K. and Lee, J.-H. and Kang, N.-H. and Chun, E.-J.}, year = {2020}, note = {4 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: MDPI AG}, keywords = {Laser surface heat treatment, Microstructure, Stellite, Thermal spray coating, Wear resistance}, } @article{olivioAnalysis410NiMoCoating2019, title = {Analysis of {410NiMo} coating deposited by thermal spray in {CA6NM} martensitic stainless steel against erosion by cavitation}, volume = {104}, issn = {02683768 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85071622130&doi=10.1007%2fs00170-019-04277-x&partnerID=40&md5=05e3b62427b959a1b7f0ebb1693fa4b6}, doi = {10.1007/s00170-019-04277-x}, abstract = {For most applications, martensitic stainless steels are subject to operating conditions where good mechanical properties and wear resistance are required. Soldering soft martensitic stainless steels features decreased tenacity of the welded joint which, along with the residual stresses, can shorten the life of component and accelerate the cavitation process. In order to increase the strength of the martensitic structures, thermal spraying is used to produce coatings, laid without resulting in thermal cycles that influence the structural integrity of the coated steels. This work was deposited by the electric arc and wire flame, the 410NiMo martensitic stainless steel, in wire and rod form, respectively, on the substrate of the martensitic stainless steel CA6NM. The samples were sent to Vickers microhardness tests and accelerated cavitation, according to ASTM G32-10. The results were obtained through optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, SEM, and dispersive energy spectroscopy (DES); the samples featured high adhesion, low porosity, and cavitation erosion–resistant coatings. The thermal spray is suitable for the application of this type of coating. © 2019, Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature.}, language = {English}, number = {9-12}, journal = {International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology}, author = {Olivio, É.F.T. and Olivio Filho, P.S. and de Aguiar, L.A. and Moreno, J.R.S. and Paredes, R.S.C.}, year = {2019}, note = {4 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Springer London}, keywords = {410NiMo, CA-6NM martensitic stainless steels, CA6NM steel, Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation erosion, Coatings, Electric arcs, Energy spectroscopy, Erosion, High-adhesion, Low porosity, Martensitic stainless steel, Martensitic structures, Operating condition, Thermal spraying, Vickers microhardness tests, Wear resistance, Welding}, pages = {4559--4569}, } @article{neisesSolarheatedRotaryKiln2012, title = {Solar-heated rotary kiln for thermochemical energy storage}, volume = {86}, issn = {0038-092X}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0038092X12002630}, doi = {10.1016/j.solener.2012.07.012}, abstract = {Thermal energy storage (TES) will improve the efficiency and output of solar power plants. TES based on thermochemical cycles is an interesting option as thermochemical cycles can provide high energy storage densities and allow longer heat storage time. The use of multivalent solid oxide reduction–oxidation (REDOX) reactions for thermochemical heat storage is a promising option. Several concepts are feasible for coupling solar energy to the redox reaction. Among those a directly irradiated rotary kiln is one of the most interesting because it is able to provide high mass flow rates and high amounts of active material. A solar-heated rotary kiln was set-up and operated in the solar furnace of DLR for thermal reduction and oxidation of cobalt oxide. The redox material was fed into the reactor batch wise and reduced on-sun at temperatures of about 900°C and re-oxidized off-sun in the same rotary kiln. Both steps were carried out in an air atmosphere. Thirty cycles were performed with one batch showing no evident degradation of the material. The results confirm that the rotary kiln is a feasible reactor set-up for the solar reduction of metal oxides and, hence, for thermochemical energy storage.}, language = {en}, number = {10}, urldate = {2022-01-15}, journal = {Solar Energy}, author = {Neises, M. and Tescari, S. and de Oliveira, L. and Roeb, M. and Sattler, C. and Wong, B.}, month = oct, year = {2012}, note = {177 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Rotary kiln, Solar power plants, Thermal energy storage, Thermochemical cycle}, pages = {3040--3048}, } @article{natishanSaltFogCorrosion2000, title = {Salt fog corrosion behavior of high-velocity oxygen-fuel thermal spray coatings compared to electrodeposited hard chromium}, volume = {130}, issn = {02578972 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0034255515&doi=10.1016%2fS0257-8972%2800%2900671-X&partnerID=40&md5=4ebda95958294b9dc59bf813bae11eee}, doi = {10.1016/S0257-8972(00)00671-X}, abstract = {The corrosion behavior of several coating/substrate combinations was determined using the ASTM B117 Salt Fog Test. The coatings were electrodeposited hard chromium (EHC) and two high-velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF) thermal-sprayed coatings, tungsten-carbide/cobalt (WC/Co) and Tribaloy 400 (T400). The substrates were 4340 steel, 7075 aluminum alloy, and PH13-8 stainless steel. On the 7075 Al alloy, a sulfamate nickel layer was deposited prior to the deposition of hard chromium. The results indicated that on the 4340 steel none of the coatings provided significant protection, with equivalent performance between the EHC and WC/Co coatings and slightly poorer performance for the T400. On the 7075 Al alloy, the EHC with sulfamate nickel exhibited excellent performance as no pits or blisters were noted on the faces or edges of the samples. The WC/Co showed no pitting or blistering on the faces but had a significant amount of pitting along the edges. The EHC and WC/Co coatings performed well on the 13-8 stainless steel as no pits or blisters were noted on the faces or edges. The T400 coatings had rust stains on the faces and edges but defects could not be seen with the unaided eye or at a 7 X magnification. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.; The corrosion behavior of several coating/substrate combinations was determined using the ASTM B117 Salt Fog Test. The coatings were electrodeposited hard chromium (EHC) and two high-velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF) thermal-sprayed coatings tungsten-carbide/cobalt (WC/Co) and Tribaloy 400 (T400). The substrates were 4340 steel, 7075 aluminum alloy, and PH13-8 stainless steel. On the 7075 Al alloy, a sulfamate nickel layer was deposited prior to the deposition of hard chromium. The results indicated that on the 4340 steel none of the coatings provided significant protection, with equivalent performance between the EHC and WC/Co coatings and slightly poorer performance for the T400. On the 7075 Al alloy, the EHC with sulfamate nickel exhibited excellent performance as no pits or blisters were noted on the faces or edges of the samples. The WC/Co showed no pitting or blistering on the faces but had a significant amount of pitting along the edges. The EHC and WC/Co coatings performed well on the 13-8 stainless steel as no pits or blisters were noted on the faces or edges. The T400 coatings had rust stains on the faces and edges but defects could not be seen with the unaided eye or at a 7 × magnification.}, language = {English}, number = {2-3}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Natishan, P.M. and Lawrence, S.H. and Foster, R.L. and Lewis, J. and Sartwell, B.D.}, year = {2000}, note = {48 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier Sequoia SA}, keywords = {Aluminum alloys, Blistering, Chromium, Cobalt, Electrodeposited hard chrome, Electrodeposited hard chromium, Electrodeposition, High velocity oxygen fuel thermal spray, High-velocity oxygen-fuel thermal spray, Pitting, Salt fog corrosion, Sprayed coatings, Spraying, Stainless steel, Substrates, Thermal sprayed coating, Tungsten carbide, Tungsten-carbide/cobalt, coating, corrosion, electrodeposition, fog, salt, tungsten carbide}, pages = {218--223}, } @article{nascimentoEffectsTungstenCarbide2001, title = {Effects of tungsten carbide thermal spray coating by {HP}/{HVOF} and hard chromium electroplating on {AISI} 4340 high strength steel}, volume = {138}, issn = {02578972 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0035897255&doi=10.1016%2fS0257-8972%2800%2901148-8&partnerID=40&md5=c1799a8b8972fc9b3ce5e1546376fd35}, doi = {10.1016/S0257-8972(00)01148-8}, abstract = {In cases of decorative and functional applications, chromium results in protection against wear and corrosion combined with chemical resistance and good lubricity. However, pressure to identify alternatives or to improve conventional chromium electroplating mechanical characteristics has increased in recent years, related to the reduction in the fatigue strength of the base material and to environmental requirements. The high efficiency and fluoride-free hard chromium electroplating is an improvement to the conventional process, considering chemical and physical final properties. One of the most interesting, environmentally safer and cleaner alternatives for the replacement of hard chrome plating is tungsten carbide thermal spray coating, applied by the high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) process. The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of the tungsten carbide thermal spray coating applied by the HP/HVOF process and of the high efficiency and fluoride-free hard chromium electroplating (in the present paper called 'accelerated'), in comparison to the conventional hard chromium electroplating on the AISI 4340 high strength steel behaviour in fatigue, corrosion, and abrasive wear tests. The results showed that the coatings were damaging to the AISI 4340 steel behaviour when submitted to fatigue testing, with the tungsten carbide thermal spray coatings showing the better performance. Experimental data from abrasive wear tests were conclusive, indicating better results from the WC coating. Regarding corrosion by salt spray test, both coatings were completely corroded after 72 h exposure. Scanning electron microscopy technique (SEM) and optical microscopy were used to observe crack origin sites, thickness and adhesion in all the coatings and microcrack density in hard chromium electroplatings, to aid in the results analysis. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {2-3}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Nascimento, M.P. and Souza, R.C. and Miguel, I.M. and Pigatin, W.L. and Voorwald, H.J.C}, year = {2001}, note = {138 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Abrasive wear, Abrasive wear test, Chemical resistance, Chromium, Coatings, Corrosion, Electroplating, Fatigue, Fatigue testing, HP/HVOF, Hard chromium electroplating, Optical microscopy, Scanning electron microscopy, Tungsten, Tungsten carbide thermal spray coating, Tungsten carbide thermal spray coatings, Wear of materials, coating, corrosion, electroplating, fatigue, spray, tungsten carbide}, pages = {113--124}, } @article{myalskaEffectNanosizedTiC2017, title = {Effect of nano-sized {TiC} powder on microstructure and the corrosion resistance of {WC}-{Co} thermal spray coatings}, volume = {318}, issn = {02578972 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85012030563&doi=10.1016%2fj.surfcoat.2017.01.078&partnerID=40&md5=28a9b060213ff5c843796a550065ad4d}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.01.078}, abstract = {In this article, the electrochemical behavior of HVAF WC-17Co coatings modified with TiC deposited on low alloyed steel substrates was investigated. As a reference for coating material a commercial WC-17Co powder was used. The WC-17Co feedstock powder modification process was based on the addition of nano-sized TiC (weight ratio from 1 to 7\%) by mechanical mixing. The aim of the research is comparing the microstructure and some selected properties of HVAF coatings with different amounts of TiC. The preliminary characterizations concerned the coating porosity, phase composition and microstructure. Then a corrosion resistance for all variant of coatings was evaluated by electrochemical polarization tests at room temperature in 3.5\% NaCl and 0.5 M H2SO4 solutions. The results showed an evident influence of nano-sized TiC addition on both on the corrosion resistance and the electrochemical properties of WC-17Co coatings. In the case of investigation in 3.5\% NaCl, addition of nano-sized TiC caused shifting polarization curves in more noble range, however in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution no significant changes in corrosion behavior were observed. Addition of nano-sized TiC significantly decreases corrosion resistance of WC-17Co + TiC coatings. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Myalska, H. and Michalska, J.K. and Moskal, G. and Szymański, K.}, year = {2017}, note = {19 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier B.V.}, keywords = {Air, Ceramic coatings, Coatings, Corrosion, Corrosion resistance, Electrochemical behaviors, Electrochemical polarization test, Hard metals, Hardmetal, High velocity air fuel (HVAF), High velocity air fuels, Microstructure, Modification process, Nano sized, Nano-sized TiC, Polarization, Powder coatings, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray coatings, Titanium carbide, Tungsten carbide, WC-17Co, Wc-17co}, pages = {270--278}, } @article{mutascuHardfacingX2CrNiMoN2253Duplex2021, series = {8th {International} {Conference} on {Advanced} {Materials} and {Structures} - {AMS} 2020}, title = {Hardfacing of {X2CrNiMoN22}-5-3 {Duplex} stainless steel with {Stellite} alloy using pulsed {TIG} welding process}, volume = {45}, issn = {2214-7853}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214785320393378}, doi = {10.1016/j.matpr.2020.11.662}, abstract = {The results presented in this paper demonstrate the ability of the TIG welding process in the pulsed current to produce layers with good functional properties for the engineering surfaces. The Stellite-21 alloy was deposited on a duplex stainless steel substrate, X2CrNiMoN22-5–3, in a range of process parameters that allow control of linear energy and cooling rate. The optimum welding conditions led to the formation of a coating free of pores and cracks, with a good adhesion to the substrate. The morphology and performance of the deposited layers were studied by optical microscopy and hardness measurements.}, urldate = {2025-02-04}, journal = {Materials Today: Proceedings}, author = {Mutaşcu, Daniel and Mitelea, Ion and Bordeaşu, Ilare and Burcă, Mircea and Uţu, Ion-Dragoş}, month = jan, year = {2021}, note = {3 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cavitation, Duplex stainless steel, Microstructure, Stellite alloy, TIG hardfacing}, pages = {4112--4116}, } @inproceedings{musalekEvaluationInternalCohesion2020, title = {Evaluation of internal cohesion of multiphase plasma-sprayed coatings by cavitation test: {Feasibility} study}, volume = {27}, isbn = {978-80-01-06735-2}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85100896559&doi=10.14311%2fAPP.2020.27.0073&partnerID=40&md5=1f256212539ef2e492c36a31e4b1c9db}, doi = {10.14311/APP.2020.27.0073}, abstract = {Mechanical characterization of plasma-sprayed coatings at microscopic level represents a major challenge due to the presence of numerous inherent microstructural features such as cracks, pores, or splat boundaries, which complicate coatings characterization by conventional testing methods. Need for reliable testing of structural integrity of newly developed multiphase plasma-sprayed coatings introduced even more complexity to the testing. In this study, applicability of indirect vibratory cavitation test (adapted from ASTM G32 standard) for such testing was evaluated. Three plasma-sprayed coatings having distinctive microstructures were tested: i) conventional alumina coating deposited from coarse powder, ii) hybrid coating deposited by co-spraying of coarse alumina powder and fine yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) suspension, and iii) compact alumina coating deposited from fine ethanol-based suspension. Differences in the coatings internal cohesion were reflected in different failure mechanisms observed within the cavitation crater by scanning electron microscopy and mean erosion rates being i) 280 µm/hour, ii) 97 µm/hour and iii) 14 µm/hour, respectively. © Czech Technical University in Prague, 2020.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Acta {Polytech}. {CTU} {Proc}.}, publisher = {Czech Technical University}, author = {Mušálek, R. and Nardozza, E. and Tesař, T. and Medřický, J.}, editor = {{Nemecek J.} and {Hausild P.} and {Ctvrtlik R.}}, year = {2020}, note = {1 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Journal Abbreviation: Acta Polytech. CTU Proc.}, keywords = {Cavitation damage, Cohesion, Failure analysis, Plasma spray coatings}, pages = {73--78}, } @article{murthyEffectGrindingErosion2001, title = {Effect of grinding on the erosion behaviour of a {WC}-{Co}-{Cr} coating deposited by {HVOF} and detonation gun spray processes}, volume = {249}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0035392148&doi=10.1016%2fS0043-1648%2801%2900682-2&partnerID=40&md5=541cd2d814922f19116da9acfba7d277}, doi = {10.1016/S0043-1648(01)00682-2}, abstract = {There is a growing interest on the use of thermal spray coatings for a variety of wear resistance applications due to the several advantages it offers. WC-Co coating is widely used for wear resistance applications. It is known that addition of Cr to WC-Co improves binding of the metallic matrix with the WC grains and provides better wear resistant coating. Thus, WC-Co-Cr is considered to be a potential wear resistant coating material as compared to WC-Co coating. The thermally sprayed carbide coatings are in general surface finished by machining or grinding after the coating process. Therefore, it is imperative to understand the influence of the finishing operation on the characteristics and performance of carbide coatings. This work aims at investigating the effect of grinding on the erosion behaviour of a WC-Co-Cr coating. As a part of this work a comparison has also been brought out between two high velocity coating processes namely high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) and detonation gun spray process (DS). A WC-10Co-4Cr powder has been sprayed on a medium carbon steel using the above mentioned high velocity spray processes. Some of the coated specimens were further ground by a diamond wheel with controlled parameters. The coating in both 'as-coated' and 'as-ground' conditions has been tested for solid particle erosion behaviour. The erosion experiments were carried out using an air-jet erosion test rig with silica erodents at a velocity of 80 m/s. It has been found that surface grinding improved the erosion resistance. This work presents detailed characterisation of the WC-Co-Cr coating in both 'as-coated' and 'as-ground' form. A detailed analysis indicates that the increase in residual stress in the ground specimen is a possible cause for the improvement in erosion resistance. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {7}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Murthy, J.K.N. and Rao, D.S. and Venkataraman, B.}, year = {2001}, note = {191 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Carbon steel, Detonation, Detonation gun spray, Detonation gun spray processes, Erosion, Grinding, Grinding (comminution), Hard chrome replacement, High velocity oxy-fuel, Machining, Protective coatings, Residual strees, Residual stresses, Tungsten compounds, Velocity measurement, WC-10Co-4Cr, Wear resistance, coating, erosion, grinding, residual strength, wear resistance}, pages = {592--600}, } @article{murthyAbrasiveWearBehaviour2006, title = {Abrasive wear behaviour of {WC}–{CoCr} and {Cr3C2}–20({NiCr}) deposited by {HVOF} and detonation spray processes}, volume = {200}, issn = {0257-8972}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0257897204011545}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2004.10.136}, abstract = {Thermally sprayed tungsten carbide-based and chromium carbide-based coatings are being widely used for a variety of wear resistance applications. These coatings deposited by high velocity processes like high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) and detonation gun spray (DS) techniques are known to provide improved wear performance. In the present study, WC–10Co–4Cr and Cr3C2–20(NiCr) coatings are deposited by HVOF and pulsed DS processes, and low stress abrasion wear resistance of these coatings are compared. The abrasion tests were done using a three-body solid particle rubber wheel test rig using silica grits as the abrasive medium. The results show that the DS coating performs slightly better than the HVOF coating possibly due to the higher residual compressive stresses induced by the former process and WC-based coating has higher wear resistance in comparison to Cr3C2-based coating. Also, the thermally sprayed carbide-based coatings have excellent wear resistance with respect to the hard chrome coatings.}, number = {8}, urldate = {2024-07-10}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Murthy, J. K. N. and Venkataraman, B.}, month = jan, year = {2006}, note = {244 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {CrC–20(NiCr), HVOF and detonation spray processes, WC–CoCr}, pages = {2642--2652}, } @article{mousaviSlurryErosionCharacteristics2020, title = {Slurry {Erosion} {Characteristics} of {Stellite} 6 on {AISI} 316 and {AISI} 410 {Stainless} {Steels}}, volume = {38}, issn = {2466-2232}, url = {http://e-jwj.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.5781/JWJ.2020.38.6.9}, doi = {10.5781/JWJ.2020.38.6.9}, abstract = {In this study, we explored the microstructure and slurry erosion properties of Stellite 6 cladding deposited on AISI316 and AISI410 stainless steel substrates using gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), also known as tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding. Optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were employed to analyze the microstructure similar to the erosion mechanisms. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was performed to identify the phases formed in the coating. The results revealed that the microstructure of the coating consisted of carbides embedded in a Co-rich solid solution. The coated samples exhibited higher erosion resistance than bare steel and this feature can postpone the failure and extend the life time of industrial component. Furthermore, a noticeable corrosion influence on the erosion behavior of the coating was identified. A higher erosion resistance of the coating was obtained for the AISI 316 substrate because of its better response to the corrosive attack. Finally, a brittle mode of the erosion behavior was detected for the Stellite coating.}, language = {en}, number = {6}, urldate = {2025-03-31}, journal = {Journal of Welding and Joining}, author = {Mousavi, B. and Shakeri, M. S. and Shamsipoor, A.}, month = dec, year = {2020}, note = {1 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {584--592}, } @article{mottyllNumerical3DFlow2016, title = {Numerical {3D} flow simulation of ultrasonic horns with attached cavitation structures and assessment of flow aggressiveness and cavitation erosion sensitive wall zones}, volume = {31}, issn = {13504177 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84958212828&doi=10.1016%2fj.ultsonch.2016.01.025&partnerID=40&md5=4ad977ca4ac48cb675fe368e1e0dcf2b}, doi = {10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.01.025}, abstract = {As a contribution to a better understanding of cavitation erosion mechanisms, a compressible inviscid finite volume flow solver with barotropic homogeneous liquid-vapor mixture cavitation model is applied to ultrasonic horn set-ups with and without stationary specimen, that exhibit attached cavitation at the horn tip. Void collapses and shock waves, which are closely related to cavitation erosion, are resolved. The computational results are compared to hydrophone, shadowgraphy and erosion test data. At the horn tip, vapor volume and topology, subharmonic oscillation frequency as well as the amplitude of propagating pressure waves are in good agreement with experimental data. For the evaluation of flow aggressiveness and the assessment of erosion sensitive wall zones, statistical analyses of wall loads and of the multiplicity of distinct collapses in wall-adjacent flow regions are applied to the horn tip and the stationary specimen. An a posteriori projection of load collectives, i.e. cumulative collapse rate vs. collapse pressure, onto a reference grid eliminates the grid dependency effectively for attached cavitation at the horn tip, whereas a significant grid dependency remains at the stationary specimen. The load collectives show an exponential decrease towards higher collapse pressures. Erosion sensitive wall zones are well predicted for both, horn tip and stationary specimen, and load profiles are in good qualitative agreement with measured topography profiles of eroded duplex stainless steel samples after long-term runs. For the considered amplitude and gap width according to ASTM G32-10 standard, the analysis of load collectives reveals that the distinctive erosive ring shape at the horn tip can be attributed to frequent breakdown and re-development of a small portion of the tip-attached cavity. This partial breakdown of the attached cavity repeats at each driving cycle and is associated with relatively moderate collapse peak pressures, whereas the stationary specimen is rather unfrequently stressed at the end of each subharmonic oscillation cycle by the violent collapse of the complete cavity. © 2016 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, journal = {Ultrasonics Sonochemistry}, author = {Mottyll, S. and Skoda, R.}, year = {2016}, note = {56 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier B.V.}, keywords = {Article, Barotropic cavitation model, CFD, Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation erosion, Cavitation model, Cavitation structure, Computational fluid dynamics, Computational results, Duplex stainless steel, Erosion, Erosion sensitive wall zone, Flow simulation, Homogeneous liquids, Load collective, Propagating pressure waves, Shock waves, Subharmonic oscillations, Ultrasonic horn, accuracy, algorithm, cavitation erosion, hydrodynamics, oscillation, priority journal, radiological parameters, shock wave, simulation, surface property, three dimensional imaging, ultrasound, validity, vapor, viscosity}, pages = {570--589}, } @article{motojimaRelationshipWearBehaviour2019, title = {Relationship between wear behaviour of ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene and surface profile of {Co}-{Cr}-{Mo} alloy in artificial joint}, volume = {5}, issn = {24054518 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85067908310&doi=10.1049%2fbsbt.2018.0029&partnerID=40&md5=50d1ed3e93127d645facf47df1fa9d2a}, doi = {10.1049/bsbt.2018.0029}, abstract = {The relationship between the wear behaviour of an ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (GUR1050) pin and surface profile of a Co-28Cr-6Mo alloy (ASTM F-75) disc was investigated. Tribological tests have been performed by pin-on-disc wear testing machine with multi-directional pathways, obtaining the influence of micro slurry-jet erosion (MSE) processed Co-Cr-Mo alloy. The specific wear and the wear particles have been investigated. It was elucidated that the Co-Cr-Mo alloy surface processed by MSE influenced the specific wear rate of polyethylene; however, the morphological aspect of polyethylene wear particles was not drastically changed. The wear particles isolated from the lubricating liquid were added to a culture medium, and human monocyte-derived macrophages were incubated by using an upright/inverted method. The production of TNF-α and IL-6 seemed to have a correlation with the amount of wear particles added, however, the influence of particle size on the production of TNF-α and IL-6 was not obvious. This means that the improvements for the incubation method, i.e. upright/inverted method, need further investigation for the accurate analysis. © 2019 Biosurface and Biotribology.All right reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {1}, journal = {Biosurface and Biotribology}, author = {Motojima, N. and Nakashima, Y. and Fujiwara, Y. and Komohara, Y. and Takeya, M. and Miura, H. and Hino, K. and Higaki, H. and Hata, H. and Nakanishi, Y.}, year = {2019}, note = {6 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Institution of Engineering and Technology}, keywords = {Accurate analysis, Artificial joint, Chromium alloys, Cobalt alloys, Human monocyte-derived macrophages, Molecular weight, Molybdenum alloys, Morphological aspects, Particle size, Particle size analysis, Polyethylene wear, Specific wear rates, Surface profiles, Ternary alloys, Testing, Tribological tests, Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylenes, Uranium alloys, Wear of materials}, pages = {1--7}, } @article{motallebzadehSlidingWearCharacteristics2015, title = {Sliding wear characteristics of molybdenum containing {Stellite} 12 coating at elevated temperatures}, volume = {91}, issn = {0301-679X}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301679X15002443}, doi = {10.1016/j.triboint.2015.06.006}, abstract = {The addition of 10wt\% Mo encouraged a eutectic reaction to form Co6Mo6C complex carbide and Co3Mo intermetallic in addition to Cr23C6 while causing solid solution hardening of the Co-rich dendritic matrix in the microstructure of the PTA deposited Stellite 12 coating. The addition of molybdenum not only imposed a higher hardness but also enhanced wear resistance. Under oxidation dominated wear conditions (500 and 700°C), the addition of molybdenum provided a remarkable increase in wear resistance in comparison to the lower temperatures (RT and 300°C), due to the development of a protective oxide film on the worn surface.}, urldate = {2025-04-03}, journal = {Tribology International}, author = {Motallebzadeh, Amir and Atar, Erdem and Cimenoglu, Huseyin}, month = nov, year = {2015}, note = {63 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {High temperature, Raman, Sliding, Wear-resistant}, pages = {40--47}, } @article{mostajeranEvaluationMechanicalProperties2020, title = {Evaluation of the mechanical properties of {WC}-{FeAl} composite coating fabricated by laser cladding method}, volume = {88}, issn = {02634368 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85077943813&doi=10.1016%2fj.ijrmhm.2020.105199&partnerID=40&md5=6d652d6d8c98a25d96aa491b1d5fcf56}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2020.105199}, abstract = {WC-Co coating, which is a subcategory of Tungsten Carbide-based coatings, is prominent among a variety of industries. However, because of its expense, poisoning, and low corrosion resistance of Cobalt in acidic environments, alternative compositions have been designed. One of these alternatives is the Iron Aluminide intermetallic compound which can replace Cobalt. This study investigates laser cladding of WC-FeAl powder on a 321 Stainless-Steel substrate. WC-FeAl powders were synthesized by mechanical alloying of initial Aluminum and Iron powders, milled for 20 h, followed by an hour of annealing at 800 degrees Celsius. Then, the annealed particles were mechanically alloyed with WC powders for 50 h. The result of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that no brittle and destructive phase was formed during synthesis. Subsequently, powders were coated on the stainless-steel substrate by laser cladding method. Effect of the main parameters of the laser cladding, including laser power, laser probe velocity, and powder spray rate, on the coating properties, such as porosity, geometry, thickness and, dilution were studied. Results indicate that with a higher power of the laser, the penetration depth and the width of the coating increased. Besides, with a higher velocity of the laser probe, dilution and penetration depth decreased. Furthermore, the Higher rate of powder spray led to a thicker coating. The optimum parameters of different samples were 250 W power, 4 mm/s probe velocity, and 400 mg/s powder spray rate. Evaluation of the mechanical properties indicated that the 1600 Vickers hardness, 5.7 MPa.m1/2 fracture toughness, and 355 GPa Young's modulus were obtained. Besides, The evaluation of the mechanical properties of the coating showed that the hardness, fracture toughness, and elasticity modulus are 1600 V, 5.7 MPa.m1/2, and 355 GPa respectively. Obtained results revealed that in comparison with the WC-FeAl composite coating with 500 ppm additional Boron and WC-Co coating both fabricated by thermal spray coating, for the WC-FeAl coating studied in this investigation, respectively the hardness is 1.16 and 1.21 times higher and the fracture toughness is 2.5 and 2.8 times higher. As well, Young's modulus of the coating was 1.56 times higher than the WC-Co coating made by the laser cladding method. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd}, language = {English}, journal = {International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials}, author = {Mostajeran, A. and Shoja-Razavi, R. and Hadi, M. and Erfanmanesh, M. and Barekat, M. and Savaghebi Firouzabadi, M.}, year = {2020}, note = {33 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {321 Stainless Steel, Acidic environment, Agglomeration, Aluminum coated steel, Cladding (coating), Coating properties, Cobalt, Composite coatings, Corrosion resistance, Elastic moduli, Fabrication, Fracture toughness, Iron compounds, Laser cladding, Mechanical alloying, Mechanical properties, Mechanically alloyed, Optimum parameters, Powders, Probes, Sprayed coatings, Stainless steel substrates, Thermal spray coatings, Tungsten carbide, Vickers hardness, WC-FeAl, X ray diffraction analysis}, } @article{moriErosioncorrosionRatesCorrosionresistant2014, title = {Erosion-corrosion rates of corrosion-resistant alloys under high-velocity multiphase conditions}, volume = {70}, issn = {00109312 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84902196496&doi=10.5006%2f0886&partnerID=40&md5=2ad1169115d4febb69436b54ca8eedb6}, doi = {10.5006/0886}, abstract = {The erosion-corrosion behavior of two corrosion-resistant alloys (UNS S42000 and UNS N08028) has been assessed under gaseous-liquid-solid impingement conditions. Erosion-corrosion impingement tests were conducted at three different impact angles and at three different impact velocities up to 60 m/s, and furthermore, pure erosion and pure corrosion impingement tests were run for UNS S42000, and carbon dioxide (CO2) at a pressure of 1,500 kPa was used as the gas phase. The sand content, with grain size below 150 μm, was 2.7 g/L brine. Artificial brine with a sodium chloride (NaCl) content of 2.7\% was used as liquid phase. The damaged surfaces of samples exposed to the high-velocity multiphase flow were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and an optical device for 3D surface measurements to assess the depth of attack. Electrochemical investigations according to ASTM G61 were performed to determine electrochemical behavior of tested materials including critical pitting potentials (Epit) and repassivation potentials (Erepass). Furthermore, the surfaces near regions of the samples tested were investigated using applying atomic force microscopy (AFM), magnetic force microscopy (MFM), and nano-indentation measurements. From the analysis, variation of velocity shows the greatest effect on the degradation rate of both materials. In this paper the erosion-corrosion behavior and rates of two stainless steels are presented. The effects of their chemical composition and mechanical properties are discussed. © 2014, NACE International.}, language = {English}, number = {6}, journal = {Corrosion}, author = {Mori, G. and Vogl, T. and Haberl, J. and Havlik, W. and Schöberl, T. and Hosemann, P.}, year = {2014}, note = {4 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: National Assoc. of Corrosion Engineers International}, keywords = {Atomic force microscopy, Carbon dioxide, Cold-working, Corrosion resistance, Corrosion resistant alloys, Corrosion-resistant alloys, Corrosive effects, Degradation, Electrochemical behaviors, Electrochemical investigations, Erosion, Erosion - corrosions, Erosion corrosion, Erosion-corrosion behavior, Impingement cell, Liquids, Magnetic force microscopies (MFM), Mechanical properties, Nano-indentation measurements, Repassivation potential, Scanning electron microscopy, Sodium chloride, Stainless steel, Surface measurement, Synergy, Velocity}, pages = {579--590}, } @article{morchCavitationNucleiExperiments2009, title = {Cavitation {Nuclei}: {Experiments} and {Theory}}, volume = {21}, issn = {1001-6058}, shorttitle = {Cavitation {Nuclei}}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001605808601353}, doi = {10.1016/S1001-6058(08)60135-3}, abstract = {The Swedish astrophysicist and Nobel Prize winner Hannes Alfvén said: Theories come and go - the experiment is here forever. Often a theory, which we set up to describe an observed physical phenomenon, suffers from the lack of knowledge of decisive parameters, and therefore at best the theory becomes insufficient. Contrary, the experiment always reveals nature itself, though at prevailing experimental conditions. With essential parameters being out of control and even maybe unidentified, apparently similar experiments may deviate way beyond our expectations. However, these discrepancies offer us a chance to reflect on the character of the unknown parameters. In this way non-concordant experimental results may hold the key to the development of better theories –and to new experiments for the testing of their validity. Cavitation and cavitation nuclei are phenomena of that character.}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-10-12}, journal = {Journal of Hydrodynamics, Ser. B}, author = {Mørch, K. A.}, month = apr, year = {2009}, note = {54 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {atomic force microscopy, cavitation nuclei, gas bubbles, scanning tunneling microscopy, surface nano voids}, pages = {176--189}, } @article{morchCavitationInceptionBubble2015, title = {Cavitation inception from bubble nuclei}, volume = {5}, url = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsfs.2015.0006}, doi = {10.1098/rsfs.2015.0006}, abstract = {The tensile strength of ordinary water such as tap water or seawater is typically well below 1 bar. It is governed by cavitation nuclei in the water, not by the tensile strength of the water itself, which is extremely high. Different models of the nuclei have been suggested over the years, and experimental investigations of bubbles and cavitation inception have been presented. These results suggest that cavitation nuclei in equilibrium are gaseous voids in the water, stabilized by a skin which allows diffusion balance between gas inside the void and gas in solution in the surrounding liquid. The cavitation nuclei may be free gas bubbles in the bulk of water, or interfacial gaseous voids located on the surface of particles in the water, or on bounding walls. The tensile strength of these nuclei depends not only on the water quality but also on the pressure–time history of the water. A recent model and associated experiments throw new light on the effects of transient pressures on the tensile strength of water, which may be notably reduced or increased by such pressure changes.}, number = {5}, urldate = {2024-06-30}, journal = {Interface Focus}, author = {Mørch, K. A.}, month = oct, year = {2015}, note = {50 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Royal Society}, keywords = {cavitation, cavitation nuclei, surface nanobubbles, tensile strength}, pages = {20150006}, } @article{moraliUnleashingPiezoelectricPotential2023, title = {Unleashing the piezoelectric potential of {PVDF}: a study on phase transformation from gamma (γ) to beta (β) phase through thermal contact poling}, volume = {13}, issn = {2046-2069}, doi = {10.1039/d3ra05068h}, abstract = {Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is known for its piezoelectric properties. This material has different crystalline phases, alpha (alpha), beta (beta) and gamma (gamma), where the beta-phase, in particular, is related to the piezoelectric behavior of PVDF. While the transformation from the alpha-phase to beta-phase in PVDF is well-documented and widely studied, the transformation from gamma- to beta-phase has not yet been fully explored. However, when PVDF is produced by certain solution-based methods it can adopt its gamma-form, which is not as piezoelectric as the beta-phase. Hence, this study aims to bridge this gap by investigating the transformation from gamma- to beta-phase in PVDF nanocomposites films obtained from solution-based techniques. Our PVDF nanocomposite is made by solvent evaporation-assisted 3D printing of PVDF's nanocomposite with barium-titanate nanoparticles (BTO). To achieve the gamma- to beta-phase transformation, we first highlight the importance of annealing in the successful poling of PVDF samples. We then perform an in-depth analysis of the alpha-, beta- and gamma-crystallographic phases of PVDF-BTO using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). We observed that after annealing but before poling, the PVDF-BTO nanocomposite contains 76\% of beta + gamma phases, the majority of which is the gamma-phase. Poling of these samples resulted in the combination of the beta + gamma phases reaching 93\% with the appearance of 40\% of absolute fraction of the beta-phase. We then demonstrated that the fraction of beta-phase in the nanocomposite - as indicated by the 1275 cm-1 peak in PVDF's FTIR spectra - is not uniform on the surface area of the film. Additionally, the value of the absolute beta-phase content also depends on the poling field's direction. Our work reveals that while considering PVDF's piezoelectric behavior, it is critical to be aware of these nuances and this article offers essential insights on how to address them. Overall, this study provides a step-by-step guideline to enhance the piezoelectricity of PVDF-based nanocomposites for sensing applications. This novel work provides a step-by-step procedure to enhance piezoelectricity by studying the previously unresearched PVDF's gamma- to beta-phase transformation.}, language = {English}, number = {44}, journal = {RSC ADVANCES}, author = {Morali, A and Mandal, A and Skorobogatiy, M and Bodkhe, S}, month = oct, year = {2023}, note = {9 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {ALPHA, CRYSTALLINE, FILMS, NANOCOMPOSITES, POLY(VINYLIDENE FLUORIDE)}, pages = {31234--31242}, } @article{moradiAdditiveManufacturingStellite2020, title = {Additive manufacturing of stellite 6 superalloy by direct laser metal deposition – {Part} 1: {Effects} of laser power and focal plane position}, volume = {131}, issn = {00303992}, shorttitle = {Additive manufacturing of stellite 6 superalloy by direct laser metal deposition – {Part} 1}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0030399220309610}, doi = {10.1016/j.optlastec.2020.106328}, abstract = {This paper surveys the additive manufacturing (AM) of stellite 6 Cobalt-based superalloy by direct laser metal deposition method (DLMD) experimentally. In the present research, a coaxial nozzle head coupled with a continuous fiber laser with a maximum power of 1 kW was used. The purpose of the current research is investigating two strategies for DLMD additive manufacturing; the first one was changing the focal plane position of the laser beam inside the powder stream, 4mm above and 4mm below the powder concentration plane, and the second one was investigating the variation of the laser power (100-300 W). Some characteristics such as the geometrical dimensions (height and width), microhardness profile, grain size, and microstructure of the 3D printed wall samples were studied. The stability of the additively manufactured wall in terms of height was investigated. The results indicated that locating the focal plane position above the substrate, led to the more interaction area between the laser beam and powder stream and caused the higher height of the AMed wall. Results showed that when the focal plane position is near to the powder stream focus, the more stability will be obtained. By locating the laser spot point 2 mm above the powder concentration plane, better stability achieved. Increasing the laser power has a reverse effect on the height and stability: the more laser power, the higher height of the AMed wall, and the less stability observed. Results indicate that the laser power of 100 and 150 W has the highest height stability. The trend of changes in the grain size of the samples shows that the beginning and the end of the AMed wall are more significant than the sample’s center and the trend of the microhardness variation is in a reverse regime of the grain size. Also, the average grain size will be increased when the laser power increased. The largest and the smallest average grain size are 3.13 μm and 2.11 μm for the highest and the lowest laser power, respectively.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2025-03-31}, journal = {Optics \& Laser Technology}, author = {Moradi, Mahmoud and Ashoori, Ali and Hasani, Arman}, month = nov, year = {2020}, note = {54 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {106328}, } @article{monticelliCorrosionTribocorrosionBehaviour2010, title = {Corrosion and tribocorrosion behaviour of cermet and cermet/nanoscale multilayer {CrN}/{NbN} coatings}, volume = {204}, issn = {02578972 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-71049122700&doi=10.1016%2fj.surfcoat.2009.09.046&partnerID=40&md5=294125be52d7fbcc529f9a3fe60bf83d}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2009.09.046}, abstract = {The corrosion and tribocorrosion behaviour of thermally sprayed coatings and thermally sprayed/nanoscale multilayer CrN/NbN coatings deposited on steel specimens has been studied in 3.5\% NaCl solutions. The thermally sprayed coatings are bulk HVOF deposits with nominal composition WC-12Co and Cr3C2-37WC-18Me, while the nanoscale multilayer deposit, topping the thermally sprayed ones, is a CrN/NbN coating, obtained by PVD magnetron sputtering technique. Combined wear-corrosion conditions have been achieved by sliding an alumina antagonist on the lateral surface of coated steel cylinders, during their exposure to the aggressive solution. Polarization curves recorded after 1 h of immersion and polarization resistance values monitored during 3 days exposures showed that under free corrosion conditions Cr3C2-37WC-18Me always exhibits low corrosion rates and efficiently protects the underlying steel substrate from corrosion. Even on WC-12Co-coated specimens, low corrosion rates are measured at long immersion times. Both cermet coatings suffer severe corrosion attack under tribocorrosion conditions. On the contrary, the duplex nanoscale multilayer CrN/NbN/WC-12Co deposit affords very good corrosion resistance both in the absence and in the presence of wear, within the studied exposure period. SEM observations and EDS analyses have also been carried out to characterize the original powder and coating microstructures and to assess the damage extent at the end of the corrosion and tribocorrosion tests. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {9-10}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Monticelli, C. and Balbo, A. and Zucchi, F.}, year = {2010}, note = {23 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {3.5\%Nacl, Cermet, Cermet coatings, Cermets, Chromate coatings, Chromium, Co-deposits, Coated steel, Coating microstructures, Cobalt deposits, Corrosion, Corrosion rate, Corrosion resistance, Damage extent, Deposits, EDS analysis, Exposure period, Lateral surface, Multilayer CrN/NbN, Multilayers, Nanoscale multilayer coating, Nanoscale multilayer coatings, Nanoscale multilayers, Nanostructured materials, Nominal composition, PVD magnetron, Polarization, Polarization curves, Polarization resistances, SEM observation, Severe corrosion, Sodium chloride, Sprayed coatings, Sputtering techniques, Steel specimens, Steel substrate, Thermal spray coating, Thermal spray coatings, Thermal spraying, Thermally sprayed coatings, Tribo-corrosion, Tribocorrosion, Tungsten carbide, WC-12Co, Wear corrosion}, pages = {1452--1460}, } @article{moditisDynamicsPartiallyConfined2016, title = {Dynamics of a partially confined, discharging, cantilever pipe with reverse external flow}, volume = {63}, issn = {0889-9746}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889974616000384}, doi = {10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2016.03.002}, abstract = {The potential for fluid-elastic instability of hanging cantilevered pipes subjected to simultaneous internal and external axial flows is investigated. Such systems may lose stability by amplified oscillations (flutter) or buckling (static divergence). The system of interest is a flexible tubular cantilever hanging concentrically within a rigid outer tube of larger diameter. Flow inside the cantilever is directed from the clamped end to the free end. Upon exiting the cantilever, the fluid flows in the opposite direction in the annular region between the outer tube and the cantilever. The rigid outer tube is of variable length and it can cover part of the length of the cantilever. This system has applications in brine production and salt-cavern hydrocarbon storage. A linear model is derived based on the work of Paidoussis, Luu and Prabhakar; the presence of the shorter outer rigid tube is taken into account in a simplified way. Series solutions are obtained using a Galerkin method with Euler–Bernoulli beam eigenfunctions as comparison functions. Experimental results are presented and compared with the theoretical model. Additional computations are performed to quantify the effect of confinement (i.e. the narrowness of the annular region) on the cantilever stability, as well as the effect of confined-flow length, for both the short laboratory-sized system and long brine-string-like systems. An increase in these parameters gives rise to flutter for short systems, or a succession of flutter and divergence for long systems. In addition, the effect of the system length is investigated. Increasing length results in asymptotic behaviour, with both the critical flow-velocity and associated frequency reaching limiting values. Sufficiently long systems lose stability by divergence rather than flutter.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2022-01-02}, journal = {Journal of Fluids and Structures}, author = {Moditis, Kyriakos and Paidoussis, Michael and Ratigan, Joe}, month = may, year = {2016}, note = {49 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Brine-string, Counterflow, Flutter, Instability, Tubular cantilever}, pages = {120--139}, } @article{miteleaUltrasonicCavitationErosion2015a, title = {Ultrasonic cavitation erosion of nodular cast iron with ferrite-pearlite microstructure}, volume = {23}, issn = {13504177 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84911867776&doi=10.1016%2fj.ultsonch.2014.11.001&partnerID=40&md5=edb80aaf900c9caaf1cd9fefd6423bdf}, doi = {10.1016/j.ultsonch.2014.11.001}, abstract = {The cavitation erosion of ductile cast iron with ferrite-pearlite microstructure was analyzed based on ultrasonic experiments performed according to ASTM G32-2010 and the resistance was compared to the C45 steel with similar hardness. The microstructural observation of the surface for different exposure times to the ultrasonic cavitation reveals the fact that the process initiates at the nodular graphite-ferrite interface and is controlled by micro-galvanic activities and mechanical factors. The cavitation erosion resistance was evaluated based on the evolution of the mean depth erosion and the mean depth erosion rate as a function of the cavitation time. The cavitation erosion rate of the cast iron is up to 1.32 times higher than the one of the C 45 steel with similar hardness. This is explained by the occurrence of stress concentrators due to the expulsion of the graphite from the metallic matrix. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, journal = {Ultrasonics Sonochemistry}, author = {Mitelea, I. and Bordeaşu, I. and Pelle, M. and Crəciunescu, C.}, year = {2015}, note = {48 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier B.V.}, keywords = {Article, Cast iron, Cavitation, Cavitation erosion resistance, Erosion, Ferrite, Ferrite-pearlite, Ferrite-pearlite matrix, Graphite, Hardness, Mechanical factors, Micro-structural observations, Microstructure, Nodular graphite, Nodular iron, Pearlite, Stress concentrators, Ultrasonic cavitation, Ultrasonic experiments, cast iron, ceramics, crystal, erosion, ferrite, ferrite pearlite, graphite, hardness, iron, materials, metal, piezoelectricity, scanning electron microscopy, steel, structure analysis, ultrasonic cavitation erosion, ultrasound, unclassified drug}, pages = {385--390}, } @article{miteleaUltrasonicCavitationErosion2015, title = {Ultrasonic cavitation erosion of a duplex treated {16MnCr5} steel}, volume = {106}, issn = {18625282 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84953271783&doi=10.3139%2f146.111188&partnerID=40&md5=34986d56bf2f53919d08dd1a28c6d7c3}, doi = {10.3139/146.111188}, abstract = {Ultrasonic cavitation experiments using a piezoceramicbased apparatus, according to ASTM G32-2010, were performed on heat and thermochemically treated Cr - Mn low alloyed steel samples. The microstructure in annealed, carburized and tempered states as well as following a duplex treatment (carburized, surface induction hardening and tempering) was analyzed before and after the cavitation erosion tests. The results show the advantage of the duplex treatment, with a significant increase of up to 20 times of the cavitation erosion resistance compared to the annealed state and reveal that the main mechanism for surface deterioration is micro-cracking. The observations are important for the improvement of the behaviour for parts used in hydraulic equipment, for which the volume hardening following the carburization can be replaced by cost-efficient surface induction hardening treatments. © Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH \& Co. KG.}, language = {English}, number = {4}, journal = {International Journal of Materials Research}, author = {Mitelea, I. and Ghera, C. and Bordeaşu, I. and Crəciunescu, C.M.}, year = {2015}, note = {22 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Carl Hanser Verlag}, keywords = {Alloyed steels, Cavitation, Cavitation erosion resistance, Cr - Mn alloyed steel, Duplex treatment, Duplex treatments, Erosion, Hardening, Hydraulic machinery, Induction heating, Low alloyed steels, Manganese, Surface deterioration, Surface induction hardening, Thermo-chemically, Ultrasonic cavitation, Ultrasonic cavitation erosion}, pages = {391--397}, } @article{miteleaRelationshipsMicrostructureRoughness2018, title = {Relationships between microstructure, roughness parameters and ultrasonic cavitation erosion behaviour of nodular cast iron, {EN}-{GJS}-400-15}, volume = {69}, issn = {00347752 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85045001639&doi=10.37358%2frc.18.3.6160&partnerID=40&md5=ab3bc9755c7b8fd9b5178085a3368159}, doi = {10.37358/rc.18.3.6160}, abstract = {The main objective of this paper is to investigate the influence of microstructure on the degradation of nodular casting by cavitation erosion and the correlation of the surface wear parameters with the sizes that characterize the resistance opposite to the cavitation phenomenon. The cavitation tests were conducted on a vibrator with piezoceramic crystals, respecting the ASTM G32-2010 standard. Microstructural investigations on eroded surfaces were performed on the optical microscope and the scanning electron microscope, and the roughness measurements with the Mitutoyo apparatus. The obtained results have demonstrated the existence of a good correlation between the resistance to cavitation erosion and the roughness parameters Ra, Rz and Rt. © 2018 SYSCOM 18 S.R.L. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {3}, journal = {Revista de Chimie}, author = {Mitelea, I. and Bena, T. and Bordeasu, I. and Craciunescu, C.M.}, year = {2018}, note = {6 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Syscom 18 SRL}, keywords = {Cavitation erosion, Nodular cast iron, Surface roughness}, pages = {612--617}, } @article{miteleaMicrostructureCavitationErosion2017, title = {Microstructure and {Cavitation} {Erosion} {Resistance} of the {X2CrNiMoN22}-5-3 {Duplex} {Stainless} {Steel} {Subjected} to {Laser} {Nitriding}}, volume = {68}, issn = {00347752 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85042010604&doi=10.37358%2frc.17.12.6024&partnerID=40&md5=23f10492b430289c446b741eec5c6dfe}, doi = {10.37358/rc.17.12.6024}, abstract = {The cavitation behavior of the Duplex stainless steel X2CrNiMoN22-5-3 was improved by modifying the structure of the surface layer, using the laser nitriding procedure. There have been used different impulse power for the laser beam (from 120W to 240W) for constant impact times. The cavitation erosion tests were effectuated in the Timisoara Poytechnic University Cavitation Erosion Laboratory with the T2 device, which respects all the conditions imposed by the ASTM G32 Standard. There were compared two types of specimens: those laser treated and those subjected only to the conventional solution treatment (heated at 1060 ºC and cooled in water). The eroded surfaces were analyzed through hardness measurements, optic microscopy and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). After a total cavitation exposure of 165 min, the specimens laser nitridet present a reduction of 3.23 till 5.67 times of the mean depth erosion and from 3.03 till 5.26 times of the cavitation erosion rate in comparison with the specimens treated only with solution treatment. This huge improvement is given by the microstructure of the superficial layer enriched in nitrogen.}, language = {English}, number = {12}, journal = {Revista de Chimie}, author = {Mitelea, I. and Bordeasu, I. and Micu, L.M. and Craciunescu, C.M.}, year = {2017}, note = {4 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Syscom 18 SRL}, keywords = {Cavitation erosion, Duplex stainless steel, Laser nitriding, Microstructure}, pages = {2992--2996}, } @article{miteleaMicrostructureCavitationDamage2023, title = {Microstructure and {Cavitation} {Damage} {Characteristics} of {GX40CrNiSi25}-20 {Cast} {Stainless} {Steel} by {TIG} {Surface} {Remelting}}, volume = {16}, issn = {19961944 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85149184474&doi=10.3390%2fma16041423&partnerID=40&md5=fef81b748055a1deabf6c09308f92be5}, doi = {10.3390/ma16041423}, abstract = {Cavitation erosion degrades the surface of engineering components when the material is exposed to turbulent fluid flows. Under conditions of local pressure fluctuations, a nucleation of gas or vapor bubbles occurs. If the pressure suddenly drops below the vapor pressure, these bubbles collapse violently when subjected to higher pressure. This collapse is accompanied by the sudden flow of the liquid, which is manifested by stress pulses capable of causing plastic deformations on solid surfaces. Repeating these stress conditions can cause material removal and ultimately failure of the component itself. The present study aims to reduce the negative impact of this phenomenon on the mechanical systems components, using the TIG local surface remelting technique. Cavitation erosion tests were performed in accordance with the ASTM G32-2016 standard on samples taken from a cast high-alloy stainless steel. The alloy response for each melting current value was investigated by measuring mass loss as a function of cavitation attack time and by analyzing the damaged surfaces using optical and scanning electron microscopes. It was highlighted that the TIG remelted layers provide an increase in cavitation erosion resistance of 5–6 times as a consequence of the fine graining and microstructure induced by the technique applied. © 2023 by the authors.}, language = {English}, number = {4}, journal = {Materials}, author = {Mitelea, I. and Bordeaşu, I. and Cosma, D. and Uțu, I.-D. and Crăciunescu, C.M.}, year = {2023}, note = {4 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: MDPI}, keywords = {Cast stainless steels, Cavitation, Cavitation damage, Chromium alloys, Chromium steel, Condition, Ductile fracture, Engineering components, Erosion, Exposed to, Flow of fluids, High cr-ni-si cast stainless steel, Local pressures, Microstructure, Pressure fluctuation, Remelting, Scanning electron microscopy, Silicon alloys, Silicon steel, Solidification, Stainless steel, Steel castings, TIG surface remelting, Turbulent fluid flow, cavitation erosion, high Cr-Ni-Si cast stainless steel, microstructure}, } @article{miteleaEnhancedCavitationErosion2023, title = {Enhanced cavitation erosion resistance of {GX40CrNiSi25}-20 cast stainless steels by surface {TIG} re-melting}, volume = {530-531}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85165575616&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2023.205058&partnerID=40&md5=be873172603d241d4db6e4c40b10f76d}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2023.205058}, abstract = {This study aimed to reduce cavitation erosion effects by improving the surface properties of high-alloyed steel cast parts using the tungsten inert gas (TIG) surface physical modification technique. Local surface melting was performed at different linear energies (El = 4080–8880 J/cm) by varying the current between 100 and 200 A at a constant voltage of 10.2–11.1 V. Hardness increased from 210 to 390 HV5 when a TIG current of 150 A with a linear energy of El = 6630 J/cm was implemented. Using this technique, a surface layer with increased resistance to cavitation erosion was formed. This new surface absorbed large amounts of impact energy owing to a favourable combination of microstructural changes, leading to improved elastic and plastic properties, work hardening, cracking, and failure response. The cavitation erosion performance of the re-melted surface layer was analysed using a piezoceramic vibrating device according to the ASTM G32–2016 standard. Following TIG surface re-melting, the average penetration depth of erosion and the cavitation erosion rate increased by approxmately 6.8 times. Based on optical and electronic metallographic analyses, hardness measurements, and X-ray diffraction, it was shown that the morphology of the surface layer following cavitation erosion tests was affected. Microcraters tended to develop at locations where carbide particles from the alloying elements were previously present. At a current of 150 A, the depth of the microcraters reached values of approximately 15 μm; however, microcrater depth reached 10 μm in the austenite matrix. Based on these investigations, an understanding of the mechanisms that result in the improvement of the resistance to erosion by cavitation of cast high-alloy steels whose surfaces were re-melted using the TIG technique is developed. © 2023 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Mitelea, I. and Bordeaşu, I. and Cosma, D. and Uţu, I.D. and Buzdugan, D. and Crăciunescu, C.M.}, year = {2023}, note = {3 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {'current, Alloy steel, Alloying elements, Carbides, Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation-erosion resistance, Ductile fracture, Enhanced cavitations, Erosion, Hardness, High alloy steel, High-alloy steels, Linear energy, Microcraters, Microstructure, Morphology, Re-melting, Steel metallurgy, Strain hardening, Surface layers, TIG re-melting of the surface, Tungsten inert gas, Tungsten inert gas re-melting of the surface}, } @article{miteleaCavitationResistanceStellite2022, title = {Cavitation resistance of {Stellite} 21 coatings tungsten inert gas ({TIG}) deposited onto duplex stainless steel {X2CrNiMoN22}-5-3}, volume = {64}, copyright = {De Gruyter expressly reserves the right to use all content for commercial text and data mining within the meaning of Section 44b of the German Copyright Act.}, issn = {2195-8572}, url = {https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/mt-2021-2169/html}, doi = {10.1515/mt-2021-2169}, abstract = {Cobalt-based alloys, called Stellite, have a microstructure consisting of complex carbides dispersed in a Co-based solid solution matrix. These alloys are resistant to corrosion, erosion through cavitation, abrasive, and sliding wear. To increase the erosion resistance through cavitation, hardfacing of the stainless steel duplex X2CrNiMoN22-5-3 with Stellite 21 alloy was performed using the pulsed tungsten inert gas (TIG) process. The positive effects of the hardfacing process are the low heat input, reduced distortions, controlled volume of the weld, and reduced susceptibility to hot cracking. The effect of dilution is essential for the quality of the deposited layers and, in this sense, the TIG pulsed current welding process was performed to reduce the excess linear energy and implicitly the substrate melting. Iron dilution levels were in the range between 5.9 and 6.1. The higher Fe content in the first layer does not significantly reduce its hardness or wear resistance through erosion cavitation. Compared with the substrate material, the cavity erosion resistance increases 7 to 11 times even in the first layer hardened by the TIG pulsed current welding process.}, language = {en}, number = {7}, urldate = {2025-02-04}, journal = {Materials Testing}, author = {Mitelea, Ion and Bordeaşu, Ilare and Mutaşcu, Daniel and Buzdugan, Dragos and Crăciunescu, Corneliu Marius}, month = jul, year = {2022}, note = {3 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: De Gruyter}, keywords = {Stellite 21, TIG pulsed welding process, cavitation erosion, duplex stainless steel, hardfacing}, pages = {967--976}, } @article{miteleaCavitationResistanceMicrostructure2022, title = {Cavitation {Resistance}, {Microstructure}, and {Surface} {Topography} of {Plasma} {Nitrided} {Nimonic} 80 {A} {Alloy}}, volume = {15}, issn = {19961944 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85139912450&doi=10.3390%2fma15196654&partnerID=40&md5=d838b71dca5e526bb29bc07df404e3c9}, doi = {10.3390/ma15196654}, abstract = {Cavitation erosion of structural materials is a form of wear damage that affects the performance and life of components used in the aerospace, nuclear, and automotive industries, leading to an increase in the frequency of maintenance operations and redesign costs. The cavitation erosion behaviour of the nickel-based superalloy, Nimonic 80 A, was investigated using a piezoceramic crystal vibrator, according to the requirements of ASTM G32-2016. The results showed that plasma nitriding leads to a reduction in the mean erosion penetration depth by approximately ten times and of the erosion rate by the order of six times, compared to the solution heat-treated samples. Typical topographies of cavitation-eroded surfaces show a preferential degradation of the grain boundaries between the γ solid solution phases, of the twins’ boundary, and of the interface between the precipitated particles and the γ solid solution matrix. In the nitrided samples, the cracking initiation is determined by nitride particles, which are hard and brittle. Due to the high mechanical strength of the solid solution γ with the fcc crystal lattice, the appearance of the cavitation surface is uniform, and the fracture has a ductile character. © 2022 by the authors.}, language = {English}, number = {19}, journal = {Materials}, author = {Mitelea, I. and Bordeaşu, I. and Belin, C. and Uţu, I.-D. and Crăciunescu, C.M.}, year = {2022}, note = {4 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: MDPI}, keywords = {Aluminum nitride, Automotive industry, Cavitation, Cavitation resistance, Erosion, Erosion behavior, Grain boundaries, Maintenance operations, Microstructure, Nickel alloys, Nickel-based superalloys, Nimonic alloy, Nitriding, Performance, Piezo-ceramics, Piezoelectric ceramics, Plasma nitrided, Plasma nitriding, Solid solutions, Topography, Wear damage, cavitation, microstructure, nitriding}, } @article{miteleaCavitationErosionSensitized2016, title = {Cavitation {Erosion} of {Sensitized} {UNS} {S31803} {Duplex} {Stainless} {Steels}}, volume = {25}, issn = {1059-9495, 1544-1024}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11665-016-2045-0}, doi = {10.1007/s11665-016-2045-0}, language = {en}, number = {5}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance}, author = {Mitelea, Ion and Micu, Lavinia Mădălina and Bordeaşu, Ilare and Crăciunescu, Corneliu Marius}, month = may, year = {2016}, note = {29 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {1939--1944}, } @article{miteleaCavitationErosionAustenitic2024, title = {Cavitation {Erosion} of the {Austenitic} {Manganese} {Layers} {Deposited} by {Pulsed} {Current} {Electric} {Arc} {Welding} on {Duplex} {Stainless} {Steel} {Substrates}}, volume = {14}, issn = {20734352 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85191491491&doi=10.3390%2fcryst14040315&partnerID=40&md5=a84fbb53e357dab07fe8f614d0442eb1}, doi = {10.3390/cryst14040315}, abstract = {Fe-Mn-Cr-Ni alloys like Citomangan, delivered in the form of powders, tubular wires, and coated electrodes, are intended for welding deposition operations to create wear-resistant layers. Their main characteristic is their high capacity for surface mechanical work-hardening under high shock loads, along with high toughness and wear resistance. In order to increase the resistance to cavitation erosion, hardfacing of Duplex stainless steel X2CrNiMoN22-5-3 with Citomangan alloy was performed using a new welding technique, namely one that uses a universal TIG source adapted for manual welding with a coated electrode in pulsed current. Cavitation tests were conducted in accordance with the requirements of ASTM G32—2016 standard. Comparing the characteristic cavitation erosion parameters of the manganese austenitic layer, deposited by this new welding technique, with those of the reference steel, highlights an 8–11 times increase in its resistance to cavitation erosion. Metallographic investigations by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), as well as hardness measurements, were carried out to understand the cavitation phenomena. © 2024 by the authors.}, language = {English}, number = {4}, journal = {Crystals}, author = {Mitelea, I. and Mutașcu, D. and Uțu, I.-D. and Crăciunescu, C.M. and Bordeașu, I.}, year = {2024}, note = {0 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)}, keywords = {cavitation erosion, duplex stainless steel, hardfacing by welding, manganese austenitic alloy}, } @article{miteleaAssessmentCavitationErosion2018, title = {Assessment of {Cavitation} {Erosion} of {Gas}-{Nitrided} {Cr}-{Ni}-{Mo} {Steels}}, volume = {140}, issn = {07424787 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85047445334&doi=10.1115%2f1.4039133&partnerID=40&md5=c457e41e0d57dacfccf60d50f499f302}, doi = {10.1115/1.4039133}, abstract = {The effect of the gas-nitriding thermochemical treatment on the cavitation erosion resistance of a Cr-Ni-Mo alloy is analyzed using a piezoceramic vibrating equipment and following the ASTM G32-2010 standard. The evaluation of the cavitation erosion behavior was made based on the analysis of the mean depth of erosion (MDE) and mean depth of erosion rate (MDER), for samples subjected to the cavitation erosion for different times. The surface topography and the structural changes in the marginal layer were analyzed through optical and scanning electron microscopy. Following nitriding the cavitation erosion resistance was about 9.6 times higher compared to the annealed state and about 8.2 times higher compared to the hardened and tempered state. Copyright © 2018 by ASME.}, language = {English}, number = {6}, journal = {Journal of Tribology}, author = {Mitelea, I. and Ghera, C. and Bordeaşu, I. and Crǎciunescu, C.}, year = {2018}, note = {5 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)}, keywords = {Alloyed steels, Aluminum nitride, Annealed state, Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation erosion resistance, Chromium alloys, Erosion, Gasnitriding, Mean depth of erosions, Molybdenum alloys, Nickel alloys, Nitriding, Piezoceramic, Piezoelectric ceramics, Scanning electron microscopy, Surface topography, Ternary alloys, Thermochemical treatments, Vibrating equipment, alloyed steels, cavitation erosion, nitriding}, } @article{mettinBjerknesForcesSmall1997, title = {Bjerknes forces between small cavitation bubbles in a strong acoustic field}, volume = {56}, url = {https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevE.56.2924}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.56.2924}, abstract = {The mutual interaction between small oscillating cavitation bubbles (𝑅0 {\textless}10⁢𝜇⁢m) in a strong acoustic field (𝑃𝑎 {\textgreater}1⁢bar, 𝑓 =20⁢kHz) is investigated numerically. We assume spherical symmetry and a coupling of the bubble oscillations. Our results show that the strength and even the directions of the resulting secondary Bjerknes forces differ considerably from predictions of the well-known linear theory. This is of immediate consequence for understanding and modeling structure formation processes in acoustic cavitation and multibubble sonoluminescence.}, number = {3}, urldate = {2025-02-04}, journal = {Physical Review E}, author = {Mettin, R. and Akhatov, I. and Parlitz, U. and Ohl, C. D. and Lauterborn, W.}, month = sep, year = {1997}, note = {335 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: American Physical Society}, pages = {2924--2931}, } @article{meredithDensificationMechanismsTungsten1976, title = {Densification {Mechanisms} in the {Tungsten} {Carbide}—{Cobalt} {System}}, volume = {19}, issn = {0032-5899}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1179/pom.1976.19.1.38}, doi = {10.1179/pom.1976.19.1.38}, abstract = {An investigation has been made into the sintering of tungsten carbide in the presence of small amounts of various metal additives. It has been found that a very marked degree of densification occurs when a small amount (1 vol.-\% or less) of iron-group metal is added to WC. This arises from a process of activated sintering due to enhanced surface and interfacial diffusion, which has been observed by other workers to take place when nickel or other Fe-group metals are added in small quantities to W. Tungsten carbide forms low-energy prismatic interfaces in the presence of cobalt and other Fe-group metals. Densification takes place by the close-packing of particles along irregular boundaries which comprise segments of these low-energy interfaces. This configuration is far removed from that required by the usual sintering criterion of minimum surface and interfacial area. The segments of low-energy interface set up activity/diffusion gradients which bring about rapid material transport to achieve this irregular close-packing of particles. On the basis of these results it has been possible to review previous data on the sintering of WC–Co alloys and to conclude that in this system densification takes place in three stages: (I) high-density aggregates of carbide are formed; (II) collapse and filling of voids at the eutectic temperature; and (III) a third stage in which further sintering occurs more slowly of the ‘larger effective particle size’ aggregates formed in Stage I.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-10-14}, journal = {Powder Metallurgy}, author = {Meredith, B. and Milner, D. R.}, month = jan, year = {1976}, note = {64 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Taylor \& Francis \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1179/pom.1976.19.1.38}, pages = {38--45}, } @article{mercerInexpensiveMiniatureProgrammable2017, title = {Inexpensive {Miniature} {Programmable} {Magnetic} {Stirrer} from {Reconfigured} {Computer} {Parts}}, volume = {94}, issn = {0021-9584}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.7b00184}, doi = {10.1021/acs.jchemed.7b00184}, abstract = {This technology report outlines a robust and easy to assemble magnetic stirrer that is programmable. All of the parts are recycled from obsolete computer hardware except the Arduino microcontroller and motor driver, at a total cost of around \$40. This multidisciplinary approach introduces microcontrollers to students and grants the opportunity to interface basic computer programming with practical applications in chemistry. Utilizing the popular Arduino board empowers students to control laboratory devices, which in turn enhances enjoyment and understanding.}, number = {6}, urldate = {2025-01-15}, journal = {Journal of Chemical Education}, author = {Mercer, Conan and Leech, Dónal}, month = jun, year = {2017}, note = {15 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: American Chemical Society}, pages = {816--818}, } @article{mendozamendozaExperimentalStudyTemperature2020, title = {Experimental study of temperature erosion tests on bidirectional coated and uncoated composites materials}, volume = {7}, issn = {20531591 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85081735835&doi=10.1088%2f2053-1591%2fab69c3&partnerID=40&md5=ad221debe7f5b76cce520d216da94ce0}, doi = {10.1088/2053-1591/ab69c3}, abstract = {In this research work, temperature erosion wear tests, on composites materials (carbon fiber and glass fiber), were carried out. The tests were made on uncoated and coated materials using a polyester resin (Gelcoat), which is used to protect the leading edge of wind turbine blades against the weather and UV rays and is of interest, in this study, to know the behaviour of this coating subjected to hard particles erosion. The tests were performed at 50 °C, in order to simulate de extreme temperature in the coast of Oaxaca, Mexico, where some wind turbines are installed using blades made of fiberglass coated with gelcoat. Erosion tests were performed in a platform that was developed from the ASTM G76 standard. The rectangular samples had 25 × 18 mm and thickness of 4 mm. Sea sand from coast of Oaxaca was utilized as erosive particle. Three different impact angles were used 75°, 85° and 90°. The particle velocity was adjusted at 12 m s-1. To determine the mass loss, the samples were weighed before the test and reweighed every 2 min to measure the amount of mass loss until complete the 6 min of the test. In order to identify the wear mechanisms, Scanning Electron Microscopy was used. The average roughness (Ra) and profiles of the samples tested were determined with a 3D optical profilometer. The results showed that Carbon fiber composite material had 3 times more resistance to erosive wear than fiberglass. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd.}, language = {English}, number = {1}, journal = {Materials Research Express}, author = {Mendoza Mendoza, J.C. and Vera Cardenas, E.E. and Perez, A.I.M. and Ledesma Ledesma, S. and Vite Torres, M.}, year = {2020}, note = {5 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Institute of Physics Publishing}, keywords = {Carbon fiber composite materials, Carbon fibers, Coated materials, Erosion, Erosion wear, Extreme temperatures, Glass fibers, Optical profilometer, Particle velocities, Polyester resins, Rectangular samples, Scanning electron microscopy, Sea sand, Temperature erosion wear, Turbomachine blades, Velocity control, Wear of materials, Wear resistance, Wind turbines, carbon fiber, glass fiber,sea sand particle, leading edge}, } @article{meierDesignExperimentalInvestigation2004, series = {{SolarPACES} 2002}, title = {Design and experimental investigation of a horizontal rotary reactor for the solar thermal production of lime}, volume = {29}, issn = {0360-5442}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544203001877}, doi = {10.1016/S0360-5442(03)00187-7}, abstract = {We designed and tested a 10-kW solar rotary kiln reactor to effect the calcination reaction: CaCO3 → CaO+CO2. The reactor processes 1–5 mm limestone particles, producing 95\% or higher purity lime with a t60 reactivity ranging from 14 s to 38 min. The degree of calcination and the reactivity both depend on the reactant’s decomposition temperature (1323–1423 K), residence time (3–7 min), and feed rate (10–50 g/min). The reactor’s efficiency, defined as the enthalpy of the calcination reaction at a specified temperature divided by the solar energy input, reached 20\% for solar flux inputs of about 1200 kW m−2 and for quicklime production rates of about 1.3 kg/h. The solar lime reactor operated reliably for more than 100 h for a total of 24 sunny days, withstanding the thermal shocks that occur in solar applications.}, language = {en}, number = {5}, urldate = {2022-01-15}, journal = {Energy}, author = {Meier, Anton and Bonaldi, Enrico and Cella, Gian Mario and Lipinski, Wojciech and Wuillemin, Daniel and Palumbo, Robert}, month = apr, year = {2004}, note = {156 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {811--821}, } @article{mehtaRoleThermalSpray2017, title = {Role of thermal spray coatings on wear, erosion and corrosion behavior: {A} review}, volume = {20}, issn = {15606686 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85040109900&doi=10.6180%2fjase.2017.20.4.05&partnerID=40&md5=01bac3bf1acdb90bcb7eecc8e0c29b40}, doi = {10.6180/jase.2017.20.4.05}, abstract = {Wear, erosion and corrosion are the common problems been faced by every industry. Thermal spray coatings have emerged as one of the best technique to provide excellent resistance to wear and erosion. These spray techniques lead to superior bond strength, low porosity, resistance to erosioncorrosion, etc. Different compositions of CrC-NiCr, WC-Co, AlO-TiO, etc. are extensively used in a wide variety of applications like gas turbines, boilers, shovel blades, aircrafts, etc. to improve the abrasive wear. Much literature is available for detonation gun, high velocity oxy-fuel and plasma spray as coating techniques. In recent years, efforts have been made to use alloy substrates and rare earth metals with different composition for developing new coatings. In this review paper, comprehensive and critical analysis has been made on available literature for different types of spray coatings and their applications.}, language = {English}, number = {4}, journal = {Journal of Applied Science and Engineering}, author = {Mehta, J. and Mittal, V.K. and Gupta, P.}, year = {2017}, note = {49 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Journal of Applied Science and Engineering}, keywords = {Alloy substrates, Aluminum compounds, Coatings, Corrosion, Corrosion behavior, Critical analysis, Detonation, Detonation gun, Erosion, Erosion-corrosion, Fuels, Gas turbines, High velocity oxy fuel, High velocity oxy-fuel, Plasma spraying, Rare earth metals, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray coatings, Thermal spray coatings (TSC), Turbomachine blades, Wear, Wear of materials, Wear resistance}, pages = {445--452}, } @article{meghwalThermalSprayHighEntropy2020, title = {Thermal {Spray} {High}-{Entropy} {Alloy} {Coatings}: {A} {Review}}, volume = {29}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85085361541&doi=10.1007%2fs11666-020-01047-0&partnerID=40&md5=30383e4d8ee14a414bfc72e4992d51cf}, doi = {10.1007/s11666-020-01047-0}, abstract = {High-entropy alloys (HEAs) are a new generation of materials that exhibit unique characteristics and properties, and are demonstrating potential in the form of thermal spray coatings for demanding environments. The use of HEAs as feedstock for coating processes has advanced due to reports of their exceptional properties in both bulk and coating forms. Emerging reports of thermal sprayed HEA coatings outperforming conventional materials have accelerated further exploration of this field. This early-stage review discusses the outcomes of combining thermal spray and HEAs. Various synthesis routes adopted for HEA feedstock preparation and their properties are discussed, with reference to the requirements of thermal spray processing. The HEA feedstock is then compared and correlated with coating microstructure and phase composition as a function of the thermal spray processing route. Subsequently, the mechanical behavior of thermal spray HEA coatings is summarized in terms of porosity, hardness, and tribological properties, along with their oxidation and electrochemical properties, followed by their potential applications. The thermal spray methods are contrasted against laser cladding and surface alloying techniques for synthesizing thick HEA coatings. Furthermore, HEAs that have displayed excellent properties via alternative processing routes, but have not been explored within the framework of thermal spray, are recommended. © 2020, The Author(s).}, number = {5}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {Meghwal, A. and Anupam, A. and Murty, B.S. and Berndt, C.C. and Kottada, R.S. and Ang, A.S.M.}, year = {2020}, note = {210 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Alloying, Alternative processing routes, Coating microstructures, Conventional materials, Entropy, Feedstocks, High-entropy alloys, Mechanical behavior, Sprayed coatings, Surface alloying, Thermal spray coatings, Thermal spray processing, Tribological properties, coatings, high-entropy alloys (HEAs), mechanical properties, microstructure, review, thermal spray}, pages = {857--893}, } @article{megedVibratoryCavitationErosion2014, title = {Vibratory cavitation erosion with vibrating and stationary specimens}, volume = {3}, issn = {21653992 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85088997541&doi=10.1520%2fMPC20140047&partnerID=40&md5=31be0a7a7483448edefacddd1cf4f644}, doi = {10.1520/MPC20140047}, abstract = {In the framework of the International Cavitation Erosion Test (ICET), 119 vibratory cavitation erosion tests were performed. Seventy of these tests were with vibrating specimens (VRV), and forty-nine with stationary specimens (VRS). From these tests, twenty tests of each type were chosen for this study. VRV tests are covered by ASTM G32-10, whereas for VRS, no standard has yet been published. This anomaly stems from the difficulties encountered in both testing and evaluating of VRS tests. All forty cavitation erosion–time curves were analyzed by the Transient Response for Erosion (TRE) method. For each curve, all three parameters were determined, namely: time lag (TL), time constant (s), and the asymptotic value of the mean depth of erosion, mean depth of erosion (MDE) MDEMAX. These parameters were further applied to calculate the scatter of test results as obtained from various specimens tested under identical conditions. This method enables the determination of the absolute and relative scatter values at any time value along the test. Finally, several guidelines are specified for preparation of a future VRS standard. Copyright © 2014 by ASTM International.}, language = {English}, number = {1}, journal = {Materials Performance and Characterization}, author = {Meged, Y.}, year = {2014}, note = {2 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: ASTM International}, keywords = {Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Erosion, Erosion test, Erosion time, ICET, International cavitation erosion test, Mean depth of erosions, Standoff clearance, Stationary specimen, Testing, Time curves, Transient analysis, Transient response for erosion method, Vibrating specimen, Vibratory cavitation erosion}, pages = {391--419}, } @article{megedRankingMaterialsErosion2011, title = {Ranking of {Materials}’ {Erosion} {Resistance} and of {Erosion} {Test} {Methods}’ {Intensity} by the {Transient} {Response} {Method}}, volume = {39}, issn = {0090-3973}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1520/JTE102733}, doi = {10.1520/JTE102733}, abstract = {Modeling of cumulative erosion-time curves by the transient response method is based on the response curve of first-order servo systems to a step input. According to this model, it is possible to accurately model erosion-time curves by means of three parameters: Maximal erosion level, MDEF (MDE denotes mean depth of erosion) (μm), time constant, τ (h), and time lag (h). This method is adequate for ranking of materials by their erosion resistance and ranking of erosion test methods by their intensity. These rankings are performed for five metallic reference materials and seven erosion test methods for 22 erosion tests.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2025-02-24}, journal = {Journal of Testing and Evaluation}, author = {Meged, Y.}, month = jan, year = {2011}, note = {5 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {25--32}, } @article{megedModelingVibratoryCavitation2003, title = {Modeling of {Vibratory} {Cavitation} {Erosion} {Test} {Results} by a {Weibull} {Distribution}}, volume = {31}, issn = {0090-3973}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1520/JTE12173J}, doi = {10.1520/JTE12173J}, abstract = {The rate of mass loss in vibratory cavitation erosion tests varies with time. As a consequence, this process is treated empirically. It is suggested by the author that the cumulative mass loss-time curve test results can be represented accurately by the Weibull cumulative distribution function. This model was verified for 26 tests of nine metals. Among these metals is Ni 200, which is a standard reference material for erosion tests. This model allows treating the results of vibratory cavitation erosion tests analytically, thereby obtaining invaluable information from the test data.}, number = {4}, urldate = {2025-04-03}, journal = {Journal of Testing and Evaluation}, author = {Meged, Y}, month = jul, year = {2003}, note = {15 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {277--288}, } @article{megedModelingInitialStage2002, title = {Modeling of the initial stage in vibratory cavitation erosion tests by use of a {Weibull} distribution}, volume = {253}, issn = {0043-1648}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043164802000376}, doi = {10.1016/S0043-1648(02)00037-6}, abstract = {This study is focused on the initial stage of the erosion process in vibratory cavitation erosion (VCE) tests. It consists of an investigation of the incubation time and nominal incubation time; their definitions, physical meaning, applicability, test results and variability. The advantages and drawbacks of each method are presented and an alternative method, based on the erosion threshold time (ETT), is suggested. This study was enhanced by modeling the erosion process by use of the Weibull cumulative distribution function (CDF). This distribution was found by the author to fit the VCE test results of Ni 200, and several other metals, with a high degree of accuracy. Data on the prevailing and alternative methods are processed from 21 erosion tests of Ni 200.}, number = {9}, urldate = {2024-08-05}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Meged, Y}, month = nov, year = {2002}, note = {30 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Incubation time, Initial stage of erosion, Threshold time, Vibratory cavitation erosion, Weibull cumulative distribution function}, pages = {914--923}, } @article{megedModelingCumulativeMass2004, title = {Modeling of {Cumulative} {Mass} {Loss}—{Time} {Curves} for {Six} {Erosion} and {Abrasion} {Test} {Methods}}, volume = {32}, issn = {0090-3973}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1520/JTE12057}, doi = {10.1520/JTE12057}, abstract = {Cumulative mass loss-time curves of six erosion and abrasion test methods are studied. These methods include: vibratory cavitation erosion, film cavitation erosion, flow cavitation erosion, cavitating liquid jet erosion, liquid impact erosion, and slurry abrasion. It has been previously well established that the cumulative erosion-time curves of vibratory cavitation erosion tests can be modeled by the Weibull cumulative distribution function. Validity of this model is further extended for the five additional erosion test methods.The typical Weibull plot for these test methods is bimodal, consisting of two intersecting straight lines. Mode 1 of the plot represents the boundary layer, and Mode 2 represents the base material of the specimen. This type of plot is the result of a two-layered test specimen.Data obtainable from the cumulative erosion-time curve are rather limited, since the analysis is empirical. Analysis of the Weibull cumulative distribution function plots yields much more information, and facilitates the evaluation of the test specimen's structure, test procedure, and test results.}, number = {6}, urldate = {2025-02-24}, journal = {Journal of Testing and Evaluation}, author = {Meged, Y}, month = nov, year = {2004}, note = {0 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {450--461}, } @article{megedImprovedMethodDetermination2004, title = {An {Improved} {Method} for {Determination} of the {Cavitation} {Erosion} {Resistance} by a {Weibull} {Distribution}}, volume = {32}, issn = {0090-3973}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1520/JTE11930}, doi = {10.1520/JTE11930}, abstract = {The improved method for determination of cavitation erosion resistance is based on the erosion strength concept and the Weibull cumulative distribution function. Cavitation erosion resistance is the ratio between the erosion intensity, which is the external load, and the erosion rate, which is the response of the eroded material. The time at which this erosion rate is determined is t200, i.e., when the average eroded thickness reaches 200 µm. This time ensures that the cavitation erosion resistance of both the boundary layer and the base material can be determined. The improved method is simple, easy to apply, and overcomes the drawbacks of the normalized erosion method and the erosion strength method. In this case, cavitation erosion resistance is an independent, measurable value with units of stress.}, number = {5}, urldate = {2025-02-24}, journal = {Journal of Testing and Evaluation}, author = {Meged, Y}, month = sep, year = {2004}, note = {5 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {373--382}, } @article{megedElectricalAnalogyCavitation2015, title = {Electrical {Analogy} for {Cavitation} {Erosion} {Test} {Results}}, volume = {4}, issn = {2379-1365}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1520/MPC20150019}, doi = {10.1520/MPC20150019}, abstract = {Electrical systems are analogous to many systems such as acoustic, fluidic, hydraulic, mechanic, magnetic, optic, pneumatic, and thermal systems. As such, electrical systems are applied to study the response of the latter systems to various inputs. A similar analogy is valid between electrical circuits and cavitation erosion systems. The adequate circuit for this purpose is the RC circuit, comprising of a power source, a resistor, and a capacitor. In the cumulative erosion-time curves, obtained by all reviewed cavitation erosion test methods, the erosion rate varies with time. In long-term tests, this rate approaches a constant value asymptotically. This curve was very similar to that obtained during charging and discharging of a capacitor in a RC circuit and was the basis for the analogy between these phenomena. The electrical analogy for cavitation erosion enabled: (a) definition of the cavitation erosion process by a first-order differential equation with three parameters; (b) long-term prediction of erosion values based on short-term tests; (c) comparison of materials and cavitation erosion test methods; and (d) simplification of cavitation erosion standards.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2025-02-24}, journal = {Materials Performance and Characterization}, author = {Meged, Y.}, month = dec, year = {2015}, note = {3 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {262--282}, } @article{megedClassificationLubricantsAccording1995, title = {Classification of lubricants according to cavitation criteria}, volume = {186-187}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0029354825&doi=10.1016%2f0043-1648%2895%2907135-0&partnerID=40&md5=b11178fa6bea0f9defc0f785bb52a59b}, doi = {10.1016/0043-1648(95)07135-0}, abstract = {Cavitation in lubrication liquids has long been known to be detrimental to components in hydraulic systems. Damage has been detected in journal bearings, especially under severe dynamic loading, gears, squeeze film dampers and valves. These findings have led to intensive studies of metal resistance to cavitation erosion, in order to minimize the damage. Results of these studies have been: 1. (a) classification of known materials according to their resistance to cavitation erosion; 2. (b) development of new materials and processes to increase their durability. One of the main achievements in this respect was the establishment of the ASTM G32-92 Standard Method of Vibratory Cavitation Erosion Test. However, very little was done with respect to the liquid phase, e.g. the lubricants. As a consequence there is no standard procedure for testing of lubricants for their cavitation properties and no relevant specifications in national and international standards. This study includes theoretical and experimental investigations. The theoretical approach examines the lubricant in elastohydrodynamically lubricated (EHL) contacts. Using numerical simulations, based on Reynolds equation and elastic deformation theory, the pressure profile and film shape have been computed. It is further investigated how the operating conditions affect the properties, e.g. "cavitation energy" of zones of sub-ambient pressure values and if a correlation between these results and cavitation erosion criteria can be found. The experimental approach includes testing of 20 liquid lubricants, belonging to the following four groups: mineral oils, mineral-based oils, bio degradable oils and synthetic oils. Testing was performed by vibrating a standard aluminium tip in each oil and periodically recording the gravimetric results. These results enabled the classification of the lubricants according to their cavitance, which is inversely proportional to the mass of solid material eroded by a cavitating liquid under controlled conditions. The results of both approaches can be combined into an engineering tool in the future. This tool may serve the designer to improve the use of existing lubricants and the lubrication industry as an aid for the development of new lubricants with increased cavitance in hydraulic systems. © 1995.}, language = {English}, number = {PART 2}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Meged, Y. and Venner, C.H. and ten Napel, W.E.}, year = {1995}, note = {13 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation criteria, Cavitation energy, Cavitation erosion, Computer simulation, Corrosion resistance, Durability, Elastic deformation theory, Elastohydrodynamic lubrication, Gravimetric analysis, Hydraulic systems, Hydraulics, Lubricants, Lubricating oils, Reynolds equation, Standards}, pages = {444--453}, } @article{megdichEnhancedPiezoelectricPerformance2024, title = {Enhanced piezoelectric performance of {PVDF}/{MWCNTs} energy harvester through a {3D}-printed multimodal auxetic structure for smart security systems}, volume = {27}, issn = {2589-2347}, doi = {10.1016/j.mtsust.2024.100847}, abstract = {Piezoelectric energy harvesters (PEHs) have attracted considerable attention over recent decades for their ability to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. However, the current landscape is characterized by a lack of structural variety, which constrains the potential for notable performance improvements and the expansion of applications of these devices. To address these challenges, three distinct metamaterial structures are investigated through numerical simulations in this study. An auxetic, reentrant shape with carefully optimized dimensions was found as the best choice for the development of an efficient Polyvinylidene fluoride/multi-walled carbon nanotubes (PVDF/MWCNTs) PEH with optimized composition. This structure exhibits a remarkable capability to activate three different piezoelectric modes. Given it is polarization in the z-direction, the structure activates both d31 and d32 modes upon stretching in the x-direction, benefitting from the structure's negative Poisson's ratio and generating an open circuit voltage of 14.8 V. In contrast, compression in the z-direction activates the d33 mode, resulting in an open-circuit voltage of 28.2 V. This design allows the harvester to charge a 1 mu F capacitor to 22 V within 260 s. The structure's feasibility is further evidenced by its fabrication using Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D printing technology. To further extend its practicality and real-world application, the PEH can be seamlessly integrated into large-scale commercial, industrial, and residential flooring, offering a novel approach to security systems. In this innovative approach, the PVDF/MWCNTs PEH converts the compressive force of footsteps into electrical signals. These signals serve as triggers for an integrated alarm system. Essentially, the electrical signal functions as a switch: its transmission acts like a closed switch that triggers the activation of the alarm system. Conversely, the absence of the signal is an open switch, indicating that no external force is acting on the tiles and a safe condition is maintained. Remarkably, the PEH can produce a voltage of 19.8 V when activated by the footsteps of a 60 kg person, demonstrating its practical utility. (c) 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, journal = {MATERIALS TODAY SUSTAINABILITY}, author = {Megdich, A and Habibi, M and Laperrière, L and Li, ZS and Abdin, Y}, month = sep, year = {2024}, note = {6 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Auxetic structure, CERAMICS, FDM, MWCNTs, PVDF, Security system}, } @inproceedings{meekhanthongCharacterizationComparisonThermally2014, title = {Characterization and comparison of thermally sprayed hard coatings as alternative to hard chrome plating}, volume = {974}, isbn = {978-3-03835-149-8}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84904133434&doi=10.4028%2fwww.scientific.net%2fAMR.974.183&partnerID=40&md5=ccec7f2f8877af3bb8035c191040bd24}, doi = {10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.974.183}, abstract = {Thermal spray coatings have become one of the most potential for hard chrome replacement, particularly for wear and corrosion applications. In this study four types of hard coating materials were selected and thermally sprayed by suitable processes as the following designated codes (material/spray technique): Cr-Fe/HVOF, Cr-Ni/HVOF, WC-Ni/SF and Cr- Fe/AS. All of starting materials were characterized in order to create a correlation between spray materials and coating characteristics. SEM was employed for morphology and microstructure investigation. Particle size analysis was investigated by SEM and laser particle size analyzer. Coating characterization included surface roughness measurment by profilometer, porosity evaluation by image analysis and hardness test by Vicker microhardness tester. Microstructure of coatings was also revealed by SEM. Wear performance was evaluated by pin on disc test and dry sand rubber wheel abrasion test. Corrosion resistance was tested by potentiodynamic method. The results showed that particle size and morphology of starting powders were various depending on manufacturing method. Chemical compositions of starting materials showed great effect on coating properties and performance. Coatings deposited by HVOF and spray \& fuse (SF) method showed typically dense and homogeneous structure than arc sprayed coating. WC-Ni/SF coating showed lowest abrasive wear rate compared to other thermally sprayed coatings. All Ni base coatings had significantly lower corrosion rates while Cr-Ni/HVOF coating had lowest corrosion rate. Although Cr-Ni/HVOF and WC-Ni/SF could be applicable for both wear and corrosion applications, for heat sensitive parts, Cr-Ni/HVOF coating could be a better alternative to spray and fuse. © (2014) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Adv. {Mater}. {Res}.}, publisher = {Trans Tech Publications Ltd}, author = {Meekhanthong, K. and Wirojanupatump, S.}, year = {2014}, note = {11 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Journal Abbreviation: Adv. Mater. Res.}, keywords = {Arc spray, Characterization, Chromate coatings, Composite coatings, Cored wire, Cored wires, Corrosion rate, Corrosion resistance, HVOF, HVOF thermal spraying, Hard chrome, Hard chromes, Hard coatings, Manufacture, Materials, Microstructure, Morphology, Particle size analysis, Spray \& fuse, Sprayed coatings, Surface roughness, Thermal spray coatings}, pages = {183--187}, } @article{medvedevaStabilityBinaryTernary2015, title = {Stability of binary and ternary {M23C6} carbides from first principles}, volume = {96}, issn = {0927-0256}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927025614006272}, doi = {10.1016/j.commatsci.2014.09.016}, abstract = {First-principles calculations were performed to study the phase stability of M23C6, (M=V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) and the solubility of d-impurities (Fe, Co, Ni, W) in Cr23C6, which is the most prevalent carbide in chromium steels. Our results correctly predict the relative stability of binary carbides, among which the most stable compounds are V23C6, Cr23C6 and Mn23C6. Stability of the M23C6 and MC carbides was related to the Md-filling, where the M–M and M–C bonds provide the cohesive properties, respectively. We demonstrated that iron and nickel should always be present in Cr23C6, where their concentrations may reach 50at.\% and 30at.\%, respectively. To predict the ways to control the carbide stabilization and distribution in iron matrix, both of which govern the microstructure and mechanical properties of high-alloy steels, we also investigated the effect of tungsten addition on the stability of quaternary carbides, namely (Cr, W, M)23C6 (M=Fe, Co, Ni). We found that tungsten strongly enhances the solubility of iron and nickel in chromium carbide, but it does not affect the cobalt solubility. A similar stabilizing effect was predicted for molybdenum, and it can be suggested that both tungsten and molybdenum should accelerate the formation of M23C6 and influence the kinetics of carbide precipitation.}, urldate = {2024-07-14}, journal = {Computational Materials Science}, author = {Medvedeva, N. I. and Van Aken, D. C. and Medvedeva, J. E.}, month = jan, year = {2015}, note = {55 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Electronic and magnetic properties, Stability, Transition metal carbides MC, calculations}, pages = {159--164}, } @article{mcgrannEffectCoatingResidual1998, title = {The effect of coating residual stress on the fatigue life of thermal spray-coated steel and aluminum}, volume = {108-109}, issn = {02578972 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-4243676467&doi=10.1016%2fS0257-8972%2898%2900665-3&partnerID=40&md5=21019a8a8c6cad15d3d29193942e37fb}, doi = {10.1016/S0257-8972(98)00665-3}, abstract = {The acceptance of thermal spray coatings in many applications depends on the effect of the coating on the fatigue performance of the coated part. One of the factors that influences the fatigue life of thermal spray-coated components is the residual stress in the coating. This study investigates the fatigue performance of tungsten carbide-cobalt (WC-Co) thermal spray coating systems. Bending fatigue tests of specimens with WC-Co coatings on both 4130 steel substrates and 6061 aluminum substrates were conducted. The through-thickness residual stress level in the thermal spray coatings was determined using the modified layer removal method. The effect of the residual stresses on the fatigue life of the coated specimens was analyzed. It was found that there is a direct relation between the residual stress in the coating and the fatigue life of the coated part. Fatigue life can be changed by a factor of ten due to the level of compressive residual stress in the coating.; The acceptance of thermal spray coatings in many applications depends on the effect of the coating on the fatigue performance of the coated part. One of the factors that influences the fatigue life of thermal spray-coated components is the residual stress in the coating. This study investigates the fatigue performance of tungsten carbide-cobalt (WC-Co) thermal spray coating systems. Bending fatigue tests of specimens with WC-Co coatings on both 4130 steel substrates and 6061 aluminum substrates were conducted. The through-thickness residual stress level in the thermal spray coatings was determined using the modified layer removal method. The effect of the residual stresses on the fatigue life of the coated specimens was analyzed. It was found that there is a direct relation between the residual stress in the coating and the fatigue life of the coated part. Fatigue life can be changed by a factor of ten due to the level of compressive residual stress in the coating.}, language = {English}, number = {1-3}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {McGrann, R.T.R. and Greving, D.J. and Shadley, J.R. and Rybicki, E.F. and Kruecke, T.L. and Bodger, B.E.}, year = {1998}, note = {98 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier Science S.A.}, keywords = {Aluminum, Bending tests, Cobalt, Compressive stress, Fatigue, Fatigue testing, Layer removal method, Residual stress, Residual stresses, Sprayed coatings, Steel, Stress analysis, Substrates, Thermal spray coatings, Thermal spraying, Tungsten carbide, WC-Co, aluminum, fatigue life analysis, residual stress, steel, tungsten carbide-cobalt alloy}, pages = {59--64}, } @article{mcginnCarbideCompositionChange1984, title = {Carbide composition change during liquid phase sintering of a wear resistant alloy}, volume = {15}, issn = {2379-0180}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02644703}, doi = {10.1007/BF02644703}, abstract = {Constitutive liquid phase sintering is used to obtain fully dense parts of powdered STELLITE Alloy No. 6 PM (Co-29Cr-4.5W-l.2C- {\textless} 1B) with excellent wear resistance at elevated temperature. This alloy is characterized by a cobalt-rich fcc solid solution and interdendritic carbide phases in the as-atomized state. Compositional changes in the carbides prior to, and during, the liquid phase sintering were investigatedvia X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, and Auger electron spectroscopy. The rejection of boron and cobalt by an M23C6-type carbide was identified as leading to the local formation of the liquid phase. A mechanism for the interactive role of the carbide composition change and the constitutive liquid phase sintering is proposed.}, language = {en}, number = {6}, urldate = {2024-11-17}, journal = {Metallurgical Transactions A}, author = {Mcginn, P. J. and Kumar, P. and Miller, A. E. and Hickl, A. J.}, month = jun, year = {1984}, note = {11 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Auger Spectroscopy, Carbide, Excellent Wear Resistance, Liquid Phase Sinter, Potassium Permanganate Solution}, pages = {1099--1102}, } @article{mazaheritehraniEvaluationMechanicalProperties2020, title = {Evaluation of the mechanical properties of {WC}-{Ni} composite coating on an {AISI} 321 steel substrate}, volume = {127}, issn = {00303992 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85080084800&doi=10.1016%2fj.optlastec.2020.106138&partnerID=40&md5=90db41f938a14e2ef19bd4cb6dd1f115}, doi = {10.1016/j.optlastec.2020.106138}, abstract = {In this study, The WC-Ni composite powders were fabricated by the electroless plating of nickel-phosphorus, followed by the appliance of the obtained particles as a coating on an AISI 321 steel by laser cladding method. Effects of main laser parameters, including power, scanning speed, and powder feed rate on the geometric properties were reviewed. The optimum single-pass specimen was chosen after considering the geometrical shape, dilution, and crack and porosity amount of the single-pass specimens. It was found that the increase in laser power and powder feed rate results in the rise of the height and the width of the coatings. In contrast, coatings with lower height and width were achieved by employing lower laser power and powder feed rates. The procedure was followed by the laser cladding of the WC-Ni powders on 321 steel substrate under the optimum coating parameters with a variety of overlap amounts; 30, 50, and 70 percent. By investigating the formed phases and microstructure of the overlap specimens, the 70 percent overlap coating was chosen as the optimal one. Mechanical and wear tests were conducted on the optimal overlap specimen. Experiments indicated that the hardness, elasticity modulus, and fracture toughness of the coating were, respectively, 1457 Vickers, 6.24 Mpa.m1/2, and 250 GPa. The micro-hardness of the WC-Ni coating was 1.2–1.6 times higher than the WC-Ni, WC-Co and WC-Co-Ni coatings, made by thermal spray coating. Also, the toughness of the coating was 1.5 times higher than the WC-Co thermal sprayed coat. The elasticity modulus of the WC-Ni coating (250 GPa) was 1.1 times more than the WC-Co coating manufactured with the laser cladding method. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd}, language = {English}, journal = {Optics and Laser Technology}, author = {Mazaheri Tehrani, H. and Shoja-Razavi, R. and Erfanmanesh, M. and Hashemi, S.H. and Barekat, M.}, year = {2020}, note = {36 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {Austenitic stainless steel, Cladding (coating), Coating parameters, Composite coatings, Composite powders, Elastic moduli, Elasticity, Elasticity moduli, Elasticity modulus, Electroless plating, Electroless plating of nickel, Fracture toughness, Geometric properties, Geometrical shapes, Laser cladding, Laser parameters, Mechanical properties, Microhardness, Nickel coatings, Nickel electroless plating, Nickel-Phosphorus, Powder coatings, Powders, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray coatings, WC-Ni}, } @article{mayrhoferCrackingResistanceCr3C2NiCr2015, title = {Cracking resistance of {Cr3C2}-{NiCr} and {WC}-{Cr3C2}-{Ni} thermally sprayed coatings under tensile bending stress}, volume = {281}, issn = {02578972 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84947059779&doi=10.1016%2fj.surfcoat.2015.09.002&partnerID=40&md5=d2d538cfac6ceb8f3f50e2dc13524a42}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2015.09.002}, abstract = {The cracking behaviour of Cr3C2-25(Ni20Cr) and WC-20Cr3C2-7Ni thermally sprayed coatings during tensile load in 3-point bending tests was studied by Acoustic Emission (AE) monitoring and microstructure post-analysis. The AE monitoring reveals a superior resistance against cracking in the WC-Cr3C2-Ni coatings compared to Cr3C2-NiCr. The incorporation of tungsten carbides beneficially affects the residual stress state of the coatings and has an impact on the detailed fracture mode. The results hold for both as-sprayed as well as ground and polished coatings. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Mayrhofer, E. and Janka, L. and Mayr, W.P. and Norpoth, J. and Rodriguez Ripoll, M. and Gröschl, M.}, year = {2015}, note = {36 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier B.V.}, keywords = {3-point bending, Acoustic emission, Acoustic emission testing, Acoustic emissions, Bending test, Bending tests, Chromium compounds, Cr3C2, Crack initiation, Cracking, Cracking resistance, Cracks, HVOF thermal spray coating, HVOF thermal spraying, Residual stress state, Sprayed coatings, Superior resistance, Tensile bending stress, Thermal spray coatings, Thermally sprayed coatings, Tungsten carbide, WC}, pages = {169--175}, } @article{mayerEvaluationCavitationCorrosion2020, title = {Evaluation of cavitation/corrosion synergy of the {Cr3C2}-{25NiCr} coating deposited by {HVOF} process}, volume = {69}, issn = {1350-4177}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350417720308907}, doi = {10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105271}, abstract = {Wear processes are always present in components exposed to different work situations. Hydraulic turbines in electric power generation and ship propellers are good examples of components subject to wear and corrosion. One way to protect these components, for example, is the deposition of coatings by thermal spray processes. Indeed, there are several wear or corrosion mechanisms acting simultaneously, and the validation of the mechanisms separately, is not the best way to select the better material. When materials have passivation as protective mechanism against corrosion, the mass loss due erosion can affect the materials selection. This paper study the combined effect of the corrosion on the cavitation mass loss, as well as, the cavitation mass loss influence on the corrosion properties of a chromium carbide Cr3C2-25NiCr coating. Despite of the modification of the erosion mechanism on the cavitated samples under 3,5\% NaCl solution, the volume loss did not show any significant alteration. Cavitation mass loss increase the corrosion process, reducing significantly the corrosion potential and raising the corrosion current. It was observed that the cavitation of the Cr3C2-25NiCr HVOF coating influences much more the corrosion kinetics, than the corrosion affects the cavitation resistance.}, urldate = {2024-06-29}, journal = {Ultrasonics Sonochemistry}, author = {Mayer, André R. and Bertuol, Kaue and Siqueira, Irene B. A. F. and Chicoski, Andre and Váz, Rodolpho F. and de Sousa, Milton J. and Pukasiewicz, Anderson G. M.}, month = dec, year = {2020}, note = {27 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cavitation, Chromium carbide, Corrosion, HVOF}, pages = {105271}, } @article{mauerColdGasSpraying2021, title = {Cold {Gas} {Spraying} of {Nickel}-{Titanium} {Coatings} for {Protection} {Against} {Cavitation}}, volume = {30}, issn = {1544-1016}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-020-01139-x}, doi = {10.1007/s11666-020-01139-x}, abstract = {Cavitation erosion is a sever wear mechanism that takes place in hydrodynamic systems. Examples are turbine vanes of hydropower plants or components of valves and pumps in hydraulic systems. Nickel-titanium shape memory alloys (NiTi) are attractive materials for cavitation-resistant coatings because of their pronounced intrinsic damping mitigating cavitation-induced erosion. In this work, NiTi coatings were produced by cold gas spraying. The phase transformation behaviors of the powder feedstock and the as-sprayed coatings were investigated. Regarding the obtained transformation temperatures, the measured substrate temperatures during spraying rule out that either the shape memory effect or the pseudoelasticity of NiTi could affect the deposition efficiency under the applied conditions of cold gas spraying. Another potential effect is stress-induced amorphization which could occur at the particle–substrate interfaces and impair particle bonding by stress relaxation. Moreover, also oxide formation can be significant. Thus, the presence of amorphous phases and oxides in the near-surface zone of particles bounced off after impact was investigated. Oxidation could be confirmed, but no indication of amorphous phase was found. Besides, also the evolution of local microstrains implies that the substrate temperatures affect the deposition efficiency. These temperatures were significantly influenced by the spray gun travel speed.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-10-12}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {Mauer, Georg and Rauwald, Karl-Heinz and Sohn, Yoo Jung and Weirich, Thomas E.}, month = jan, year = {2021}, note = {4 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {cavitation, cold gas spraying, erosion, nickel-titanium, shape memory alloy}, pages = {131--144}, } @article{matthewsThermallyInducedMetallurgical2021, title = {Thermally induced metallurgical transformations in {WC}-{17Co} thermal spray coatings as a function of carbide dissolution: {Part} 2 - {Heat}-treated coatings}, volume = {96}, issn = {02634368 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85099617210&doi=10.1016%2fj.ijrmhm.2021.105486&partnerID=40&md5=2316cee5af6c551639cb6a8385784e94}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2021.105486}, abstract = {Tungsten carbide‑cobalt (WC-Co) thermal spray coatings are widely used for ambient temperature wear applications but are typically generated from feedstocks with 1–5 μm carbide particles rather than more desirable {\textless}1 μm carbide particles, due to challenges of carbide dissolution and carbon loss in-flight. This work explores a novel processing route for the WC-Co system that has been conceptually proven for the Cr3C2-NiCr system. The tendency for carbides to dissolve in-flight is maximised in this approach, with subsequent heat treatment used to precipitate submicron carbide particles. Part 1 of this two-part series assessed the theoretical feasibility of applying this concept to the Co-W-C system for WC-17wt\%Co composites, and characterised high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF), plasma Ar-He and plasma Ar-H2 coatings. In this follow-up paper, the powder and coating samples were characterised by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), followed by heat treatments below and above the identified phase transition temperatures. Compositional and microstructural analysis led to identification of the reactions accounting for each of the DSC peaks. These observations were contrasted with theoretical predictions as a function of the extent of carbide dissolution/decomposition and carbon loss in the as-sprayed coatings. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd}, language = {English}, journal = {International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials}, author = {Matthews, S. and Ansbro, J. and Berndt, C.C. and Ang, A.S.M.}, year = {2021}, note = {18 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {Carbide dissolution, Carbide dissolutions, Carbide particles, Carbon, Cobalt metallurgy, DSC, Differential scanning calorimetry, Dissolution, HVOF, HVOF thermal spraying, Heat treatment, Heat-treated coatings, High velocity oxygen fuel(HVOF), Metallurgical transformation, Microstructural analysis, Novel processing routes, Plasma spray, Sprayed coatings, Temperature, Thermal spray coatings, Tungsten carbide, WC-17Co, XRD}, } @article{matthewsRoleMicrostructureMechanism2009, title = {The role of microstructure in the mechanism of high velocity erosion of {Cr3C2}-{NiCr} thermal spray coatings: {Part} 2 - {Heat} treated coatings}, volume = {203}, issn = {02578972 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-57549101864&doi=10.1016%2fj.surfcoat.2008.10.013&partnerID=40&md5=cb51ce18b56b734b0a251abcd297a57d}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2008.10.013}, abstract = {In Part 1 of this two part series the variation in erosion mechanisms as a function of as-sprayed coating microstructure was presented. The oxidation resistance of Cr3C2-NiCr coatings means that they are used in high temperature applications where WC-Co based systems are no longer suitable. High temperature exposure has been shown to generate microstructural development in these coatings, leading to variations in coating hardness. In this work the effect of such coating development on the high velocity erosion response is investigated. The HVAF and HVOF coatings of Part 1 were heat treated for up to 30 days at 900 °C to generate a range of coating microstructures up to steady state. Erosion was performed under the same conditions as in Part 1. Heat treatment increased the ductility of the NiCr phase, enabling ductile erosion deformation to occur. Intersplat sintering reduced the significance of splat based erosion mechanisms and forced mass loss to become dictated by the phase microstructure. Such developments improved the quantified erosion resistance of both coating systems relative to the as-sprayed conditions. The coating microhardness was shown to be a poor indicator of erosion response across the range of coating microstructures investigated. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {8}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Matthews, S. and James, B. and Hyland, M.}, year = {2009}, note = {92 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {), Astrophysics, Carbides, Chromate coatings, Chromium, Chromium carbide (Cr3C2), Coating developments, Coating hardnesses, Coating microstructures, Coating systems, Coatings, Erosion, Erosion mechanisms, Erosion resistances, HVOF coatings, Heat treating furnaces, Heat treatment, High temperature applications, High temperatures, High velocities, High velocity erosion, High velocity thermal spray coating, Inorganic coatings, Mass losses, Microstructural developments, Microstructure, Nicr coatings, Pesticides, Phase microstructures, Sintering, Soil mechanics, Sprayed coatings, Sprayed conditions, Steady states, Thermal spray coatings, Thermal spraying, Tungsten carbide, Velocity}, pages = {1094--1100}, } @article{matthewsReviewThermalSpray2010, title = {Review of thermal spray coating applications in the steel industry: {Part} 2 - {Zinc} pot hardware in the continuous galvanizing line}, volume = {19}, issn = {10599630 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-78650772611&doi=10.1007%2fs11666-010-9519-7&partnerID=40&md5=712fa8e2189797f273288b3ccd47416c}, doi = {10.1007/s11666-010-9519-7}, abstract = {This two-part article series reviews the application of thermal spray coating technology in the production of steel and steel sheet products. Part 2 of this article series is dedicated to coating solutions in the continuous galvanizing line. The corrosion mechanisms of Fe- and Co-based bulk materials are briefly reviewed as a basis for the development of thermal spray coating solutions. WC-Co thermal spray coatings are commonly applied to low Al-content galvanizing hardware due to their superior corrosion resistance compared to Fe and Co alloys. The effect of phase degradation, carbon content, and WC grain size are discussed. At high Al concentrations, the properties of WC-Co coatings degrade significantly, leading to the application of oxide-based coatings and corrosion-resistant boride containing coatings. The latest results of testing are summarized, highlighting the critical coating parameters. © 2010 ASM International.}, language = {English}, number = {6}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {Matthews, S. and James, B.}, year = {2010}, note = {35 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Al-concentration, Al-content, Aluminum, Boride coatings, Borides, Bulk materials, Carbon content, Ceramic materials, Ceramic oxides, Cermets, Coating parameters, Coating solution, Continuous galvanizing lines, Corrosion mechanisms, Corrosion resistance, Corrosion-resistant, Galvanizing, HVOF thermal spraying, Iron and steel plants, Lead oxide, Novel materials, Steel industry, Steel sheet, Steelmaking, Strip telecommunication lines, Thermal spray coatings, Tungsten alloys, Tungsten carbide, WC grain size, WC-Co coating, Zinc coatings, advantages of TS, ceramic oxide layers, cermet coatings, coatings for rolls, corrosion, corrosion of HVOF coatings, novel materials}, pages = {1277--1286}, } @article{matthewsPhaseTransformationsWCCr3C2Ni2023, title = {Phase transformations in {WC}-{Cr3C2}-{Ni} thermal spray coatings under low, medium and high thermal input: {Part} 1 – {Feedstock} and as-sprayed coating characterisation}, volume = {111}, issn = {02634368 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85143820987&doi=10.1016%2fj.ijrmhm.2022.106080&partnerID=40&md5=fbf091e7d56bf5d370876a35840e4c9a}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2022.106080}, abstract = {Conventionally, bulk WC and Cr3C2-based carbide compositions have been used independently of each other. However, recent investigations have begun to explore combining these carbides together within the same composite/hard metal coating system. This work explored the diversity of phases produced in the coatings from a 42 wt\% WC-42 wt\% Cr3C2–16 wt\% Ni powder sprayed under “low”, “medium” and “high” thermal input conditions using high velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF), an argon‑helium (Ar[sbnd]He) plasma and an argon‑hydrogen (Ar[sbnd]H2) plasma respectively. During spraying, the Ni binder melted, leading to variations in the extent of carbide dissolution and peritectic decomposition as a function of thermal input. Low thermal input, typified by the HVOF technique, led to preferential dissolution/decomposition of the Cr3C2 grains into the melt, while retaining more of the higher melting point WC grains. The coating was dominated by a supersaturated Ni phase, along with the retained carbides. High thermal input, typified by the Ar[sbnd]H2 plasma, was postulated to exceed the peritectic decomposition temperature of WC. The coating consisted of a supersaturated Ni alloy, along with the metastable phases WC1-X and β-W2C. No metastable Cr-carbides formed in any of the coatings. The mechanism of coating phase formation is discussed. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd}, language = {English}, journal = {International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials}, author = {Matthews, S. and O'Neil, F. and Prasad, P.}, year = {2023}, note = {7 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {Argon, Carbides, Chromium alloys, Chromium compounds, Composite coatings, Cr3C2, Dissolution, HVOF, High thermal, High velocity oxygen fuels, Metastable phases, Nickel alloys, Nickel compounds, Peritectic decomposition, Phases transformation, Plasma jets, Plasma spray, Powder coatings, Rapid solidification, Sprayed coatings, Supersaturated solid solution, Thermal inputs, Thermal spray coatings, W2C, WC, WC1-X}, } @article{matthewsComparisonMicrowaveConventional2024, title = {Comparison of {Microwave} {Versus} {Conventional} {Furnace} {Heat} {Treatments} of {Carbide} {Composite} {Thermal} {Spray} {Coatings}}, issn = {10599630 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85191446084&doi=10.1007%2fs11666-024-01772-w&partnerID=40&md5=291365129da8d43826e48f205d70e8d6}, doi = {10.1007/s11666-024-01772-w}, abstract = {Thermal spraying has become an industrial standard in the production of wear-resistant WC-Co and Cr3C2-NiCr composite coatings. However, generating optimum wear-resistant nano-reinforced carbide microstructures within the coatings remains challenging. The alternative two-step approach in this work involves coating formation under high energy conditions to generate maximum carbide dissolution, followed by heat treatment to precipitate nanocarbides. Microwave heating of particulate materials has been reported to offer several benefits over conventional furnace heating, including faster heating rates, internal rather than external heating, and acceleration of reactions/phase transformations at lower temperatures. This novel work explored the use of microwaves for heat treatment (as distinct from melting) of WC-Co and Cr3C2-NiCr thermal spray coatings and contrasted the rate of phase development with that from conventional furnace treatment. Coatings were successfully microwave heat-treated to generate the same phase composition as furnace treatment. Both treatments generated comparable results in the Cr3C2-NiCr system. The WC-Co system achieved a much more crystalline structure in a dramatically shorter time relative to the conventional furnace-treated sample. The results are contrasted as a function of material and microstructure interaction with microwaves and the critical phase transition temperatures to account for the observed responses. © The Author(s) 2024.}, language = {English}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {Matthews, S. and Yang, F.}, year = {2024}, note = {0 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Springer}, keywords = {Carbide composite, Carbide composites, Carbide precipitation, Carbides, Composite coatings, Conventional furnace, Cr3C2-NiCr, Cr3C2-nicr, Furnace heats, Furnace treatments, Heat treatment, Microstructure, Microwave heat treatment, Microwave heating, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray coating, Thermal spray coatings, WC-Co, WC-co, Wear of materials, Wear resistance, Wear-resistant}, } @article{matthewsCarbideDissolutionWC17Co2021a, title = {Carbide dissolution in {WC}-{17Co} thermal spray coatings: {Part} 1-project concept and as-sprayed coatings}, volume = {856}, issn = {0925-8388}, shorttitle = {Carbide dissolution in {WC}-{17Co} thermal spray coatings}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925838820338287}, doi = {10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.157464}, abstract = {Tungsten carbide-cobalt (WC-Co) thermal spray coatings are widely used for ambient temperature wear applications and are typically deposited using agglomerated feedstock consisting of 1–5 μm sized carbide particles. There are technical challenges to reduce the carbide particle grain size to the desirable {\textless}1 μm because of carbide dissolution and carbon loss in-flight’; i.e., in transit from the torch to the substrate. This work explores a novel processing route for the WC-Co system that has been conceptualised previously for the chromium carbide-nickel chromium (Cr3C2-NiCr) system. The approach is based on the tendency for carbides to dissolve in-flight and for precipitation of submicron carbide particles on subsequent heat treatment. Part 1 of this two-part series reviews the equilibrium Co-W-C system to assess this concept for the WC-17 wt\%Co composition. WC-17 wt\%Co thermal spray coatings, targeting varying degrees of carbide dissolution/decomposition and carbon loss, were sprayed using HVOF, plasma Ar-He and plasma Ar-H2 techniques. The deposits were characterised by XRD pattern fitting, cross-sectional SEM and LECO carbon combustion analysis. The mechanisms of phase formation and carbon loss are discussed.}, urldate = {2024-07-10}, journal = {Journal of Alloys and Compounds}, author = {Matthews, S. and Ansbro, J. and Berndt, C. C. and Ang, A. S. M.}, month = mar, year = {2021}, note = {28 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Carbide dissolution, Carbide dissolutions, Carbide particles, Carbon, Carbon combustion, Chromium compounds, Combustion, Cross-sectional SEM, Dissolution, Fluorine compounds, HVOF, HVOF thermal spraying, Heat treatment, Novel processing routes, Particle size analysis, Plasma spray, Precipitation (chemical), Sprayed coatings, Technical challenges, Thermal spray coatings, Tungsten carbide, Tungsten carbide cobalt, Vanadium compounds, WC-17Co, XRD}, pages = {157464}, } @article{matsumuraCavitationErosion2000, title = {Cavitation·{Erosion}}, volume = {49}, doi = {10.3323/jcorr1991.49.719}, abstract = {A short historical review was given of the important pieces of research on cavitation, which was followed by the describing in orderly sequence how a method to predict quantitatively the extent of damage caused to ductile metallic materials by cavitation attack was established. The useful effect of the methodology on cavitation research was also given.}, number = {12}, journal = {Zairyo-to-Kankyo}, author = {Matsumura, Masanobu}, year = {2000}, note = {0 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {hardness, service life prediction, strain energy, strain hardening exponent}, pages = {719--725}, } @article{matikainenSlidingWearBehaviour2017, title = {Sliding wear behaviour of {HVOF} and {HVAF} sprayed {Cr3C2}-based coatings}, volume = {388-389}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85017474688&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2017.04.001&partnerID=40&md5=b220ba706e25502e39ec40a04122ce1d}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2017.04.001}, abstract = {Thermally sprayed tungsten carbide (WC) and chromium carbide (Cr3C2) based hard metal coatings are commonly applied on component surfaces as corrosion and wear resistant layers. Typically, WC-Co/Ni with optional Cr addition and Cr3C2-25NiCr powders are sprayed with high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) or high velocity air-fuel (HVAF) processes. Due to the poor oxidation resistance of the WC particles, Cr3C2-25NiCr composition is typically selected for high temperature environments, up to 800–900 °C. In this study, two distinct Cr3C2-based compositions of Cr3C2-50NiCrMoNb and Cr3C2-37WC-18NiCoCr were selected as interesting alternatives to conventional Cr3C2-25NiCr. Sliding wear behavior of the coatings sprayed with HVOF and HVAF processes were tested with a ball-on-disk configuration against an Al2O3 ball at room temperature and at 700 °C. It was found that both alternative materials had comparable coefficients of friction with the Cr3C2-25NiCr coatings. The Cr3C2-37WC-18NiCoCr coatings provided improved wear resistance at room temperature conditions, but at 700 °C the wear rate was increased to the level of the Cr3C2-50NiCrMoNb coatings. Cr3C2-25NiCr coatings experienced the lowest wear rates at elevated temperatures, which was even lower than at room temperature. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Matikainen, V. and Bolelli, G. and Koivuluoto, H. and Sassatelli, P. and Lusvarghi, L. and Vuoristo, P.}, year = {2017}, note = {126 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {Air, Aluminum coatings, Carbides, Chromium, Coefficients of friction, Cr3C2, Friction, Fuels, HVAF, HVOF, HVOF thermal spraying, Hard coatings, High velocity air fuels, High-temperature environment, Room-temperature conditions, Sliding wear, Sprayed coatings, Stainless steel, Thermal spray coatings, Tungsten carbide, Wear of materials, Wear resistance}, pages = {57--71}, } @article{marpleEngineeringNanostructuredThermal2007, title = {Engineering nanostructured thermal spray coatings: {Process}-property-performance relationships of ceramic based materials}, volume = {106}, issn = {17436761 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-37349022086&doi=10.1179%2f174367607X202591&partnerID=40&md5=2f64daa508d577f6ef76589dfb95e07a}, doi = {10.1179/174367607X202591}, abstract = {Nanostructured powders were deposited using thermal spraying to produce coatings having internal features of nanosized dimensions. Several ceramic based materials were studied, including WC-12 wt-\%Co, TiO2, hydroxyapatite, Al2O3-13 wt-\%TiO2 and yttria stabilised zirconia. The effect of the thermal spray conditions on the microstructure, phase composition, properties and performance was investigated. Key nanostructural features of the coatings were identified and their potential benefit in contributing to enhanced behaviour explored. Issues relating to design strategies and process control for engineering these types of coatings with performance characteristics tailored for targeted applications are discussed. © 2007 Crown Copyright, administered by the National Research Council of Canada.}, language = {English}, number = {5}, journal = {Advances in Applied Ceramics}, author = {Marple, B.R. and Lima, R.S.}, year = {2007}, note = {13 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Hydroxyapatite, Microstructure, Nanostructured coatings, Nanostructured materials, Nanostructured powders, Phase composition, Process-property-performance relationships, Processing strategies, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray, Thermal spraying, Yttria stabilized zirconia}, pages = {265--275}, } @inproceedings{manzanaStructuralAnalysisSteels2014, title = {Structural analysis of steels by cavitation erosion}, volume = {583}, isbn = {978-3-03785-866-0}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84885895416&doi=10.4028%2fwww.scientific.net%2fKEM.583.28&partnerID=40&md5=8c9134296e63ef983ca8d02b2ecf2ed3}, doi = {10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.583.28}, abstract = {Cavitation is an important factor in many areas of science and engineering, including acoustics, chemistry and hydraulics. In this paper the authors analyze the structural analysis of cavitation damages in two steel. The cavitation erosion tests were carried out in a magnetostrictive facility, in Timisoara Hydraulic Machinery Laboratory, in according with ASTM G32-85, using as cavitant liquid drink water at 20 ± 1°C. After quantitative and qualitative investigations structural features were put in evidence on experimental steel. © (2014) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Key {Eng} {Mat}}, publisher = {Trans Tech Publications Ltd}, author = {Mânzânǎ, M.-E. and Ghiban, B. and Bordeaşu, I. and Ghiban, N. and Marin, M. and Miculescu, F.}, year = {2014}, note = {1 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Journal Abbreviation: Key Eng Mat}, keywords = {Biomedical equipment, Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation damage, Cavitation erosion, Erosion, Hydraulic machinery, Hypoeutectoid steel, Scanning electron microscope, Scanning electron microscopy, Science and engineering, Structural analysis, Structural feature, Tissue engineering}, pages = {28--31}, } @article{mannWaterDropletCavitation2013, title = {Water droplet and cavitation erosion behavior of laser-treated stainless steel and titanium alloy: {Their} similarities}, volume = {22}, issn = {15441024 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84891037428&doi=10.1007%2fs11665-013-0660-6&partnerID=40&md5=106e4bfbc9484ddd55560bc2f248bfb5}, doi = {10.1007/s11665-013-0660-6}, abstract = {This article deals with water droplet and cavitation erosion behavior of diode laser-treated X10CrNiMoV1222 stainless steel and Ti6Al4V alloy. After laser surface treatment, the water droplet and cavitation erosion resistance (WDER and CER) of these materials improved significantly. The main reason for the improvement is the increased surface hardness and formation of fine-grained microstructures after laser surface treatment. It is observed that there is a similarity in both the phenomena. The WDER and CER can be correlated with a single mechanical property based on modified ultimate resilience (MUR) provided the laser-treated layers are free from microcracks and interface defects. The CER and WDER behavior of HPDL-treated X10CrNiMoV1222 stainless steel and Ti6Al4V alloy samples using different test equipment as per ASTM G32-2003 and ASTM G73-1978, their correlation with MUR, their damage mechanism compared on the basis of XRD analyses, optical and scanning electron micrographs are discussed and reported in this article. © 2013 ASM International.}, language = {English}, number = {12}, journal = {Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance}, author = {Mann, B.S.}, year = {2013}, note = {14 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Alloys, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation erosion resistance, Damage mechanism, Drops, Equipment testing, Fine-grained microstructure, Interface defects, Laser surface treatment, Mechanical properties, Optical correlation, Scanning electron micrographs, Scanning electron microscopy, Semiconductor lasers, Surface treatment, Ti-6Al-4V alloy, Ti6Al4V alloy, Water droplets, X10CrNiMoV1222 stainless steel, cavitation erosion, diode laser, water droplet erosion}, pages = {3647--3656}, } @article{mannHighpowerDiodeLasertreated2014, title = {High-power diode laser-treated {13Cr4Ni} stainless steel for hydro turbines}, volume = {23}, issn = {10599495 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84905729263&doi=10.1007%2fs11665-014-0991-y&partnerID=40&md5=5e8ea3edb6d44e6f630f817fa604dbc4}, doi = {10.1007/s11665-014-0991-y}, abstract = {The cast martensitic chromium nickel stainless steels such as 13Cr4Ni, 16Cr5Ni, and 17Cr4Ni PH have found wide application in hydro turbines. These steels have adequate corrosion resistance with good mechanical properties because of chromium content of more than 12\%. The 13Cr4Ni stainless steel is most widely used among these steels; however, lacks silt, cavitation, and water impingement erosion resistances (SER, CER, and WIER). This article deals with characterizing 13Cr4Ni stainless steel for silt, cavitation, and water impingement erosion; and studying its improved SER, CER, and WIER behavior after highpower diode laser (HPDL) surface treatment. The WIER and CER have improved significantly after laser treatment, whereas there is a marginal improvement in SER. The main reason for improved WIER and CER is due to its increased surface hardness and formation of fine-grained microstructure after HPDL surface treatment. CER and WIER of HPDL-treated 13Cr4Ni stainless steel samples have been evaluated as per ASTM G32-2003 and ASTM G73-1978, respectively; and these were correlated with microstructure and mechanical properties such as ultimate tensile strength, modified ultimate resilience, and microhardness. The erosion damage mechanism, compared on the basis of scanning electron micrographs and mechanical properties, is discussed and reported in this article. © ASM International.}, language = {English}, number = {6}, journal = {Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance}, author = {Mann, B.S.}, year = {2014}, note = {8 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Springer New York LLC}, keywords = {13Cr4Ni stainless steel, Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation erosion, Chromium, Corrosion resistance, Diode laser, Erosion, Erosion damage mechanisms, Erosion resistance, Fine-grained microstructure, High-power diode lasers, Hydraulic turbines, Mechanical properties, Microstructure, Microstructure and mechanical properties, Scanning electron micrographs, Scanning electron microscopy, Semiconductor lasers, Silt, Silt erosion, Stainless steel, Surface treatment, Tensile strength, Ultimate tensile strength, Water impingement, Water impingement erosion}, pages = {1964--1972}, } @article{mannCorrosionErosionPerformance2006, title = {Corrosion and erosion performance of {HVOF}/{TiAlN} {PVD} coatings and candidate materials for high pressure gate valve application}, volume = {260}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-25144504408&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2004.12.045&partnerID=40&md5=746c4e9783c8d63d3f5e5f37e36898d3}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2004.12.045}, abstract = {The main objective of this paper is to study the slurry erosion and corrosion behavior of WC10Co4Cr, Armcore 'M' Stellite 6 and 12 HVOF coatings, TiAlN PVD coating, selected steels, such as X20Cr13, 17Cr-4Ni pH steel and Ti6Al4V titanium alloy alongwith conventional hard weld deposits of Stellite 6 and 21. The slurry erosion studies were carried out at 60° angle of impingement for the velocities in the range of 15-20 m/s using mineral sand of -40 to +80 mesh. The corrosion studies were carried out as per ASTM B 117-73 for 100 h. During slurry erosion testing, WC10Co4Cr HVOF along with TiAlN PVD coating are found out, to be the best coating materials followed by HVOF coating of Armcore 'M' material. However, for corrosion, Ti6Al4V, Stellite 6 and 21 hard weld deposits and 17Cr-4Ni pH steel turned out to be the best materials followed by HVOF coating of Stellite 6 and 12. HVOF coatings of WC10Co4Cr and Armcore 'M' materials corroded significantly, however, TiAlN PVD coating corroded very badly even after 24 h of testing. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {1-2}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Mann, B.S. and Arya, V. and Maiti, A.K. and Rao, M.U.B. and Joshi, P.}, year = {2006}, note = {60 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Coating materials, Coating techniques, Corrosion, Erosion, Gate values, Gate valve, HVOF and PVD coatings, Physical vapor deposition, Slurries, Slurry erosion, Stainless steel, Stelliting, Titanium alloys, coating, corrosion resistance, erosion, pH effects, performance, valve}, pages = {75--82}, } @article{malayogluComparingPerformanceHIPed2003, series = {14th {International} {Conference} on {Wear} of {Materials}}, title = {Comparing the performance of {HIPed} and {Cast} {Stellite} 6 alloy in liquid–solid slurries}, volume = {255}, issn = {0043-1648}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043164803002874}, doi = {10.1016/S0043-1648(03)00287-4}, abstract = {In this paper, results from erosion–corrosion tests performed under liquid–solid erosion conditions in 3.5\% NaCl liquid medium are reported. The focus of the paper is to compare the behaviour of Cast and Hot Isostatically Pressed (HIPed) Stellite 6 alloy in terms of their electrochemical corrosion characteristics, their resistance to mechanical degradation and relationship between microstructure and degradation mechanisms. It has been shown that HIPed Stellite 6 possesses better erosion and erosion corrosion resistance than that of Cast Stellite 6 and two stainless steels (UNS S32760 and UNS S31603) under the same solid loading (200 and 500mg/l), and same temperature (20 and 50°C). The material removal mechanisms have been identified by using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and shown preferential removal of the Co-rich matrix to be less extensive on the HIPed material.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2025-02-17}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Malayoglu, U. and Neville, A.}, month = aug, year = {2003}, note = {34 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cast Stellite 6, Corrosion, Erosion, HIPed, Liquid–solid slurries}, pages = {181--194}, } @article{malayogluCharacterisationPassiveFilm2005, title = {Characterisation of the passive film on {HIPed} {Stellite} 6 alloy using {X}-ray photoelectron spectroscopy}, volume = {393}, issn = {0921-5093}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921509304012511}, doi = {10.1016/j.msea.2004.09.071}, abstract = {In this paper results from the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of hot isostatically pressed (HIP) Stellite 6 in a 3.5\% NaCl liquid medium are reported. The aim of the paper is to determine the composition of the passive film formed at different temperatures and link it to the corrosion properties. It has been shown that the alloy passivates spontaneously in air resulting in the formation of a thin oxide film comprising Cr and Co. Electrochemical oxidation at different temperatures results in the formation of a complex layer, the composition and thickness of which depends on the test temperature. Co was detected in the solution after corrosion; the Co amount increases as the test temperature increases and no Co is found in the passive film after corrosion.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-06-30}, journal = {Materials Science and Engineering: A}, author = {Malayoglu, U. and Neville, A. and Beamson, G.}, month = feb, year = {2005}, note = {11 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Anodic polarisation, Corrosion, Passivity, Stellite 6, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy}, pages = {91--101}, } @article{malayogluAssessingKineticsMechanisms2005, title = {Assessing the kinetics and mechanisms of corrosion of cast and {HIPed} {Stellite} 6 in aqueous saline environments}, volume = {47}, issn = {0010-938X}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010938X04003129}, doi = {10.1016/j.corsci.2004.09.011}, abstract = {Cobalt–base (Stellite) alloys have seen extensive use in wear environments mainly due to their high strength, corrosion resistance and hardness. Co–base superalloys rely primarily on carbides, formed in the Co matrix and at grain boundaries, for their strength and the distribution, size and shape of carbides depends on processing conditions. Currently use of Stellite alloys has extended into various industrial sectors (e.g. pulp and paper processing, oil and gas processing, pharmaceuticals, chemical processing) and the need for improved information regarding corrosion (and often tribo-corrosion) of Stellite alloys has increased. It has been recognised that processing changes, which affect the microstructure of Stellite alloys, will most probably affect the corrosion performance. In this paper the corrosion behaviour of Stellite 6 in the as-cast and the HIP consolidated forms has been compared and contrasted using DC electrochemical techniques in static saline conditions. It has been shown that there is a significant difference in the corrosion performance of HIP consolidated Stellite 6 and it is possible to link the corrosion mechanisms to the microstructure. The benefits of using HIPing as a manufacturing process for the corrosion performance of Stellite 6 are discussed.}, number = {8}, urldate = {2024-06-30}, journal = {Corrosion Science}, author = {Malayoglu, U. and Neville, A. and Lovelock, H.}, month = aug, year = {2005}, note = {29 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {(A) Cobalt, (B) Polarisation, (C) Passive film, Pitting corrosion, Potentiostatic}, pages = {1911--1931}, } @article{maitiEffectAddingWC2007, title = {Effect of adding {WC} powder to the feedstock of {WC}-{Co}-{Cr} based {HVOF} coating and its impact on erosion and abrasion resistance}, volume = {201}, issn = {02578972 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34249322362&doi=10.1016%2fj.surfcoat.2007.03.014&partnerID=40&md5=2beca9ffd85cc985463090d1056a8f47}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.03.014}, abstract = {HVOF grade powders are now commercially available and being used in large scale for different components prone to abrasion/erosion. The literature on HVOF coatings based on WC-Co powder shows that there is a huge difference in hardness between the pure WC powder and WC-Co based HVOF coatings. The objective of this study was to improve the hardness of WC based HVOF coatings by adding pure WC powder to the commercially available powder. The hardness data shows that 20\% addition of WC powder will improve the hardness of HVOF coating from 1106 to 1395 Hv0.3. Hardness increase is due to the embedding of tungsten carbide hard metal matrix. This HVOF coated sample was tested for dry sand abrasion and slurry erosion as per ASTM standards. These tests show that abrasion and erosion resistance of HVOF coated samples goes down with the addition of tungsten carbide powder even though coating hardness has gone up. To understand the negative trend, porosity and SEM studies were carried out. SEM studies show that the porosity of the HVOF coating is higher than the conventional HVOF coating. With increase in WC content (30\%), the porosity of the HVOF coating increased up to 10\%. The higher porosity is believed to be the reason for poor abrasion and slurry erosion resistance. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {18}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Maiti, A.K. and Mukhopadhyay, N. and Raman, R.}, year = {2007}, note = {89 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Abrasion, Addition reactions, Cermet, Cermets, Coating, Erosion, Erosion resistance, HVOF spray, Hardness, Porosity, Powder coatings, Slurry erosion, Sprayed coatings, Tungsten carbide, WC-Co-Cr, Wear resistance}, pages = {7781--7788}, } @article{maheshEvaluationTensileStrength2020, title = {Evaluation of tensile strength and slurry erosive behaviour of jute reinforced natural rubber based flexible composite}, volume = {30}, issn = {11697954 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85086762875&doi=10.18280%2frcma.300204&partnerID=40&md5=6315a0a55a8c0067aeeedc16fbd9950d}, doi = {10.18280/rcma.300204}, abstract = {Polymer based natural fiber reinforced composites are finding their applications in almost all fields of engineering. Flexible composites are different class of composite materials finding their usage in secondary structural application such as sacrificial structures like claddings. Mechanical and tribological characterization of the newly developed composites becomes important prior to using them in any engineering application. The present study concentrates on evaluating the tensile and slurry erosive behaviour of flexible composite manufactured by reinforcing naturally available jute fiber in the form of woven fabric in the naturally available sun dried rubber sheets (NR) using compression moulding technique. ASTM D412 standard is used to evaluate the tensile properties of the proposed flexible composite and the NR sheets. The slurry erosive behaviour is assessed using Ducom slurry erosion testing machine. The results reveal that reinforcing jute with natural rubber enhances the tensile strength compared to natural rubber sheet and the wear of the proposed flexible composite is minimal due to inclusion of natural rubber which is elastic in nature. © 2020 Lavoisier. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {2}, journal = {Revue des Composites et des Materiaux Avances}, author = {Mahesh, V. and Joladarashi, S. and Kulkarni, S.M.}, year = {2020}, note = {6 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: International Information and Engineering Technology Association}, keywords = {Composite flexible, Different class, Engineering applications, Fiber reinforced plastics, Flexible composites, Jute, Jute fibers, Natural fiber reinforced composites, Reinforcement, Rubber, Slurry erosion, Slurry erosion characterization, Structural applications, Tensile characterization, Tensile strength, Testing, Tribological characterization, Weaving, Woven fabrics}, pages = {77--82}, } @article{magoCavitationErosionBehavior2021, title = {Cavitation erosion behavior of microwave-processed {Ni}–{40Cr3C2} composite clads: {A} parametric investigation using ultrasonic apparatus}, volume = {235}, issn = {14644207 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85091805651&doi=10.1177%2f1464420720961122&partnerID=40&md5=ec15203ba025bf910a0ece4c3c5cdd6f}, doi = {10.1177/1464420720961122}, abstract = {Cavitation erosion is the primary cause of material failure of the hydroelectric power plant components. The rapid development in the advanced surface engineering techniques has provided an effective treatment solution for cavitation erosion. One such novel method is microwave cladding. Hence, the Ni–40Cr3C2 composite clad was deposited on austenitic stainless steel (SS-316) using a microwave cladding process in the present study. The processing was carried out in a domestic microwave oven of 2.45 GHz frequency and 900 W power. The developed clad was thoroughly characterized for the metallurgical and mechanical properties related to its behavior as a successful cavitation erosion resistance material, like microstructure, crystal structure, porosity, microhardness, flexural strength, and fracture toughness. The results showed that the stripe-type and agglomerated carbides were present in the Ni–40Cr3C2 clad. The developed composite clad consists of various carbides (SiC, Ni3C, Cr3Ni2SiC, Cr7C3, and NiC) and intermetallic phases (Ni3Fe, Ni2Si, and Cr3Si). Microhardness, flexural strength, and fracture toughness of the microwave-processed clad were observed to be 605 ± 80 HV0.3, 813.23 ± 16.2 MPa, and 7.44 ± 0.2 MPa√m, respectively. The microwave-processed composite clad performance in terms of cavitation erosion resistance was determined using the ultrasonic apparatus (ASTM-G32-17). The cavitation experiments were carried out according to Taguchi L9 orthogonal array, taking into account three parameters: standoff distance, amplitude, and immersion depth. The developed composite clad exhibited significant resistance (mass loss 7.6 times lesser as compared to SS-316) to cavitation erosion. ANOVA results showed the standoff distance as the most important factor followed by amplitude and immersion depth. Least cavitation resistance was observed at a smaller standoff distance, higher amplitude, and lower immersion depth. Linear regression equations were obtained to establish the correlation between parameters and cumulative mass loss. The microwave clad specimens tested at optimized test parameters were damaged in the form of fractured intermetallic, extruded lips, pits, and craters. © IMechE 2020.}, language = {English}, number = {2}, journal = {Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications}, author = {Mago, J. and Bansal, S. and Gupta, D. and Jain, V.}, year = {2021}, note = {11 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd}, keywords = {Bending strength, Binary alloys, Carbides, Cavitation, Cavitation erosion, Cavitation erosion resistance, Chromium steel, Correlation between parameters, Crystal structure, Domestic microwave ovens, Erosion, Fracture toughness, Hydroelectric power, Hydroelectric power plants, Intermetallics, Linear regression equation, Metallurgical and mechanical properties, Microhardness, Microwaves, Parametric investigations, Silicon, Silicon carbide, Stand-off distance (SoD), Surface-engineering techniques, characterization, composite clad, microwave cladding, surface roughness, test parameters}, pages = {265--292}, } @article{maftoumInfluenceNitrogenCavitation2017, title = {Influence of nitrogen on the cavitation  erosion resistance of martensitic  stainless steel}, volume = {22}, issn = {15177076 (ISSN)}, shorttitle = {Influência do nitrogênio na resistência à erosão por cavitação do aço inoxídavel martensítico}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85040257040&doi=10.1590%2fs1517-707620170005.0269&partnerID=40&md5=42b8c291ab5bf50f7ae2dfebe3acf4a5}, doi = {10.1590/s1517-707620170005.0269}, abstract = {The addition of nitrogen on stainless steels has been studied as an alternative to the production of materials which combine good mechanical properties, corrosion and wear resistance. Some nitrogen enrichment meth-ods are supported by diffusive processes such as low and high temperatures nitriding. Among these process-es, it is worth mentioning the Solution Heat Treatment after Plasma Nitriding (SHTPN), which consists in performing plasma nitriding, with the purpose of adding nitrogen to the material, followed by a solubilization heat treatment, which dissolves the nitrates, causing the nitrogen to appear in interstitial solid solution. In this paper, the SHTPN technique was applied to ASTM CA-6NM martensitic stainless steel. Plasma nitriding was performed at 630 °C for 3 hours and three different solubilization conditions were used (1200 °C for 30 minutes, 1200 °C for 1 hour e 1100 °C for 1 hour). The samples were analyzed through x-ray diffraction, optical microscopy and microhardness measurements in the transverse section of the sample. All samples had an increase in surface hardness of ASTM CA-6NM steel, and no stabilization of the austenite phase was ob-served in the surface area richer in nitrogen. The cavitation experiment was conducted according to the ASTM G32/09 standard, using the indirect method, in which the sample is not directly fixed on the vibrating horn. The cavitated area of the samples was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The treatment in-creased cavitation erosion resistance of all samples and differences were observed among the various solubil-ization conditions. © 2017, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. All rights reserved.}, language = {Portuguese}, journal = {Revista Materia}, author = {Maftoum, R.A. and Borges, P.C. and Marqueze, C.M.}, year = {2017}, note = {3 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro}, keywords = {Cavitation, Martensitic stainless steel, Plasma nitriding, SHTPN, Solubilization}, } @article{lysenkoModelingTurbulentSeparated2013, series = {Selected contributions of the 23rd {International} {Conference} on {Parallel} {Fluid} {Dynamics} {ParCFD2011}}, title = {Modeling of turbulent separated flows using {OpenFOAM}}, volume = {80}, issn = {0045-7930}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045793012000242}, doi = {10.1016/j.compfluid.2012.01.015}, abstract = {Turbulent separated planar bluff-body flows were numerically analyzed using the state-of-the-art OpenFOAM and ANSYS FLUENT technologies, based on the conventional URANS approach. Several popular in fluid dynamics test problems such as laminar and turbulent flows over a circular cylinder and turbulent fully developed flows over a triangular cylinder in a channel were numerically replicated with the goal of validation of the selected numerical methods. The detailed, face-to-face comparison between OpenFOAM, FLUENT and experimental data was discussed. Parallel performance in the terms of a strong and weak scalability was assessed up to 1024 cores and compared as well. In general, the present results demonstrated minimum deviations between OpenFOAM and FLUENT and agreed fairly well with the experimental data and other numerical solutions.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2021-12-23}, journal = {Computers \& Fluids}, author = {Lysenko, Dmitry A. and Ertesvåg, Ivar S. and Rian, Kjell E.}, month = jul, year = {2013}, note = {94 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Compressible URANS, Strong and weak scalability, Turbulent separated flows, − turbulence models}, pages = {408--422}, } @article{lyphoutInfluenceHardmetalFeedstock2019, title = {Influence of hardmetal feedstock powder on the sliding wear and impact resistance of {High} {Velocity} {Air}-{Fuel} ({HVAF})sprayed coatings}, volume = {430-431}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85066275915&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2019.05.016&partnerID=40&md5=f22edbc8dee70002d417dcc9ce3bf2a1}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2019.05.016}, abstract = {The present work aimed to clarify how the characteristics of WC-CoCr hardmetal feedstock powders, namely the grain size of the WC carbides and of the binder and the compressive strength of the sintered aggregates, affect the dry sliding wear and impact resistance of coatings deposited by High Velocity Air-Fuel (HVAF)spraying. Ball-on-Disc tests, which mimic a sliding wear process in the presence of hard asperities as it may occur e.g. in hydraulic seal joints or papermaking components, resulted in mild wear through near-surface microscale plastic flow, the exact nature of which was significantly affected by WC size. Finite element simulations of a single-asperity sliding process indeed showed that large WC grains concentrate contact stresses, thus undergoing very localised deformation. It is experimentally seen that repeated deformation of the carbide grains resulted in their cracking and pull-out. Uniformly distributed, fine carbides allowed the matrix to take on some stress, thus undergoing more homogeneous plastic flow. Block-on-Ring tests elicited adhesive wear as it may happen e.g. in metal-to-metal contacts (e.g. petrochemical valves). This could be effectively restrained by low matrix mean free path. Cyclic impact resistance of coarse-grained coatings was better than that of fine-grained ones, because of better large-scale cohesive strength. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Lyphout, C. and Bolelli, G. and Smazalova, E. and Sato, K. and Yamada, J. and Lusvarghi, L. and Manfredini, T.}, year = {2019}, note = {22 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {Adhesives, Air, Cermets, Compression Strength, Compressive strength, Deformation, Feedstocks, Finite element method, Finite element modelling, Finite element simulations, High velocity air fuels, Impact wear, Localised deformation, Metal-to-metal contact, Plastic Flow, Plastic coatings, Plastic flow, Powder coatings, Powder metals, Seals, Sintered carbides, Sliding wear, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray coatings, Wear of materials, Wear resistance}, pages = {340--354}, } @article{lupoiHardfacingSteelNanostructured2012, title = {Hardfacing steel with nanostructured coatings of {Stellite}-6 by supersonic laser deposition}, volume = {1}, copyright = {2012 The Author(s)}, issn = {2047-7538}, url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/lsa201210}, doi = {10.1038/lsa.2012.10}, abstract = {The ability to manufacture coatings is critical to engineering design. Many components require the application of additional layers to enhance mechanical properties and protect against hostile environments. Supersonic laser deposition (SLD) is a novel coating method based on cold spray (CS) principles. In this technique, the deposition velocities can be significantly lower than those required for effective bonding in CS applications. The addition of laser heat energy permits a change in the thermodynamic experience of impacting particles, thereby offering a greater opportunity for efficient bonding at lower velocities as compared with the CS process. The work reported in this paper demonstrates the ability of the SLD process to deliver hardfacing materials to engineering surfaces. Stellite-6 has been deposited on low-carbon steel tubes over a range of process parameters to establish the appropriate target power and traverse speeds for the coating formation. The coating properties and parameters were examined to determine the primary characteristics and grain structure size. Their morphology and performance were studied through optical microscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction, hardness measurements and wear testing. The results have shown that SLD is capable of depositing layers of Stellite-6, with properties that are superior to those of their conventionally manufactured counterparts.}, language = {en}, number = {5}, urldate = {2025-03-31}, journal = {Light: Science \& Applications}, author = {Lupoi, Rocco and Cockburn, Andrew and Bryan, Chris and Sparkes, Martin and Luo, Fang and O'Neill, William}, month = may, year = {2012}, note = {45 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Nature Publishing Group}, keywords = {Lasers, Microwaves, Optical Devices, Optical and Electronic Materials, Optics, Photonics, RF and Optical Engineering}, pages = {e10--e10}, } @article{luoSituWearTest2014, title = {In {Situ} {Wear} {Test} on {Thermal} {Spray} {Coatings} in a {Large} {Chamber} {Scanning} {Electron} {Microscope}}, volume = {24}, issn = {10599630 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84925511170&doi=10.1007%2fs11666-014-0163-5&partnerID=40&md5=6ff8dce0ae6e5623b39a4235bba167d6}, doi = {10.1007/s11666-014-0163-5}, abstract = {Currently, the determination of the mass loss is usually used for a quantitative evaluation of wear tests, while the analysis of wear tracks is utilized for a qualitative evaluation of wear. Both evaluation methods can only be used after the wear testing process and their results only present the final outcome of the wear test. However, the changes during the wear test and the time-dependent wear mechanisms are of great interest as well. A running wear test in a large chamber scanning electron microscope (SEM) offers the first opportunity to observe the wear process in situ. Different wear mechanisms, such as the adhesive, abrasive wear, surface fatigue and tribochemical reaction, can be recorded with high magnification. Within this research, a special pin-on-disk testing device is designed for a vacuum environment. Using this device, arc-sprayed NiCrBSi coatings and high-velocity-oxygen-fuel-sprayed WC-12Co coatings were tested in a large chamber SEM with Al2O3 ceramic balls as wear counterparts. During the wear testing, different wear mechanisms were determined and the processes were recorded in short video streams. © 2014, ASM International.}, language = {English}, number = {1-2}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {Luo, W. and Tillmann, W. and Selvadurai, U.}, year = {2014}, note = {6 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Springer New York LLC}, keywords = {Aluminum coatings, Evaluation methods, High magnifications, Large-chamber scanning electron microscopes, Qualitative evaluations, Quantitative evaluation, Scanning electron microscopy, Sprayed coatings, Surface reactions, Thermal spray coatings, Thermal spraying, Tribochemical reaction, Tribology, Tungsten carbide, Video streaming, Wear mechanisms, Wear of materials, in situ, thermal spray, tribology, wear mechanisms}, pages = {263--270}, } @article{luoHighspeedPhotographicObservation2016, title = {High-speed photographic observation of collapse of two cavitation bubbles}, volume = {59}, issn = {1869-1900}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11431-015-0938-1}, doi = {10.1007/s11431-015-0938-1}, abstract = {Cavitation as a hydrodynamic phenomenon exists widely in water conservancy, shipbuilding, chemical and many other industries. Previous cavitation bubble dynamic studies mainly focused on single cavitation bubbles and their interaction with the wall. This paper studies the interaction between two cavitation bubbles under conditions with or without a wall. The results show that if the inception of two cavitation bubbles is not synchronized, the cavitation bubble of early inception collapse backwards the cavitation bubble of later inception; if the inception of two cavitation bubbles is synchronized, the two bubbles collapse towards each other; if a wall exists nearby, no matter whether the line connecting the centers of the two cavitation bubbles is vertical or parallel to the wall, the two cavitation bubbles collapse towards each other and then gradually merge, and the merged collapse body quickly moves to the wall. It is suggested that, as the number of cavitation bubbles increases, the cavitation erosion effect is not simply increased proportionally. Instead, mutual inhibitory effect may be demonstrated.}, language = {en}, number = {11}, urldate = {2025-02-04}, journal = {Science China Technological Sciences}, author = {Luo, Jing and Xu, WeiLin and Li, Rui}, month = nov, year = {2016}, note = {0 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {cavitation bubble, high-speed photography, micro-jet, shock wave}, pages = {1707--1716}, } @article{luoEffectResidualStress2016, title = {Effect of {Residual} {Stress} on the {Wear} {Resistance} of {Thermal} {Spray} {Coatings}}, volume = {25}, issn = {10599630 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84953637318&doi=10.1007%2fs11666-015-0309-0&partnerID=40&md5=44ebeb23cdb33985cc6955a1b1302087}, doi = {10.1007/s11666-015-0309-0}, abstract = {The wear resistance of thermal spray coatings mainly depends on coating properties such as the microstructure, hardness, and porosity, as well as on the residual stress in the coating. The residual stress is induced by a variety of influences e.g., temperature gradients, difference of the thermal expansion coefficient of the coating/substrate materials, and the geometry of the components. To investigate the residual stress, the impulse excitation technique was employed to measure the Young’s and shear moduli. The residual stress was determined by the hole-drilling method and x-ray diffraction. Pin-on-Disk and Pin-on-Tube tests were used to investigate the wear behavior. After the wear tests, the wear volume was measured by means of a 3D-profilometer. The results show that the value of the residual stress can be modified by varying the coating thickness and the substrate geometry. The compressive stress in the HVOF-sprayed WC-Co coatings has a significant positive influence on the wear resistance whereas the tensile stress has a negative effect. © 2015, ASM International.}, language = {English}, number = {1-2}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {Luo, W. and Selvadurai, U. and Tillmann, W.}, year = {2016}, note = {71 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Springer New York LLC}, keywords = {Coating properties, Coating thickness, Coatings, Compressive stress, HVOF thermal spraying, Hole drilling method, Impulse excitation technique, Nondestructive examination, Residual stresses, Sprayed coatings, Substrate geometry, Thermal expansion, Thermal expansion coefficients, Thermal spray coatings, Thickness measurement, Tribology, Tungsten alloys, Tungsten carbide, WC-Co, Wear behaviors, Wear of materials, Wear resistance, X ray diffraction, residual stress, tribology, wear, x-ray diffraction (XRD)}, pages = {321--330}, } @article{luoCrackingInducedTribological2019, title = {Cracking induced tribological behavior changes for the {HVOF} {WC}-{12Co} cermet coatings}, volume = {45}, issn = {0272-8842}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272884218332814}, doi = {10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.11.164}, abstract = {HVOF sprayed WC based cermet coatings have been widely used in industries as barriers against wear and hydrodynamic cavitation due to their high hardness and relatively high toughness. However, cracking of the coatings can occur during coating production or in service, which can reduce operational performances. It can be difficult to assess the performance impact due to cracks within the coating and as to whether the cracked coatings should be resprayed or removed from service. In this work, artificial cracks of different widths were introduced to liquid fuel HVOF sprayed WC-12Co coating through uniaxial tension of the coated steel substrate to assess the implications of such cracking. Tribological performances of the cracked coatings were examined using rubber wheel dry abrasion, ‘ball on disc’ sliding wear, and ultrasonic cavitation erosion. The results show that the crack deteriorates the abrasive wear resistance of the coating at the initial stage due to preferable mass loss at the cracks. However, after 30 min of abrasion, all the cracked coatings showed the same wear rate as compared to the non-cracked coating, with the abrasive wear resistance acting independent to the crack characteristics. Because the cracks could store wear debris and thus minimize the debris induced abrasion to the coating surface during sliding wear test, both improvement in wear resistance and reduction in coefficient of friction (COF) were detected in the cracked coatings. During the cavitation test, it was found that the mass loss of the specimen increased significantly (up to 75\%)with crack width and density suggesting that the crack presence greatly deteriorated the cavitation resistance of the cermet coatings.}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-07-10}, journal = {Ceramics International}, author = {Luo, Xiao-Tao and Smith, Gregory M. and Wang, Yan and Gildersleeve, Edward and Sampath, Sanjay and Li, Chang-Jiu}, month = mar, year = {2019}, note = {24 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Abrasion wear, Cracked coating, Sliding wear, Ultrasonic cavitation erosion, WC-Co cermet}, pages = {4718--4728}, } @article{luMicrostructureBondingStrength2002, title = {Microstructure and bonding strength of {WC} reinforced {Ni}-base alloy brazed composite coating}, volume = {153}, issn = {02578972 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0036535013&doi=10.1016%2fS0257-8972%2801%2901555-9&partnerID=40&md5=5c57f9e3e0843db72eb2816668f8161f}, doi = {10.1016/S0257-8972(01)01555-9}, abstract = {A tungsten carbide (WC) reinforced Ni-Cr-B-Si(Co) composite coating was produced on mild steel by high temperature vacuum brazing. The microstructure, phases present and the interface diffusion have been investigated. The cobalt coated on the surface of WC particles dissolved into the liquid nickel-base alloy but the WC was not decomposed severely during the vacuum brazing process. Microanalysis showed that the composite coating matrix was composed of γ-Ni solution and γ-Ni + (Ni,Co)3B lamellar eutectic. Diffusion and metallurgical reaction occurred at the WC/NiCrBSi(Co) interface and composite coating/ substrate interface. A 6-μm thick brazing seam or interfacial bonding zone was found between the coating and the substrate as the coated sample cooled down. Bonding strengths of the WC/NiCrBSi(Co) interface and the composite coating/substrate interface reached 100-140 MPa and 300-360 MPa, respectively, which are far higher than those of thermal spray coating. The abrasive wear resistance of brazed composite coating also appears to be better than that of the flame overlaid at the same composition. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {1}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Lu, S.-P. and Kwon, O.-Y.}, year = {2002}, note = {68 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Bonding, Carbon steel, Coatings, Composite coating, Composite coatings, Diffusion, Electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA), Eutectics, Lamellar eutectic, Microanalysis, Microstructure, Nickel alloys, Nickel-base alloy, Substrates, Tungsten carbide, Vacuum brazing, Wear resistance, bond strength, coating, composite, microstructure, nickel alloy, tungsten carbide}, pages = {40--48}, } @article{luerErosionoxidationBehaviorHVOF1994, title = {The erosion-oxidation behavior of {HVOF} {Cr3C2}-{NiCr} cermet coating}, volume = {174}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0028436788&doi=10.1016%2f0043-1648%2894%2990100-7&partnerID=40&md5=8818545796e6a17f0fd501dbc9fccdb3}, doi = {10.1016/0043-1648(94)90100-7}, abstract = {DenSys DS-200 coating is a proprietary hypersonic velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) Cr3C2-NiCr cermet coating used in elevated temperature service environments including fluidized bed boilers, coal-fired boilers and municipal waste incinerators. The elevated temperature erosion-corrosion (oxidation) behavior of this HVOF Cr3C2-NiCr coating was investigated using a range of test temperatures, impact angles, erodents and particle velocities. The erosion-corrosion behavior of HVOF Cr3C2-NiCr coatings was compared with those of 1018 steel and other thermal-spray coatings including FeCrSiB (Armacor M), Ni-base, Cr2O3-6SiO2-4Al2O3 (Rokide C), Cr2O3-12SiO2-2Al2O3-4MgO (Rokide MBC) and WC-NiCrCo (SMI 712). It was found that the erosion-oxidation resistance of HVOF Cr3C2-NiCr coating was higher than those of 1018 steel and other coatings at impact angles of 30° and 90°. The erosion-oxidation behavior of coatings was well related to their morphology. The high erosion-oxidation resistance of the HVOF Cr3C2-NiCr coating was attributed to its low porosity, fine grain structure and homogeneous distribution of hard carbides/oxides which form a skeletal network within a ductile and corrosion-resistant metal binder. © 1994.}, language = {English}, number = {1-2}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Luer, K.}, year = {1994}, note = {94 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Carbides, Cermet coating, Cermets, Coating techniques, Coatings, Corrosion, Corrosion resistance, Erosion, Erosion oxidation behavior, Erosion oxidation resistance, Hypersonic velocity oxygen fuel, Materials testing, Morphology, Oxidation, Particle erosivity, Particle impact angle, Particle velocity, Porosity, Protective coatings, Steel, Targets, Test temperature, Thermal spray method}, pages = {177--185}, } @article{luDependenceDielectricResponse2023, title = {Dependence of the dielectric response of {PVDF}-based nanocomposites on the size of {MoS2}}, volume = {278}, issn = {0032-3861}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032386123003129}, doi = {10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125982}, abstract = {Polymeric dielectric materials show great values in various modern electronic devices. However, breaking the paradox between dielectric constant (εr) and breakdown strength (Eb) is still a great challenge for achieving the dielectric composites with high energy storage. In this paper, ultrasmall molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanodots with a size of ∼5 nm are prepared by gradient centrifugation, and the effect of nanodots on dielectric response is investigated via a comparative study with MoS2 nanoflakes. It is demonstrated that, both MoS2 nanodots and nanoflakes can induce poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) to generate more polar β-phases. Moreover, within composites, the presence of MoS2 nanodots contributes to a greater degree of freedom for the polymer molecular chains at interface, which is responsible for the low loss. In addition, the unique quantum effect of nanodots brings higher Eb to the composites, finally realizing the promotion of εr and Eb simultaneously. However, due to the relatively compact interface between the MoS2 nanoflakes and the polymer molecular chains, the molecular chains are harder able to respond to changes in the electric field, resulting in a limited εr and an unsatisfactory dielectric loss (tanδ). Among them, the composite filled with 0.05 wt\% MoS2 nanodots achieves a highest discharge energy density (Ud) of 5.4 J/cm3, lowest tanδ of 0.015@103 Hz and the most considerable Eb of 510 MV/m. This work provides theoretical guidance for the preparation of high-performance dielectric composites.}, urldate = {2025-03-02}, journal = {Polymer}, author = {Lu, Zhen-jie and Luo, Hua-bin and Qi, Xiao-dong and Sun, De-xiang and Wang, Yong and Yang, Jing-hui}, month = jun, year = {2023}, note = {4 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Dielectric property, MoS nanodot, MoS nanoflake}, pages = {125982}, } @article{lorussoUnbiasedRoughnessMeasurements2018, title = {Unbiased roughness measurements: {Subtracting} out {SEM} effects, part 2}, volume = {36}, issn = {2166-2746}, shorttitle = {Unbiased roughness measurements}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1116/1.5046477}, doi = {10.1116/1.5046477}, abstract = {The measurement of roughness of small lithographic patterns is biased by noise in the scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) used to make the measurements. Unbiasing the roughness measurement requires the measurement and subtraction of the image noise based on its unique frequency behavior. Improvement to prior white noise removal is achieved by applying a pink noise model. This pink noise removal technique was applied to roughness measurements made with different electron doses (frames of integration), different operating voltages, and different generations of SEM tools. Effective noise removal to create accurate unbiased estimates of the roughness was achieved over a wider range of SEM tool parameter settings than has been previously achieved. As a result, unbiased roughness measurements can now be used to characterize and improve stochastic variability in semiconductor lithography and patterning.}, number = {6}, urldate = {2024-07-10}, journal = {Journal of Vacuum Science \& Technology B}, author = {Lorusso, Gian F. and Rutigliani, Vito and Van Roey, Frieda and Mack, Chris A.}, month = nov, year = {2018}, note = {16 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {06J503}, } @article{lopezRoleParticleSize2018, title = {The role of particle size and solids concentration on the transition from moderate to severe slurry wear regimes of {ASTM} {A743} grade {CA6NM} stainless steel}, volume = {127}, issn = {0301679X (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85048122183&doi=10.1016%2fj.triboint.2018.05.035&partnerID=40&md5=bd3ff395e94caada46e459ab582884ef}, doi = {10.1016/j.triboint.2018.05.035}, abstract = {The role of particle size and solids concentration on the slurry erosion of a stainless steel was studied with base in laboratory tests and data from field inspections of two Pelton turbines. The slurry for the laboratory tests was composed of water and SiO2 sand particles with mean diameter ranging from 50 to 655 μm and solids concentrations up to 1200 mg l−1. The wear rate increased linearly with solids concentration within the range studied, while the sensitivity of the surface to changes in erosive particle size decreased with the particle size. A critical particle size range for the moderate-to-severe wear regime transition was found, which is practically unaffected by the variety of solids concentrations considered in this study. © 2018}, language = {English}, journal = {Tribology International}, author = {López, D.A. and Zapata, J. and Sepúlveda, M. and Hoyos, E. and Toro, A.}, year = {2018}, note = {13 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {Critical particle size, Erosion, Field inspection, Hydraulic motors, Hydraulic turbines, Laboratory test, Particle size, Pelton turbines, Sand particles, Silica, Slurry erosion, Solids concentrations, Stainless steel, Wear of materials, Wear regime transition, Wear regimes}, pages = {96--107}, } @article{loImprovementCavitationErosion2003, title = {Improvement of cavitation erosion resistance of {AISI} 316 stainless steel by laser surface alloying using fine {WC} powder}, volume = {165}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0257897202007399}, doi = {10.1016/s0257-8972(02)00739-9}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Lo, K. H. and Cheng, F. T. and Kwok, C. T. and Man, H. Chung}, year = {2003}, note = {90 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier}, pages = {258--267}, } @article{llewellynScouringErosionResistance2004, title = {Scouring erosion resistance of metallic materials used in slurry pump service}, volume = {256}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-1442312997&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2003.10.002&partnerID=40&md5=962cb265c9c09edd79b6b0a5ec55ee42}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2003.10.002}, abstract = {Low impact angle erosion resistance is a critical requirement of materials used in pumps, piping, valves, nozzles, cyclones and other components which transport and process most mineral slurries. The Coriolis method offers a suitable technique for assessing behavior under such scouring attack conditions. It is being used increasingly in support of the mining/mineral processing industry, to compare and discriminate between candidate materials and also assist in the development of new products and protection systems. The specific method used in the current study involves high velocity erosion with aqueous slurry containing 10wt.\% of AFS 50-70 silica test sand. This compares reasonably with the main, extremely abrasive solids constituent encountered in mining and processing oil sands deposits in northern Alberta, Canada. These are becoming a rapidly growing and critically important source of oil in North America. Abrasion resistant chrome white iron castings typically covered by the ASTM A532 standard, are used widely in slurry pump components particularly in oil sand operations. However, the development of proprietary cast hypereutectic chromium white irons with microstructures containing primary M7C3-type carbides, is providing the capability to significantly improve the wear performance of such parts. In certain applications where corrosion contributes significantly to overall attack, lower carbon and higher chromium-bearing variants are employed.A comparison of the Coriolis erosion behavior of a wide range of commercially available cast wear and corrosion resistant and high toughness alloys used in pump manufacture, has confirmed anticipated performance ranking and the superiority of the latest generation of hypereutectic chrome white irons. The ameliorative influence on scouring erosion behavior of high carbon content, hardness and carbide volume fraction and particularly of fine carbide size has been demonstrated. A correlation is drawn between test data and service performance. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {6}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Llewellyn, R.J. and Yick, S.K. and Dolman, K.F.}, year = {2004}, note = {177 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Chrome carbide, Coriolis erosion, Corrosion resistance, Erosion, Erosion resistance, Hypereutectic, Mineral slurries, Oil sands, Product development, Scouring, Silica sand, Slurries, Slurry pumps, Wear of materials, White irons, corrosion resistance, erosive wear, eutectic alloy, scour, slurry pump, wear resistance}, pages = {592--599}, } @article{liuW1xMxCarbides2021, title = {({W1}-x,{Mx}){C} carbides with desired combinations of compatible density and properties – {A} first-principles study}, volume = {104}, issn = {00027820 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85107016872&doi=10.1111%2fjace.17828&partnerID=40&md5=3141f17ce4fccc26b660a6e297e9c04e}, doi = {10.1111/jace.17828}, abstract = {Tungsten monocarbide (WC) is one of the highly valuable hard materials for industry, widely used as reinforcement in hardfacing overlays, thermal spray coatings, composites, and various alloys. However, its large density leads to the inhomogeneous distribution of WC particles in the metal-matrix hardfacing overlays. It is highly wished to have appropriate reinforcing phases with an optimal combination of high strength, compatible density, and physical properties. In this study, we tailored WC by partially substituting W with 3d and 4d transition metals through first-principles calculations. It is demonstrated that WC can be tailored by element-substitution with desired properties. Identified stable (Formula presented.) carbides possess lowered density and mechanical properties that are comparable to those of WC. Physical properties, for example, the Debye temperature, Grüneisen parameter, and thermal conductivity, of the tailored carbides are also studied for widened applications. Efforts are made to generate comprehensive information on metal-substituted (Formula presented.) with elucidated underlying mechanisms through analyzing the corresponding electronic characteristics. © 2021 The American Ceramic Society}, language = {English}, number = {8}, journal = {Journal of the American Ceramic Society}, author = {Liu, R. and Zhang, D. and Tang, Y. and Tang, X. and Humphries, E. and Li, D.}, year = {2021}, note = {7 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Blackwell Publishing Inc.}, keywords = {Calculations, Carbides, Comprehensive information, Density (specific gravity), Electronic characteristics, Element substitution, First-principles calculation, First-principles study, Hard coatings, Inhomogeneous distribution, Optimal combination, Pavement overlays, Thermal conductivity, Thermal spray coatings, Transition metals, density, electronic structure, first-principles calculation, properties, transition metal, tungsten carbide}, pages = {4239--4256}, } @article{liuEffectsMolybdenumContent2015, title = {Effects of molybdenum content on the wear/erosion and corrosion performance of low-carbon {Stellite} alloys}, volume = {78}, issn = {0261-3069}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261306915002125}, doi = {10.1016/j.matdes.2015.04.030}, abstract = {The strengthening agents of Stellite alloys are commonly various carbides, but intermetallic compounds may play a similar role to the carbides. In this research two low-carbon Stellite alloys with high molybdenum content are developed and studied, which are modified version of Stellite 21. This particular elemental content combination results in large amounts of Co3Mo intermetallic compound precipitated in these alloys. The microstructures of the alloys are analyzed using SEM/EDX/XRD and DSC. The dry sliding wear resistance and solid-particle erosion resistance of the alloys are evaluated experimentally. The corrosion performance of the alloys in 3.5wt.\% sodium chloride (NaCl) aqueous solution is investigated under electrochemical tests. It is shown that the intermetallic compounds enhance hardness and wear resistance as the carbides do in Stellite alloys, but do not favor solid-particle erosion resistance due to their brittleness. The presence of the intermetallic compounds does not worsen corrosion resistance, compared to Stellite 21.}, urldate = {2024-11-17}, journal = {Materials \& Design}, author = {Liu, Rong and Yao, Jianhua and Zhang, Qunli and Yao, Matthew X. and Collier, Rachel}, month = aug, year = {2015}, note = {53 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Carbide, Intermetallic compound, Stellite alloy, Wear/erosion and corrosion}, pages = {95--106}, } @article{liuEffectHeatTreatment2017, title = {Effect of heat treatment on structure and property evolutions of atmospheric plasma sprayed {NiCrBSi} coatings}, volume = {325}, issn = {0257-8972}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0257897217306989}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.07.011}, abstract = {To investigate the evolutions of structures and properties of NiCrBSi coatings on cylinder liner of engines during its service, atmospheric plasma sprayed (APS) NiCrBSi coatings were heat treated at 300, 500, or 700°C in this work. The effect of heat treatment on microstructure, phase composition, microhardness and tribological performance has been investigated. It was identified that as-sprayed coatings mainly consisted of γ-(Ni, Fe) phase while CrB and Ni3B phases precipitated from the coatings during the heat treatments at 500 and 700°C. In addition, inter-splat oxidation of the coating during the heat treatment occurred. Moreover, the crystallinity of the coating was significantly enhanced with increasing the heat treatment temperature. The heat treatment improved obviously the microhardness whereas it did not exert a pronounced effect on the friction coefficients of the coatings. In spite of the enhanced microhardness, the heat treatment at 700°C increased the wear rate comparatively. It was revealed that inter-splat debonding of the coating surface layer involved in the friction dominated the wear resistance of the coating. Inter-splat oxidation and reduction of coating toughness due to heat treatment can account for the increased wear rate.}, urldate = {2024-06-30}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Liu, Liming and Xu, Haifeng and Xiao, Jinkun and Wei, Xinlong and Zhang, Ga and Zhang, Chao}, month = sep, year = {2017}, note = {85 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Heat treatment, Microstructure, NiCrBSi coating, Plasma spray, Wear resistance}, pages = {548--554}, } @article{liuCreepFractureModeling1998, title = {Creep fracture modeling by use of continuum damage variable based on {Voronoi} simulation of grain boundary cavity}, volume = {40}, issn = {0020-7403}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020740397000453}, doi = {10.1016/S0020-7403(97)00045-3}, abstract = {A new approach to creep cavitation damage is developed by combining the basic features of continuum damage mechanics and mechanism-based cavitation models. Based on a polycrystal microstructures simulated by Voronoi tessellation, an anisotropic continuum damage variable is defined, and its evolution is given by applying the mechanism-based equations of cavity nucleation and growth to each grain boundary. Macroscopic creep deformation coupled with the damage variable is calculated by damage mechanics equations. The proposed method has been applied to investigate the damage evolution under uniaxial tension and reversed shear loading conditions.}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-07-12}, journal = {International Journal of Mechanical Sciences}, author = {Liu, Yan and Kageyama, Yoshihiro and Murakami, Sumio}, month = feb, year = {1998}, note = {35 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Voronoi tessellation, anisotropic damage, creep-damage mechanics, damage variable, grain boundary cavity, micromechanics}, pages = {147--158}, } @article{liuApplicationsMultirotorDrone2018, title = {Applications of multirotor drone technologies in construction management}, volume = {19}, doi = {10.1080/15623599.2018.1452101}, abstract = {Multirotor drones are considered a new and innovative technology. Therefore, many fields are showing increasing interest in utilizing multirotor drones, such as mapping in mining and surveillance in transportation. The construction industry has been a slow adopter of novel technologies. However, multirotor drones have potential to facilitate construction in many aspects. There is, therefore, a need to extensively research their applications and analyze their roles in construction engineering and management. This paper aims to comprehensively investigate the current applications of multirotor drones, analyze their benefits and explore their potential in the future of the construction industry. Several main aspects are reviewed and discussed, namely land surveying, logistics, on-site construction, maintenance and demolition. The results reveal that the main contributions are work safety, cost-effectiveness and carbon emission reduction, while there are possible adverse impacts on the basis of current limitations of multirotor drones. However, it can be predicted that the usefulness of drones will continue to increase in the future of the construction industry. Thus, this study will benefit construction managers in raising awareness of the use of these emerging technologies and researchers in further exploring applications of multirotor drones in construction projects.}, journal = {International Journal of Construction Management}, author = {Liu, Chunlu}, month = apr, year = {2018}, note = {253 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Multirotor drones, construction management, construction technologies, life cycle, unmanned aerial vehicles}, pages = {1--12}, } @article{lindgrenSlurryPotInvestigation2014, title = {Slurry pot investigation of the influence of erodant characteristics on the erosion resistance of titanium}, volume = {321}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84911116820&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2014.10.005&partnerID=40&md5=b81ffc3c29e5b09fd71f06b8fba449e2}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2014.10.005}, abstract = {Titanium is used as a construction material under the most demanding process conditions in hydrometallurgical industry where process equipment is subjected to erosion-corrosion. In order to understand complex erosion-corrosion behavior of titanium its erosion behavior needs to be understood first. Titanium (ASTM Grade 2) was eroded in a slurry pot tester under normal impact using nine different erodants with varying particle size and shape. The measured weight losses were compared to those of 316L stainless steel obtained under similar experimental conditions. The results showed that various erodants damaged the titanium surface as a result of several mechanisms including microcutting and crater formation. The induced weight loss was not solely dependent on the kinetic energy of the particles but their shape was also found to have an effect. Titanium showed slightly higher mass loss than 316L. The relative ranking of the severity of the erodants was found to be the same for titanium as for 316L stainless steel. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Lindgren, M. and Perolainen, J.}, year = {2014}, note = {22 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {316 L stainless steel, Construction equipment, Corrosion, Corrosion resistance, Erosion, Erosion - corrosions, Erosion testing, Erosion-corrosion behavior, Experimental conditions, Kinetics, Particle size and shape, Process equipments, Slurry erosion, Stainless steel, Titanium}, pages = {64--69}, } @article{limaWearCorrosionPerformance2020, title = {Wear and corrosion performance of {Stellite} 6® coatings applied by {HVOF} spraying and {GTAW} hotwire cladding}, volume = {284}, issn = {09240136 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85085088253&doi=10.1016%2fj.jmatprotec.2020.116734&partnerID=40&md5=67428c53d66d2bdec21178fbda145750}, doi = {10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2020.116734}, abstract = {Different coating technologies imply a large variation in the properties of the deposited material. This work compares, for the first time, the wear and corrosion performance of Stellite 6® coatings applied onto substrates of low carbon steel by the Gas Tungsten Arc Welding hot-wire cladding and by High Velocity Oxygen Fuel spraying technologies. The impact of the microstructure and mechanical properties in the wear and corrosion results are also discussed. Slurry erosion tests are performed at two solid particles impact angles, 30° and 90°, and impact velocities of 3.61 and 9.33 m/s. Abrasive wear performance of the coatings was determined following the ASTM G-65-04 standard. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is applied for corrosion evaluation. HVOF sprayed coatings have performed better in abrasive wear while GTAW hotwire cladding coatings have shown higher resistance to erosive wear and better performance in corrosion tests. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, journal = {Journal of Materials Processing Technology}, author = {Lima, C.R.C. and Belém, M.J.X. and Fals, H.D.C. and Rovere, C.A.D.}, year = {2020}, note = {27 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {Abrasion, Abrasive coatings, Coating technologies, Corrosion, Corrosion evaluation, Corrosion performance, Corrosion resistant coatings, Deposited materials, Electrochemical corrosion, Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, GTAW hot-wire cladding, Gas metal arc welding, Gas tungsten arc welding, Gas welding, HVOF, HVOF thermal spraying, High velocity oxygen fuel spraying, Impact velocities, Low carbon steel, Microstructure and mechanical properties, Sprayed coatings, Steel corrosion, Stellite, Stellite 6®, Wear, Wear resistance}, } @article{limaNearisotropicAirPlasma2004, title = {Near-isotropic air plasma sprayed titania}, volume = {52}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-1242351821&doi=10.1016%2fj.actamat.2003.11.002&partnerID=40&md5=a2bbc60182ecb359541682c0690031e2}, doi = {10.1016/j.actamat.2003.11.002}, abstract = {A titania feedstock was air plasma sprayed on low carbon steel substrates. In-flight particle temperature, velocity and diameter were monitored in order to find a parameter set that resulted in high particle temperature and velocity. Coatings were produced using the chosen parameter set, and certain mechanical properties (Vickers microhardness, Knoop microhardness and elastic modulus) of these deposits were measured on the cross-section and in-plane (top surface). The microstructure was evaluated using image analysis (porosity) and scanning electron microscopy. Thermal spray coatings are widely known for their anisotropic character, however, in this work, the mechanical properties of the titania coatings exhibited very similar values on the cross-section and in-plane regions. The reasons why this near-isotropic character is present are suggested and discussed. Crown © 2003 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf Acta Materialia Inc. All rights reserved.}, number = {5}, journal = {Acta Materialia}, author = {Lima, R.S. and Marple, B.R.}, year = {2004}, note = {24 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Air, Anisotropy, Carbon steel, Coatings, Elastic behavior, Elastic moduli, Feedstocks, Hardness, Indentation, Microhardness, Microindentation, Plasma spraying, Porosity, Scanning electron microscopy, Titania, Titanium compounds}, pages = {1163--1170}, } @article{liImprovedCavitationModel2023, title = {An improved cavitation model with thermodynamic effect and multiple cavitation regimes}, volume = {205}, issn = {0017-9310}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0017931023000108}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2023.123854}, abstract = {Mechanical feed pumps in organic Rankine cycle (ORC) power plants can suffer from cavitation to lose their normal feeding performance or even damage. Cavitation models for organic fluids in ORC systems are lacking presently. Hence, a new cavitation model with thermodynamic effect was proposed. Surface tension-controlled, inertia-controlled, intermediate and heat transfer-controlled cavitation regimes, and two key elements: vapour bubble growth rate and vapour bubble number density are included in the model. A known air or non-condensable gas concentration in the liquid was employed to determine cavitation nuclei number density. The model was coded in ANSYS CFX as user defined model and validated with cavitating flows of organic fluid R114 in a venturi, liquid nitrogen and liquid hydrogen on a tapered hydrofoil and warm water around a hydrofoil NACA 0015 in cavitation tunnels based on visualised cavity length. Two model constants, temperature depression, and minimal cavitation number were correlated to bulk liquid temperature, Reynolds number, and Jakob number. The temperature and pressure profiles of liquid nitrogen and hydrogen on hydrofoil surface were examined against the experimental data. The model was applied to simulate unsteady cavitating flows of organic fluid R245fa in a diaphragm pump. It was shown that the temperature depression and minimal cavitation number cannot be correlated to bulk liquid temperature, Reynolds number and Jakob number. Two model constants can be correlated fairly to Reynolds number. The model underestimates the thermodynamic effect by 43\% for R114, 18.6\% for liquid nitrogen and 32.6\% for liquid hydrogen based on temperature depression. The predicted temperature and pressure profiles on hydrofoil surface agree with the experimental data for liquid nitrogen. The model can produce an expected curve of mean pump flow rate against net positive suction head available.}, urldate = {2025-02-04}, journal = {International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer}, author = {Li, Wenguang and Yu, Zhibin and Kadam, Sambhaji}, month = may, year = {2023}, note = {21 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cavitation model, Cavitation regime, Organic fluid, Rayleigh-Plesset equation, Temperature depression, Thermodynamic effect}, pages = {123854}, } @article{liFormationAmorphousPhase1996, title = {Formation of an amorphous phase in thermally sprayed {WC}-{Co}}, volume = {5}, issn = {1544-1016}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02647520}, doi = {10.1007/BF02647520}, abstract = {A WC-Co coating was sprayed by the high-velocity oxyfuel process using a feedstock of tungsten carbide clad with cobalt. The structure of the sprayed coating was characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and differential thermal analysis (DTA). It was found that an amorphous phase of Co-W-C ternary alloy observed as a large, broad peak in the XRD pattern can be formed in the as-sprayed WC-Co coating. The DSC, DTA, and XRD analyses revealed that the amorphous phase crystallized at a temperature of around 873 K to metallic cobalt, Co6W6C, and tungsten with appreciable precipitation of free carbon. The heat treatment of as-sprayed WC-Co coating at a high temperature of 1173 K suggests that annealing at a temperature higher than about 1104 K will promote the reaction of tungsten and cobalt with carbon to form the complex carbide C06W6C.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-07-10}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {Li, C. J. and Ohmori, A. and Harada, Y.}, month = mar, year = {1996}, note = {115 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {HVOF processing, WC-Co material, amorphous phase, microstructure phase identification, structure}, pages = {69--73}, } @article{liEstablishmentConstitutiveModel2024, title = {Establishment of a constitutive model for tungsten carbide with different cobalt content and grain size based on the split {Hopkinson} pressure bar impact test}, volume = {38}, issn = {1976-3824}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-024-0313-8}, doi = {10.1007/s12206-024-0313-8}, abstract = {The efficient precision machining of tungsten carbide has always been a challenge for many reasons, one of which is the lacking of fundamental investigations on the dynamic mechanical properties of WC-Co. In this article, five different types of tungsten carbides (WC-8Co, WC-12Co, WC-15Co, WC-15CoX, and WC-20CoC) were tested by the split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) test, and the Johnson-Cook (JC) model parameters were obtained using least squares fitting as well as the influence of cobalt content and grain size on JC model parameters were investigated. The JC model parameters were verified to be accurate by comparing the cutting force and chip morphology of cutting simulation with DEFORM V11.0 software and of orthogonal cutting tests. The maximum deviation between experimental and simulated cutting forces in the tangential and normal directions were 15.4 \% and 10.8 \%, respectively. Both the simulation and experimental cutting chips were serrated, with segmentation degrees of 55.89 \% and 50.31 \%, respectively.}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-07-11}, journal = {Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology}, author = {Li, Hao and Zhao, Wei and Gao, Xutao and Shi, Weiqi and He, Ning}, month = apr, year = {2024}, note = {1 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Finite element simulation, Johnson-Cook model, Orthogonal cutting, Split Hopkinson pressure bar, Tungsten carbide}, pages = {1789--1801}, } @article{liElectronicMechanicalProperties2011, title = {The electronic, mechanical properties and theoretical hardness of chromium carbides by first-principles calculations}, volume = {509}, issn = {0925-8388}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925838811003197}, doi = {10.1016/j.jallcom.2011.02.009}, abstract = {In the present study, the ground state properties of chromium carbides (h-CrC, c-CrC, Cr3C, Cr3C2, Cr7C3, and Cr23C6) are calculated by means of the first-principles pseudopotential method using the CASTEP code. The equilibrium crystal structures and thermodynamical stability of the six chromium carbide phases are discussed. Moreover, the chemical bonding in these carbides are interpreted by calculating the density of states, electron density distribution and Mulliken analysis; all the six chromium carbides have a combination of metallic, ionic and covalent bonding characteristic, while Cr7C3 exhibits the strongest metallic character. The elastic constants, elastic anisotropies and theoretical hardness of the carbides are also presented, which are important parameters for the structural materials and surface coatings.}, number = {17}, urldate = {2024-07-14}, journal = {Journal of Alloys and Compounds}, author = {Li, Yefei and Gao, Yimin and Xiao, Bing and Min, Ting and Yang, Ying and Ma, Shengqiang and Yi, Dawei}, month = apr, year = {2011}, note = {240 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Electronic structure, First-principles calculations, Inorganic compounds, Mechanical properties, Stability}, pages = {5242--5249}, } @article{liEffectSurfaceDamage2023, title = {Effect of surface damage induced by cavitation erosion on pitting and passive behaviors of {304L} stainless steel}, volume = {30}, issn = {1674-4799, 1869-103X}, url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12613-023-2602-0}, doi = {10.1007/s12613-023-2602-0}, language = {en}, number = {7}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials}, author = {Li, Liang and Qiao, Yanxin and Zhang, Lianmin and Ma, Aili and Daniel, Enobong Felix and Ma, Rongyao and Chen, Jian and Zheng, Yugui}, month = jul, year = {2023}, note = {30 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {1338--1352}, } @article{liComparativeStudyCavitation2021, title = {Comparative study on the cavitation erosion behavior of two different rolling surfaces on 304 stainless steel}, volume = {159}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301679X21001420}, doi = {10.1016/j.triboint.2021.106994}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Tribology International}, author = {Li, Z. X. and Zhang, L. M. and Ma, A. L. and Hu, J. X. and Zhang, S. and Daniel, E. F. and Zheng, Y. G.}, year = {2021}, note = {34 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier}, pages = {106994}, } @article{liCharacterizationMicrostructureMechanical2019, title = {Characterization of {Microstructure} and {Mechanical} {Properties} of {Stellite} 6 {Part} {Fabricated} by {Wire} {Arc} {Additive} {Manufacturing}}, volume = {9}, copyright = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/}, issn = {2075-4701}, url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/9/4/474}, doi = {10.3390/met9040474}, abstract = {Stellite 6 alloy has excellent wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and oxidation resistance, however the difficulties in traditional processing limit its wide application. Additive manufacturing technology that has emerged in recent years is expected to provide a new way for the processing of stellite 6 alloy. In this study, two square thin-walled stellite 6 parts were fabricated through the wire arc additive manufacturing technology. At the same time, the effect of stress relief annealing on the mechanical performance of the fabricated stellite 6 part was studied and compared with the corresponding casting part. The results indicate that the additive manufacturing stellite 6 components exhibit satisfactory quality and appearance. Moreover, the microstructure of the additive manufacturing part is much finer than that of the casting part. From the substrate to the top region of the additive manufacturing part, the morphology of the dendrites changes from columnar to equiaxed, and the hardness increases firstly and then decreases gradually. In addition, the average hardness of the additive manufacturing part is {\textasciitilde}7–8 HRC higher than the casting part. The ultimate tensile strength and yield strength is {\textasciitilde}150MPa higher than the casting part, while the elongation is almost the same. The stress relief annealing has no significant effect on the hardness of the AM part, but it can slightly improve the strength.}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2025-03-31}, journal = {Metals}, author = {Li, Zixiang and Cui, Yinan and Wang, Jie and Liu, Changmeng and Wang, Jiachen and Xu, Tianqiu and Lu, Tao and Zhang, Haorui and Lu, Jiping and Ma, Shuyuan and Fan, Hongli and Tang, Shuiyuan}, month = apr, year = {2019}, note = {36 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {474}, } @misc{liAtomScaleCharacterization2d2022, address = {Rochester, NY}, type = {{SSRN} {Scholarly} {Paper}}, title = {Atom-{Scale} {Characterization} and 2d/3d {Modeling} of {Carbides} and {Fe}-{Co} {Phases} in {Stellite} 6\# {Laser} {Cladding} {During} {Aging} {Treatment}}, url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=4121960}, doi = {10.2139/ssrn.4121960}, abstract = {This study applied various aging treatment (AT) times at 650 °C in Stellite 6 laser cladding layer, conducted the atom-scale characterization of stacking faults (SFs) and nanoscale M23C6 carbides, described the martensitic transformation of γ→ ε, and discussed on the growth mechanism of Fe-Co and M23C6 phases by 3D/2D modeling. Results show the formation of three distinct regions relative to Fe diffusion, namely, interfacial layer with Fe-Co and M23C6 phases, Fe diffusion-affected zone with FexCoy distribution at the edge of M23C6 carbides along grain boundary, and Fe diffusion-unaffected zone with abundant carbide precipitation and SF generation. In addition, the formation of M23C6 and Fe-Co phases conformed to dynamics and thermodynamics. Suzuki effect influence the nanoscale carbides with profile and growing direction of [12-1] and [110], respectively, and martensite transformation occurred on (-11-1)γ parallel to (0002)ε as characterized by 2D modeling and HRTEM. The microhardness of surfacing layer was measured in diverse zones, and the results present that AT softened the interfacial layers but increased the hardness of Fe diffusion-affected zones and Fe diffusion-unaffected zones.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-07-14}, author = {Li, Xue and Xiong, Jiankun and Zhang, Le and Yuan, Xinjian and Zhao, Pengfei and Yang, Jianping and Jiao, Yingjun and Zhang, Haibo and Chen, Zhuo and Li, Ting and Sheng, Guangmin}, month = may, year = {2022}, note = {0 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Growth mechanism, Laser cladding, Stellite 6, aging treatment, growth direction, nano-carbides}, } @article{li3DPrintingEnhanced2024, title = {{3D} printing enhanced piezoelectricity of {MXene}/{P}({VDF}-{TrFE}) composites for energy harvesting and force sensing}, volume = {258}, issn = {0266-3538}, doi = {10.1016/j.compscitech.2024.110881}, abstract = {In pursuit of advanced self-powered wearable devices, piezoelectric materials have aroused great attention due to their stable energy harvesting ability from surroundings. However, traditional piezoelectric polymer-based nanogenerators necessitate a high-energy process to align the dipoles of the polymer, which is cumbersome, expensive, and could even lead to material deterioration. To address this challenge, we present a composite strategy with self-poling capability enabled by the extrusion-based 3D printing. MXene nanosheets were introduced into the fluoropolymer poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) (PVDF-TrFE) to provide strong hydrogen bonding as anchors. Under the shear stress generated by the extrusion process, the alignment of the dipoles was realized without additional treatment. The resulting piezoelectric nanogenerator exhibits an open-circuit voltage of 5.5 V, a short-circuit current of 1.1 mu A, and the output power density of 68 mu Wcm(-3) under the force of 22 N and a frequency of 2 Hz. A self-powered sensor was assembled and demonstrated high sensitivity for human motions and facial expressions. Moreover, the 3D-printed piezoelectric composites present good flexibility, which is a crucial property for wearable devices. With the free design capabilities of the 3D printing technology, this strategy may pave the way for customized and feasible processing of high-performance piezoelectric nanogenerators and force sensors.}, language = {English}, journal = {COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY}, author = {Li, C and Huang, ZY and Zhang, L and Song, ZF and Chen, Y and Chang, XW and Hu, PH}, month = nov, year = {2024}, note = {1 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {3D printing, Additive manufacturing, Electro-mechanical behaviour, Polymer-matrix composites (PMCs), Sensing}, } @article{lekatouCorrosionPropertiesHVOF2008, series = {Thin {Films} 2006, {Singapore}}, title = {Corrosion properties of {HVOF} cermet coatings with bond coats in an aqueous chloride environment}, volume = {516}, issn = {0040-6090}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040609007012461}, doi = {10.1016/j.tsf.2007.07.130}, abstract = {WC–17Co coatings with Ni–5Al bonding layers were deposited on Al–7075 by HVOF spraying. The top-coat consisted of layers comprising tungsten carbide particles embedded in a Co(W,C) matrix of varied composition.The coated specimens were subjected to potentiodynamic polarization in 3.5\% aqueous NaCl at 25, 35 and 45 °C. The coatings exhibited pseudopassivity caused by the oxidation of tungsten, carbon and possibly cobalt. Chronoamperometric measurements indicated that the inhomogeneous binder composition induced active corrosion processes taking place simultaneously with pseudopassivity. Cyclic polarization suggested that the coatings were not susceptible to pit corrosion in the temperature range of 25–45 °C. The likely “critical pitting” temperature of the coatings was 60 °C. Higher testing temperatures led to lower corrosion potentials and faster corrosion kinetics.}, number = {16}, urldate = {2024-10-12}, journal = {Thin Solid Films}, author = {Lekatou, A. and Zois, D. and Grimanelis, D.}, month = jun, year = {2008}, note = {27 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Bond-coat, Chronoamperometry, Critical pitting temperature, Cyclic polarization, HVOF, Pit corrosion, WC–Co}, pages = {5700--5705}, } @article{leeStudyPowderMixing2010, title = {A study on powder mixing for high fracture toughness and wear resistance of {WC}-{Co}-{Cr} coatings sprayed by {HVOF}}, volume = {204}, issn = {02578972 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-76349111076&doi=10.1016%2fj.surfcoat.2009.12.014&partnerID=40&md5=97e758c11df661108efc35951deabbae}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2009.12.014}, abstract = {The effects of mixing powders with various particle sizes on the fracture toughness and wear resistance of thermally sprayed WC-10Co-4Cr coating layers fabricated by the HVOF (High-Velocity Oxygen Fuel) process on a S45C steel substrate were investigated. In order to obtain a high fracture toughness and wear resistance, the powder size and powder mixing ratio were varied. The microstructure and chemical composition of the phases in the coatings were characterized by means of the SEM and XRD techniques. Image analysis was used for the evaluation of the porosity of the coatings. Indentations tests were carried out on the cross sections of the coatings to evaluate the hardness and fracture toughness. The wear properties of the coatings were assessed using a pin-on-disk wear tester at ambient temperature without lubrication. The mixing of a small amount of coarse powders with fine powders resulted in the highest fracture toughness and wear resistance, due to the formation of coating layers having the lowest porosity. © 2009.}, language = {English}, number = {14}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Lee, C.W. and Han, J.H. and Yoon, J. and Shin, M.C. and Kwun, S.I.}, year = {2010}, note = {106 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Ambient temperatures, Chemical compositions, Chromate coatings, Chromium, Coarse powders, Coating layer, Cross section, Fine powders, Fracture, Fracture toughness, HVOF, High velocity oxygen fuels, Image analysis, Mixing, Mixing powder, Oxygen, Pin on disk, Porosity, Powder coatings, Powder mixing, Powder size, SEM, Sprayed coatings, Steel substrate, Thermal spray coating, Thermal spray coatings, Tungsten alloys, Tungsten carbide, WC-Co-Cr, Wear, Wear properties, Wear resistance, Wear tester, XRD technique}, pages = {2223--2229}, } @article{leeEffectsFlowVelocity2011, title = {Effects of flow velocity on electrochemical behavior of seachest 5083-{H116} {Al} alloy for ship}, volume = {21}, issn = {10036326 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-80053320794&doi=10.1016%2fS1003-6326%2811%2960918-7&partnerID=40&md5=3dc997e2f9dc4297c72f8f5280559510}, doi = {10.1016/S1003-6326(11)60918-7}, abstract = {Electrochemical behavior of 5083-H116 Al alloy with flow velocity of seachest material for Al ship was evaluated. To examine the electrochemical characteristics of flow velocity and its effects on the performance of the alloy, experiments were conducted at four flow velocity variables using static state with an agitator. An ultrasonic vibration generator using piezoelectric effect was used in cavitation test according to the requirements of in ASTM-G32. The results show that the corrosion current density and damage were increased by applying the flow velocity compared to static state. Therefore, it is determined that the case of applying flow velocity is weaker to the corrosion. © 2011 The Nonferrous Metals Society of China.}, language = {English}, number = {8}, journal = {Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China (English Edition)}, author = {Lee, S.-J. and Kim, S.-J.}, year = {2011}, note = {5 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Al alloys, Aluminum, Aluminum alloys, Cerium alloys, Corrosion, Corrosion current densities, Electric equipment protection, Electrochemical behaviors, Electrochemical characteristics, Flow velocity, Marine growth, Piezo-electric effects, Piezoelectricity, Ships, Static state, Ultrasonic vibration, Velocity, aluminium ships, flow velocity, marine growth prevention system, over-protection, sea-chest}, pages = {1703--1709}, } @article{lechnerPressureTensionWaves2017, title = {Pressure and tension waves from bubble collapse near a solid boundary: {A} numerical approach}, volume = {142}, issn = {0001-4966}, shorttitle = {Pressure and tension waves from bubble collapse near a solid boundary}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1121/1.5017619}, doi = {10.1121/1.5017619}, abstract = {The acoustic waves being generated during the motion of a bubble in water near a solid boundary are calculated numerically. The open source package OpenFOAM is used for solving the Navier-Stokes equation and extended to include nonlinear acoustic wave effects via the Tait equation for water. A bubble model with a small amount of gas is chosen, the gas obeying an adiabatic law. A bubble starting from a small size with high internal pressure near a flat, solid boundary is studied. The sequence of events from bubble growth via axial microjet formation, jet impact, annular nanojet formation, torus-bubble collapse, and bubble rebound to second collapse is described. The different pressure and tension waves with their propagation properties are demonstrated.}, number = {6}, urldate = {2025-02-04}, journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America}, author = {Lechner, Christiane and Koch, Max and Lauterborn, Werner and Mettin, Robert}, month = dec, year = {2017}, note = {73 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {3649--3659}, } @inproceedings{lazarSparsityBasedNoise2015, title = {Sparsity based noise removal from low dose scanning electron microscopy images}, volume = {9401}, url = {https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/9401/940105/Sparsity-based-noise-removal-from-low-dose-scanning-electron-microscopy/10.1117/12.2078438.full}, doi = {10.1117/12.2078438}, abstract = {Scanning electron microscopes are some of the most versatile tools for imaging materials with nanometer resolution. However, images collected at high scan rates to increase throughput and avoid sample damage, suffer from low signalto- noise ratio (SNR) as a result of the Poisson distributed shot noise associated with the electron production and interaction with the surface imaged. The signal is further degraded by additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) from the detection electronics. In this work, denoising frameworks are applied to this type of images, taking advantage of their sparsity character, along with a methodology for determining the AWGN. A variance stabilization technique is applied to the raw data followed by a patch-based denoising algorithm. Results are presented both for images with known levels of mixed Poisson-Gaussian noise, and for raw images. The quality of the image reconstruction is assessed based both on the PSNR as well as on measures specific to the application of the data collected. These include accurate identification of objects of interest and structural similarity. High-quality results are recovered from noisy observations collected at short dwell times that avoid sample damage.}, urldate = {2024-07-10}, booktitle = {Computational {Imaging} {XIII}}, publisher = {SPIE}, author = {Lazar, A. and Fodor, Petru S.}, month = mar, year = {2015}, note = {8 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {29--35}, } @article{layMorphologyWCGrains2008, title = {Morphology of {WC} grains in {WC}–{Co} alloys}, volume = {486}, issn = {0921-5093}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921509307016504}, doi = {10.1016/j.msea.2007.09.019}, abstract = {In two alloys WC–(24wt.\%) Co containing a C and W excess respectively, sintered at 1450°C (10h) the shape of the larger WC grains that is a prism with a truncated triangle base is studied by transmission electron microscopy. The truncation that is the ratio of the short/long triangle sides and the elongation that is the ratio of the prism/triangle heights are quantified. The grains are less truncated and flatter in the C rich alloy. In equilibrium condition the ratio of the interface energies of the prismatic facets determine the truncation. The ratio of the energies of the basal and prismatic planes determines the elongation. The measured truncation confirms the ratio of the interface energies predicted from atomistic calculation for the prismatic facets. The experimental elongation is of the same range as the ratio between the calculated energies in the W rich alloy but much smaller in the C rich alloy. The possible origins of the discrepancy – departure from the equilibrium WC grain shape, model of the WC–Co interfaces used to calculate the interface energies – are discussed.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-07-09}, journal = {Materials Science and Engineering: A}, author = {Lay, S. and Allibert, C. H. and Christensen, M. and Wahnström, G.}, month = jul, year = {2008}, note = {98 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Carbon potential, Grain shape, Interface energy anisotropy, WC–Co}, pages = {253--261}, } @article{lavigneEffectBinderNature2022, title = {Effect of binder nature and content on the cavitation erosion resistance of cemented carbides}, volume = {109}, issn = {0263-4368}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263436822002025}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2022.105978}, abstract = {Cavitation erosion is a common mode of wear in flow control and fluid handling systems. To mitigate this degradation mode, CoCr superalloys or facing coatings are commonly used for flow control or pump parts. Cemented carbides, however, generally present wear resistance superior to that of those materials due to the favourable combination of their mechanical properties. In this study, the cavitation corrosion-erosion performance of cemented carbides with submicronic WC grain size was evaluated in a 3.5 wt\% NaCl aerated solution at room temperature as a function of their binder volume (up to 20\%) and chemistry (Co, Ni, and their combination). The effect of the addition of secondary (cubic) carbides (up to 11 vol\%) on the performance of these materials was also assessed. Results showed that the cavitation erosion-corrosion resistance for these materials was controlled by the carbide contiguity and the binder chemistry. The cavitation erosion resistance increased linearly with the increase of the hardness (as well as H/E and H3/E2 ratios) for the materials having a Ni/(Ni + Co) ratio {\textgreater} 60\% and a HV30 {\textgreater} 1500. Such materials presented superior performances than the CoCr superalloy reference material.}, urldate = {2025-02-08}, journal = {International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials}, author = {Lavigne, Olivier and Cinca, Núria and Ther, Olivier and Tarrés, Elena}, month = dec, year = {2022}, note = {7 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cavitation, Cemented carbide, Corrosion, Erosion, Hard material, Wear}, pages = {105978}, } @article{lavigneCavitationErosionBehavior2017, title = {Cavitation erosion behavior of {HVOF} {CaviTec} coatings}, volume = {386-387}, issn = {0043-1648}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043164817304180}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2017.06.003}, abstract = {CaviTec® is an alloy known for its high resistance to cavitation erosion. Under cavitation, this material absorbs impact energies and undergoes a structural phase transformation. This attribute gives rise to a long incubation period before erosion and material loss take place. In this work, CaviTec powders were prepared by water atomization and mechanical alloying. Coatings were deposited on 304-type stainless steel substrates using the high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) technique and their mechanical properties were evaluated using indentation. The cavitation erosion properties were evaluated using an ultrasonic cavitation erosion tester. The microstructure was studied using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The cavitation erosion resistance of coatings prepared from atomized CaviTec powder was enhanced when powders were milled prior to deposition. The resistance was further improved by optimizing deposition conditions reaching performances comparable to Stellite-6 and WC-CoCr HVOF coatings. Inspection using SEM micrographs of the damaged surface of CaviTec coatings indicates that surface degradation and material loss initiated at defect sites such as pores and inter-splat boundaries. This preferential erosion led to the removal of CaviTec particles before significant phase transformation took place in the material.}, urldate = {2025-02-04}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Lavigne, Sébastien and Pougoum, Fabrice and Savoie, Sylvio and Martinu, Ludvik and Klemberg-Sapieha, Jolanta E. and Schulz, Robert}, month = sep, year = {2017}, note = {58 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Austenitic steel, Ball milling, CaviTec powder, Cavitation erosion, HVOF, Ultrasonic cavitation}, pages = {90--98}, } @article{lauterbornExperimentalInvestigationsCavitationbubble1975, title = {Experimental investigations of cavitation-bubble collapse in the neighbourhood of a solid boundary}, volume = {72}, issn = {1469-7645, 0022-1120}, url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-fluid-mechanics/article/abs/experimental-investigations-of-cavitationbubble-collapse-in-the-neighbourhood-of-a-solid-boundary/8B4A5D1B7D3A29253E9B9949267A45D7}, doi = {10.1017/S0022112075003448}, abstract = {Cavitation bubbles were produced by focusing giant pulses of a Q-switched ruby laser into distilled water. The dynamics of the bubbles in the neighbourhood of a solid boundary were studied by means of high-speed photography using a rotating-mirror camera with framing rates of up to 300000 frame/s. Bubble motion was evaluated from the frames with the aid of a digital computer using a graphical input device. Smoothed distance-time curves of different portions of the bubble wall were obtained also, allowing a reliable calculation of bubble-wall velocities (except at the actual instant of collapse). One of the numerical examples of the collapse of a spherical bubble near a plane solid boundary obtained by Plesset \& Chapman could be realized experimentally. A comparison of the bubble shapes shows good agreement.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-08-04}, journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics}, author = {Lauterborn, W. and Bolle, H.}, month = nov, year = {1975}, note = {721 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {391--399}, } @article{lauterbornCavitationBubbleDynamics1985, title = {Cavitation bubble dynamics studied by high speed photography and holography: part one}, volume = {23}, issn = {0041-624X}, shorttitle = {Cavitation bubble dynamics studied by high speed photography and holography}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0041624X85900484}, doi = {10.1016/0041-624X(85)90048-4}, abstract = {Bubble dynamics has been recognized as being responsible for many effects in ultrasonic fields, for example cleaning and destruction of surfaces, and emulsification. To improve the performance of ultrasonic devices which make use of these effects some knowledge of the dynamics of cavitation bubbles is needed. One of the main means of studying bubble dynamics is high speed photography in conjunction with some suitable bubble production mechanism to get rid of the statistical appearance of bubbles encountered in ultrasonic cavitation. Results of jet and vortex ring formation obtained mainly with spark-and laser-produced bubbles are reported and demonstrated in a series of frames.}, number = {6}, urldate = {2025-02-04}, journal = {Ultrasonics}, author = {Lauterborn, W and Hentschel, W}, month = nov, year = {1985}, note = {166 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {bubble dynamics, cavitation, ultrasonics}, pages = {260--268}, } @article{latkaReviewFunctionallyGraded2020, title = {Review of functionally graded thermal sprayed coatings}, volume = {10}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85088784874&doi=10.3390%2fapp10155153&partnerID=40&md5=1ae940474b76bafdc6066a9fb6125f46}, doi = {10.3390/app10155153}, abstract = {The paper briefly describes major thermal spray techniques used to spray functionally graded coatings such as atmospheric plasma spraying, high velocity oxy-fuel spraying, suspension and solution precursor plasma spraying, and finally low and high pressure cold gas spray method. The examples of combined spray processes as well as some examples of post spray treatment including laser and high temperature treatments or mechanical one, are described. Then, the solid and liquid feedstocks used to spray and their properties are shortly discussed. The reviewed properties of functional coatings include: (i) mechanical (adhesion, toughness, hardness); (ii) physical (porosity, thermal conductivity and diffusivity, thermal expansion, photo-catalytic activity), and; (iii) bioactivity and simulated body fluid (SBF) corrosion. These properties are useful in present applications of functionally graded coatings as thermal barriers, the bioactive coatings in prostheses, photo-catalytic coatings in water treatment, coatings used in printing industry (anilox and corona rolls). Finally, some of the future possible fields of functional thermal sprayed coatings applications are discussed, e.g., to coat polymer substrates or to use the cheap technology of low pressure cold gas spray method instead of expensive technology of vacuum plasma spraying to obtain bond coatings. © 2020 by the authors.}, number = {15}, journal = {Applied Sciences (Switzerland)}, author = {Łatka, L. and Pawłowski, L. and Winnicki, M. and Sokołowski, P. and Małachowska, A. and Kozerski, S.}, year = {2020}, note = {80 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Application of thermal spray coatings, Functional graded coatings, Thermal spray coatings}, } @article{latkaModelingElasticModulus2013, series = {Proceedings of the fifth workshop {RIPT} ({Les} {Rencontres} {Internationales} sur la {Projection} {Thermique})}, title = {Modeling of elastic modulus and hardness determination by indentation of porous yttria stabilized zirconia coatings}, volume = {220}, issn = {0257-8972}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S025789721200713X}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2012.07.025}, abstract = {The mechanical properties of materials can be determined by means of the instrumented indentation experiment. However, when the indentation test leads to a regular load–depth curve for homogeneous massive materials, the presence of defects such as roughness, porosity or cracks present in the region close to the indented zone can greatly modify the shape of this curve. To avoid influence of such defects on the indentation measurement, a cautious polishing is generally performed to obtain a smooth surface. However, for the study of coated materials when polishing is not possible, the defects can interfere with the results of the mechanical property determination and they must be definitely taken into consideration for the indentation data analysis. In this work, the indentation test is employed to characterize suspension plasma sprayed porous ZrO2 + 8 wt.\% Y2O3 (8YSZ) coatings. By comparing different models for hardness analysis, we selected the most appropriate one allowing the calculation of the macrohardness taking into account the influence of roughness, porosity and cracks. Afterwards, we showed how the roughness interferes with the depth measurement at the beginning of the indentation test where a fast depth increase is observed. We also showed how the presence of confine defects leads to an abnormal effect during the loading, such as a horizontal plate or a jump in depth. Finally, we propose a methodology to avoid the influence of the roughness and of the porosity on the hardness determination and to model a selected part of the loading curve for the determination of the macrohardness and a parameter representative of the indentation size effect.}, urldate = {2024-06-25}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Łatka, L. and Chicot, D. and Cattini, A. and Pawłowski, L. and Ambroziak, A.}, month = apr, year = {2013}, note = {32 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Hardness, Instrumented indentation, Roughness, Suspension plasma spraying, Yttria stabilized zirconia coatings}, pages = {131--139}, } @article{lannunziataStudyFlowinducedCrystallization2025, title = {Study of flow-induced crystallization in polyvinylidene fluoride {3D} printing}, issn = {0268-3768}, doi = {10.1007/s00170-025-15139-0}, abstract = {This study explores how additive manufacturing processes, specifically fused filament fabrication (FFF) parameters, affect the beta-crystallization of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). A key focus is to ascertain if flow-induced crystallization during FFF improves the overall crystallinity, as the polymer melt is subjected to high shear forces during printing, which reduces kinetic barriers to crystallization and influences the resulting morphology. Using a design-of-experiments approach, the effects of extrusion temperature and printing speed were systematically evaluated to assess their impact on crystallinity, characterized through differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and polarized optical microscopy. Statistical analysis identified extrusion temperature as the most significant parameter for promoting beta-phase formation, with the highest crystallinity observed at an extrusion temperature of 235 degrees C. In contrast, printing speed appeared to have a limited influence on crystalline phase distribution, indicating that higher production rates may be achievable without adversely affecting material properties. Nevertheless, rheological investigations underscored the role of both extrusion temperature and printing speed in facilitating shear-induced crystallization. These findings provide valuable insights into the optimization of FFF parameters for PVDF-based functional devices, advancing the development of improved piezoelectric and energy harvesting applications while reducing the cost and complexity associated with conventional manufacturing techniques.}, language = {English}, journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY}, author = {Lannunziata, E and Fiorillo, C and Minetola, P and Edeleva, M and Cardon, L and Iuliano, L}, month = feb, year = {2025}, note = {0 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {FFF, FIC, FUSED FILAMENT FABRICATION, MOLECULAR-WEIGHT, PVDF, beta-Phase}, } @article{lampkeCavitationErosionElectroplated2008, title = {Cavitation erosion of electroplated nickel composite coatings}, volume = {202}, issn = {02578972 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-41849087368&doi=10.1016%2fj.surfcoat.2008.02.004&partnerID=40&md5=0299c1bfc1d52393cdb567708749bdd0}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2008.02.004}, abstract = {The cavitational wear resistance of electroplated nickel composite layers was tested following ASTM G32. Particles of different hardness (titania and silicon carbide) and different sizes from micro-scale to nano-scale were incorporated up to 30 vol.\% into a nickel matrix. Martens hardness is improved by grain refinement via particle incorporation. Compared to pure electroplated nickel films the composite layers strengthened by submicro-scale silicon carbide particles exhibit a decreased mass loss of one order of magnitude after 8 h testing time. Remarkably, layers with nano-scaled titania particles show a similar performance. Apart from particle adherence failures, reduced mass loss of the composite layers correlate with improved hardness of the composite due to grain refinement of the matrix and dispersion hardening effects. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {16}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Lampke, T. and Dietrich, D. and Leopold, A. and Alisch, G. and Wielage, B.}, year = {2008}, note = {40 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation erosion, Composite coatings, Electroplating, Grain refinement, Hardness, Martens hardness, Microstructure, Nano-particles nickel composite, Silicon carbide, Wear resistance}, pages = {3967--3974}, } @article{lamanaInfluenceCobaltContent2018, title = {Influence of cobalt content and {HVOF} deposition process on the cavitation erosion resistance of {WC}-{Co} coatings}, volume = {398-399}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85038852113&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2017.12.009&partnerID=40&md5=e87b6662ff5cfcd3dd562f7488fab905}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2017.12.009}, abstract = {Cavitation is a wear process that occurs in aqueous environments in which water vapor bubbles on the metal surface of a component implode, leading to erosion. The phenomenon can cause significant damage to structural metal alloys, and many components are therefore covered with coatings to protect against this damage. Thermal spray coatings have long been used for this purpose. With the advent of the HVOF (high velocity oxy-fuel) spray process it became possible to produce denser, harder, tougher coatings, which can be used in applications where fracture toughness is more important. Among the materials most frequently used, tungsten carbide-cobalt (WC-Co) cermet coatings offer a combination of high hardness, toughness and adherence and consequent wear resistance. In this work, two WC cermets with different Co (binder) contents were used to investigate the influence of Co content on the fracture toughness and cavitation resistance of WC coatings deposited by the HVOF process using different fuels. The influence of the HVOF process (specifically the type of fuel used) on the residual stresses in these coatings and their microstructure and properties was also studied. An increase in Co content led to an increase in the fracture toughness and cavitation resistance of the coatings. The primary wear mechanism appears to involve carbide particles becoming detached from the Co matrix. The greater compressive residual stress when liquid fuel was used in the HVOF process resulted in improved properties, including fracture toughness, and a concomitant improvement in cavitation resistance. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Lamana, M.S. and Pukasiewicz, A.G.M. and Sampath, S.}, year = {2018}, note = {73 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {Aqueous environment, Cavitation, Cavitation erosion resistance, Cavitation resistance, Cermets, Coatings, Cobalt, Compressive residual stress, Deposition, Erosion, Fracture toughness, Fuels, HVOF deposition, HVOF thermal spraying, High velocity oxy fuel, Microstructure and properties, Residual stress, Residual stresses, Sprayed coatings, Stainless steel, Thermal spray coatings, Tungsten, Tungsten carbide, Tungsten carbide cobalt, Wear resistance}, pages = {209--219}, } @article{labiapariUnderstandingAbrasioncorrosionImprove2021, title = {Understanding abrasion-corrosion to improve concrete mixer drum performance: {A} laboratory and field approach}, volume = {477}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85103715201&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2021.203830&partnerID=40&md5=b3e15ca53c3a7497ece0ced6abc3c47f}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2021.203830}, abstract = {Two of Brazil's most important economic activities are mining and agribusiness, representing 17.3\% of its GDP in 2017. It is crucial to note that water is vital for these prominent sectors and is the principal corrosive agent for carbon steel. The problems concerning wear resistance are closely linked to performance and, therefore, economic issues. Thus, increasingly efficient materials are being used, which are wear-resistant; however, in most cases, corrosion resistance and, more importantly, the combined effect of wear and corrosion are neglected, which accelerate equipment failure. This study specifically focussed on one sector that beneficiates mineral: the concrete industry; laboratory and field tests were performed that compared abrasion-corrosion of A36 common carbon steels, advanced high-strength steels (AHSSs), and ASTM 410 ferritic stainless steels. Initially, a piece of laboratory equipment, which approached actual service conditions, was built by adapting a manual concrete mixer. In the field, samples were placed in sand processing equipment and inside a concrete mixer drum in a truck. In the laboratory, rubber wheel and free-ball microabrasion tests were performed. Both the field and laboratory samples were collected and extensively analysed using SEM and hardness tests. Finally, a complete stainless-steel concrete mixer drum was built, adapted to a truck, and field-tested for five years (beginning in 2015). The useful life of the equipment increased up to three times compared to that made with A36 carbon steel, which is standard in this application. The ferritic stainless steel had better wear performance that AHSSs in a watery concrete environment, despite its lower hardness. In 2020, several companies began using ferritic stainless steel for the maintenance of concrete mixing drums. Manufacturers have also used it as an alternative when a longer service life, reduced downtime for repair, and weight reduction are required. © 2021 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Labiapari, W.S. and Gonçalves, R.J. and de Alcântara, C.M. and Pagani, V. and Di Cunto, J.C. and de Mello, J.D.B.}, year = {2021}, note = {15 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {Abrasion, Abrasion corrosion, Abrasion-corrosion, Advanced high strength steel, Concrete mixer drum, Concrete mixtures, Concrete testing, Corrosion resistance, Corrosive agents, Duplex stainless steel, Economic activities, Economic issues, Erosion, Ferrite, Ferritic stainless steel, Hardness, High strength steel, Laboratories, Mixers (machinery), Performance, Steel corrosion, Synergy, Water, Wear resistance, Wear-resistant}, } @article{kwokSynergisticEffectCavitation2000, title = {Synergistic effect of cavitation erosion and corrosion of various engineering alloys in 3.5\% {NaCl} solution}, volume = {290}, issn = {0921-5093}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921509300008996}, doi = {10.1016/S0921-5093(00)00899-6}, abstract = {The cavitation erosion and corrosion characteristics of various engineering alloys including grey cast iron, steels, copper-based alloys and stainless steels were studied by means of a 20 kHz ultrasonic vibrator at a peak-to-peak amplitude of 30 μm in distilled water and in 3.5\% NaCl solution at 23°C. The contributions of pure mechanical erosion, electrochemical corrosion, and the synergism between erosion and corrosion to the overall cavitation erosion–corrosion in 3.5\% NaCl solution were determined. It was found that in 3.5\% NaCl solution, the effect of corrosion on the overall cavitation erosion–corrosion was most pronounced in mild steel and grey cast iron, and negligible in stainless steels. The stainless steels only suffered pure mechanical erosion in 3.5\% NaCl solution in the presence of cavitation owing to the unfavourable local environment for pit growth.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-10-12}, journal = {Materials Science and Engineering: A}, author = {Kwok, C. T and Cheng, F. T and Man, H. C}, month = oct, year = {2000}, note = {201 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cavitation erosion and corrosion, Copper-based alloys, Grey cast iron, Mechanical properties, Steels, Synergism}, pages = {145--154}, } @article{kwokCorrosionCharacteristicsNanostructured2006, title = {Corrosion characteristics of nanostructured layer on {316L} stainless steel fabricated by cavitation-annealing}, volume = {60}, issn = {0167-577X}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167577X06000504}, doi = {10.1016/j.matlet.2006.01.053}, abstract = {A nanocrystalline surface layer on 316L stainless steel was fabricated by cavitation followed by low-temperature annealing. The corrosion characteristics of the nanostructured surface in 0.9wt.\% NaCl solution at 25°C were investigated by electrochemical measurements. The nanocrystalline surface leads to a lower susceptibility to pitting corrosion and higher repassivation power as indicated by noble shift in the pitting and protection potentials, and lower corrosion current density. In addition, the pitting resistance of 316L increases with the decrease in grain size.}, number = {19}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Materials Letters}, author = {Kwok, C. T. and Cheng, F. T. and Man, H. C. and Ding, W. H.}, month = aug, year = {2006}, note = {70 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cavitation-annealing, Nano-structure, Pitting corrosion, Stainless steel}, pages = {2419--2422}, } @article{kwokCavitationErosionCorrosion2001, title = {Cavitation erosion–corrosion behaviour of laser surface alloyed {AISI} 1050 mild steel using {NiCrSiB}}, volume = {303}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921509300018505}, doi = {10.1016/s0921-5093(00)01850-5}, number = {1-2}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Materials Science and Engineering: A}, author = {Kwok, C. T. and Man, Hau Chung and Cheng, F. T.}, year = {2001}, note = {62 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier}, pages = {250--261}, } @article{kuzucuMicrostructurePhaseAnalyses1997, title = {Microstructure and phase analyses of {Stellite} 6 plus 6 wt.\% {Mo} alloy}, volume = {69}, issn = {0924-0136}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924013697000277}, doi = {10.1016/S0924-0136(97)00027-7}, abstract = {The alloy Stellite-6 was cast with 6\% Mo. Then, some pieces of this alloy were cooled in water after annealing at 950°C for 2 h. A piece of the water-cooled samples was cooled in liquid nitrogen again. Later, all of the samples were investigated using metallographic and x-ray diffraction techniques and thermal (DSC and DTA) analysis methods. The hardnesses were also measured as 40, 46 and 49 HRC for samples cast, cooled in water and cooled in liquid nitrogen, respectively. In addition to μ, R and σ phases, it was determined that various metal carbides such as MC, M7C3, M23C6, M6C and some other inter-metallic phases may exist in these samples. It was identified by x-ray diffraction that a phase transformation from α phase with fee (face centered cubic) structure to ϵ phase with hcp (hexagonal close-packed) structure occurred in the sample cooled in water, the amount of the ϵ phase (martensite phase) increasing in the sample cooled in the liquid nitrogen, and the hardnesses of these samples also increasing. In addition, from the DTA curves it was seen that a second allotropic transformation of cobalt from α phase to ϵ phase had taken place in the temperature range between the Curie temperature (1121°C) and 1223°C for all of the samples.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2025-03-05}, journal = {Journal of Materials Processing Technology}, author = {Kuzucu, V. and Ceylan, M. and Çelik, H. and Aksoy, İ.}, month = sep, year = {1997}, note = {71 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Differential scanning calorimetry, Differential thermal analysis, Molybdenum, Phase analysis, Stellite 6, X-ray diffraction}, pages = {257--263}, } @article{kuruvilaSolidParticleErosion2022, title = {Solid particle erosion behavior of nichrome coated duplex stainless steel}, volume = {9}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85147030108&doi=10.19101%2fIJATEE.2021.876388&partnerID=40&md5=507f7e0d485ca4d8389befe164a7446f}, doi = {10.19101/IJATEE.2021.876388}, abstract = {One of the most serious concerns for the industry is material degradation, which leads to premature failure. Solid particle erosion (SPE) is a significant material degradation phenomenon. To be more specific, the erosion problem is made worse by the fluid inclusion of gravel and other contaminants. Despite being well studied and predicted, the process of solid particle erosion is still not properly known. Therefore, additional experimental research is still required to properly understand the erosion process and offer novel erosion resistance strategies. Employing coatings is the most effective technique to reduce/prevent solid particle erosion. The most commonly used methods to improve erosion resistance are proper material selection and the application of coatings. The erosion behaviour of atmospheric plasma-coated Nichrome (NiCr) on coated and uncoated duplex stainless steel (DSS2205) substrates were investigated. The erosion test is performed using an air-jet erosion tester with alumina as the erodent at velocities of 150, 175 and 200 m/s, impact angles of 30°, 45° and 90°, and discharge rates of 2.5, 3.75 and 5 gm/min. This study discovered that the most influential factors of erosion are impact angle. When the impact angle is 90°, the velocity is 150 m/s, and the discharge rate is 5 gm/min, the erosion was minimal. Analysis of the surface microstructure reveals many erosion mechanisms linked to various incidence angles. The erosion mechanism changes from micro-ploughing to plastic deformation for low to high impact angles. Furthermore, metallographic examinations are used in conjunction with the experimental results. As per the experimental findings, coating bare substrates with NiCr can substantially increase erosion resistance. Moreover, NiCr coatings on bare substrates showed a 47\% reduction in erosion wear, primarily as a result of their better toughness, higher density, improved micro-hardness, and lower porosity. © 2022 Roshan Kuruvila et al.}, number = {97}, journal = {International Journal of Advanced Technology and Engineering Exploration}, author = {Kuruvila, R. and Kumaran, S.T. and Khan, M.A.}, year = {2022}, note = {2 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Duplex steel, Erosion, Nichrome, Thermal spray coating}, pages = {1741--1756}, } @article{kurlovTungstenCarbidesWC2006, title = {Tungsten carbides and {W}-{C} phase diagram}, volume = {42}, copyright = {http://www.springer.com/tdm}, issn = {0020-1685, 1608-3172}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1134/S0020168506020051}, doi = {10.1134/S0020168506020051}, abstract = {The crystal structures of the tungsten monocarbide δ-WC and the disordered lower carbide β-W2C are studied. Using magnetic susceptibility measurements, the hexagonal carbide δ-WC is shown to be stable from 300 to 1200 K. The sequence of phase transformations associated with β-W2C ordering is analyzed. The temperature and composition stability limits of the cubic carbide γ-WC1 – x are evaluated, and the first data are presented on the variation of its lattice parameter with composition. An optimized W–C phase diagram is proposed which takes into account detailed structural and phase-equilibrium data for tungsten carbides.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-06-25}, journal = {Inorganic Materials}, author = {Kurlov, A. S. and Gusev, A. I.}, month = feb, year = {2006}, note = {234 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {121--127}, } @article{kumarSurfaceErosionPerformance2022, title = {Surface {Erosion} {Performance} {Of} {Yttrium} {Oxide} {Blended} {Wc}-{12Co} {Thermally} {Sprayed} {Coating} {For} {Mild} {Steel}}, issn = {0218625X (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85144504125&doi=10.1142%2fS0218625X22400054&partnerID=40&md5=00b99218d39b40a01d6521583e53ba66}, doi = {10.1142/S0218625X22400054}, abstract = {This study is conducted to examine the tribological performance of WC-12Co coating and WC-12Co mixed with yttrium oxide coating applied on mild steel. Mild steel machinery is usually used for hydropower generation but the sediments present along with the river water cause wear on the machinery surface. DUCOM slurry pot tester setup was used for the experiments. This study was based on the coatings of WC-12Co as well as the mixing of yttrium oxide with WC-12Co powder in various proportions ranging from 1-3\% by weight on mild steel. The high-velocity oxygen fuel thermal spray coating process was used to deposit a microlayer coating on the mild steel. It is observed that the microhardness of the coatings increases with the addition of yttrium oxide. The experiments were carried out varying the concentration, rotational speed, and test duration in the range of 10-40\% by weight, 750-1500rev/min, and 30-120min duration, respectively. It is observed that the WC-12Co+2\%Y2O3 coating has a higher erosion resistance. © 2022 World Scientific Publishing Company.}, language = {English}, journal = {Surface Review and Letters}, author = {Kumar, P. and Kumar, S. and Singh, V. and Ratha, D.}, year = {2022}, note = {2 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: World Scientific}, keywords = {Erosion, Hydro-power generation, Low carbon steel, Performance, Powder coatings, Sand-water slurry, Solid particle erosion, Sprayed coatings, Surface erosion, Thermal spray coatings, Thermally sprayed coatings, Tribological performance, Tribology, WC-12Co, Water slurry, Yttrium oxide, sand-water slurry, solid particle erosion, thermal spray coating}, } @article{kumarQuantitativeEvaluation3D2014, title = {Quantitative evaluation of {3D} surface roughness parameters during cavitation exposure of {16Cr}-{5Ni} hydro turbine steel}, volume = {320}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84907502073&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2014.07.015&partnerID=40&md5=ddab7c86f505b2422afb2498c0798c61}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2014.07.015}, abstract = {The cavitation erosion resistance of 16Cr-5Ni grade martensitic stainless steel was evaluated for long periods of up to 35. h in a vibratory cavitation test rig as per the guidelines of the ASTM G32 standard. The change in retained austenite content during the initial period of cavitation was monitored by x-ray diffractometry. The evolution of surface topography features and quantitative 3D surface texture parameters were analyzed after different cavitation exposures. The average surface roughness deviations (Sa), standard deviation roughness (Sq), mean roughness depth (Sz) and surface skewness (Ssk) with cavitation time and the corresponding 2D line roughness parameters Ra, Rq, Rz, and Rsk were evaluated using a confocal laser scanning microscope to identify the damage mechanisms in the steel. Also, the rate of change of the surface area and the cavitated volume during cavitation were studied. Three stages of cavitation erosion, such as incubation, acceleration and steady erosion rate based on metal loss rate were determined. A correlation was observed between the change in roughness profiles during the three stages and their respective rates of material loss. The use of 3D surface parameters is an important tool for monitoring progress of cavitation damage in large-sized components. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, number = {1}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Kumar, R.K. and Seetharamu, S. and Kamaraj, M.}, year = {2014}, note = {36 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {3D surface roughness, 3D surface roughness parameters, CLSM, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation erosion, Hydroturbines, Martensitic steel, Quantitative evaluation}, pages = {16--24}, } @article{kuboVisualizationAcousticallyInduced2005, title = {Visualization of {Acoustically} {Induced} {Cavitation} {Bubbles} and {Microjets} with the {Aid} of a {High}-{Speed} {Camera}}, volume = {44}, issn = {0021-4922, 1347-4065}, url = {https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1143/JJAP.44.4647}, doi = {10.1143/JJAP.44.4647}, abstract = {Under ultrasonic irradiation at a frequency of approximately 42 kHz, model experiments in water have been performed to visualize the dynamic behavior of acoustic cavitation bubbles with a high-speed digital camera. The clustered cavitation multibubble moves linearly in random directions. The behavior of the clustered cavitation multibubble is discussed in relation to the behavior of a microjet as well as the phase transition of water between a normal liquid state and a supercritical fluid state. Another experiment has also been carried out to visualize microjets that appeared near a water/tetralin interface and a water/air interface. The behavior of clustered cavitation multibubble is accompanied by the microjets, and the microjets impinge strongly impinging on those interfaces. On the basis of these experimental results, one can conclude that the behavior of microjets and acoustic cavitation bubbles and their related phenomena are quite important for the understanding and control of the intensified macro- and micromixing of liquids.}, language = {en}, number = {6S}, urldate = {2025-02-04}, journal = {Japanese Journal of Applied Physics}, author = {Kubo, Takashi and Kuwabara, Mamoru and Yang, Jian}, month = jun, year = {2005}, note = {8 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {4647}, } @article{ksiazekInvestigationMicrostructureMechanical2021, title = {Investigation on microstructure, mechanical and wear properties of hvof sprayed composite coatings ({Wc}–co + cr) on ductile cast iron}, volume = {14}, issn = {19961944 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85108661454&doi=10.3390%2fma14123282&partnerID=40&md5=d48c7865f57ae6f686eaba5ca959e768}, doi = {10.3390/ma14123282}, abstract = {Recent work indicates that the high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) thermal spraying WC–Co coatings have been used to enhance the wear resistance of various engineering components in a variety of industrial environments. In the present work, WC–Co powder, containing Cr particles in an amount of 10\%, was deposited on ductile cast iron with the HVOF thermal spray coating technique. An investigation was conducted to determine the role of Cr particles in the WC–Co coating produced with the HVOF technique on microstructure, mechanical, and wear properties in a system of type: WC-Co coating/ductile cast iron. The microstructure of the HVOF-sprayed WC–Co + Cr coating was characterised by light microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The analysis of the microstructure showed the formation of a coating with low porosity, compact structure, and good adhesion to the substrate with a typical lamellar structure composed of fine molten Cr particles and finely fragmented WC grains embedded in a Co matrix, reaching the size of nanocrystalline. The scratch test was applied for the analysis of the adhesion of coatings to the substrate. The erosion behaviour and mechanism of material removal was studied and discussed based on microstructural examinations. Moreover, the results were discussed in relation to the bending strength test, including cracks and delamination in the system of the WC–Co + Cr/ductile cast iron, as microhardness and erosion resistance of the coating. It was found that the addition of Cr particles to the WC–Co powder, which causes hardening of the binder phase is a key influence on increased mechanical and wear properties in the studied system. Additionally, due to the construction of nanostructured coatings, suitable proportion of hard and soft phases, the technique sprayed HVOF coatings have advantageous properties such as high density and good slurry erosion resistance. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.}, language = {English}, number = {12}, journal = {Materials}, author = {Ksiazek, M. and Nejman, I. and Boron, L.}, year = {2021}, note = {12 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: MDPI AG}, keywords = {Adhesion, Bending strength, Cast iron, Chromium metallography, Cobalt metallography, Composite coatings, Energy dispersive X ray spectroscopy, Energy dispersive spectroscopy, Engineering components, Erosion, Erosion resistance, Fuels, HVOF, HVOF thermal spraying, Hard coatings, High velocity oxy-fuel thermal spraying, Industrial environments, Lamellar structures, Microstructural examination, Nanocrystalline materials, Nanocrystals, Nanostructured coatings, Particle size analysis, Scanning electron microscopy, Scratch test, Sprayed coatings, Thermal Engineering, Thermal spray coatings, Thermal spraying, Transmission electron microscopy, WC–Co coating, Wear of materials, Wear resistance, Wear resistant}, } @article{krogstadCorrosionPropertiesNickelaluminium2017, title = {Corrosion properties of nickel-aluminium bronze in natural seawater—{Effect} of galvanic coupling to {UNS} {S31603}}, volume = {121}, issn = {0010-938X}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010938X16307491}, doi = {10.1016/j.corsci.2017.03.016}, abstract = {The corrosion behaviour of galvanically coupled Nickel-Aluminium Bronze (NAB) and stainless steel (UNS S31603) during three weeks of exposure to natural seawater has been investigated. The approach included extensive testing of freely exposed NAB and cathodically polarized SS. The results imply that the galvanic current is limited by the cathode efficiency of SS, while the coupled potential is dictated by NAB. It is further reported that cathodic polarization of SS by NAB has a large effect on the cathode efficiency of SS.}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Corrosion Science}, author = {Krogstad, Hedda Nordby and Johnsen, Roy}, month = jun, year = {2017}, note = {47 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {A. Nickel-Aluminium Bronze, A. UNS S31603, C. Biofilm, C. Cathode-Efficiency, C. Galvanic corrosion, C. Pitting corrosion}, pages = {43--56}, } @article{kristensenSimpleModelCavitation1978, title = {A simple model for cavitation erosion of metals}, volume = {11}, issn = {0022-3727}, url = {https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/11/6/009}, doi = {10.1088/0022-3727/11/6/009}, abstract = {The effect of cavitation erosion on metals is considered. A model is proposed which offers a relative measure of the cavitation erosion resistance and of the length of the incubation period for different metals. The model predicts that the energy absorbed by the plastic deformation of the material depends upon the hardness of the material, and it finds a qualitative difference between cavitation erosion in different apparatus types. In the case of flow induced cavitation the model finds the cavitation erosion to be proportional to the 5th-7th power of the flow velocity.}, language = {en}, number = {6}, urldate = {2024-08-05}, journal = {Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics}, author = {Kristensen, J. Kalestrup and Hansson, I. and Morch, K. A.}, month = apr, year = {1978}, note = {0 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {899}, } @article{krellingHVOFsprayedCoatingAISI2018, title = {{HVOF}-sprayed coating over {AISI} 4140 steel for hard chromium replacement}, volume = {21}, issn = {15161439 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85088631549&doi=10.1590%2f1980-5373-MR-2018-0138&partnerID=40&md5=e79a32ab451420c07a5e91fa8dd5bb34}, doi = {10.1590/1980-5373-MR-2018-0138}, abstract = {The replacement of electrolytic hard chrome (EHC) by high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) sprayed coatings is investigated due to the toxicity of EHC process. The wear behavior of AISI 4140 steel coated by HVOF-, EHC-process was compared to quenched and tempered (Q\&T) steel using a pin-on-disc apparatus. The wear tests were conducted at room temperature, 10 N applied load and 0.1 m/s sliding speed in dry condition. The results were interpreted on the basis of the microstructure and hardness. Wear micromechanisms were investigated by SEM. The predominant presence of the WC phase and the formation of W2C and W3C phases, associated with decarburization of superheated regions of the CoCr binding phase of HVOF-coated samples were observed by X-ray diffraction analysis. Wear tests results show that the WC-10Co-4Cr coating exhibits better wear resistance than the EHC coating and Q\&T steel. The formation of a wear resistant tribolayer was determinant to the excellent wear behavior of the thermally sprayed coating. © 2018 Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {4}, journal = {Materials Research}, author = {Krelling, A.P. and de Souza, M.M. and da Costa, C.E. and Giubilei Milan, J.C.}, year = {2018}, note = {17 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos}, keywords = {AISI 4140 steel, Binary alloys, Chromium, Chromium alloys, Chromium steel, Electrolytics, Fuels, HVOF, HVOF thermal spraying, Hard chromes, High velocity oxy fuel, Low carbon steel, Micromechanisms, Sliding wear, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray coating, Thermal spray coatings, Tribological behavior, Tribological behaviour, Tribology, Wear behaviors, Wear micromechanism, Wear of materials, Wear resistance, X ray powder diffraction}, } @article{krellComprehensiveInvestigationMicrostructureproperty2020, title = {Comprehensive investigation of the microstructure-property relationship of differently manufactured {Co}–{Cr}–{C} alloys at room and elevated temperature}, volume = {444-445}, issn = {0043-1648}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043164819312840}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2019.203138}, abstract = {The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of the microstructure on sliding wear and hardness of four different Co–Cr–C alloys at room and elevated temperature. Different microstructures were produced by applying three different processes. The hardness, hot hardness and wear loss at room temperature of these alloys correlate strongly with the carbide volume content. In sliding wear tests against an Al2O3 ball, abrasive wear occurs at room temperature. The size or geometric arrangement of the carbides or metal matrix plays a minor role at room temperature. At 600 °C the wear behaviour changes due to the softening matrix. In alloys with small free matrix path lengths, the highest wear rates occur due to micro-fatigue and micro-cracking. In hypoeutectic alloys with a high free matrix path length, the carbides lose their effectiveness due to the lack of support by the matrix. In these alloys, wear is dominated by the properties of the matrix. A hypereutectic casting alloy with large primary carbides shows the best wear results, as the carbides support themselves due to their size and retain their wear-reducing effect.}, urldate = {2025-03-09}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Krell, Julian and Röttger, Arne and Theisen, Werner}, month = mar, year = {2020}, note = {6 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Hot hardness, Microstructural characterization, Sliding wear, Stellite, Wear at elevated temperature}, pages = {203138}, } @article{krellaNewParameterAssess2011, title = {The new parameter to assess cavitation erosion resistance of hard {PVD} coatings}, volume = {18}, doi = {10.1016/j.engfailanal.2010.10.002}, abstract = {Most machinery elements are coated with hard coatings to prolong their lifetime and to improve working efficiency. Cavitation test was used as a tool for studies of dynamic impact degradation. Ti- and Cr-based coatings were chosen for investigations. The TiN and Cr–N coatings with various thicknesses were deposited on stainless steel by means of the cathodic arc evaporation method at various deposition parameters. Tests were performed in the cavitation chamber with a system of barricades. Nearly all the TiN and Cr–N coatings have undergone micro-undulation. The first cohesive fractures have occurred on top of the micro-folding and at delamination spots. The analysis of degradation mechanism of thin hard coatings under repeated impact loading has resulted in deriving a new empirical parameter suitable for description of the hard coating cavitation resistance. The derived parameter is proportional to the plasticity index, H/E (defined as ratio of hardness, H, and Young’s modulus, E), adhesion force, LC2, ratio of thermal conductivity of the coating to that of the substrate, and inversely proportional to the number of phases in the coating phase composition, the ratio of the thermal expansion of the coatings to that of the substrate and the square root of the coating thickness. The new endurance parameter shows good correlation with the mass loss of all the tested hard coatings indicating a continuous improvement in the erosion resistance with the increase of the new parameter.}, journal = {Engineering Failure Analysis}, author = {Krella, Alicja}, month = apr, year = {2011}, note = {33 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {855--867}, } @article{krellaInfluenceSubstrateHardness2007, title = {Influence of the substrate hardness on the cavitation erosion resistance of {TiN} coating}, volume = {263}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2007.02.003}, abstract = {Nanocrystalline TiN coating was deposited by means of the cathodic arc method on stainless steels types X6CrNiTi18-10 and X39Cr13. Both steels were subjected to thermal treatment in order to obtain substrates of different hardness: 1.7 GPa, 2.8 GPa and 4.6 GPa. The TiN coating was 3.7�m thick. The TiN coating has strong (1 1 1) crystallographic orientation and fine crystalline structure of �-TiN phase. The TiN coating is characterized by high hardness (25.4 GPa) and good adhesion. The adhesion increases with the substrate hardness. The evaluation of TiN coating resistance to cavitation erosion is based on the investigation performed in a cavitation tunnel with a slot cavitator and tap water as a medium. The estimated cavitation resistance parameters of coating were the incubation period of damage and the total mass loss after the whole test. It has been confirmed that the incubation periods of the coated steels were from 2 to 4 times longer than that of the uncoated steels. The mass losses of the coated steels decrease approximately 2.5 times in comparison with the uncoated steels. The scanning microscope analysis indicates that the damage of TiN coating is mainly due to its delamination. The character of the coating and substrate damage in multiple locations indicates that the hard coating micro-particles torn off during the cavitation bubbles implosion hit against the coating and the revealed areas of substrate. As a result, the coating and especially the substrate of relatively low hardness beside cavitation erosion are subject to solid particle erosion with the hard torn off micro-particles of coating.}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Krella, Alicja and Czyzniewski, Andrzej}, month = sep, year = {2007}, note = {63 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {395--401}, } @article{krellaCavitationErosionPhenomenon2018, title = {Cavitation {Erosion} – {Phenomenon} and {Test} {Rigs}}, volume = {18}, doi = {10.1515/adms-2017-0028}, abstract = {The cavitation and cavitation erosion phenomenon have been shortly presented. The main four types of test rigs to investigate the cavitation erosion resistance have been shown. Each type of test design is described and an example of a design is shown. A special attention has been payed to the designs described in the International ASTM Standards: a vibratory design and a cavitating jet cell. There was shown that the design of a test device and the test conditions affect the resistance to cavitation erosion of a material.}, journal = {Advances in Materials Science}, author = {Krella, Alicja and Zakrzewska, Dominika}, month = jun, year = {2018}, note = {23 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {15--26}, } @article{kotsilkovaImprovingResistiveHeating2024, title = {Improving {Resistive} {Heating}, {Electrical} and {Thermal} {Properties} of {Graphene}-{Based} {Poly}({Vinylidene} {Fluoride}) {Nanocomposites} by {Controlled} {3D} {Printing}}, volume = {14}, issn = {2079-4991}, doi = {10.3390/nano14221840}, abstract = {This study developed a novel 3D-printable poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)-based nanocomposite incorporating 6 wt\% graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) with programmable characteristics for resistive heating applications. The results highlighted the significant effect of a controlled printing direction (longitudinal, diagonal, and transverse) on the electrical, thermal, Joule heating, and thermo-resistive properties of the printed structures. The 6 wt\% GNP/PVDF nanocomposite exhibited a high electrical conductivity of 112 S{\textless}middle dot{\textgreater}m-1 when printed in a longitudinal direction, which decreased significantly in other directions. The Joule heating tests confirmed the material's efficiency in resistive heating, with the maximum temperature reaching up to 65 degrees C under an applied low voltage of 2 V at a raster angle of printing of 0 degrees, while the heating Tmax decreased stepwise with 10 degrees C at the 45 degrees and the 90 degrees printing directions. The repeatability of the Joule heating performance was verified through multiple heating and cooling cycles, demonstrating consistent maximum temperatures across several tests. The effect of sample thickness, controlled by the number of printed layers, was investigated, and the results underscore the advantages of programmable 3D printing orientation in thin layers for enhanced thermal stability, tailored electrical conductivity, and efficient Joule heating capabilities of 6 wt\% GNP/PVDF composites, positioning them as promising candidates for next-generation 3D-printed electronic devices and self-heating applications.}, language = {English}, number = {22}, journal = {NANOMATERIALS}, author = {Kotsilkova, R and Georgiev, V and Aleksandrova, M and Batakliev, T and Ivanov, E and Spinelli, G and Tomov, R and Tsanev, T}, month = nov, year = {2024}, note = {0 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {3D printing, FILAMENT, FILLER, GNP/PVDF nanocomposite, electrical performance, resistive heating, thermal properties}, } @article{koselSizeEffectAbrasion1985, title = {The {Size} {Effect} in {Abrasion} of {Dual}-{Phase} {Alloys}}, volume = {28}, issn = {0569-8197}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/05698198508981629}, doi = {10.1080/05698198508981629}, abstract = {The abrasion rate of an alloy has generally been found to be a function of the abrasive particle size, decreasing rapidly for particle sizes below about 100 microns, and the same general behavior is found for erosion by solid particle impact. Most previous investigations of this effect have been confined to single-phase alloys or steels having second-phase particles which are small relative to the size of the surface grooves. In the present study, a dual-phase powder-metallurgy alloy (Stellite 19) was abraded with both quartz and alumina abrasives using a low-stress abrasion test, and 1020 steel specimens were also included as a comparative standard. The quartz abrasive particles have a hardness intermediate between that of the Stellite 19 matrix and the large, hard Cr-rich carbides which are contained in the microstructure, whereas the alumina particles have a hardness comparable to that of the carbides. The alumina abrasion test results show that both Stellite 19 and 1020 steel respond to abrasive particle size in much the same manner as that observed by previous investigators. The 1020 steel also exhibited a typical size effect for the quartz abrasive, whereas the quartz abrasion rate of the Stellite 19 actually increased with decreasing particle size rather than decreasing. These results can be explained in terms of the fact that the primary mechanism of material removal was micromachining for the cases in which the usual size effect was observed, while the material removal rate in the case of abrasion of Stellite by quartz is controlled by carbide microfracture. Presented at the 39th Annual Meeting in Chicago, Illinois May 7–10, 1984 Presented at the 39th Annual Meeting in Chicago, Illinois May 7–10, 1984}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-11-17}, journal = {A S L E Transactions}, author = {Kosel, T. H. and Li, S. Z. and Rao, C. M.}, month = jan, year = {1985}, note = {10 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Taylor \& Francis \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/05698198508981629}, pages = {343--350}, } @article{kornfeldDestructiveActionCavitation1944, title = {On the {Destructive} {Action} of {Cavitation}}, volume = {15}, issn = {0021-8979}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1707461}, doi = {10.1063/1.1707461}, number = {6}, urldate = {2025-02-04}, journal = {Journal of Applied Physics}, author = {Kornfeld, M. and Suvorov, L.}, month = jun, year = {1944}, note = {348 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {495--506}, } @article{kongMicrostructuralCharacterisationHigh2003, title = {Microstructural characterisation of high velocity oxyfuel thermally sprayed {Stellite} 6}, volume = {19}, issn = {0267-0836}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1179/026708303225004684}, doi = {10.1179/026708303225004684}, abstract = {High velocity oxyfuel (HVOF) thermal spraying with an oxygen-propylene combustion flame was used to deposit coatings of a Co–Cr–W–C alloy (similar in composition to Stellite 6) from gas atomised feedstock powder. The microstructural characteristics of the deposits were investigated using the combined techniques of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In particular, the tripod polishing technique was used to prepare large areas of electron transparent membrane for TEM analysis; these areas were typically of the order of several hundred square micrometres. Accordingly, SEM and TEM analysis could be directly correlated, providing a clear understanding of the overall nature of the coatings. The coatings exhibited characteristic splatlike, layered morphologies due to the deposition and resolidification ofmolten or semimolten powder particles. The as sprayed microstructure consisted of a face centred cubic Co rich metallic matrix with a small fraction of CoCr2O4 spinel oxide. The latter formed either as intersplat lamellae or intrasplat globules. Under the HVOF spray conditions employed, a high proportion of the feedstock powder appeared to have been fully melted prior to impact on the substrate, with partially or unmelted powder accounting for {\textless} 20\% of the microstructure. Formation of the M7C3 phase, normally present in Stellite 6, appeared to have been suppressed by the high cooling rate during spray deposition.}, number = {8}, urldate = {2025-03-05}, journal = {Materials Science and Technology}, author = {Kong, G. and Zhang, D. and Brown, P. D. and McCartney, D. G. and Harris, S. J.}, month = aug, year = {2003}, note = {29 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Taylor \& Francis \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1179/026708303225004684}, pages = {1003--1011}, } @article{kompelli3DPrintablePiezoelectric2025, title = {{3D} printable piezoelectric composites manufactured via scalable and sustainable solvent-free multi-extrusion process}, volume = {34}, issn = {0964-1726}, doi = {10.1088/1361-665X/ada59b}, abstract = {The study presents the development of 3D printable lead-free particulate piezocomposites by implementing a solvent-free multi-extrusion process (MEP) to address the scalability limitations and safety concerns of solvent-based processing commonly used with highly resilient fluoropolymer polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and its copolymers (e.g. with hexafluoropropylene (HFP)). Composite filaments of PVDF-HFP with ferroelectric barium titanate (BTO) particles at 20, 40 and 60 wt\% were manufactured for fused filament fabrication (FFF) by applying the melt-based process consisting of effectively composed multiple extrusion and granulation cycles. The results from TGA, DSC, FTIR, XRD, EDS-SEM and tensile tests indicate that physical and mechanical properties of the re-extruded and printed PVDF-HFP are largely preserved. The process ensures homogeneous BTO dispersion within the consistently printable piezocomposites, which demonstrate satisfactory levels of piezoresponse and flexibility together with filler-reinforcing and high-field poling capabilities. The FFF-printed piezocomposites tested at higher strain rates (up to 0.17 s-1) exhibit 30\%-40\% increase in tensile strength at the expense of reduced ductility. Brief thermal poling at 80 degrees C and 20 kV mm-1 is observed to improve coefficient d33 through more effective BTO polarization compared to room-temperature poling (up to 7.3 pC/N is measured for the 40/60 wt\% PVDF-HFP/BTO). Thermal poling also enhances piezoresponse stability by minimizing depolarization (d33 decay) regardless of poling duration. Increase in BTO content results in stronger dependence of piezoresponse on poling field, temperature and duration, as well as weaker dependence of ductility characteristics on the strain rate. The MEP approach is environmentally and economically sustainable manufacturing method that is accessible to a wide FFF user community. It is also scalable to high-throughput production of functional composites based on thermally resistant materials to enable 3D printing of customizable piezoelectric sensing devices.}, language = {English}, number = {2}, journal = {SMART MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES}, author = {Kompelli, G and Dauksevicius, R and Kleiva, A and Turczyn, R and Krukiewicz, K}, month = feb, year = {2025}, note = {0 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {BATIO3 CERAMICS, COERCIVE-FIELD, FABRICATION, PERFORMANCE, PHASE, POLARIZATION, PVDF, TEMPERATURE, additive manufacturing, electroactive composite, piezoelectricity, remelting, thermal resistance}, } @article{kogaMicrostructureWearBehavior2017, title = {Microstructure and wear behavior of {Fe}-based amorphous {HVOF} coatings produced from commercial precursors}, volume = {309}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85005847170&doi=10.1016%2fj.surfcoat.2016.10.057&partnerID=40&md5=87ac69259cbfc83197bdc9508e286a68}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2016.10.057}, abstract = {Wear resistant highly amorphous Fe60Cr8Nb8B24 (at.\%) coatings of about 280 μm thickness were prepared through high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) thermal spray process onto API 5L X80 steel substrate. Feedstock powders were produced by gas atomization with low purity precursors by modifying AISI 430 stainless steel with additions of niobium (Fe-Nb) and boron (Fe-B). It was found that the coatings were mostly amorphous with some embedded FeNbB and Fe2B borides. The formation of a large fraction of amorphous phase was attributed to the high cooling rates of molten droplets combined with a proper powder composition. The average Vickers hardness of the coating (HV0.3 = 838 ± 23) was about four times higher than that of the API 5L X80 substrate (HV0.3 = 222 ± 5). The excellent wear resistance of the amorphous coating in the pin-on-disc measurements was attributed to its large fraction of amorphous phase ({\textasciitilde} 66\%) with reinforcing hard Fe2B and FeNbB borides, high Vickers hardness, low oxygen content ({\textless} 0.41\%), and relatively low porosity ({\textasciitilde} 5). The wear rates of the amorphous coatings were about two orders of magnitude lower than that of the API 5L X80 steel substrate (1.0 × 10− 5 and 8.5 × 10− 4 mm3·N− 1·m− 1, respectively). API 5L X80 steel exhibited dominant adhesive wear at low sliding speed and oxidative wear at high sliding speed. HVOF coatings presented oxidative wear regardless of the sliding speed. © 2016 Elsevier B.V.}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Koga, G.Y. and Schulz, R. and Savoie, S. and Nascimento, A.R.C. and Drolet, Y. and Bolfarini, C. and Kiminami, C.S. and Botta, W.J.}, year = {2017}, note = {98 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {AISI-430 stainless steels, Alloy steel, Amorphous alloys, Borides, Coatings, Commercial precursors, HVOF thermal spraying, High velocity oxygen fuel thermal sprays, Low oxygen contents, Orders of magnitude, Powder composition, Sprayed coatings, Stainless steel, Steel, Steel testing, Thermal spray coatings, Vickers hardness, Wear of materials, Wear resistance, Wear testing, Wear-testing}, pages = {938--944}, } @article{kishinoComputationalStudyGrain2002, title = {Computational study on grain growth in cemented carbides}, volume = {20}, issn = {0263-4368}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263436801000683}, doi = {10.1016/S0263-4368(01)00068-3}, abstract = {Micro-grained cemented carbides are widely applied to the tools such as solid endmills and micro-drills. The knowledge on grain growth of carbides is very important for manufacturing micro-grained cemented carbides. In the present study, continuous and discontinuous grain growth in such cemented carbides is investigated using the Monte Carlo computer simulation technique. The Ostwald ripening process (solution/re-precipitation) and the grain boundary migration process are assumed in the simulation as grain growth mechanism. The effects of liquid phase fraction, grain boundary energy and an implanted coarse grain are examined. The results of these simulations qualitatively agree with experimental ones and suggest that distribution of liquid phase and WC/WC grain boundary energy as well as contamination by coarse grain are important factors controlling discontinuous grain growth in cemented carbides.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-07-09}, journal = {International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials}, author = {Kishino, J. and Nomura, H. and Shin, S. -G. and Matsubara, H. and Tanase, T.}, month = jan, year = {2002}, note = {39 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cemented carbides, Grain boundary, Grain growth, Simulation, WC}, pages = {31--40}, } @article{kimWearErosionBehavior1994, title = {Wear and erosion behavior of plasma-sprayed {WC}-{Co} coatings}, volume = {3}, issn = {15441016 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0028460040&doi=10.1007%2fBF02648274&partnerID=40&md5=7797cf5d9968cf4dae8025f8a9327b66}, doi = {10.1007/BF02648274}, abstract = {Wear mechanisms of air plasma-sprayed WC-12\%Co coatings were studied by using a dry sand rubber wheel (DSRW) abrasive, ring-on-square adhesive wear, and alumina particle erosion tests. Coating properties such as intersplat cohesive strength, porosity, surface roughness, hardness, and retained carbide as well as microstructures were characterized to assess their relationship on wear performance. Porosity, hardness, surface roughness, and retained carbide of the coatings are not the principal factors affecting wear performance. Intersplat cohesive strength of coatings, measured by a simple bonding test, is the most significant factor that relates to the wear rate of thermal spray coatings. © 1994 ASM International.}, language = {English}, number = {2}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {Kim, H.J. and Kweon, Y.G. and Chang, R.W.}, year = {1994}, note = {57 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Springer-Verlag}, keywords = {Bond strength (materials), Bonding test, Cobalt, Cohesive strength, Erosion, Hardness, Intersplat cohesive strength, Microstructure, Plasma sprayed tungsten carbide cobalt coatings, Plasma spraying, Porosity, Sprayed coatings, Surface roughness, Tungsten carbide, WC-Co coatings, Wear of materials, erosion behavior, material properties, wear behavior}, pages = {169--178}, } @article{kimSalientDragReduction2017, title = {Salient drag reduction of a heavy vehicle using modified cab-roof fairings}, volume = {164}, issn = {0167-6105}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167610516301337}, doi = {10.1016/j.jweia.2017.02.015}, abstract = {Aerodynamic drag reduction is directly related to fuel consumption and CO2 emission and is thus a main research interest in heavy vehicles. Approximately half of the total aerodynamic drag is attributed to the flow at the forebody of a vehicle and the gap between the tractor and trailer. Therefore, flow control devices that can reduce aerodynamic drag on the forebodies of heavy vehicles offer a considerably practical significance. Cab-roof fairing (CRF) is one of the most widely used drag reduction devices installed at the roofs of trucks or tractor-trailers. However, the drag-reducing effect and the three-dimensional flow characteristics around forebodies as a function of the external shape of CRFs have yet to be fully investigated. In this study, the drag reduction effects of typical and modified CRF models are quantitatively examined through wind tunnel tests and numerical simulation (coarse large eddy simulation (LES)). The wind tunnel experiment at a Reynolds number of {\textgreater}5.5× 105 is conducted for a scaled-down model of a 15-tonne truck. The modified CRF significantly changes the flow structure, leading to approximately 19\% drag reduction. PIV flow field measurement was conducted to figure out the differences in flow characteristics around the forebody of the vehicle with and without CRFs. Flow characteristics, including vortical structures, turbulent kinetic energy, mean pressure field, and mean velocity field around the forebody of the vehicle model (1/8 scale) with and without CRFs are numerically investigated using coarse LES for further understanding of the mechanism associated with drag reduction. The present results are expected to provide useful information for the design of new CRF models and the improvement of the aerodynamic performance of heavy vehicles, including trucks and tractor-trailers.}, urldate = {2024-07-08}, journal = {Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics}, author = {Kim, Jeong Jae and Lee, Sangseung and Kim, Myeongkyun and You, Donghyun and Lee, Sang Joon}, month = may, year = {2017}, note = {46 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cab-roof fairing, Drag reduction, Forebody flow, Heavy vehicle, Large-eddy simulation, Wind tunnel}, pages = {138--151}, } @article{kimPorosityEffectsFebased2015, title = {Porosity effects of a {Fe}-based amorphous/nanocrystals coating prepared by a commercial high velocity oxy-fuel process on cavitation erosion behaviors}, volume = {21}, issn = {15989623 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84938199781&doi=10.1007%2fs12540-015-4580-x&partnerID=40&md5=0c22b5bc0196ad91b5d2253b77ee815c}, doi = {10.1007/s12540-015-4580-x}, abstract = {Coatings with different porosities were prepared by controlling high velocity oxy-fuel process parameters. Pores were distributed homogeneously along the thickness of the coatings. Cavitation erosion rate of the coating was obtained by a vibratory cavitation equipment following ASTM G32 standard. As porosity of the coating increases, the cavitation erosion rate increases. Significantly high cavitation erosion rate was obtained in the early stage of the test for the coating with high porosity. As cavitation erosion test proceeds, the cavitation erosion rate tends to decrease. Cracks initiated in the surface pore area propagate along powder boundaries and merge to pores near surface. Due to the cracks, large coating parts consisting of a bunch of powders with good bonding were detached from the coating increasing the cavitation erosion rate. Corrosion products were preferentially formed on the pore areas enhancing the cavitation erosion rate. Consequently, pores near coating surface significantly accelerate the cavitation erosion rate through mechanical as well as chemical manners. © 2015, The Korean Institute of Metals and Materials and Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.}, language = {English}, number = {4}, journal = {Metals and Materials International}, author = {Kim, Y.J. and Jang, J.W. and Lee, D.W. and Yi, S.}, year = {2015}, note = {17 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Korean Institute of Metals and Materials}, keywords = {Amorphous materials, Cavitation, Chemical bonds, Coating surface, Coatings, Corrosion, Corrosion products, Cracks, Erosion, Erosion rates, Fuels, High porosity, High velocity oxy fuel, Nanostructured materials, Near surfaces, Porosity, Porosity effect, Process parameters, amorphous materials, corrosion, erosion, nanostructured materials, plasma deposition/spray}, pages = {673--677}, } @article{kimInfluenceSealingDamage2014, title = {Influence of sealing on damage development in thermally sprayed {Al}-{Zn}-{Zr} coating}, volume = {6}, issn = {19472935 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84913589286&doi=10.1166%2fsam.2014.2118&partnerID=40&md5=9bdd642a64112761b283ef98fca14101}, doi = {10.1166/sam.2014.2118}, abstract = {Great advancements have been made in large and high-speed vessels, but ship materials have caused a variety of problems, such as corrosion, cavitation, and erosion. Cavitation can damage materials, such as pumps, turbines, valves, and ship propellers. To solve these problems, the cavitation and electrochemical characteristics for thermal spray coating and sealing are executed to obtain excellent corrosion protection characteristics in a seawater environment. In this study, cavitation erosion experiment was conducted to investigate the use of modified ASTM-G32 for 85\%Al-14\%Zn-1\%Zr thermal spray coating and its sealing in seawater. As a result of these electrochemical experiments, the sealed specimen presented good corrosion resistance. However, the thermal spray coated specimen in the cavitation tests presented good anti-cavitation characteristics compare to the coating + sealed specimen. © 2014 by American Scientific Publishers.}, language = {English}, number = {9}, journal = {Science of Advanced Materials}, author = {Kim, S.-J. and Lee, S.-J. and Park, Y.-S. and Jeong, J.-Y. and Jang, S.-K.}, year = {2014}, note = {3 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: American Scientific Publishers}, keywords = {Cavitation, Corrosion, Electrochemical characteristics, Thermal spray coating}, pages = {2066--2070}, } @article{kimDevelopmentPropertiesNanostructured2006, title = {Development and properties of nanostructured thermal spray coatings}, volume = {6}, issn = {15671739 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33746725990&doi=10.1016%2fj.cap.2005.07.006&partnerID=40&md5=1ccbdd797c479b545cd1a76b24a2d52a}, doi = {10.1016/j.cap.2005.07.006}, abstract = {Nanostructured thermal spray coatings have been intensively studied because of their potential in a wide variety of industrial applications. In the present paper, current development status of nanostructured thermal spray coatings is presented, mainly based on the results of the authors. In the nanostructured WC-Co wear-resistant coatings, the influence of feedstock characteristics on the coating properties was discussed to suggest the desirable morphology of feedstock for thermal spraying. For the nanostructured Cr2O3 based solid-lubricant coatings, the advanced feedstock has been developed in order to solve the inhomogeneity problem of the conventional coatings. Various properties of the nanostructured coatings were evaluated and compared with those of the conventional counterparts. These results clearly demonstrate that the significant improvement in coating performance can be achieved by utilizing proper nanostructured coatings. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {6 SPEC. ISS.}, journal = {Current Applied Physics}, author = {Kim, J.-h. and Yang, H.-s. and Baik, K.-h. and Seong, B.G. and Lee, C.-h. and Hwang, S.Y.}, year = {2006}, note = {54 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier}, keywords = {Industrial applications, Nanostructured coatings, Nanostructured materials, Solid lubricants, Solid-lubricant coatings, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray, WC-Co coatings, Wear resistance}, pages = {1002--1006}, } @article{kimAcousticEmissionReflection2025, title = {Acoustic emission reflection signal classification of {PVDF}-type {AE} sensor using convolutional neural network-transfer learning}, volume = {36}, issn = {1572-8145}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10845-023-02263-5}, doi = {10.1007/s10845-023-02263-5}, abstract = {This study proposes a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-type AE sensor to demonstrate the feasibility of replacing conventional acoustic emissions (AE) sensors. The Hsu-Nielsen test was used to generate the signals, and conventional AE and PVDF-type AE sensors were used to sample the signals. To verify that the PVDF-type AE sensor can classify different characteristics, direct wave signals and signals distorted due to specially designed settings were collected and analyzed. For effective data processing, a convolution neural network (CNN) was constructed and trained with AE spectrogram images after wavelet packet transform (WPT) from both AE sensor signals and PVDF-type AE sensor signals. The results of CNN–WPT showed that direct and indirect waves can be distinguished using PVDF-type AE sensor signals with almost the same accuracy as conventional AE signals. To improve the accuracy of the classification, transfer learning was used to increase the accuracy of the validation and reduce training time. This demonstrates that PVDF-type AE sensors can replace AE sensors when acquiring and classifying AE signals.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2025-03-02}, journal = {Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing}, author = {Kim, Hyo Jeong and Lee, Ju Heon and Lee, Sin Yeop and Lee, Hee Hwan and Lee, Seoung Hwan}, month = jan, year = {2025}, note = {3 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Acoustic emission, Convolutional neural network, PVDF-type AE sensor, Transfer learning}, pages = {661--680}, } @article{kiehlCoaxialLaserCladding2023, title = {Coaxial {Laser} {Cladding} of {Cobalt}-{Base} {Alloy} {Stellite}™ 6 on {Grey} {Cast} {Iron} {Analysis} of the {Microstructural} and {Mechanical} {Properties} {Depending} on the {Laser} {Power}}, volume = {32}, issn = {1544-1024}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-022-07358-3}, doi = {10.1007/s11665-022-07358-3}, abstract = {A high-power diode laser was used to generate single- and multi-bead coatings of Stellite™ 6 by coaxial laser cladding over flat grey cast iron (EN-GJLP-200) as a preliminary study to develop a wear and corrosion resistant coating for brake disks on a cost-effective substrate. In this article, we have focused on a detailed quantitative analysis of the effect of different laser powers (1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, and 4.0 kW) on the bead geometry, dilution, microstructure, and hardness. Coatings dilution or composition depends directly on the laser power as well as bead geometry. The typical microstructure of the coatings comprises a solid solution of α (hcp)- and β (fcc)-Co with a dendritic structure as a metal matrix and an interdendritic lamellar eutectic, which contains predominantly β-Co, chromium carbides Cr7C3 and Cr23C6 as well as blocky tungsten carbide W2C. Coating hardness depends on the chemical composition and microstructure that is modified by the deposition parameters. Low laser power results in high carbide fraction and most refined microstructures, accounting for harder coatings.}, language = {en}, number = {8}, urldate = {2025-03-31}, journal = {Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance}, author = {Kiehl, Maximilian and Scheid, Adriano and Graf, Karin and Ernst, Benedikt and Tetzlaff, Ulrich}, month = apr, year = {2023}, note = {7 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Stellite™ 6, bead geometry, grey cast iron, hardness, laser power, microstructure}, pages = {3821--3838}, } @article{kiapeComparativeStudyThermal2024, title = {A {Comparative} {Study} between a {Thermal} {Spray} {CoCrFeMnNi0}.{8V}/{WC}-{Co} {High} {Entropy} {Alloy} {Composite} {Coating} and {Plain} {CoCrFeMnNi0}.{8V} and {WC}-{Co} {Thermal} {Spray} {Coatings}}, volume = {8}, issn = {2504477X (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85191739418&doi=10.3390%2fjcs8040120&partnerID=40&md5=f3e6b98155c85fe397207a5463f8f86b}, doi = {10.3390/jcs8040120}, abstract = {High entropy alloys (HEAs) have emerged as a frontier in surface engineering, challenging the status quo of traditional alloy systems with their exceptional mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. This study investigates the CoCrFeMnNi0.8V HEA, both as a standalone alloy and in a composite with WC-Co, to evaluate their potential as innovative surface coatings. The CoCrFeMnNi0.8V alloy, enriched with vanadium, demonstrates a unique microstructure with enhanced hardness and wear resistance, while the addition of WC-Co particles contributes to improved toughness and durability. By employing High Velocity Oxy-Fuel (HVOF) thermal spray techniques, coatings are deposited onto steel substrates and subjected to rigorous microstructural characterization, wear, and corrosion resistance testing. The results reveal that the CoCrFeMnNi0.8V coating exhibits impressive corrosion resistance in chloride-rich environments. The composite coating leverages the synergy between the HEA’s inherent corrosion resistance and WC-Co’s wear resistance, striking a balance that suits demanding applications. With optimized processing conditions, the composite WC-Co-reinforced high entropy alloy coating could offer a significant advancement in protective coatings technology, especially for maritime and other corrosive settings. This work not only underscores the versatility of HEAs in surface engineering applications but also opens avenues for the development of new material mixtures. © 2024 by the authors.}, language = {English}, number = {4}, journal = {Journal of Composites Science}, author = {Kiape, S. and Glava, M. and Georgatis, E. and Kamnis, S. and Matikas, T.E. and Karantzalis, A.E.}, year = {2024}, note = {2 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)}, keywords = {corrosion, high entropy alloys, microstructure, thermal spray coatings, wear}, } @article{khorHotIsostaticPressing1994, title = {Hot isostatic pressing of plasma sprayed {Ni}-base alloys}, volume = {3}, issn = {1544-1016}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02649000}, doi = {10.1007/BF02649000}, abstract = {This article reports the effects of hot isostatic pressing (HIPing) on the microstructure and properties of plasma sprayed Ni-based alloy coatings. Hot isostatic pressing was used as a post- spray treatment on plasma sprayed Ni-5Al, Ni-20Al, and NiCrAl coatings. The aim was to densify the coatings and modify physical properties such as strength, amount of porosity, and hardness. The coatings were HIPed at 750 to 950 ‡C at pressures of 50 to 200 MPa and held for 1 h. The treated coatings were examined by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Coating porosity was determined using a combination of an image analyzer and SEM. Near- zero porosity levels could be obtained, and HIP treatment at increasing temperatures and pressures changed the microstructure and increased the microhardness of the coatings. Mechanical testing of the coatings was performed on a Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer (DMA) from ambient to — 1000 ‡C. The results showed that the elastic modulus of HIPed coatings was greater than as-sprayed coatings up to — 750 ‡C. These changes can be related to plastic flow, interlamellar diffusion, and creep that occur at increased temperatures and pressures.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-10-14}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {Khor, K. A. and Loh, N. L.}, month = mar, year = {1994}, note = {16 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {hot isostatic pressing, mechanical properties, porosity, post-spray treatment}, pages = {57--62}, } @article{khmelevMethodMeansTesting2021, title = {Method and means of testing cavitation erosion under abnormal conditions}, volume = {332}, issn = {25001019 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85104337730&doi=10.18799%2f24131830%2f2021%2f3%2f3114&partnerID=40&md5=567c5e9beac77927283c33d0ed66ab8e}, doi = {10.18799/24131830/2021/3/3114}, abstract = {The relevance of the research is caused by the need to study the resistance of metals and their coatings to cavitation erosion in conditions of abnormally high temperatures, pressures, as well as in chemically aggressive environments in the form of acids, alkalis or aggressive gases (such as ozone). The main aim of the research is to develop specialized equipment for monitoring and detecting modes and dependencies of cavitation destruction of various metals and their coatings at abnormally high temperatures and overpressure, as well as methodology for determining (controlling) the resistance of metals and their coatings in cavitation fields. Objects: testing cavitation erosion under abnormal conditions using specially designed ultrasonic equipment for this task. Method: experimental method for studying cavitation erosion under abnormal conditions. This method is the development of the existing one regulated by the ASTM G32-10 «Standard test method for cavitation erosion». Results. To create, research and apply special materials and coatings that can ensure long-term reliable equipment operation the authors have proposed and developed a new method for monitoring the erosion resistance of metals and protective coatings under cavitation exposure in abnormal operating conditions, in terms of pressure and temperature. This method expands the capabilities of the ASTM G32-10 «Standard test method for cavitation erosion». Practical implementation of tests of cavitation erosion of metals and protective coatings under abnormal conditions will ensure the creation and application of new materials for use in various branches of human activity and industry. © 2021 Tomsk Polytechnic University, Publishing House. All rights reserved.}, language = {Russian}, number = {3}, journal = {Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University, Geo Assets Engineering}, author = {Khmelev, V.N. and Barsukov, R.V. and Golykh, R.N. and Abramenko, D.S. and Genne, D.V. and Tertishnikov, P.V.}, year = {2021}, note = {0 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Tomsk Polytechnic University, Publishing House}, keywords = {Acoustic field, Amplitude, Erosion, Extreme conditions, Frequency, Normal conditions, Ultrasonic impact}, pages = {187--196}, } @article{kertscherFirstResultsCavitation2015, title = {First results of cavitation erosion behavior of plasma nitrided niobium: {Surface} modification}, volume = {18}, issn = {15161439 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84958694266&doi=10.1590%2f1516-1439.027515&partnerID=40&md5=42d7196a0dc6cc620b65cd789e867cc3}, doi = {10.1590/1516-1439.027515}, abstract = {This work presents the first results of the plasma nitriDing study performed in pure niobium in order to increase its cavitation erosion resistance. Samples were prepared from 98.9\% purity and 90\% reduction cold-rolled niobium bars. Annealing treatment of the cold-worked niobium samples was carried out in vacuum furnace at 1.33 Pa pressure, in the temperature of 1000 C, for a time of 60 min. Annealed samples showing hardness of 80 HV were cut to dimensions of 20 30 4 mm3. NitriDing treatment was conducted at 1080 C, gas mixture of 90\% N2 + 10\% H2, flow rate of 5 10-6 Nm3s-1, and pressure of 1200 Pa (9 Torr), for a total time of 4 h comprised by two treatment steps of 2 h each. For comparison purpose, results for nitrided and non-nitrided niobium are confronted. Samples were characterized by XRD, nanoindentation, microhardness, SEM, and 2D surface topography and 3D interferometry profile analysis techniques. Cavitation testing was conducted accorDing to ASTM G32-09. Comparatively, promising results based on the formation of niobium nitride phases in treated surfaces are presented and discussed in the present work.}, language = {English}, number = {6}, journal = {Materials Research}, author = {Kertscher, R. and De Moraes, J.M. and Henke, S. and Allenstein, A.N. and Gonçalves E Silva, R.H. and Dutra, J.C. and Brunatto, S.F.}, year = {2015}, note = {8 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos}, keywords = {Annealed samples, Annealing treatments, Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation erosion resistance, Cavitation-erosion, Cold rolling, Erosion, Metal cladding, Niobium, Niobium nitride, Nitrides, Nitriding, Nitriding treatment, Nitrogen plasma, Plasma applications, Plasma nitrided, Plasma nitriding, Profile analysis, Stainless steel, Surface topography, Surface treatment, Vacuum furnaces}, pages = {1242--1250}, } @article{kearFactorsControllingDecarburization2001, title = {Factors controlling decarburization in {HVOF} sprayed nano-{WC}/{Co} hardcoatings}, volume = {44}, issn = {1359-6462}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359646201008673}, doi = {10.1016/S1359-6462(01)00867-3}, abstract = {The mechanism of decarburization in HVOF sprayed nano-WC/Co coatings has been investigated. The controlling factor is heterogeneous melting and localized superheating of the high surface area feed powder during spraying. This has the effect of causing extensive dissolution of the WC nanoparticles in the liquid Co, accompanied by rapid reaction of the dissolved C with oxygen in the flame environment. Upon cooling down from the peak temperature in the flame, the Co-rich liquid, now deficient in C, forms W2C and/or W phases, depending on the loss of carbon by gasification. Thus, it is concluded that HVOF sprayed high surface area nano-WC/Co powder is more susceptible to decarburization than conventional WC/Co powder, which is in agreement with observation.}, number = {8}, urldate = {2024-07-10}, journal = {Scripta Materialia}, author = {Kear, B. H and Skandan, G and Sadangi, R. K}, month = may, year = {2001}, note = {120 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Decarburization, HVOF Spraying, Hardcoatings, Tungsten carbide/cobalt}, pages = {1703--1707}, } @article{kazupEvaluationApplicabilityComputerAided2022, title = {Evaluation of the {Applicability} of {Computer}-{Aided} {Porosity} {Testing} {Methods} for {Different} {Pore} {Structures}}, volume = {11}, issn = {2192-9270}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s13632-022-00892-5}, doi = {10.1007/s13632-022-00892-5}, abstract = {Porosity plays an important role in the properties of powder metallurgy products and castings. Nowadays, there are several methods for determining porosity: optical microscopy, computed tomography, and density measurement according to Archimedes’ principle. The aim of this study is to present the advantages and disadvantages of different porosity testing methods and the relationships between the results. With conventional metallographic methods, only two-dimensional information about pores is obtained. The accuracy of a three-dimensional CT examination is significantly affected by the resolution, the quality of the image, and the evaluation process. The porosities of aluminum (AlSi7MgCu0.5) reduced pressure test samples with different densities were determined on 3D x-ray images with the evaluation software VGStudio MAX 3.3 and on 2D section x-ray images and the optical microscope images with the image analysis software ImageJ. The effect of morphological transformation of 3D images and the role of the region of interest volume and area under examination are also discussed.}, language = {en}, number = {5}, urldate = {2024-07-10}, journal = {Metallography, Microstructure, and Analysis}, author = {Kazup, Ágota and Fegyverneki, György and Gácsi, Zoltán}, month = oct, year = {2022}, note = {7 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Aluminum alloy, Computed tomography, Image analysis, Porosity}, pages = {774--789}, } @article{katranidisFIBSEMSectioningStudy2018, title = {{FIB}-{SEM} {Sectioning} {Study} of {Decarburization} {Products} in the {Microstructure} of {HVOF}-{Sprayed} {WC}-{Co} {Coatings}}, volume = {27}, issn = {1544-1016}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-018-0721-3}, doi = {10.1007/s11666-018-0721-3}, abstract = {The thermal dissolution and decarburization of WC-based powders that occur in various spray processes are a widely studied phenomenon, and mechanisms that describe its development have been proposed. However, the exact formation mechanism of decarburization products such as metallic W is not yet established. A WC-17Co coating is sprayed intentionally at an exceedingly long spray distance to exaggerate the decarburization effects. Progressive xenon plasma ion milling of the examined surface has revealed microstructural features that would have been smeared away by conventional polishing. Serial sectioning provided insights on the three-dimensional structure of the decarburization products. Metallic W has been found to form a shell around small splats that did not deform significantly upon impact, suggesting that its crystallization occurs during the in-flight stage of the particles. W2C crystals are more prominent on WC faces that are in close proximity with splat boundaries indicating an accelerated decarburization in such sites. Porosity can be clearly categorized in imperfect intersplat contact and oxidation-generated gases via its shape.}, language = {en}, number = {5}, urldate = {2024-07-10}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {Katranidis, Vasileios and Gu, Sai and Cox, David C. and Whiting, Mark J. and Kamnis, Spyros}, month = jun, year = {2018}, note = {27 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {HVOF {\textless} processing, WC-Co {\textless} feedstock, decarburization {\textless} properties, focused ion beam {\textless} testing, imaging {\textless} processing, wear-resistant coatings {\textless} applications}, pages = {898--908}, } @article{karoonboonyananWearResistanceThermally2007, title = {Wear resistance of thermally sprayed rotary tiller blades}, volume = {263}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34848851077&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2006.12.072&partnerID=40&md5=2df5dce4e6f999f7a5c8a70236ae8d35}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2006.12.072}, abstract = {A rotary tiller is an agricultural implement, popularly used to reduce the amount of time and labour spent in soil preparation. It can also be used to incorporate residue in a sugarcane field into the soil to increase the organic matter content. However, wear of rotary tiller blades is very high, especially in sandy soil, which significantly affects its working life. The objective of this study was to increase the useful life of the tiller blade in order to reduce the idle time required to replace the blade periodically during soil preparation. The objective was carried out by means of hard coatings, where the effect of the coatings on the wear damage and the wear characteristics of the rotary tiller blades were investigated. This study compared two different thermal spray coatings, namely HVOF-sprayed WC/Co and plasma-sprayed Al2O3-TiO2/NiAl, on carbon steel rotary tiller blades. A test was conducted on a 3.2-ha area of sugarcane field after harvesting. The soil condition during the time of the test was dry, hard and sandy. The test blades were arranged in the tiller using a randomized complete block design pattern to compensate for the blade position sensitivity in order to achieve meaningful data. The test result showed that the average wear rate of the uncoated blades was 0.86 cm3/ha, while those of the WC/Co and the Al2O3 coatings were 0.02 and 0.90, respectively. The wear rates of the WC/Co-coated blades were significantly lower than those of the uncoated blades, indicating a great improvement in the wear protection provided by the coatings. The Al2O3-coated blades, however, did not show superiority over the uncoated reference blades. Some chipping of the Al2O3 coating was observed, which greatly contributed to the high wear rate. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {1-6 SPEC. ISS.}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Karoonboonyanan, S. and Salokhe, V.M. and Niranatlumpong, P.}, year = {2007}, note = {38 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Biological materials, Rotary tiller, Sensitivity analysis, Soil preparation, Sprayed coatings, Sugar cane, Sugar cane residue, Systems analysis, Thermal sprayed coatings, Thermal spraying, Wear damage, Wear in agricultural machinery, Wear protection, Wear resistance}, pages = {604--608}, } @article{karimiPhenomenologicalModelCavitation1987, title = {Phenomenological model for cavitation erosion rate computation}, volume = {95}, issn = {0025-5416}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0025541687904939}, doi = {10.1016/0025-5416(87)90493-9}, abstract = {A mathematical model incorporating the erosion process and the internal hardening mechanism is proposed to determine the cavitation erosion rate of alloys. It takes into account both the properties of the material being eroded and the cavitation flow conditions. This calculation approach assumes that during erosion the material is subjected to stress pulse loading conditions. The spatial and the temporal distributions of these pulses are statistical, but the mean level of their amplitude is controlled by the flow conditions. The mechanical properties of the materials (such as the elastic limit and the rupture limit) and the metallurgical parameters (such as the work-hardening coefficient and the stacking fault energy) are introduced into the erosion rate equation. This model can be applied to all types of cavitation in various hydraulic machines. It can also be extended to erosion by liquid drop impacts and to solid particle impact erosion. At this stage of development, only the mechanical aspect of erosion is considered and the effects of coroosion on the erosion rate are not included.}, urldate = {2024-08-01}, journal = {Materials Science and Engineering}, author = {Karimi, A. and Leo, W. R.}, month = nov, year = {1987}, note = {51 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {1--14}, } @article{karimiCorrosionCastStellite32018, title = {Corrosion of cast {Stellite}-3 analogue in simulated {PWR} conditions}, volume = {140}, issn = {0010-938X}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010938X18303639}, doi = {10.1016/j.corsci.2018.05.023}, abstract = {Wear resistant alloys are required for deployment in pressurised water reactor primary circuits and in this context, the corrosion behaviour of a cast cobalt-based alloy following exposure for 30 days in lithiated water at 300 °C was investigated. Corrosion of the surface was observed, resulting in the formation of a ∼100 nm thick chromium- and silicon-rich oxide. Preferential corrosion of the matrix at its interface with just one of the carbide types was observed to a depth of ∼1 μm; for the first time this was shown to be not due to any inhomogeneity in the matrix but instead to be an electrochemical effect.}, urldate = {2025-03-09}, journal = {Corrosion Science}, author = {Karimi, G. N. and Shipway, P. H. and Stewart, D. A. and Hussain, T.}, month = aug, year = {2018}, note = {7 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cobalt alloy, Electrochemistry, Hydrothermal corrosion, Interfacial oxide, Pressurised water reactor}, pages = {402--411}, } @article{kangWearBehaviorThermal2012, title = {Wear behavior of thermal spray coatings on rotavator blades}, volume = {21}, issn = {10599630 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84861796130&doi=10.1007%2fs11666-011-9709-y&partnerID=40&md5=73a17a620accb747d2060c6b3af17c1c}, doi = {10.1007/s11666-011-9709-y}, abstract = {A rotavator is a motorized cultivator, popularly used to decrease the total time and human efforts in soil preparation. However, under dynamic loading, rotavator blades are subjected to extreme abrasive wear. The objective of this study was to enhance the working life of the rotavator blade in order to decrease the idle time required to reinstate the blade periodically during cultivation. The objective was carried out by means of thermal spray coatings, where the effect of the coatings on the extent of wear and the wear characteristics of the rotavator blades were examined. Three different detonation gun sprayed coatings, namely WC-Co-Cr, Cr 3C 2NiCr and Stellite-21 were compared in this study on high tensile steel rotavator blades. The wear rates of Cr 3C 2NiCr and Stellite-21 coated blades showed significant superiority over the uncoated blade, but not as much as shown by WC-Co-Cr coated blade. © ASM International.}, language = {English}, number = {2}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {Kang, A.S. and Grewal, J.S. and Jain, D. and Kang, S.}, year = {2012}, note = {23 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Chromate coatings, Cr 3C 2NiCr, Cultivation, Detonation spray, Detonation spray coating, Dynamic loads, Loading, Rotavator blades, Sprayed coatings, Stellite, Thermal spray coatings, Tungsten alloys, Tungsten carbide, WC-Co-Cr, Wear of materials, Wear resistant coatings, Wear-resistant coating}, pages = {355--359}, } @article{kanekoEvaluationShearingStrength2015, title = {Evaluation of the shearing strength of a {WC}-{12Co} thermal spray coating by the scraping test method}, volume = {5}, issn = {20796412 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85063834112&doi=10.3390%2fcoatings5030278&partnerID=40&md5=ce553939f0c79c045d54935fe7619809}, doi = {10.3390/coatings5030278}, abstract = {This paper reports on an experimental and analytical investigation conducted into efficacy of the scraping shear-test method in estimating the shearing adhesive strength of a thermally sprayed coating. It was found that the critical average shear stress, the apparent failure strength of WC-Co thermal spray coating, depends on both the dimensions of the test piece and the loading position around the interface between the coating and the substrate. More specifically, the apparent critical shear stress decreased as the height and width of the test piece increased. In addition, the apparent critical shear stress increased with increasing coating thickness and with decreasing loading point distance measured from the interface. Consequently, the real adhesive strength of thermally sprayed coating could not be ascertained from these experimental results. Furthermore, most of the failure initiation points were inside the coating, as opposed to at the interface. This fact means that the results of the tests do not indicate the interfacial adhesive strength, but rather the shear strength of the coating. Three-dimensional finite element method (FEM) analysis showed that the distributions of the shearing stress at the loading points were virtually the same at failure, regardless of the dimensions of the test piece. These results suggest that the scraping test method needs a corresponding numerical analysis of the failure mode in order to produce reliable results and is not necessarily able to estimate the interfacial adhesive strength of thermally sprayed coating. © 2015 by the authors.}, language = {English}, number = {3}, journal = {Coatings}, author = {Kaneko, K.}, year = {2015}, note = {5 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: MDPI AG}, keywords = {FEM analysis, Scraping shear test, Shear strength, Shear strength criteria, Stress singularity, Thermal spray coating, WC-12Co coating}, pages = {278--292}, } @article{kalyankarPerformanceMetallurgicalBehaviour2022, title = {On the performance of metallurgical behaviour of {Stellite} 6 cladding deposited on {SS316L} substrate with {PTAW} process}, volume = {61}, issn = {0008-4433}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00084433.2022.2031681}, doi = {10.1080/00084433.2022.2031681}, abstract = {Cobalt rich Stellite 6 cladding shows a superior result against wear, corrosion and galling. However, the metallurgical bonding at the cladding interface, if not achieved carefully, may result in failure during service. Hence, the proposed Stellite 6 weld overlay is deposited by plasma transferred arc welding (PTAW) process on SS316L substrate. Mechanical characterisation of this combination has been already attempted earlier with the help of a fine-tuned welding parameters. The same work has been reconsidered in the present research study for its detailed metallurgical investigation. In order to investigate the metallurgical variation at the interface, two samples with different weld parameters (sample A and B) have been considered. Cobalt rich phases have been obtained in both samples such as γ-Co (FCC), ϵ-Co (HCP), CrCo along with different carbides of chromium and tungsten such as Cr7C3, Cr23C6, W6C which are confirmed by EDS and XRD analysis. The formation of different phases shows the W6C, interdendritic eutectic phases Cr7C3, Cr23C6 and primary dendritic phases γ-Co, ϵ-Co and CrCo that are chiefly responsible for the higher hardness of sample B which has lower heat input.}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-11-17}, journal = {Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly}, author = {Kalyankar, Vivek and Bhoskar, Avishkar and Deshmukh, Dhiraj and Patil, Sanjay}, month = apr, year = {2022}, note = {35 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Taylor \& Francis \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/00084433.2022.2031681}, keywords = {Cladding, SS316L, Stellite 6, blocky phase, epitaxial growth, interdendritic phases, microstructure, wear}, pages = {130--144}, } @article{kakadeExperimentalInvestigationsOptimisation2023, title = {Experimental investigations and optimisation of {Ni}-{Cr}-{B}-{Si} hardfacing characteristics deposited by {PTAW} process on {SS} 410 using response surface method}, volume = {9}, issn = {2374-068X}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/2374068X.2022.2097420}, doi = {10.1080/2374068X.2022.2097420}, abstract = {In this paper, an attempt has been made to correlate and optimise the plasma transferred arc welding parameters such as transferred arc current (TC), powder feed rate (PF), speed of oscillation (SO), welding speed (WS) and plasma gas (PG) so as to enhance the surface characteristics. The investigations are carried out by considering width-to-reinforcement ratio (W/R) and surface hardness as key responses. The empirical relationship of responses isdeveloped using response surface method (RSM). From this investigation, it is found that the maximum hardness of 47.59 HRC could be achieved with a moderate 4.5 W/R for the deposit. The optimised processing conditions show the transferred arc current (TC) 126 A, welding speed (WS) 100 mm/min, powder feed rate (PF) 13 g/min, speed of oscillation (SO) 600 mm/min, and plasma gas (PG) 2.9 L/min.}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-11-17}, journal = {Advances in Materials and Processing Technologies}, author = {Kakade, S. P. and Thakur, A. G. and Deshmukh, D. D. and Patil, S. B.}, month = jul, year = {2023}, note = {6 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Taylor \& Francis \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/2374068X.2022.2097420}, keywords = {PTAW, RSM, W/R, hardfacing, hardness, optimisation}, pages = {826--842}, } @article{jondaInvestigationsCavitationErosion2023a, title = {Investigations of cavitation erosion and wear resistance of cermet coatings manufactured by {HVOF} spraying}, volume = {608}, issn = {0169-4332}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169433222025995}, doi = {10.1016/j.apsusc.2022.155071}, abstract = {This work studies the effect of mechanical properties and microstructure on sliding wear and cavitation erosion behaviors of cermet coatings deposited via high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spraying on AZ31 magnesium substrate. Cavitation tests indicated that WC-Co-Cr cermet had superior resistance to cavitation erosion than WC-Cr3C2-Ni, WC-Co coatings, and far better resistance than the AZ31 expressed by the volume material loss 3.74 mm3, 6.99 mm3, 10.30 mm3, and 108.82 mm3, respectively. WC-Co-Cr coating’s erosion mechanism exhibited uniform material removal, which slows the erosion rate. The CoCr binder prevented severe surface pitting and the detachment of the WC-Co-Cr cermet material in massive chunks which was observed for WC-Co and WC-Cr3C2-Ni coatings. Cermet coatings microstructure discontinuities such as pores and ceramic-metallic phase interfaces are the centers of material erosion. No clear correlation between the erosion behavior and mechanical properties of coatings was revealed. Contrary to that, sliding wear results were strongly related to the mechanical properties. The WC-Co-Cr and WC-Co samples exhibited higher hardness and higher values of Young’s modulus than the WC-Cr3C2-Ni one. The generated stresses with lower values of hardness and Young’s modulus for the WC-Cr3C2-Ni sample resulted in a higher wear factor, approx. 1·10−7 mm3·N−1·m−1. For the harder samples, which exhibited higher stiffness (WC-Co-Cr and WC-Co), this type of wear resulted in lower values of the wear factor: 6·10−8 mm3·N−1·m−1 and 9·10−8 mm3·N−1·m−1, respectively. Deposition of the cermet coatings effectively protected the magnesium substrate, which shows low resistance to cavitation erosion and sliding wear when uncoated.}, urldate = {2024-06-29}, journal = {Applied Surface Science}, author = {Jonda, E. and Szala, M. and Sroka, M. and Łatka, L. and Walczak, M.}, month = jan, year = {2023}, note = {62 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cavitation erosion, Cermet coatings, High velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF), Tribology, Wear}, pages = {155071}, } @article{jiEffectHeatTreatment2014, title = {Effect of {Heat} treatment on the slurry erosion resistance of high strength steel {DP980}}, volume = {105}, issn = {18625282 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84902213314&doi=10.3139%2f146.111042&partnerID=40&md5=0e21d6dfb751f7b3002bcb421bedfe44}, doi = {10.3139/146.111042}, abstract = {The slurry erosion resistance of the high strength steel DP980 was investigated using a jet erosion tester. The cumulative volume loss of DP980 samples was about 32.6 mm3 after 30 min erosion in a slurry containing 5.68 wt.\% sand particles with an impact velocity of 13.01 m s -1 at an impact angle of 308. With water quenching directly from austenite, the erosion resistance of DP980 samples was improved to about 2.0 times that of common low-carbon steel ASTM A283C and was also better than that of AISI 304 under identical test conditions. Heat treatment was very useful to improve the erosion resistance of the DP980 samples at the high impact velocity, but was adverse at the low impact velocity. Martensite islands in the DP steels could resist the microcutting and microploughing better than the base which improves the wear resistance, especially at high impact velocity. © Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH \& Co. KG.}, language = {English}, number = {5}, journal = {International Journal of Materials Research}, author = {Ji, X. and Han, X. and Zhou, M. and Liu, J.}, year = {2014}, note = {10 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Carl Hanser Verlag}, keywords = {DP steel, DP-steel, DP980, Effect of heat treatments, Erosion, Erosion resistance, Heat treatment, High strength steel, High-impact velocities, Impact velocities, Low-impact velocity, Martensitic steel, Slurry erosion, Velocity}, pages = {487--492}, } @article{jiangPassiveCavitationDetection2022, title = {Passive {Cavitation} {Detection} {With} a {Needle} {Hydrophone} {Array}}, volume = {69}, issn = {1525-8955}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9570324}, doi = {10.1109/TUFFC.2021.3120263}, abstract = {Therapeutic ultrasound and microbubble technologies seek to drive systemically administered microbubbles into oscillations that safely manipulate tissue or release drugs. Such procedures often detect the unique acoustic emissions from microbubbles with the intention of using this feedback to control the microbubble activity. However, most sensor systems reported introduce distortions to the acoustic signal. Acoustic shockwaves, a key emission from microbubbles, are largely absent in reported recording, possibly due to the sensors being too large or too narrowband, or having strong phase distortions. Here, we built a sensor array that countered such limitations with small, broadband sensors and a low-phase distorting material. We built eight needle hydrophones with polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF, diameter: 2 mm) then fit them into a 3-D-printed scaffold in a two-layered, staggered arrangement. Using this array, we monitored microbubbles exposed to therapeutically relevant ultrasound pulses (center frequency: 0.5 MHz, peak-rarefactional pressure: 130–597 kPa, pulselength: four cycles). Our tests revealed that the hydrophones were broadband with the best having a sensitivity of −224.8 dB ± 3.2 dB re 1 V/ {\textbackslash}boldsymbol {\textbackslash}mu Pa from 1 to 15 MHz. The array was able to capture shockwaves generated by microbubbles. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the array was approximately two times higher than individual hydrophones. Also, the array could localize microbubbles (−3 dB lateral resolution: 2.37 mm) and determine the cavitation threshold (between 161 and 254 kPa). Thus, the array accurately monitored and localized microbubble activities, and may be an important technological step toward better feedback control methods and safer and more effective treatments.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2025-03-02}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control}, author = {Jiang, Zheng and Sujarittam, Krit and Yildiz, Betul Ilbilgi and Dickinson, Robert J. and Choi, James J.}, month = jan, year = {2022}, note = {6 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Conference Name: IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control}, keywords = {Cavitation threshold, Coaxial cables, Metals, Monitoring, Needles, Sensitivity, Sonar equipment, Ultrasonic imaging, needle hydrophone array, passive cavitation detection, shockwave}, pages = {233--240}, } @article{jasionowskiEvaluationCavitationalDamage2016, title = {The evaluation of the cavitational damage in {MgAl2Si} alloy using various laboratory stands}, volume = {252}, issn = {10120394 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84979258031&doi=10.4028%2fwww.scientific.net%2fSSP.252.61&partnerID=40&md5=bac0e743824be65a21c508c84d7bcd78}, doi = {10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.252.61}, abstract = {Evaluation of cavitation erosion resistance of is carried out by using various testing stands, that differ by the way of cavitation excitation and its intensity. These various testing conditions have led to a standardization of some part of laboratory stands, that in turn allows a direct comparison of results obtained in different laboratories. The aim of this study was to determine the course of cavitational destruction of MgAl2Si alloy samples tested on three different laboratory stands. The research was conducted on a vibration stand according to ASTM G32, where cavitation is forced by the vibrating element; in the cavitation tunnel reflecting actual flow conditions, and on a jet impact stand- simulating the impact microjet in the final phase of the cavitational bubbles implosion. Each laboratory stand has given a different course of cavitational destruction. © 2016 Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.}, language = {English}, journal = {Solid State Phenomena}, author = {Jasionowski, R. and Zasada, D. and Polkowski, W.}, year = {2016}, note = {2 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Trans Tech Publications Ltd}, keywords = {Aluminum alloys, Cavitation, Cavitation erosion resistance, Cavitation tunnels, Cavitation wear, Cavitational bubbles, EBSD analysis, Flow condition, Laboratories, Magnesium alloy, Magnesium alloys, Silicon alloys, Testing conditions, Vibrating elements, cavitation}, pages = {61--70}, } @article{jasimInvestigatingEffectVibration2016, title = {Investigating the effect of vibration on corrosion rate of crude oil storage tanks}, volume = {67}, issn = {09475117 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84956647793&doi=10.1002%2fmaco.201508764&partnerID=40&md5=40f6803044697befe41f70af890b7610}, doi = {10.1002/maco.201508764}, abstract = {The present paper, deals with the influence of vibration and temperature on corrosion rate of ASTM A537 carbon steel used for crude oil storage tanks of Basrah oil fields in south Iraq. A mechanical vibration system equipped with temperature controller according to ASTM G32 standards test method was used to test and study the effect of vibration and temperature on the corrosion rates using immersion test method. Three types of crude oils: light, medium, and heavy crude oils were collected from tanks in southern Iraq. The experimental immersion test results demonstrated that the vibration increases the corrosion rate compared to static case. The light crude oil show larger values of corrosion and heavy crude oil show smaller values, while medium crude oil show moderate values. © 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH \& Co. KGaA, Weinheim}, language = {English}, number = {9}, journal = {Materials and Corrosion}, author = {Jasim, H.H.}, year = {2016}, note = {3 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Wiley-VCH Verlag}, keywords = {ASTM A537 carbon steel, Acoustic wave absorption, Carbon steel, Corrosion, Corrosion rate, Crude oil, Crude oil storage, Effect of vibration, Heavy crude oil, Immersion tests, Moderate value, Oil fields, Oil tanks, Tanks (containers), Temperature controllers, Test method, Vibration, Vibrations (mechanical), corrosion, crude oil tank, immersion test, vibration}, pages = {988--993}, } @article{jangEffectsUltrasonicAmplitude2020, title = {Effects of ultrasonic amplitude on electrochemical properties during cavitation of carbon steel in 3.5\% {NaCl} solution}, volume = {19}, issn = {15986462 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85092333688&doi=10.14773%2fCST.2020.19.4.163&partnerID=40&md5=28788a94a094a9408894d3139091e029}, doi = {10.14773/CST.2020.19.4.163}, abstract = {Cavitation corrosion in many industrial plants has recently become a serious issue. Cavitation corrosion has generally been investigated using a vibratory method based on ASTM G32 standard, and the test can be divided into direct cavitation and indirect cavitation. Cavitation corrosion test uses the vibration frequency of the horn of 20 kHz with constant peak-to-peak displacement amplitude. In this work, the peak-to-peak amplitude was controlled from 15 μm to 85 μm, and electrochemical measurements were obtained during indirect cavitation. The relationship between cavitation corrosion rate and electrochemical properties was discussed. Corrosion steps of carbon steel at the initial stage under cavitation condition in 3.5 \% NaCl can be proposed. When the cavitation strength is relatively low, corrosion of the steel is more affected by the electrochemical process than by the mechanical process; but when the cavitation strength is relatively high, corrosion of the steel is affected more by the mechanical process than by the electrochemical process. This work confirmed that the critical ultrasonic amplitude of 0.42 \%C carbon steel is 53.8 μm, and when the amplitude is less than 53.8 μm, the corrosion effect during the cavitation corrosion process is higher than the mechanical effect. © 2020 Faculty of Healthcare, Alexander Dubcek University of Trencin. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {4}, journal = {Corrosion Science and Technology}, author = {Jang, I.J. and Kim, K.T. and Yoo, Y.R. and Kim, Y.S.}, year = {2020}, note = {2 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Corrosion Science Society of Korea}, keywords = {Carbon steel, Cavitation corrosion rate, Cavitation corrosion test, Critical ultrasonic amplitude, Electrochemical properties}, pages = {163--173}, } @article{jangCavitationDamageMitigation2014, title = {A cavitation damage mitigation technique for {ALBC3} alloy using hydrogen overvoltage}, volume = {6}, issn = {19472935 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84913568753&doi=10.1166%2fsam.2014.2112&partnerID=40&md5=183407d8aa9ba4af9f54b895492b8d3d}, doi = {10.1166/sam.2014.2112}, abstract = {The reliability for offshore structures is very important since they operate under harsh operating conditions for a long time. Material damage in seawater involves not only physical damage due to cavitation but also corrosion damage by Cl- ions; thus, seawater deteriorates the mechanical performance and lifetime of a ship's components. This study investigated the protection potential of ALBC3 alloy to minimize the cavitation-induced damage by employing the hydrogen overvoltage phenomenon. To achieve this, a hybrid potentiostatic apparatus was devised for the characterization of electrochemical properties of the alloy with cavitation. A cavitation experiment was conducted at 30 μm of amplitude by using an ultrasonic vibratory generator in accordance with modified ASTM G32 regulation. Consequently, the optimum potential range to enhance the cavitation resistance is considered to lie between -2.8 V and -2.2 V, which corresponds to the activation polarization range. © 2014 by American Scientific Publishers.}, language = {English}, number = {9}, journal = {Science of Advanced Materials}, author = {Jang, S.-K. and Park, J.-C. and Jeong, J.-Y. and Han, M.-S. and Kim, S.-J.}, year = {2014}, note = {0 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: American Scientific Publishers}, keywords = {ALBC3 alloy, Complexed cavitation and electrochemical characteristic, Hybrid potentiostatic test method, Hydrogen overvoltage, Marine industry}, pages = {2036--2040}, } @article{jalaliCultivationSituFoam2025, title = {Cultivation of {In} situ foam {3D}-printing: {Lightweight} and flexible triboelectric nanogenerators employing polyvinylidene fluoride/graphene nanocomposite foams with superior {EMI} shielding and thermal conductivity}, volume = {134}, issn = {2211-2855}, doi = {10.1016/j.nanoen.2024.110554}, abstract = {This study explores the novel realm of foam 3D-printing, a convergence of foaming and 3D-printing techniques, with profound implications for multifunctional stretchable electronics. Through scalable in situ foam printing, lightweight and stretchable foamed polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/graphene nanocomposites were successfully fabricated. By incorporating varying percentages (2, 3, 5, and 7 wt\%) of graphene into PVDF, alongside a 3 wt\% foaming agent for foamed 3D-printing filaments, a diverse range of filaments were fabricated. Next, employing fused filament fabrication (FFF), 3D-printed PVDF nanocomposites and nanocomposites foams were produced. Both shear and elongational rheological tests, respectively, corroborated that the incorporation of a foaming agent and graphene amplified the shear-thinning behavior and instigated strain hardening in the PVDF nano- composite foam, rendering them viable options for foam 3D-printing. The resulting materials exhibited promising electrical and thermal conductivity attributes, as well as effective electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding properties. The additional nanofiller content significantly augmented both electrical and thermal conductivity, further enhanced by the introduction of a cellular structure. Notably, foamed 3D-printed PVDF nanocomposites containing 7 wt\% of graphene demonstrated an EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) of 36 dB distinguished by minimal reflectivity and predominant absorption characteristics. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicated that the in situ foam 3D-printing facilitates the formation of the beta-phase. The printed specimens were deployed as the tribonegative element in the Triboelectric Nanogenerator (TENG) system. The fabricated TENG displayed notable efficiency, as evidenced by the foamed 3D-printed PVDF, which generated an output voltage of 270 V and a current of 5 mu A, successfully illuminating 80 Light Emitting Diode (LED) lights. Meanwhile, the 3D-printed nanocomposite foams with 3 wt\% nanofiller exhibited superior performance, achieving an output voltage of 550 V and a current of 11 mu A. This investigation underscores the potential of the in situ foam 3D-printing for the development of advanced lightweight and flexible energy storage devices.}, language = {English}, journal = {NANO ENERGY}, author = {Jalali, A and Rajabi-Abhari, A and Zhang, HA and Gupta, T and Dias, OAT and Islam, MA and Filleter, T and Yan, N and Sain, M and Park, CB}, month = feb, year = {2025}, note = {3 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {3D, EMI shielding, FLOW, FLUORIDE, Graphene, INDUCED CRYSTALLIZATION, POLYMER COMPOSITES, Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), Triboelectric nanogenerators, in situ foam 3D-printing}, } @article{jahanmirDelaminationTheoryWear1975, title = {The delamination theory of wear and the wear of a composite surface}, volume = {32}, issn = {0043-1648}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0043164875902033}, doi = {10.1016/0043-1648(75)90203-3}, abstract = {The delamination theory of wear postulates that there is a “nonworkhardening” soft surface layer which deforms continuously due to the instability of dislocations, and that the low speed sliding wear of metals is caused by the subsurface crack nucleation and propagation nearly parallel to the surface. A corollary of the theory is that when hard metal surfaces are plated with a soft metal to reduce the coefficient of friction and the wear rate, the soft metal layer must be thinner than a critical thickness so as to prevent the accumulation of dislocations in the plated layer and the formation of the delaminated layer. This corollary was investigated by plating annealed AISI 1018 steel with cadmium. The wear rate of the steel specimen plated with 0.1 μm cadmium on both of the contacting surfaces was three orders of magnitude smaller than the unplated specimen when they were tested in argon. In the case of thicker coatings, the cadmium layer wears by the delamination process which occurs within the plated layer. The very thin cadmium plate is also effective in reducing wear in inert oil, but not effective in an oxidizing atmosphere. The coefficient of friction of the 0.1 μm Cd plated steel was less than the unplated steel under all test conditions.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-11-17}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Jahanmir, S. and Suh, N. P. and Abrahamson, E. P.}, month = mar, year = {1975}, note = {96 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {33--49}, } @article{jafarzadehEffectPlasmaSpray2010, title = {The effect of plasma spray parameters on the cavitation erosion of {Al2O3}-{TiO2} coatings}, volume = {205}, issn = {02578972 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-78649732186&doi=10.1016%2fj.surfcoat.2010.08.044&partnerID=40&md5=9cd0937fe25a7810779ed4b194aee728}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2010.08.044}, abstract = {This paper reports a study of how the choice of plasma spray parameters, used during deposition of Al2O3-13\%TiO2 coatings on carbon steel, influences the cavitation erosion properties of such coatings. The parameters studied are the power feeding rate and hydrogen flow rate. The surface and cross section of coatings before and after cavitation were also observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The phases present in the coatings were characterized by X-ray diffraction method (XRD). The microscopic observations were used to study the inter-lamellar connection, porosity, unmelted particles and so on inside the coating. We also measured the roughness, microhardness, adhesion strength and cavitation erosion of the coatings. The XRD results showed that the coating includes different allotropes of Al2O3 such as α and γ. The cavitation erosion studies of the coatings were conducted by ultrasonic cavitation testing on the basis of ASTM G32 standard. It was found that cavitation erosion is accelerated around the unmelted particles and porosities. The results reveal that the cavitation resistance of the coating is determined by its microstructure and that increasing discontinuities (inside the coating) reduce its cavitation resistance. We have found that the coating obtained at hydrogen gas flow rate of 16L/min and powder feeding rate of 20g/min has the best cavitation resistance. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, number = {7}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Jafarzadeh, K. and Valefi, Z. and Ghavidel, B.}, year = {2010}, note = {37 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Adhesion strengths, Al2O3-TiO2, Aluminum, Before and after, Carbon steel, Cavitation, Cavitation erosion, Cavitation resistance, Cross section, Erosion, Hardness, Hydrogen, Hydrogen flow rate, Hydrogen gas, Microscopic observations, Plasma deposition, Plasma jets, Plasma spray, Plasma spraying, Powder feeding, Power feeding, Protective coatings, SEM, Scanning electron microscopy, Sprayed coatings, Surface analysis, Thermal spray coating, Thermal spray coatings, TiO, Ultrasonic cavitation, Unmelted particles, X ray diffraction, X-ray diffraction method, XRD}, pages = {1850--1855}, } @article{jafariImprovementTribologicalProperties2013, title = {Improvement in tribological properties of {HVOF} sprayed {WC}-{Co} coatings using electroless {Ni}-{P} coated feedstock powders}, volume = {235}, issn = {02578972 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84886308813&doi=10.1016%2fj.surfcoat.2013.07.059&partnerID=40&md5=859b65f6331514bb040b426a4c5ece4b}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2013.07.059}, abstract = {The aim of this research is to investigate the sliding friction and wear behavior of a novel WC-Co thermal spray coating deposited from electroless Ni-P coated WC-12Co feedstock powders. The Ni-P coated powders were sprayed on ST37 steel substrate to form a coating, denoted as Ni-P modified WC-12Co coating, using high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) process. The X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and high resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy (HR FESEM) were used to analyze microstructural properties of Ni-P coated WC-12Co powders and the resultant coating. The sliding friction and wear behavior of Ni-P modified coating was investigated using a ball-on-disk technique under an applied load of 30N. The Ni-P modified WC-12Co coating showed extremely lower decarburization level, higher hardness and fracture toughness as compared to the conventional WC-12Co and WC-17Co coatings. The wear rate of Ni-P modified coating was found to be {\textasciitilde}3.2×10-4mg/m indicating {\textasciitilde}68 and 72\% improvement in wear resistance, with respect to the conventional WC-12Co and WC-17Co coatings. Moreover, the Ni-P modified coating exhibited the lowest average friction coefficient of {\textasciitilde}0.4 with minor fluctuations. The dominating wear mechanism of Ni-P modified coating was individual WC particles pull-out following extrusion of Ni (Co) binder phase. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Jafari, M. and Enayati, M.H. and Salehi, M. and Nahvi, S.M. and Park, C.G.}, year = {2013}, note = {25 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Feedstocks, Field emission microscopes, Friction, Friction coefficients, HVOF, HVOF thermal spraying, High velocity oxygen fuel(HVOF), Micro-structural properties, Nickel, Powders, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray coatings, Tribological properties, Tribology, Tungsten alloys, Tungsten carbide, WC-Co, Wear behavior, Wear behaviors, Wear of materials, X ray diffraction analysis}, pages = {310--317}, } @article{iwaniakEffectSelectedLaser2019, title = {The effect of selected laser beam micromilling parameters on the surface layer structure of {High} {Velocity} {Oxygen} {Fuel} sprayed {WC}-{CoCr} coating}, volume = {378}, issn = {02578972 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85075612508&doi=10.1016%2fj.surfcoat.2019.125043&partnerID=40&md5=9fa55449a2399390c3057fce0e5dff12}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.125043}, abstract = {The effect of laser beam micromilling on the surface layer structure of High Velocity Oxygen Fuel (HVOF) sprayed WC-CoCr coating was investigated. The carbide layer was HVOF sprayed onto flat test samples made of austenitic stainless steel, AISI 316Ti. Ultra fine-grained WC-CoCr (86/10/4) powder, particle size 10 μm, was used for coat spraying application. The surfaces of test pieces were ground and polished after spraying. Then surface ablation was carried out by micromilling pre-set rectangular-shaped recesses with a nanosecond Master Oscillator Power Amplifier pulsed fiber laser. The experiment was planned using the Taguchi method (L9 33 orthogonal array). The process parameters examined were: laser power, pulse duration and laser beam scanning speed. Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction phase analysis and 3D profilometry were used to evaluate structural changes. The effect of ablation process parameters (laser work parameters) on the treated coating surface condition, removed layer depth, surface roughness after the ablation process and treated coat phase composition was analysed. It was demonstrated that scanning speed reduction and laser pulse duration increase caused the increase of removed material layer thickness at a single beam pass. It was noted that laser treatment resulted in W2C carbide formation on the treated WC-CoCr coating surface and molten material accumulated at the edges of the openings bored affecting their shapes and topography. © 2019}, language = {English}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Iwaniak, A.}, year = {2019}, note = {3 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier B.V.}, keywords = {Ablation, Austenitic stainless steel, Carbides, Chromium compounds, Fiber amplifiers, Fiber lasers, Fuels, HVOF thermal spraying, High velocity oxygen fuel, High velocity oxygen fuels, Laser beam machining, Laser beam micromilling, Laser beams, Laser machining, Micro milling, Micromachining, Milling (machining), Molten materials, Nanosecond ytterbium fiber laser, Oxygen, Particle size, Particle size analysis, Power amplifiers, Profilometry, Pulsed laser machining, Pulsed lasers, Scanning electron microscopy, Sprayed coatings, Surface roughness, Taguchi method, Taguchi methods, Thermal spray coatings, Topography, WC-CoCr, X ray spectroscopy, Ytterbium fiber laser}, } @article{iwaiCavitationErosionWaters2003, title = {Cavitation erosion in waters having different surface tensions}, volume = {254}, issn = {0043-1648}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043164802003058}, doi = {10.1016/S0043-1648(02)00305-8}, abstract = {Cavitation damage is affected by physical properties of liquid. In order to study such an effect solely caused by the change of surface tension, cavitation erosion tests were performed using waters with different surface tensions. The value of surface tension was adjusted by adding photographic wetting agent, ranging from 0.0025 to 3.0\% (wt.\%). The mechanism of surface tension influence on cavitation damage is discussed by relating it to the observed cavitation pattern and bubble behavior. The erosion rate firstly decreases gradually and then drops sharply at about half the value for water (σ=30×10−3N/m) when surface tension reduces from that of water. It was also observed that due to the addition of wetting agent, both the maximum of pulse peak height and the number of counts of bubble collapsing pressure (particularly for those strong ones), as well as the total impact energy, were also reduced. This was mainly due to the influences of surface tension on the formation of bubble clusters in terms of their size and number. In particular, the turning point of the size (mean diameter) of bubble clusters coincides with that of the relative erosion rate. This coincidence supports the proposed mechanism. That is, the reduction of surface tension promotes the instability of bubble growth and collapse which breaks up bubbles into smaller bubbles with less or little erosive power. However, there was a discrepancy of the impact energy with bubble size and erosion rate for the high addition concentrations towards and after the turning point of surface tension. This was presumably due to some unknown factors involved.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2025-02-04}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Iwai, Yoshiro and Li, Shengcai}, month = jan, year = {2003}, note = {66 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Bubble collapse pressure, Cavitation aspect, Cavitation erosion, Surface tension}, pages = {1--9}, } @article{itohBlastErosionProperties1991, title = {Blast {Erosion} {Properties} of {Sintered} {Ceramics} and {Sprayed} {Coatings}}, volume = {9}, issn = {02884771 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0026105619&doi=10.2207%2fqjjws.9.74&partnerID=40&md5=41862768cfd3c11d28e1761ece012b9b}, doi = {10.2207/qjjws.9.74}, abstract = {The final properties of our study is to discuss the selection of surface modification processes and/or materials from a viewpoint of blast erosion properties. In this study, an experimental investigation was carried out on the blast erosion resistance of sintered ceramics and ceramic sprayed coatings. Three different coatings of WC-12Co, Al2O3 and Cr2O3, which were produced by FLSP and PSP, were examined in comparison with the sintered ceramics. The effect of test conditions, such as blast angle and blast particle size, on the erosion resistance were made clear. The better correlation between volume erosion rate and Vickers hardness after erosion could not be obtained from the experimental results. It appears that the blast erosion properties of sintered ceramics and ceramic sprayed coatings may be affected by not only the hardness but also the fracture toughness. It was also confirmed by experiments that the material (process) selection could be easily conducted using the relationship of the erosion resistance between the blast angle 30° and 90°. It made clear that the effect of blast angle on the volume erosion rate of the sintered ceramics and sprayed coatings could be approximately estimated by the assumption of sun ψ (ψ: blast angle) dependency. © 1991, JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {1}, journal = {QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY}, author = {Itoh, Y. and Takahashi, M. and Saitoh, M. and Kashiwaya, H.}, year = {1991}, note = {1 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Al2O3, Alumina--Erosion, Blast Erosion Resistance, Blast erosion, Ceramic Materials, Ceramics, Chromium Compounds--Erosion, Chromium Oxide, Cr2O3, Fracture Toughness, Protective Coatings--Erosion, Thermal spray coatings, Tungsten Carbide--Erosion, WC-12Co}, pages = {74--79}, } @article{istrateCorrelationMechanicalProperties2023, title = {Correlation between {Mechanical} {Properties}—{Structural} {Characteristics} and {Cavitation} {Resistance} of {Rolled} {Aluminum} {Alloy} {Type} 5083}, volume = {13}, issn = {20754701 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85163872430&doi=10.3390%2fmet13061067&partnerID=40&md5=a54a0b2210b030b492779bfce9996ee1}, doi = {10.3390/met13061067}, abstract = {The 5000 series aluminum alloy 5083 is distinguished by excellent processability, excellent welding characteristics, and a strong resilience to corrosion, particularly in maritime environments. It is employed in the manufacture of ships, automobiles, spacecraft, and industrial buildings. The goal of the current study is to determine whether there is any relationship between the mechanical properties, structural characteristics, and cavitation erosion properties of aluminum alloy 5083 in the H111 state (rolled from 454 °C to 399 °C and annealed at 343 °C by holding in cooled air), followed by artificial ageing at (180 °C) with three maintenance periods of 1 h, 12 h, and 24 h, and at (140 °C) with three maintenance periods of 1 h, 12 h, and 24 h. The cavitation resistance experiments of the experimental samples were performed in accordance with ASTM G32-2016. The resistance to cavitation erosion was determined by making mean erosion penetration rate (MDER) or mean depth of erosion (MDE) analytical diagrams according to the duration of the cavitation attack and by measuring the maximum depth of cavitation erosion in the samples analyzed by stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Finally, a structural correlation between the condition of the artificially aged laminate alloy and its resistance to cavitation erosion could be achieved: ageing at 180 °C, maintained for 24 h, could lead to a maximum depth of cavitation erosion MDEmax of about 5 µm. © 2023 by the authors.}, language = {English}, number = {6}, journal = {Metals}, author = {Istrate, D. and Bordeasu, I. and Ghiban, B. and Istrate, B. and Sbarcea, B.-G. and Ghera, C. and Luca, A.N. and Odagiu, P.O. and Florea, B. and Gubencu, D.}, year = {2023}, note = {4 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: MDPI}, keywords = {aluminum alloy 5083, artificial heat treatment, cavitation erosion resistance, rolled state}, } @article{istrateCorrelationMechanicalProperties2022, title = {Correlation between {Mechanical} {Properties}—{Structural} {Characteristics} and {Cavitation} {Resistance} of {Cast} {Aluminum} {Alloy} {Type} 5083}, volume = {12}, issn = {20734352 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85141752805&doi=10.3390%2fcryst12111538&partnerID=40&md5=73c02b52316d0ab6aaf661a4eaa14703}, doi = {10.3390/cryst12111538}, abstract = {The aluminum alloy type 5083, which has high corrosion resistance, excellent weldability, and good strength, is widely used in shipbuilding, automotive, aerospace, and industrial construction. The present paper has the aim of establishing a possible correlation between mechanical properties, structural characteristics, and cavitation erosion properties of the 5083 alloy after applying different heat treatments. Different homogenization heat treatments (350 °C, 450 °C) were applied, each followed by cooling in air and artificial aging at different temperature (140 °C and 180 °C) with three maintenance periods, 1 h, 12 h, and 24 h. The experiments concerning cavitation resistance of the experimental samples were completed in accordance with ASTM G32-2016. The cavitation erosion resistance were determined either by analytical diagrams MDER (or MDE) vs. cavity attack duration, or by measuring the maximum erosion attack by stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Finally, the best combination of heat treatments applied to cast aluminum products type 5083 is homogenization at 350 °C followed by artificial aging at 180 °C, at which the highest mechanical characteristics are obtained, a resilience of 25 J/cm2, a grain size of 140–180 μm, and a maximum depth of the erosion MDEmax around 14–17 µm. © 2022 by the authors.}, language = {English}, number = {11}, journal = {Crystals}, author = {Istrate, D. and Sbârcea, B.-G. and Demian, A.M. and Buzatu, A.D. and Salcianu, L. and Bordeasu, I. and Micu, L.M. and Ghera, C. and Florea, B. and Ghiban, B.}, year = {2022}, note = {11 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: MDPI}, keywords = {aluminum alloy 5083, cavitation erosion, heat treatments}, } @article{islamBoostingPiezoelectricity3D2023, title = {Boosting {Piezoelectricity} by {3D} {Printing} {PVDF}-{MoS2} {Composite} as a {Conformal} and {High}-{Sensitivity} {Piezoelectric} {Sensor}}, volume = {33}, copyright = {© 2023 The Authors. Advanced Functional Materials published by Wiley-VCH GmbH}, issn = {1616-3028}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/adfm.202302946}, doi = {10.1002/adfm.202302946}, abstract = {Additively manufactured flexible and high-performance piezoelectric devices are highly desirable for sensing and energy harvesting of 3D conformal structures. Herein, the study reports a significantly enhanced piezoelectricity in polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) achieved through the in situ dipole alignment of PVDF within PVDF-2D molybdenum disulfide (2D MoS2) composite by 3D printing. The shear stress-induced dipole poling of PVDF and 2D MoS2 alignment are harnessed during 3D printing to boost piezoelectricity without requiring a post-poling process. The results show a remarkable, more than the eight-fold increment in the piezoelectric coefficient (d33) for 3D printed PVDF-8wt.\% MoS2 composite over cast neat PVDF. The underlying mechanism of piezoelectric property enhancement is attributed to the increased volume fraction of β phase in PVDF, filler fraction, heterogeneous strain distribution around PVDF-MoS2 interfaces, and strain transfer to the nanofillers as confirmed by microstructural analysis and finite element simulation. These results provide a promising route to design and fabricate high-performance 3D piezoelectric devices via 3D printing for next-generation sensors and mechanical–electronic conformal devices.}, language = {en}, number = {42}, urldate = {2025-03-02}, journal = {Advanced Functional Materials}, author = {Islam, Md. Nurul and Rupom, Rifat Hasan and Adhikari, Pashupati R. and Demchuk, Zoriana and Popov, Ivan and Sokolov, Alexei P. and Wu, H. Felix and Advincula, Rigoberto C. and Dahotre, Narendra and Jiang, Yijie and Choi, Wonbong}, year = {2023}, note = {64 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] \_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/adfm.202302946}, keywords = {2D MoS2, 3D printing, MOS2, POLYMER, PVDF, numerical simulation, piezoelectric nanocomposites, understanding piezoelectric mechanism}, pages = {2302946}, } @article{irawanInfluencePostHeatTreatment2024, title = {Influence of {Post}-{Heat} {Treatment} on the {Characteristics} of {FeCrBMnSi} {Coating} on {Stainless} {Steel} 304 {Substrate} {Prepared} by {Twin} {Wire} {Arc} {Spray} ({TWAS}) {Method} at {Various} {Stand}-off {Distance}}, volume = {18}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85196057337&doi=10.59038%2fjjmie%2f180206&partnerID=40&md5=cbfd1ec6c141b53a630315d7ac1a058e}, doi = {10.59038/jjmie/180206}, abstract = {Twin wire arc spray (TWAS) is a type of thermal spray coating technology that has been extensively researched to improve the service life and overcome wear, cavitation and corrosion in pump impellers. This study aims to investigate the effect of post-heat treatment on the properties of FeCrBMnSi coatings fabricated by the Twin Wire Arc Spray (TWAS) method on 304 stainless steel substrates with varying stand-off distances. NiAl and FeCrBMnSi were employed as bond coats and top coats in this study. The substrate material was sandblasted before the coating process to achieve a surface roughness of 75–100 µm. The TAFA 9000 Electrical Wire-Arc Spraying machine’s voltage (V), current (A), and compressed air pressure (Bar) were set to 28.4; 150; and 5, respectively. The coating operation was performed at 100, 200, and 300 mm stand-off distances. The specimens were then post-heated for 3 hours at 500°C and 700°C in a Thermolyne F6010 Furnace Chamber. The quality of the coating produced in this study was evaluated using thickness, hardness, wear, bond strength, micrography, and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) testing. According to the findings of this study, specimens with a stand-off distance of 100 mm and a post-heat treatment temperature of 700oC produce the best coating qualities when compared to other specimens. This specimen resulted in a percentage of porosity and unmelted material, thickness, hardness, adhesive strength, and total wear rate of 7.1\%, 5.53 x 10-1 mm, 1460 HV, 24.86 MPa, and 3.8 x10-4 mm3/s, respectively. © 2024 Jordan Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering. All rights reserved}, number = {2}, journal = {Jordan Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering}, author = {Irawan, A.P. and Fitriyana, D.F. and Siregar, J.P. and Cionita, T. and Anggarina, P.T. and Jaafar, J.B. and Taqriban, R.B. and Jehadus, E. and Manalu, J.}, year = {2024}, note = {1 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {304 stainless steel, Adhesives, Aluminum alloys, Arc spray, Austenitic stainless steel, Binary alloys, Chromium alloys, Chromium steel, Hardness, Heat treatment, Impellers, Manganese alloys, Manganese steel, Post heat-treatment, Post-heat treatment, Pump impeller, Scanning electron microscopy, Silicon alloys, Spray method, Stand-off, Stand-off distance, Substrates, Surface roughness, Surface treatment, Twin Wire Arc Spray (TWAS), Twin wire arc spray, Wear of materials, Wire arc, post-heat treatment}, pages = {327--337}, } @article{ikeiTunableSitu3DPrinted2021, title = {Tunable {In} {Situ} {3D}-{Printed} {PVDF}-{TrFE} {Piezoelectric} {Arrays}}, volume = {21}, copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/}, issn = {1424-8220}, url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/15/5032}, doi = {10.3390/s21155032}, abstract = {In the functional 3D-printing field, poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) (PVDF-TrFE) has been shown to be a more promising choice of material over polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), due to its ability to be poled to a high level of piezoelectric performance without a large mechanical strain ratio. In this work, a novel presentation of in situ 3D printing and poling of PVDF-TrFE is shown with a d33 performance of up to 18 pC N−1, more than an order of magnitude larger than previously reported in situ poled polymer piezoelectrics. This finding paves the way forward for pressure sensors with much higher sensitivity and accuracy. In addition, the ability of in situ pole sensors to demonstrate different performance levels is shown in a fully 3D-printed five-element sensor array, accelerating and increasing the design space for complex sensing arrays. The in situ poled sample performance was compared to the performance of samples prepared through an ex situ corona poling process.}, language = {en}, number = {15}, urldate = {2025-03-02}, journal = {Sensors}, author = {Ikei, Alec and Wissman, James and Sampath, Kaushik and Yesner, Gregory and Qadri, Syed N.}, month = jan, year = {2021}, note = {13 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Number: 15 Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute}, keywords = {3D printing, PVDF, PVDF-TrFE, sensors, smart materials}, pages = {5032}, } @misc{ikei3DPrintedPVDF2021, title = {{3D} {Printed} {PVDF}}, url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2102.13084}, doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2102.13084}, abstract = {In this paper we report on the 3D printing and testing of the piezoelectric polymer polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF). Samples of PVDF were fabricated using a fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printer and then activated using a corona poling process. The d33 piezoelectric coefficient, which is related to the overall piezoelectric performance, was experimentally measured using a d33 meter to be 6 pC/N. While less than commercially available PVDF fabricated using traditional techniques (which can have a d33 between 10 and 40 pC/N), the value of 6 pC/N achieved in this work is several orders of magnitude larger than comparable previously published results for 3D printed PVDF, and as a result represents a significant step in the 3D printing of piezoelectric polymers.}, urldate = {2025-03-02}, publisher = {arXiv}, author = {Ikei, Alec and Wissman, James and Yesner, Gregory and Rohde, Charles}, month = feb, year = {2021}, note = {0 citations (Semantic Scholar/arXiv) [2025-04-12] arXiv:2102.13084 [physics]}, keywords = {Physics - Applied Physics}, } @article{hyunCavitationElectrochemicalCharacteristics2017, title = {Cavitation and electrochemical characteristics in seawater by water cavitation peening of 5083-o al alloy for ships}, volume = {24}, issn = {0218625X (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85007428033&doi=10.1142%2fS0218625X17500767&partnerID=40&md5=41a33131bbce7661e6f31eb235435f75}, doi = {10.1142/S0218625X17500767}, abstract = {Aluminum (Al) alloy ships are vulnerable to both damage from chlorine ions in seawater environments and cavitation-erosion due to fast relative motion of metal and liquid resulting from lightweight and high-speed vessels moving through seawater. These corrosive processes cause damage to the hulls of ships, resulting in large economic losses. Recently, cavitation peening technology to improve the durability of a material has been in development. The technology works by forming compressive residual stress on the surface layer of the material in order to improve fatigue strength and fatigue life. In this study, we performed a water cavitation peening (WCP) on a 5083-O Al alloy for ships by applying an ultrasonic piezoelectric effect and cavitation effect, as described in ASTM-G32. From these experiments, we determined an optimum WCP duration, 2.5min, for sufficient cavitation resistance characteristics. This timing improved cavitation resistance by 48.68\% compared to the untreated condition. A comprehensive comparison of all of results revealed that the optimum WCP duration was 3min with respect to the point of cavitation and corrosion resistance. © 2017 World Scientific Publishing Company.}, language = {English}, number = {6}, journal = {Surface Review and Letters}, author = {Hyun, K. and Kim, S.-J.}, year = {2017}, note = {4 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte Ltd}, keywords = {Al alloy ships, Aluminum, Aluminum alloys, Cavitation, Cavitation resistance, Comprehensive comparisons, Compressive residual stress, Corrosion, Corrosion resistance, Electrochemical characteristics, Fatigue of materials, High speed vessels, Hulls (ship), Losses, Piezoelectricity, Residual stresses, Seawater, Seawater environment, Ships, Water cavitation peening, cavitation, corrosion resistance, water cavitation peening}, } @article{hwangReductionDragHeavy2016, title = {Reduction of drag in heavy vehicles with two different types of advanced side skirts}, volume = {155}, issn = {0167-6105}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167610515300416}, doi = {10.1016/j.jweia.2016.04.009}, abstract = {Investigating the aerodynamic reduction of drag in heavy vehicles, such as trucks or tractor-trailers, has considerable significance given the strong influence on related industries. The underbody flow that passes through the underside of heavy vehicles induces considerable drag while interacting with rolling wheels and other structures. Nonetheless, the reduction of drag caused by underbody flow has received less attention than that attributed to upper and forebody flows. Side skirts are common underbody drag-reduction devices that consist of straight panels curtaining the underspace between the front and rear wheels to control the underbody flow in the ground clearance. In this study, we propose two different types of side skirts with flaps or additional inclined inner panels to maximize drag reduction. Effects of these devices are quantitatively evaluated by wind tunnel tests and computational fluid dynamics analysis. In wind tunnel tests with 1/8 scaled-down vehicle models, drag coefficient is reduced by more than 5\% for both side skirts. Effects of various physical dimensions or angle variations on drag reduction are determined. Large-eddy simulation (LES) estimated similar drag reduction with reduced vortical activities, loss of streamwise momentum, strength of turbulent kinetic energy and global pressure difference, compared to the case without side skirts.}, urldate = {2024-07-08}, journal = {Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics}, author = {Hwang, Bae Geun and Lee, Sangseung and Lee, Eui Jae and Kim, Jeong Jae and Kim, Myeongkyun and You, Donghyun and Lee, Sang Joon}, month = aug, year = {2016}, note = {44 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Drag reduction, Heavy vehicle, Large-eddy simulation, Side skirt, Tractor-trailer, Underbody flow, Wind tunnel experiment}, pages = {36--46}, } @article{hutasoitEvaluationMicrostructureMechanical2013, title = {Evaluation of {Microstructure} and {Mechanical} {Properties} at the {Interface} {Region} of {Laser}-{Clad} {Stellite} 6 on {Steel} {Using} {Nanoindentation}}, volume = {2}, issn = {2192-9270}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s13632-013-0093-5}, doi = {10.1007/s13632-013-0093-5}, abstract = {The interface area in laser cladding, microstructures and mechanical properties of which determine the structural integrity of the laser-deposited coating, consists of two distinctive zones: the dilution and heat-affected zones (HAZs). The dilution region is the region where melted substrate forms a mixture with coating material and possesses microstructure similar to the coating. The HAZ is the region that lies in the substrate but possesses different microstructures compared with original substrate due to heat transfer from melt pool during processing. There are limited data available on mechanical properties of the dilution and HAZ and, in this study, the mechanical properties of the two regions have been evaluated using nanoindentation. This testing technique has the ability to resolve the mechanical properties at fine spacings, unlike microhardness testing and conventional mechanical testing. Stellite 6 powder was deposited onto a round bar AISI 4130 steel using a continuous wave Nd:YAG laser. The effect of laser cladding process on the microstructure, hardness, and elastic modulus of the coating, at the interface has been examined by nanoindentation testing. The elastic modulus of the substrate measured was found to be 198.76 ± 24.96 GPa, which is in a good agreement with the standard elastic modulus of AISI 4130 reported in literature. For the laser clad specimen, dilution area showed elastic modulus of 192.62 ± 7.67 GPa, slightly higher than the average elastic modulus of the HAZ, 189.94 ± 14.75. This is due to the dilution area containing a mixture mainly of Fe, Cr and Co. The increased level of Fe in this dilution area leads the tendency of this region to behave as substrate.}, language = {en}, number = {5}, urldate = {2025-03-31}, journal = {Metallography, Microstructure, and Analysis}, author = {Hutasoit, Novana and Yan, Wenyi and Cottam, Ryan and Brandt, Milan and Blicblau, Aaron}, month = oct, year = {2013}, note = {20 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Dilution, Heat-affected zone mechanical properties, Laser cladding, Nanoindentation}, pages = {328--336}, } @article{husainDynamicReducedOrder2024, title = {On {Dynamic} {Reduced} {Order} {Model} for the {Flexural} {Characteristics} of {Polyvinylidene} {Fluoride} {Composite}-{Based} {Functional} {Prototypes}}, issn = {1059-9495}, doi = {10.1007/s11665-024-09797-6}, abstract = {In the past three decades, noteworthy studies have been testified on the fused filament fabrication (FFF) process for fabricating functional prototypes of different thermoplastics. However, limited studies are available on the dynamic reduced order model (ROM) for flexural characteristics of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) composite-based functional prototypes fabricated by FFF for the development of digital thread (DT) in biomedical applications. This study prepared a dynamic ROM for DT using Buckingham's Pi theorem for parametric optimisation based on the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio analysis. The study recommends that the best settings of FFF parameters for flexural properties (as per ASTM-D-790) of PVDF composite (90\%PVDF-8\%hydroxyapatite (Hap)-2\%chitosan (CS) by wt.) are nozzle temperature (NT) of 235 degrees C, printing speed (PS) of 60 mm/s, and a raster angle (RA) of 45 degrees. This configuration yields a flexural peak stress (Fps) of 59.929 MPa, peak load (Pl) of 407.01 N, and total energy (TE) for deformation measuring 2598.4 N-mm. Morphological analysis of the flexural samples further validates these findings.}, language = {English}, journal = {JOURNAL OF MATERIALS ENGINEERING AND PERFORMANCE}, author = {Husain, M and Singh, R and Pabla, BS}, month = jul, year = {2024}, note = {1 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {3D printing, MEMBRANES, PVDF composite, digital thread, flexural properties, fused filament fabrication}, } @article{huRecentApplicationsMachine2023, title = {Recent applications of machine learning in alloy design: {A} review}, volume = {155}, issn = {0927-796X}, shorttitle = {Recent applications of machine learning in alloy design}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927796X23000323}, doi = {10.1016/j.mser.2023.100746}, abstract = {The history of machine learning (ML) can be traced back to the 1950 s, and its application in alloy design has recently begun to flourish and expand rapidly. The driving force behind this is partially due to the inefficiency of traditional methods in designing better-performing alloys, partially due to the success of ML in other areas and alloy data becoming more accessible. ML methods can quickly predict the properties of the alloy from the data and suggest compositions for particularly required properties, thereby minimizing the need for resource-intensive experiments or simulations. The present work provides a critical review of this domain starting with an introduction to ML components, followed by an overview of the forward prediction of alloy properties, and an elaboration of the inverse design of alloys. This paper aims to summarize crucial findings, reveal key trends, and provide guidance for future directions.}, urldate = {2024-11-17}, journal = {Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports}, author = {Hu, Mingwei and Tan, Qiyang and Knibbe, Ruth and Xu, Miao and Jiang, Bin and Wang, Sen and Li, Xue and Zhang, Ming-Xing}, month = oct, year = {2023}, note = {49 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Alloy composition, Alloy design, Forward prediction, Inverse design, Machine learning, Mechanical properties}, pages = {100746}, } @article{huInvestigationWearCorrosion2014, title = {Investigation of {Wear} and {Corrosion} of a {High}-{Carbon} {Stellite} {Alloy} for {Hip} {Implants}}, volume = {23}, issn = {1544-1024}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-014-0887-x}, doi = {10.1007/s11665-014-0887-x}, abstract = {Low-carbon Stellite 21 has been used as hip implant material for a number of decades; however, its limited metal-on-metal bearing has resulted in loosening between the femoral head and the acetabular cup of hip implants. In order to improve the metal-on-metal bearing, it is proposed that a high-carbon alloy, Stellite 720, surface coating be applied on Stellite 21 hip implants to improve mechanical and tribological performance. For this coating to be practical, it must also meet the requirements of corrosion resistance for orthopedic implant materials. In this research, Stellite 720 is investigated with pin-on-disk wear tests, and electrochemical and immersion corrosion tests in simulated human body fluid (Hank’s solution; pH 7.4 at temperature of 37°C). The experimental results demonstrate that Stellite 720 exhibits much better wear resistance than Stellite 21, and has the potential for better corrosion resistance as well. The applicability of coating Stellite 21 hip implants with Stellite 720 is discussed.}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-06-30}, journal = {Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance}, author = {Hu, P. S. and Liu, R. and Liu, J. and McRae, G.}, month = apr, year = {2014}, note = {18 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {carbide, corrosion, hip implant, solid solution, stellite alloy, wear}, pages = {1223--1230}, } @article{hsiaoEvaluationHillocklikeDeposition2009, title = {Evaluation of hillock-like deposition behaviour of {HVOF} thermal spray coatings using rotary shutter procedure}, volume = {25}, issn = {02670844 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-67149146590&doi=10.1179%2f174329408X326416&partnerID=40&md5=d2456ac723a26daef7daea0969c16adc}, doi = {10.1179/174329408X326416}, abstract = {Evaluation of hillock-like deposition behaviour of WC/Co coatings was performed using a rotary shutter procedure coupled with 100 passes of high velocity oxy fuel thermal spraying. During the spraying procedure, a DPV 2000 in situ diagnostic instrument was used to monitor the temperature and velocity of inflight particles. The microstructure of the coatings was analysed using an optical microscope to monitor the porosity and thickness distributions at various positions of the hillock-like coatings. A 7.1\% porosity was observed at the centre of the hillock-like coatings, and a 10\% porosity was observed at the edge, each at a spraying distance of 200 mm. The centre area of hillock-like coatings exhibited almost a 30\% decrease in porosity compared to the edge area. The results indicate a higher quality structure at the centre area of the hillock-like coatings. © 2009 Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining.}, language = {English}, number = {4}, journal = {Surface Engineering}, author = {Hsiao, W.T. and Liao, W.H. and Su, C.Y. and Leu, M.S.}, year = {2009}, note = {2 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Coatings, HVOF, HVOF thermal spray, High velocity oxy-fuel thermal spraying, Hillock-like, In-flight particles, In-situ, Optical microscopes, Porosity, Rotary shutter, Spraying distance, Spraying procedure, Thermal spraying, Thickness distributions, WC/Co}, pages = {313--318}, } @article{houCavitationErosionSeveral2014a, title = {Cavitation erosion of several oxy-fuel sprayed coatings tested in deionized water and artificial seawater}, volume = {311}, issn = {0043-1648}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043164814000052}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2013.12.026}, abstract = {Cavitation damage is a concern for stainless steel and other metals in seawater environments, and new coatings are needed to resist such surface damage in that kind of environment. Consequently, a NiCr alloy coating, a WC–17Co/NiCr composite coating, a Fe-based metallic glass coating, a WC–(W,Cr)2C–Ni cermet coating, and a WC–17Co cermet coating were prepared on metal alloy substrates using high velocity oxy-fuel spraying (HVOF). The microstructure and phase composition of as-sprayed coatings and substrates were analyzed using optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Vicker's microindentation hardness was measured as well. The cavitation erosion behavior of the five kinds of HVOF-sprayed coatings and three kinds of alloys (316 stainless steel, TC4 titanium alloy and ZL101 aluminum alloy) in both deionized water and artificial seawater was evaluated according to ASTM standard method G 32-10. The corrosion behavior of the alloys and HVOF-sprayed coatings in artificial seawater was evaluated by potentiodynamic polarization tests to reveal the correlation between corrosion and cavitation behavior. Based on the test results, an analysis of the microstructural damage processes, and the cavitation–corrosion synergism of the coatings, the WC–17Co cermet coating was found to be the most promising coating to prevent metallic substrates from cavitation damage in seawater.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-06-29}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Hou, Guoliang and Zhao, Xiaoqin and Zhou, Huidi and Lu, Jinjun and An, Yulong and Chen, Jianmin and Yang, Jie}, month = mar, year = {2014}, note = {83 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Aluminum alloys, Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation erosion, Composite coatings, Corrosion, Deionized water, Erosion testing, Fe-based metallic glass, High velocity oxy-fuel spraying, Metal cladding, Metallic glass, Micro-indentation hardness, Micro-structural damages, Optical data storage, Optical microscopy, Potentiodynamic polarization tests, Powder coatings, Seawater, Seawater environment, Sprayed coatings, Stainless steel, Substrates, Thermal spray coatings, Tungsten, Tungsten carbide, X ray diffraction}, pages = {81--92}, } @article{hongSynergisticEffectUltrasonic2016, title = {Synergistic effect of ultrasonic cavitation erosion and corrosion of {WC}–{CoCr} and {FeCrSiBMn} coatings prepared by {HVOF} spraying}, volume = {31}, issn = {13504177}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1350417716300529}, doi = {10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.02.011}, abstract = {The high-velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF) spraying process was used to fabricate conventional WC–10Co–4Cr coatings and FeCrSiBMn amorphous/nanocrystalline coatings. The synergistic effect of cavitation erosion and corrosion of both coatings was investigated. The results showed that the WC–10Co–4Cr coating had better cavitation erosion–corrosion resistance than the FeCrSiBMn coating in 3.5 wt.\% NaCl solution. After eroded for 30 h, the volume loss rate of the WC–10Co–4Cr coating was about 2/5 that of the FeCrSiBMn coating. In the total cumulative volume loss rate under cavitation erosion–corrosion condition, the pure cavitation erosion played a key role for both coatings, and the total contribution of pure corrosion and erosion-induced corrosion of the WC–10Co–4Cr coating was larger than that of the FeCrSiBMn coating. Mechanical effect was the main factor for cavitation erosion–corrosion behavior of both coatings.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-10-12}, journal = {Ultrasonics Sonochemistry}, author = {Hong, Sheng and Wu, Yuping and Zhang, Jianfeng and Zheng, Yugui and Zheng, Yuan and Lin, Jinran}, month = jul, year = {2016}, note = {80 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cavitation, Corrosion, FeCrSiBMn, HVOF, Synergism, WC–CoCr}, pages = {563--569}, } @article{hongMicrostructureElectrochemicalProperties2013, title = {Microstructure and electrochemical properties of nanostructured {WC}–{10Co}–{4Cr} coating prepared by {HVOF} spraying}, volume = {235}, issn = {0257-8972}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0257897213007949}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2013.08.029}, abstract = {A nanostructured WC–10Co–4Cr coating was deposited on the substrate of AISI 1045 steel by means of high-velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF) thermal spraying process. The detailed microstructures and phase composition of the coating were analyzed by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM). It was revealed that the amorphous phase, nanoclusters and carbides, including W2C and WC were present in the coating. The coating with low porosity of 0.85\% had a dense structure and good thermostability. The temperature of the amorphous phase transforming into the nanocrystalline structure was 645°C. Corrosion behavior of the coatings was investigated by electrochemical measurement. The results showed that the coating exhibited better corrosion resistance than the hard chromium coating in 3.5wt.\% NaCl solution.}, urldate = {2024-06-29}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Hong, Sheng and Wu, Yuping and Zheng, Yugui and Wang, Bo and Gao, Wenwen and Lin, Jinran}, month = nov, year = {2013}, note = {51 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Corrosion, HVOF, Microstructure, Nanostructured, WC–Co–Cr coating}, pages = {582--588}, } @article{hongEffectUltrasonicCavitation2015, title = {Effect of ultrasonic cavitation erosion on corrosion behavior of high-velocity oxygen-fuel ({HVOF}) sprayed near-nanostructured {WC}–{10Co}–{4Cr} coating}, volume = {27}, issn = {1350-4177}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350417715001789}, doi = {10.1016/j.ultsonch.2015.06.006}, abstract = {The effect of ultrasonic cavitation erosion on electrochemical corrosion behavior of high-velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF) sprayed near-nanostructured WC–10Co–4Cr coating in 3.5wt.\% NaCl solution, was investigated using free corrosion potential, potentiodynamic polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in comparison with stainless steel 1Cr18Ni9Ti. The results showed that cavitation erosion strongly enhanced the cathodic current density, shifted the free corrosion potential in the anodic direction, and reduced the magnitude of impedance of the coating. The impedance of the coating decreased more slowly under cavitation conditions than that of the stainless steel 1Cr18Ni9Ti, suggesting that corrosion behavior of the coating was less affected by cavitation erosion than that of the stainless steel.}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Ultrasonics Sonochemistry}, author = {Hong, Sheng and Wu, Yuping and Zhang, Jianfeng and Zheng, Yugui and Qin, Yujiao and Lin, Jinran}, month = nov, year = {2015}, note = {36 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cavitation, Corrosion, HVOF, Near-nanostructured, WC–10Co–4Cr}, pages = {374--378}, } @article{hongCavitationErosionBehavior2015, title = {Cavitation {Erosion} {Behavior} and {Mechanism} of {HVOF} {Sprayed} {WC}-{10Co}-{4Cr} {Coating} in 3.5 wt\% {NaCl} {Solution}}, volume = {68}, issn = {0975-1645}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-014-0440-5}, doi = {10.1007/s12666-014-0440-5}, abstract = {A WC-10Co-4Cr coating was prepared by high-velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF) thermal spraying process. The cavitation erosion (CE) characteristics of the coating as well as the stainless steel 1Cr18Ni9Ti were investigated in 3.5 wt\% NaCl solution. The coating exhibited higher CE resistance than that of the stainless steel 1Cr18Ni9Ti. After being eroded for 20 h, the CE volume loss of the stainless steel 1Cr18Ni9Ti is 3.22 times to that of the coating. The removal mechanism for the coating was erosion of the binder phase first, followed by brittle detachment of hard phases as a result of the action of corrosion and mechanical effect. The cracks were found to initiate at the carbide-binder interface and the edge of the pores, leading to craters on the surface and accelerating the damage of the coating. Fatigue and plastic deformation were found to be the material removal mechanism for the substrate steel 1Cr18Ni9Ti.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-10-12}, journal = {Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals}, author = {Hong, Sheng and Wu, Yuping and Zhang, Jianfeng and Zheng, Yugui and Qin, Yujiao and Gao, Wenwen and Li, Gaiye}, month = feb, year = {2015}, note = {38 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cavitation, Coating, HVOF, WC-10Co-4Cr}, pages = {151--159}, } @article{hofmannComparisonAcousticHydrodynamic2023, title = {Comparison of acoustic and hydrodynamic cavitation: {Material} point of view}, volume = {35}, issn = {10706631 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85146051358&doi=10.1063%2f5.0132085&partnerID=40&md5=6fc8efc905e05e2941bdd72e96ffb99e}, doi = {10.1063/5.0132085}, abstract = {This study investigated the difference in mechanical response of the martensitic stainless steel X3CrNiMo13-4/S41500/CA6 NM QT780 between hydrodynamic and acoustic cavitation erosion. The results show that acoustic cavitation erosion generates small pits at a high temporal frequency on the material, while hydrodynamic cavitation erosion produces larger pits at a lower frequency. Acoustic cavitation erosion tests have been performed using a 20 kHz ultrasonic horn located at 500 μm in front of a specimen. This experimental setup, known as an indirect method, is inspired from the ASTM G32 standard. Hydrodynamic cavitation erosion tests were conducted with classic experimental conditions of a PREVERO device: a cavitation number of 0.87 corresponding to a flow velocity of 90 m s - 1 and an upstream pressure of 40 bars. In addition, for a given exposure time, the percentage of surface covered by the pits is smaller for acoustic cavitation than for hydrodynamic cavitation. Three successive steps have been identified during the damage process: persistent slip bands (PSB) first appear on the surface, cracks initiate and propagate at the PSB locations and nonmetallic interfaces, and finally, parts of the matter are torn off. A careful time examination of the same small area of the exposed sample surface by scanning electron microscopy reveals that acoustic cavitation is faster to initiate damage than hydrodynamic cavitation. © 2023 Author(s).}, language = {English}, number = {1}, journal = {Physics of Fluids}, author = {Hofmann, J. and Thiébaut, C. and Riondet, M. and Lhuissier, P. and Gaudion, S. and Fivel, M.}, year = {2023}, note = {10 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: American Institute of Physics Inc.}, keywords = {Acoustic cavitations, Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Erosion, Erosion test, Experimental conditions, Flow velocity, High temporal frequency, Hydrodynamic cavitations, Hydrodynamics, Indirect methods, Lower frequencies, Martensitic stainless steel, Mechanical response, Persistent slip bands, Scanning electron microscopy, Ultrasonic horn}, } @article{hobbsExperience20kcCavitation1967, title = {Experience {With} a 20-kc {Cavitation} {Erosion} {Test}}, url = {https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/astm-ebooks/book/1037/chapter/27772973/Experience-With-a-20-kc-Cavitation-Erosion-Test}, doi = {10.1520/STP46049S}, abstract = {A modified 20-kc ultrasonic drill unit has been found to be highly suitable for determining the relative rates of erosion of metals exposed to cavitation i}, language = {en}, urldate = {2025-02-28}, author = {Hobbs, J. M.}, month = jan, year = {1967}, note = {28 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, } @article{hnatenkoInfluenceTemperatureBarothermal2023, title = {Influence of {Temperature} in {Barothermal} {Treatment} of {Sintered} {Cemented} {Carbides} on the {Evolution} of {Their} {Structure} and {Properties}}, volume = {45}, issn = {1934-9408}, url = {https://doi.org/10.3103/S1063457623060047}, doi = {10.3103/S1063457623060047}, abstract = {We investigated the effect of barothermal treatment at a pressure of 8 GPa and temperatures of 1450–1700°C on the structure and properties of cemented carbides with varying cobalt concentrations. The application of barothermal treatment led to a 30\% increase in the grain size of the carbide phase and a decrease in overall porosity. For WC–6Co alloys treated under conditions of solid-phase sintering, an increase in hardness and the stress intensity factor are observed. The barothermal treatment of WC–15Co alloys at temperatures corresponding to the existence of a liquid phase leads to the formation of Co3W3C intermetallic phases.}, language = {en}, number = {6}, urldate = {2024-07-11}, journal = {Journal of Superhard Materials}, author = {Hnatenko, I. O. and Andreiev, I. V. and Lysovenko, S. O. and Roik, O. S. and Osipov, O. S. and Kosenchuk, T. O.}, month = dec, year = {2023}, note = {0 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {X-ray phase analysis, barothermal treatment, cemented carbides, hardness, high-pressure apparatus, structure}, pages = {444--450}, } @article{heymannTimeDependenceRate1967, title = {On the {Time} {Dependence} of the {Rate} of {Erosion} {Due} to {Impingement} or {Cavitation}}, url = {https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/astm-ebooks/book/1037/chapter/27772955/On-the-Time-Dependence-of-the-Rate-of-Erosion-Due}, doi = {10.1520/STP46046S}, abstract = {Increasing attention is being given to the observed variations in the time rate of weight loss during impingement and cavitation erosion testing. It is gen}, language = {en}, urldate = {2025-02-24}, author = {Heymann, F. J.}, month = jan, year = {1967}, note = {39 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, } @article{heymannQuantitativePredictionLiquid1970, title = {Toward {Quantitative} {Prediction} of {Liquid} {Impact} {Erosion}}, url = {https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/astm-ebooks/book/1104/chapter/27776781/Toward-Quantitative-Prediction-of-Liquid-Impact}, doi = {10.1520/STP26871S}, abstract = {There still exists no objective measurement of the erosion resistance of a material, nor a theory for predicting the material loss to be expected under giv}, language = {en}, urldate = {2025-02-25}, author = {Heymann, F. J.}, month = jan, year = {1970}, note = {50 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, } @article{heSynergisticEffectCavitation2023a, title = {Synergistic effect between cavitation erosion and corrosion of {Monel} {K500} alloy in 3.5 wt\% {NaCl} solution}, volume = {205}, issn = {1044-5803}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S104458032300699X}, doi = {10.1016/j.matchar.2023.113340}, abstract = {Cavitation erosion-corrosion simultaneously damaged the material through mechanical attack and electrochemical corrosion. In this work, experiments were performed on Monel K500 alloy in deionized water and 3.5 wt\% NaCl solution using an indirect ultrasonic vibration system to investigate the synergistic effect between cavitation erosion and corrosion. Mass loss measurement and surface topography observation were used to identify the different stages of cavitation erosion. The electrochemical properties at different cavitation stages were analyzed by EIS technique. Results showed that the synergistic effect between cavitation erosion and corrosion exacerbated cavitation damage, and the weight loss rate in 3.5 wt\% NaCl solution was about 10\% higher than that in deionized water. The increase in ion diffusion and oxygen supply caused by violent agitation accelerated the surface corrosion process, resulting in corrosion-enhanced erosion. Mechanical damage to the material surface during the cavitation process also accelerated the corrosion process, indicating that cavitation-enhanced corrosion was the primary synergistic mechanism. Pure cavitation accounted for 90.75\% of total mass loss, suggesting that mechanical deterioration dominated the overall cavitation erosion and corrosion process. Cavitation-enhanced corrosion accounting for 96.12\% of the synergistic effect，was the main synergistic mechanism.}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Materials Characterization}, author = {He, Zebang and Qin, Zhenbo and Gao, Zhiming and Wu, Zhong and Hu, Wenbin}, month = nov, year = {2023}, note = {8 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cavitation erosion, Corrosion, Monel K500 alloy, Synergy}, pages = {113340}, } @article{hemanthEffectHexagonalBoron2019, title = {The effect of hexagonal boron nitride on wear resistance under two and three-body abrasion modes of polyetherketone composites}, volume = {7}, issn = {2051672X (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85081547483&doi=10.1088%2f2051-672X%2fab500b&partnerID=40&md5=f995e85e1a11918bc87a9b85bd6c0362}, doi = {10.1088/2051-672X/ab500b}, abstract = {This investigation was performed to study the effect of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) on abrasion wear behaviour of polyetherketone (PEK) composites. PEK composite were examined for two-body abrasive wear (2-BAW) with silicon carbide abrasive paper and three-body abrasive wear (3-BAW) test with silica sand according to ASTM standards. The Taguchi L9 design of experiment was employed to optimize the wear operating parameters. The optimized conditions with 10 N load, 320 grit size and 10 wt\% of hBN resulted minimum specific wear rate (Ks). Unfilled PEK portrayed better impact strength, hardness, lower density and lower Ks under 3-BAW. However, 10 wt\% of hBN was beneficial under 2-BAW condition. The SEM micrographs were analyzed to probe the wear mechanism involved in the abrasion process. Surface roughness (Ra) value measured was compared with Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and it was found that both the values are in good agreement. Multi-objective optimization by ratio analysis (MOORA) was implemented to rank the overall performance of PEK composites under study. © 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd.}, language = {English}, number = {4}, journal = {Surface Topography: Metrology and Properties}, author = {Hemanth, G. and Suresha, B. and Hemanth, R.}, year = {2019}, note = {16 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: IOP Publishing Ltd}, keywords = {ASTM standards, Abrasion, Abrasives, Boron nitride, Design of experiments, Erosion, Hexagonal boron nitride, Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), III-V semiconductors, Impact strength, MOORA, Multiobjective optimization, Nitrides, Operating parameters, Polyaryletherketone, Silica, Silica sand, Silicon carbide, Surface roughness, Surface roughness (Ra), Three body abrasive wear, Two body abrasive wear, Wear resistance, abrasion, boron nitride, polyaryletherketone, scanning electronmicroscopy, surface roughness}, } @article{helleHotisostaticPressingDiagrams1985, title = {Hot-isostatic pressing diagrams: {New} developments}, volume = {33}, issn = {0001-6160}, shorttitle = {Hot-isostatic pressing diagrams}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0001616085901774}, doi = {10.1016/0001-6160(85)90177-4}, abstract = {The equations and procedures for constructing hot-isostatic pressing diagrams are greatly simplified and clarified. In earlier work, three classes of mechanism were modelled: plastic yielding, power-law creep and diffusional densification. In this paper two further mechanisms are added: the diffusional deformation of the particles themselves when the grain size is much smaller than the particle size, and the separation of pores from boundaries when grain growth occurs. Substantially better agreement between the model and experimental data is now obtained, particularly in cases where grain growth has occurred. Application of HIP diagrams to tool steels, alumina and copper, incorporating experimental data, are presented and discussed. Résumé Nous avons nettement simplifié les équations et les procédures pour construire les diagrammes de pressage isostatique à chaud. Dans un article antérieur, nous avions modélisé trois classes de mécanismes: l'écoulement plastique, le fluage en loi de puissance et la densification par diffusion. Dans cet article, nous ajoutons deux autres mécanismes: la déformation par diffusion des particules elles-mêmes quand la taille des grains est beaucoup plus petite que la taille des particules et la séparation des pores à partir des joints de grains lorsque la croissance des grains se produit Nous obtenons maintenant un accord nettement meilleur entre le modèle et les résultats expérimentaux, en particulier dans les cas où il s'est produit une croissance des grains. Nous présentons et nous discutons l'application des diagrammes de PIC aux aciers à outils , à l'alumine et au cuivre en y introduisant des résultats expérimentaux. Zusammenfassung Die Gleichungen und Verfahren zur Konstruktion von Diagrammen des isostatischen Heiβpressens werden stark vereinfacht und aufbereitet. In früheren Arbeiten wurden drei Klassen von Mechanismsn modelliert: plastischer Flieβbeginn, Potenzgesetzkriechen und Diffusionsverdichtung. In dieser Arbeit werden zwei weitere Mechanismen hinzugefügt: die Diffusionsverformung der Teilchen für den Fall, daβ die Korngröβe viel kleiner als die Teilchengröβe ist, und die Abschnürung der Poren von den Korngrenzen, wenn Kornwachstum vorliegt. Modell und experimentelle Daten stimmen nun viel besser überein, insbesondere im Falle des Kornwachstums. Diagramme des isostatischen Heiβpressens werden auf Werkzeugstähle, Aluminiumoxid und Kupfer einschlieβlich experimenteller Daten angewandt und diskutiert.}, number = {12}, urldate = {2024-07-12}, journal = {Acta Metallurgica}, author = {Helle, A. S. and Easterling, K. E. and Ashby, M. F.}, month = dec, year = {1985}, note = {676 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {2163--2174}, } @article{hegdeCavitationErosionCorrosion2023, title = {Cavitation erosion and corrosion resistance of hydrophobic sol-gel coatings on aluminium alloy}, volume = {524-525}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85152525196&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2023.204766&partnerID=40&md5=04e2b0280b290f61c85978015b12d757}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2023.204766}, abstract = {Cavitation erosion and erosion-corrosion are the popular failure modes of hydronautics components namely propellers, valves, turbines etc which occurs due to mechanical destructions and electrochemical corrosion. Erosion corrosion is caused due to surge in the number of solid particles affecting the surfaces whereas cavitation erosion is caused due to steady collapse of cavities or bubbles. Aluminium alloys are widely used in marine renewable industries owing to its high strength, light weight and good corrosion resistance. Despite that, cavitation and erosion-corrosion are the limiting factors for these alloys. The aim of the present work is to produce a coating system capable of replacing chromate-conversion coatings on aluminium alloy by combining an anodised layer with additional deposition of superhydrophobic sol-gel coatings. Fundamental characteristics that affect the coating's corrosion and cavitation erosion namely adhesion and thickness was evaluated. Hardness and elastic modulus of the coatings was evaluated using a Nanoscratch mechanical tester. Electrochemical behaviour of the coatings was assessed using Potentiodynamic scanning (PDS) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Prolonged performance was studied using neutral salt spray test (NSS). Cavitation erosion resistance of the coatings was investigated in laboratory using a standard ultrasonic test apparatus according to ASTM G32-16. Erosion rate of the coatings was evaluated based on cumulative mass loss v/s testing time. SEM/EDX was used to evaluate the surface damage caused by erosion-corrosion and cavitation erosion. The analysis was done aiming to decide if the developed coatings was a better alternative to protect the metals from corrosion and cavitation erosion. © 2023 The Authors}, language = {English}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Hegde, M. and Mohan, J. and Mushtaq Warraich, M.Q. and Kavanagh, Y. and Duffy, B. and Tobin, E.F.}, year = {2023}, note = {16 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {Aluminum alloys, Aluminum coatings, Aluminum corrosion, Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation erosion, Chromate coatings, Chromates, Corrosion resistance, Corrosion resistant coatings, Ductile fracture, Electrochemical corrosion, Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, Erosion, Erosion-corrosion, High strength alloys, High-strength, Hydronautics, Hydrophobicity, Hydrophobics, Light weight, MAPTMS, Mechanical destruction, Renewable industry, Seawater corrosion, Sol-gel coating, Sol-gel coatings, Sol-gel process, Sol-gels, Solid particles}, } @article{heComparisonCavitationErosion1982, title = {Comparison of cavitation erosion test results from venturi and vibratory facilities}, volume = {76}, copyright = {https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/}, issn = {00431648}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0043164882900679}, doi = {10.1016/0043-1648(82)90067-9}, abstract = {A detailed comparison of cavitation erosion performance in tap water for five alloys in a vibratory (no-flow) system and a Venturi (flow) system was made. The effects of temperature variation (30 - 200 “F), Venturi throat velocity (34 - 49 m s-l) and vibratory horn double amplitude were studied. Correlations between maximum erosion rate (maximum mean depth of penetration rate (MDPR,,,)) an d incubation period IP, and the material mechanical properties Brine11 hardness and ultimate resilience UR = UTS2/2E (where UTS is the ultimate tensile strength and E is the elastic modulus), were examined. Only moderate success was achieved in correlations between “erosion resistance” MDPR,,,-1 and IP and these mechanical properties. However, a good correlation was found between MDPR,,, and IP, pertinent to both facilities, of the form MDPR,,,-1 = aIP” , where n is near unity (0.94). The cavitation intensity, as measured by MDPR,,,, was found to be 10 - 20 times greater in the vibratory system, depending on horn amplitude and material. This ratio varies between 5 and 30 if individual materials are considered separately, being greatest for 1018 carbon steel and least for 316 stainless steel. This indicates the important differences in form between these cavitating regimes and the imprecision of material comparisons made in both regimes.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-10-12}, journal = {Wear}, author = {He, Jiu-Gen and Hammitt, F.G.}, month = mar, year = {1982}, note = {17 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {269--292}, } @article{heathcockCavitationErosionCobaltbased1981, title = {Cavitation erosion of cobalt-based {Stellite}® alloys, cemented carbides and surface-treated low alloy steels}, volume = {74}, issn = {0043-1648}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0043164881901915}, doi = {10.1016/0043-1648(81)90191-5}, abstract = {A number of Stellite® alloys, cemented carbides and surface-treated alloy steels have been evaluated for erosion resistance. The ability of the Stellite alloys to withstand erosion is primarily a function of the cobalt-rich solid solution phase while erosion of cemented carbides is controlled predominantly by the binder phase. The nickel-based tungsten carbides are more resistant to erosion than the cobalt-based samples. Investigation of industrial surface treatments has demonstrated that erosion rates of hardened low alloy steels can be improved. For example, a hardened electroless nickel coating on BS 817M40 steel erodes at one-third the rate of uncoated BS 817M40 steel. A Tufftriding treatment, which is a proprietary method of carbonitriding, applied to the same steel caused a similar improvement in performance but only after an initial loss of the compound layer. Hard chrome coating is, in general, less effective than the above treatments in combating cavitation erosion.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2025-02-05}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Heathcock, C. J. and Ball, A. and Protheroe, B. E.}, month = dec, year = {1981}, note = {87 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {11--26}, } @article{hearleyCorrosionNiAlHigh2001, title = {Corrosion of {Ni}-{Al} high velocity oxyfuel ({HVOF}) thermal spray coating by fly ash and synthetic biomass ash deposits}, volume = {36}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0035672485&doi=10.1179%2f000705901101501532&partnerID=40&md5=e111bc18751c526e5e8e3055ad80af50}, doi = {10.1179/000705901101501532}, abstract = {Corrosion of a thermal spray (HVOF) Ni-Al coating has been investigated at 600°C under both biomass generated fly ash and synthetic biomass ashes and has been monitored as a function of reaction time for up to 1000 h. Detailed microstructral and compositional analyses have been carried out to investigate the hot corrosion mechanism. Various microstructural defects and compositional inhomogeneities are found to play an important role in the initiation of hot corrosion. Deposition of molten reactants from the ashes creates the aggressive environment. Molten salts cause initial rapid hot corrosion via fluxing reactions between planar interlamellar porosity resulting in debonding of the surface lenticular splats followed by subsequent slow dissolution. Comparison between the performance of the coating in the fly ash and the synthetic ashes provides information for improved laboratory corrosion tests.}, number = {2}, journal = {British Corrosion Journal}, author = {Hearley, J.A. and Liu, C. and Little, J.A. and Sturgeon, A.J.}, year = {2001}, note = {3 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Composition, Corrosion, Density (specific gravity), Deposition, Elastic moduli, Fly ash, Hardness, High velocity oxyfuel thermal spray coating, Melting point, Microstructure, Nickel alloys, Porosity, Sprayed coatings, Synthetic biomass ash, Thermodynamic properties, Yield stress}, pages = {111--120}, } @article{hattoriRevisionCavitationErosion2010, title = {Revision of cavitation erosion database and analysis of stainless steel data}, volume = {268}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-71849099261&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2009.07.005&partnerID=40&md5=86b4ab860e532450a53a5bb8b44642c5}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2009.07.005}, abstract = {Cavitation erosion data have been accumulated in our laboratory for about 32 years since 1970. The database was constructed as electronic data in MS Excel files. The data files are able to offer quick search in terms of the test material, test method and test conditions from among 859 data. In this study, 131 data since 2003 were newly added to the database constructed in our previous study. The stainless steel data were analyzed, including various stainless steels such as ferritic, austenitic, duplex and martensitic stainless steels. Vibratory cavitation test results for different stainless steels, obtained with varying test conditions of frequency, amplitude and attachment of specimen, were converted analytically to obtain average erosion rates under assumed standardized conditions of a stationary specimen test with 1 mm standoff distance, and with frequency and amplitude as specified by ASTM G32. The average of erosion rate under the standardized condition (ASTM G32, stationary specimen method, standoff distance 1 mm) was determined for different stainless steels. The erosion resistance was defined as a reciprocal of erosion rate, and the correlation between erosion resistance and hardness of the specimen after erosion test was better than with the other mechanical properties. The erosion resistance is equal to 2.6E-07 × (HV × Fmat)2.4 (HV; Vickers hardness, Fmat; material factor), and the correlation coefficient is 0.98. It was concluded that the erosion resistance of different stainless steels could be estimated with high reliability from the material hardness and the material factor. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {1}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Hattori, S. and Ishikura, R.}, year = {2010}, note = {101 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Austenitic, Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation erosion, Correlation coefficient, Corrosion resistant alloys, Data files, Database systems, Electronic data, Erosion, Erosion rates, Erosion resistance, Erosion test, Ferritic steel, Hardness, High reliability, Iron, Iron and steel, MS Excel, Martensite, Martensitic stainless steels, Material factor, Material hardness, Mechanical properties, Specimen tests, Spreadsheets, Stainless steel, Standoff distance, Test condition, Test materials, Test method, Test results, Testing, Vickers hardness}, pages = {109--116}, } @article{hattoriConstructionDatabaseCavitation2005, title = {Construction of database on cavitation erosion and analyses of stainless steel data}, volume = {71}, issn = {03875008 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-27644474082&doi=10.1299%2fkikaia.71.1182&partnerID=40&md5=f8db0aae133cd049870fedd158668a7a}, doi = {10.1299/kikaia.71.1182}, abstract = {Cavitation erosion data have been accumulated in our laboratory for about 34 years since 1970. The database was constructed as electronic data in Excel file. The data file is able to offer quick search in terms of test material, test method and test condition from among 986 data. The stainless steel data were analyzed, including various stainless steels such as ferritic, austenitic, duplex and martensitic stainless steel. The average of erosion rate under the standardized condition (ASTM G32, stationary specimen method, standoff distance 1 mm) was determined for different stainless steels. The erosion resistance was defined as a reciprocal of erosion rate, and the correlation between erosion resistance and hardness of eroded area after erosion test was better than with the other mechanical properties. The erosion resistance is equal to 2.6×10-7 × (HV × Emax)2.4 (HV; Vickers hardness, Fmat; Material factor), and the correlation coefficient is 0.98. It was concluded that the erosion resistance of different stainless steels could be estimated precisely from the material hardness and material factor.}, language = {Japanese}, number = {8}, journal = {Nihon Kikai Gakkai Ronbunshu, A Hen/Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, Part A}, author = {Hattori, S. and Ishikura, R.}, year = {2005}, note = {6 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers}, keywords = {Austenite, Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation erosion, Correlation coefficient, Correlation methods, Database systems, Electronic data, Erosion, Erosion rate, Ferrite, Hardness, Iron and steel, Martensite, Material factor, Stainless steel}, pages = {1182--1189}, } @article{hattoriConstructionDatabaseCavitation2004, title = {Construction of database on cavitation erosion and analyses of carbon steel data}, volume = {257}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-5444276745&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2004.07.002&partnerID=40&md5=e49837565a3c5732dc4e0987fcb80b7b}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2004.07.002}, abstract = {Cavitation erosion data have been accumulated in our laboratory for about 30 years since 1970. The database was constructed as electronic data in Excel files. The data files are able to offer quick search in terms of the test material, test method and test conditions from among 859 data. Carbon steel data were analyzed, excluding stainless steels that exhibit high work hardening. Vibratory cavitation test results for different carbon steels, obtained with varying test conditions of frequency, amplitude and attachment of specimen, were converted analytically to obtain average erosion rates under assumed standardized conditions of a stationary specimen test with 1 mm standoff distance, and with frequency and amplitude as specified by ASTM G32. Since coefficients of variation were obtained in the range of 0.1-0.3, the standard deviation can be easily estimated for these steels. The erosion resistance was defined as the reciprocal value of the erosion rate, and it was normalized with the erosion resistance of SUS304 steel. The normalized erosion resistance is equal to 2.1E - 06 × HV2.4 (HV; Vickers hardness), and the correlation coefficient is 0.92. It was concluded that the erosion resistance of carbon steels can be estimated with high reliability from the material hardness. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {9-10}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Hattori, S. and Ishikura, R. and Zhang, Q.}, year = {2004}, note = {70 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Carbon steel, Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation erosion, Corrosion resistance, Database systems, Erosion, Excel files, File organization, Hardness, Iron and steel, Stainless steel, Standard deviation, Strain hardening, carbon steel, cavitation damage, erosion, erosive wear, hardness, testing method}, pages = {1022--1029}, } @article{hattoriCavitationErosionResistance2009, series = {{ICAP} 2008}, title = {Cavitation erosion resistance of stellite alloy weld overlays}, volume = {267}, issn = {0043-1648}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043164809004141}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2009.05.007}, abstract = {Stellite alloys have excellent cavitation erosion resistance and are often used for liquid machinery, but the erosion properties of various stellite alloys have not been evaluated by a standard method. In this study, we evaluate the erosion resistance for various stellite alloy weld overlays of ST6 and ST21 in a vibrating method and in a cavitating liquid jet method. The grain size of the Co matrix affects the cavitation erosion resistance of stellite alloy weld overlays of ST6. The erosion rate of the maximum rate stage of stellite weld overlay alloys of ST6-1, ST6-2 and ST6-3 were found to be about 1/13 to 1/7 times that of SUS304. Moreover, we clarified the cavitation erosion mechanism of SUS304 and ST6 by scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, by comparing the erosion behavior in a cavitating liquid jet method with that in a vibratory method, it was found that the erosion rate of the cavitating jet method and the vibratory method have a good correlation.}, number = {11}, urldate = {2025-02-05}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Hattori, Shuji and Mikami, Norihiro}, month = oct, year = {2009}, note = {80 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cavitating liquid jet method, Cavitation erosion, Erosion, Erosion resistance, Stellite, Vibratory method}, pages = {1954--1960}, } @article{hattoriCavitationErosionPipe2008, title = {Cavitation erosion of pipe steels}, volume = {74}, issn = {03875008 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-43749103147&doi=10.1299%2fkikaia.74.254&partnerID=40&md5=eb493cdfbb25bd28d9f9ea51b3adee6d}, doi = {10.1299/kikaia.74.254}, abstract = {Cavitation erosion often causes the leakage of water in piping systems of industrial plants. In this study, cavitation erosion tests were carried out for the pipe steel specimens fabricated from carbon steel pipes for pressure service, alloy steel pipes and stainless steel pipes. Total 15 pipe materials were tested in a stationary specimen test method using a vibratory apparatus specified by ASTM G32-03 and cavitation erosion were evaluated for each material. It was found that the erosion resistance could be estimated precisely by material hardness.}, language = {Japanese}, number = {2}, journal = {Nihon Kikai Gakkai Ronbunshu, A Hen/Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, Part A}, author = {Hattori, S. and Ogiso, T. and Hamajima, A. and Minami, Y. and Yamada, I.}, year = {2008}, note = {0 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers}, keywords = {Cavitation and erosion, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation erosion, Erosion resistance, Hardness, Industrial plants, Iron and steel, Microfabrication, Stainless steel, Stationary specimen test method, Steel pipe, Vibratory apparatus}, pages = {254--259}, } @article{hattoriCavitationErosionMechanisms2001, title = {Cavitation erosion mechanisms and quantitative evaluation based on erosion particles}, volume = {249}, issn = {0043-1648}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043164800003082}, doi = {10.1016/S0043-1648(00)00308-2}, abstract = {Cavitation erosion mechanisms were studied through the observation of removed particles for annealed S15C (equivalent to AISI 1015) steel and heat-treated S55C (AISI 1055) steels. In the initial and the incubation stages, single impact loads removed many small sharply edged particles. During the acceleration and the maximum rate stages, large striated particles were observed due to cyclic loads. The volume fraction of particles exhibiting fatigue fracture in these stages amounts to 70 or 80\% irrespective of the material including pure copper and pure aluminum. The exponent of the crack growth rate determined from the fracture is almost the same as that obtained from a regular fatigue test. The fatigue crack growth rate for many metals is inversely proportional to the square of Young's modulus, E−2. The particles fall off from the protrusive surface and their sizes depend on the unevenness in relation to the hardness of the material. The average diameter of erosion particles decreases inversely with the square root of Vickers hardness, HV−1/2. Therefore, the volume is proportional to HV−3/2. Thus, the dependence of the volume loss rate in the maximum rate stage is well described by HV−3/2E−2. The conclusion is that cavitation erosion can be evaluated in terms of the hardness of the material and the fatigue crack growth rate.}, number = {10}, urldate = {2024-06-29}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Hattori, Shuji and Nakao, Eisaku}, month = nov, year = {2001}, note = {76 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cavitation, Cavitation erosion, Crack propagation, Erosion particle, Iron and steel, Nonferrous metal}, pages = {839--845}, } @article{hattoriCavitationErosionIron2009, title = {Cavitation erosion of iron and steel for long exposure}, volume = {75}, issn = {03875008 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-76349118351&doi=10.1299%2fkikaia.75.1639&partnerID=40&md5=51a58c1958430c2b0fbe809c6ecb7750}, doi = {10.1299/kikaia.75.1639}, abstract = {Cavitation erosion often occurs in fluid machinery and piping systems of industrial plants. The erosion damage causes a reduction of performance, noise and a leak accident of fluid machine. In this study, cavitation erosion tests were carried out for cast iron FC250 and stainless steel SUS304 under the condition of the stationary specimen test method using the vibratory apparatus specified by ASTM G32-03. Test results are compared to our previous paper of S15C and discussed in terms of the maximum depth of erosion, the erosion rate and the eroded shape of test specimen after long exposure. It was found that the erosion rate decreases and the maximum depth increases with erosion time with a power of about 0.5 after long exposure regardless of the kind iron and steel.}, language = {Japanese}, number = {759}, journal = {Nihon Kikai Gakkai Ronbunshu, A Hen/Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, Part A}, author = {Hattori, S. and Itagaki, M. and Ogiso, T.}, year = {2009}, note = {0 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers}, keywords = {Cast iron, Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation erosion, Erosion, Erosion damage, Fluid machineries, Fluid machines, Industrial plants, Iron, Iron and steel, Leak accidents, Long exposures, Machinery, Specimen tests, Stainless steel, Test specimens, Testing}, pages = {1639--1644}, } @article{hassimMechanicalWearBehaviour2019, title = {Mechanical and wear behaviour of nanostructure {TiO2}-{Ag} coating on cobalt chromium alloys by air plasma spray and high velocity oxy-fuel}, volume = {8}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85065126015&doi=10.1016%2fj.jmrt.2019.04.003&partnerID=40&md5=40d2fb8621f25c107ab22199388181d6}, doi = {10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.04.003}, abstract = {Cobalt chromium alloys constitutes the base of one important group of biometallic with excellent mechanical properties. However, due to its non-bioactive and non-antimicrobial surface, cobalt chromium alloys are vulnerable to wear corrosive attack and bacterial infection. Hence, coating cobalt chromium alloys surface with superior biomaterials is the best proven techniques. In this work, nanostructure silver adopted titanium dioxide coating was deposited on cobalt chromium alloys using air plasma spray (APS) and high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) techniques. Nanostructure TiO2-Ag coating demonstrated superior hardness, wear resistance and lower coefficient of friction when compared to bare CoCr alloys. Reduced plastic deformation detected by microstructural analysis indicate that the interference of nano-structure coating in metallic matrix help lower the wear rate of the sample. Meanwhile, low porosity of the coating produced by HVOF technique shown a better wear resistance result than APS technique. © 2019 Brazilian Metallurgical, Materials and Mining Association. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltd.}, number = {2}, journal = {Journal of Materials Research and Technology}, author = {Hassim, M.H. and Idris, M.H. and Yajid, M.A.M. and Samion, S.}, year = {2019}, note = {16 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Air, Antimicrobial surface, Binary alloys, Chromium alloys, Cobalt alloys, Cobalt-chromium alloy, Cobalt-chromium alloys, Coefficient of frictions, Friction, Fuels, HVOF thermal spraying, High velocity oxy fuel, High velocity oxy-fuel techniques, Mechanical properties, Microstructural analysis, Nanostructure TiO2-Ag coating, Nanostructures, Plasma jets, Plasma spraying, Silver compounds, Sprayed coatings, Surface properties, Thermal spray coating method, Thermal spray coatings, Titanium dioxide, Wear of materials, Wear performance, Wear resistance}, pages = {2290--2299}, } @article{hassaanEffectBoattailsSimplified2018, title = {On the effect of boat-tails on a simplified heavy vehicle geometry under crosswinds}, volume = {183}, issn = {0167-6105}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167610518306056}, doi = {10.1016/j.jweia.2018.10.013}, abstract = {The flow around a Ground Transport System (GTS), is numerically investigated using steady RANS model; k−ω SST, at a Reynolds number of ∼2×106. This paper focuses on the effect of crosswinds on the near-wake structure of the GTS with and without boat-tails. Upon the emanation of crosswinds, a quadratic increase in the drag coefficient(CD) was observed, as a function of the yaw angle. Such an increase is attributed to the break in the symmetry of near-wake structure and three, streamwise vortices emanating from the leading edges of the GTS. Boat-tail with a slant angle of 15°, at zero yaw, has resulted in a(CD) reduction of up to∼50\%, relative to the baseline GTS. The reduction is consistent with previous studies on various simplified geometries. Such reduction is a resultant of a smaller wake length, coupled with an overall increase in the pressure in the wake, consequently increasing the mean base pressure coefficient. Higher boat-tail angles have resulted in an increase in CD, whereas, under crosswind, ∼40\% reduction in (CD) is observed. Boat-tails have additionally resulted in a quasi-symmetric near-wake structure, under crosswinds, acting as a blockage and preventing the interaction between the three streamwise vortices and the near-wake.}, urldate = {2024-07-08}, journal = {Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics}, author = {Hassaan, Mohab and Badlani, Divyang and Nazarinia, Mehdi}, month = dec, year = {2018}, note = {24 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Boat-tail, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), Crosswinds, Flow topology, Ground Transportation System (GTS), Near-Wake}, pages = {172--186}, } @article{hankeCavitationErosionCr60Ni402013, title = {Cavitation erosion of {Cr60Ni40} coatings generated by friction surfacing}, volume = {301}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84879163551&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2012.11.016&partnerID=40&md5=4fc0bfdd0fb580b387610bf270d077f5}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2012.11.016}, abstract = {CrNi-alloys with high Cr-content generally are quite brittle and, therefore, only available as castings and regarded as neither weldable nor deformable. The process of friction surfacing offers a possibility to generate Cr60Ni40 coatings e.g. on steel or Ni-base substrates. Cavitation tests were carried out using an ultrasonic vibratory test rig ({\textasciitilde}ASTM G32) with cast specimens and friction surfaced coatings. The coatings show less deformation and smaller disruptions, and wear rates in steady state were found to be three times higher for the cast and heat treated samples than for the coatings, caused by a highly wear resistant Cr-rich phase. The results of this study show that it is possible to generate defect free coatings of Cr60Ni40 with a thickness of about 250. μm by friction surfacing, which under cavitation show a better wear behavior than the cast material. Thus, in combination with a ductile substrate, these coatings are likely to extend the range of applicability of such high-temperature corrosion resistant alloys. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, number = {1-2}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Hanke, S. and Beyer, M. and Silvonen, A. and dos Santos, J.F. and Fischer, A.}, year = {2013}, note = {31 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cavitation, Coatings, Corrosion resistant alloys, Defect free coatings, Deformation, Ductile substrate, Friction surfacing, Friction welding, Hard facing, Hardfacing, High temperature corrosions, Microstructure, Nickel, Solid-state joining, Substrates, Two-phase alloy, Two-phase alloys, Wear behaviors, Wear of materials, Wear resistant}, pages = {415--423}, } @article{hangoSlidingWearResistance2024, title = {Sliding wear resistance of the {Cobalt}-{Based} {Coatings}, {ULTIMETTM} and {STELLITETM} 6 with ruthenium additions}, volume = {155}, issn = {1350-6307}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350630723006714}, doi = {10.1016/j.engfailanal.2023.107717}, abstract = {Two different cobalt-based bulk alloys, ULTIMETTM and STELLITETM 6B, their high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) spayed coatings with minor additions of ruthenium and mild steel substrate were subjected to ball-on-disc sliding wear tests at 5 N and 10 N and hardness tests at 3 kg. These materials were targeted as replacements or protective coatings on mild steel for better wear resistance. Their microstructures comprised γ-austenite and Cr3C2 phases, and coefficients of friction fluctuated slightly. The coatings had good wear resistance (0.2 ± 0.0x10-5–5.6 ± 0.2x10-5 mm3·N−1·m−1) and higher hardnesses (386 ± 21–547 ± 39 HV3) than the alloys (304 ± 22–368 ± 13 HV3) and mild steel (180 ± 14 HV3). After wear, bulk and coated samples exhibited tearing, slip bands, grooves and debris. The best alloy was STELLITETM 6 coating with 0.6 wt\% Ru addition which had low wear rates both at 5 N (0.2 ± 0.0x10-5 mm3·N−1·m−1) and 10 N loading (0.5 ± 0.0x10-5 mm3·N−1·m−1), and was the hardest (547 ± 39 HV3).}, urldate = {2024-11-17}, journal = {Engineering Failure Analysis}, author = {Hango, Silas I. and Cornish, Lesley A. and Chown, Lesley H. and van der Merwe, Josias W. and Kavishe, Frank P. L.}, month = jan, year = {2024}, note = {8 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cobalt-based coatings and alloys, Hardness, Materials Engineering, Sliding wear, coatings with Ru additions}, pages = {107717}, } @article{hanEnhancingPiezoelectricProperties2023, title = {Enhancing the {Piezoelectric} {Properties} of {3D} {Printed} {PVDF} {Using} {Concurrent} {Torsional} {Shear} {Strain}}, volume = {15}, issn = {2073-4360}, doi = {10.3390/polym15214204}, abstract = {Extrusion-based polymer 3D printing induces shear strains within the material, influencing its rheological and mechanical properties. In materials like polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), these strains stretch polymer chains, leading to increased crystallinity and improved piezoelectric properties. This study demonstrates a 400\% enhancement in the piezoelectric property of extrusion-printed PVDF by introducing additional shear strains during the printing process. The continuous torsional shear strains, imposed via a rotating extrusion nozzle, results in additional crystalline beta-phases, directly impacting the piezoelectric behavior of the printed parts. The effect of the nozzle's rotational speed on the amount of beta-phase formation is characterized using FTIR. This research introduces a new direction in the development of polymer and composite 3D printing, where in-process shear strains are used to control the alignment of polymer chains and/or in-fill phases and the overall properties of printed parts.}, language = {English}, number = {21}, journal = {POLYMERS}, author = {Han, P and Tofangchi, A and Carr, D and Zhang, SH and Hsu, K}, month = nov, year = {2023}, note = {4 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {3D printing, FILAMENT-FABRICATION METHOD, PERFORMANCE, POLYMER, PVDF, piezoelectric properties, torsional shear strain}, } @article{hanElectrochemicalCharacteristicsHVOF2012, title = {Electrochemical characteristics of {HVOF} spray coated layer with {WC}–{27NiCr} and {WC}–{10Co4Cr} for {Al} bronze}, volume = {22}, copyright = {https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/}, issn = {10036326}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1003632612617993}, doi = {10.1016/S1003-6326(12)61799-3}, abstract = {Among the environmentally friendly marine energies, tidal current power plants require low cost because they do not need to construct a large dam. Tidal power is particularly reliable energy source because the power generation capacity is predictable regardless of weather or season. Composite materials or stainless steel have been used as materials of blades for current power plant. However, their strength and welding performance generated many problems in field application. Copper alloys with excellent cavitation resistance and corrosion resistance were applied as blade materials to improve the durability of copper alloys. They were coated with WC−27NiCr and WC−10Co4Cr using the high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) method. The metal spray coating technology has the advantage in terms of the selection of materials for cost effectiveness and environmental effects of corrosion because the properties of the coat layer can be controlled intentionally. Coating with WC−27NiCr and WC−10Co4Cr by HVOF, WC−27NiCr shows better corrosion resistance overall. The reason for this seems to be that corrosion resistance improves and a stable passive film forms due to the effects of Ni and Cr.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-10-12}, journal = {Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China}, author = {Han, Min-su and Lee, Seung-jun and Kim, Min-sung and Jang, Seok-ki and Kim, Seong-jong}, month = dec, year = {2012}, note = {8 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {s753--s759}, } @article{hammittVibratoryHornCavitation1980, title = {Vibratory {Horn} {Cavitation} {Erosion} {Comparisons}}, volume = {8}, issn = {0090-3973}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1520/JTE10633J}, doi = {10.1520/JTE10633J}, abstract = {Results of tests of vibratory horn cavitation erosion conducted at Fukui University, Fukui, Japan, and the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, are compared. The tests were primarily for mild carbon steels (equivalent to Type 1018). The results from Fukui University for various other materials are also included. The maximum mean depth of penetration rate (MDPRmax) varies approximately as horn amplitude to the 1.5 power, and there are strong increases in MDPRmax for increased specimen diameter. There are also strong effects of horn frequency.}, number = {6}, urldate = {2025-04-11}, journal = {Journal of Testing and Evaluation}, author = {Hammitt, FG and Okada, T}, month = nov, year = {1980}, note = {7 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {324--328}, } @article{hadadAdhesionEvaluationMultilayered2008, title = {Adhesion evaluation of multilayered based {WC}-{Co}-{Cr} thermally sprayed coatings}, volume = {202}, issn = {02578972 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-44449159333&doi=10.1016%2fj.surfcoat.2008.04.016&partnerID=40&md5=b0f942f52984438601d0197f039ea620}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2008.04.016}, abstract = {This paper describes the adhesion evaluation of different interlayers such as Co-Cr, Ni-Cr 80-20 HVOF (High Velocity Oxy-Fuel) thermally sprayed coatings and Ni-plating between the cermet based WC-Co-Cr coatings. Three adhesion measurement methods for these different multilayered based thermal spray coatings, namely tensile adhesive strength (according to EN 582), interfacial indentation and solid impact tests were conducted. The distinguished coating properties include: i) the adhesive strength, ii) the interfacial toughness, iii) the depth of impact. The metallographic and experimental results show that the electrochemically deposited interlayer Ni-plating provides the highest adhesion to cermet coating within the multilayered structured coatings. This is not only due to the chemical affinity between the Ni-plating and the cermet coating, but also to its homogeneous microstructure, since the electrochemically deposition does not provide splat formation. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {18}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Hadad, M. and Hockauf, M. and Meyer, L.W. and Marot, G. and Lesage, J. and Hitzek, R. and Siegmann, S.}, year = {2008}, note = {16 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Adhesion, Adhesion evaluation, Bond strength (materials), Cermets, Chromium alloys, Deposition, Electrochemically deposition, Electrochemistry, HVOF, Impact energy, Interface toughness, Multilayered structure, Ni-plating, Nickel plating, Sprayed coatings, Tensile strength, Thermal spraying, Thermally sprayed coatings, Toughness, WC-Co-Cr}, pages = {4399--4405}, } @article{habibEffectsThermalSpraying2022, title = {Effects of thermal spraying technique on the remelting behavior of {NiCrBSi} coatings}, volume = {444}, issn = {0257-8972}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0257897222005904}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2022.128669}, abstract = {This study aims to understand and quantify the influence of the deposition technique on the remelting parameters, microstructure, microhardness, and abrasive behavior of NiCrBSi coatings. An experimental study was conducted on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ni-based alloys sprayed onto an AISI 304 substrate using two different techniques, namely the flame spraying oxygen–fuel and high-velocity oxygen–fuel techniques, followed by surface flame melting. The microstructures of the resulting coatings were analyzed using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The spraying technique is critical for the remelting temperature and time. The microstructures of the deposited coatings in the as-sprayed and remelted samples exhibited similar phases; however, their morphology, size, and distribution were dependent on the deposition technique and remelting parameters, namely temperature and time. Abrasive wear and Vickers microhardness tests were performed. The remelted coatings exhibited higher microhardness, enhanced cohesion of the coating splats, and decreased coating porosity, which decreased wear loss. Although the oxygen–fuel technology after remelting exhibited a relatively larger phase size and lower microhardness than those obtained by high-velocity oxygen–fuel after remelting, a lower wear loss was obtained for the oxygen–fuel. Therefore, this study focused on understanding the effects of as-sprayed and remelted microstructures on wear and microhardness. These findings provide a new understanding of the combination of thermal spraying and remelting techniques for controlling the microstructure and mechanical properties of NiCrBSi coatings.}, urldate = {2024-06-29}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Habib, K. A. and Cano, D. L. and Alvaro, José Antonio Heredia and Serrano-Mira, J. and Llopis, R. and Moreno, D. López and Mohammed, Samar S.}, month = aug, year = {2022}, note = {17 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Abrasive wear, High-velocity oxygen–fuel flame spraying, NiCrBSi, Oxygen–fuel flame spraying, Phase size, Remelting}, pages = {128669}, } @article{guyardMicrostructuralInvestigationCobase1982, title = {Microstructural investigation of a {Co}-base alloy processed by liquid phase sintering}, volume = {17}, issn = {1573-4803}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00540368}, doi = {10.1007/BF00540368}, abstract = {The microstructure of samples processed by liquid phase sintering of prealloyed atomized powders is investigated by microprobe analysis, X-ray and electron diffraction. Materials obtained from thin powders are shown to consist of a dispersion of M7C3 in a Co matrix; the composition of the phases corresponds to the thermodynamic equilibria. A coarser powder provides a cellular structure containing islands of very thin spheroidal structure as well as M7C3 and a Co matrix. The W level is very high in these islands (star phase). A comparison of compositions indicates these islands correspond to the massive solidification of the undercooled liquid phase strongly saturated in W, Cr and C. For all the samples, during ageing, intense precipitation of M23C6 occurs in coherency with the Co matrix. The structure of the star phase coarsens and the W level decreases. After long ageing the star phase consists of only M7C3 and a Co matrix.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2025-03-05}, journal = {Journal of Materials Science}, author = {Guyard, C. and Hamar-Thibault, S. and Allibert, C. H.}, month = mar, year = {1982}, note = {4 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Electron Diffraction, Liquid Phase, Microstructure, Polymer, Polymers, Precipitation}, pages = {717--731}, } @article{guptaTribologicalCharacterisationThermal2020, title = {Tribological characterisation of thermal sprayed {CrC} alloyed coating–{A} review}, issn = {2374068X (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85088009359&doi=10.1080%2f2374068X.2020.1793262&partnerID=40&md5=52aee5a0dbd1d47a6b9819897aa51566}, doi = {10.1080/2374068X.2020.1793262}, abstract = {High-Velocity Oxygen Fuel (HVOF) and Plasma spraying coating procedure are utilised to enhance the properties wear, COF, and corrosion of different mechanical parts. Further, the aim of this review is to the assessment of microstructure and mechanical properties of CrC based compound coatings sprayed by HVOF and plasma spraying strategy onto distinctive substrate materials and to see the capability of CrC based coatings for the piston rings application. The wear and corrosion resistance has expanded because of dispersed components such as Ni and Cr carbide phases present in the coated materials. The HVOF procedure particularly cermet coatings in which powder materials needed to accelerate to store on substrate materials brought high wear and destructive resistance. It was additionally observed that the coating qualities were to a great extent influenced by the properties of the substrate material. The few blends of CrC-based compounds can create great outcomes than WC-Co powder coating. The thermal spray coating procedures and CrC based combinations for the piston ring application have been accounted for like weight reduction and wear rate and COF. It can be expressed that the properties of plasma-sprayed and HVOF sprayed CrC based composite coatings have comparative properties for piston ring application. © 2020, © 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor \& Francis Group.}, language = {English}, journal = {Advances in Materials and Processing Technologies}, author = {Gupta, N. and Singh, S.K. and Pandey, S.M.}, year = {2020}, note = {12 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Taylor and Francis Ltd.}, keywords = {COF, CrC, HVOF, microstructure, plasma spray, wear}, pages = {1--24}, } @inproceedings{guptaReviewThermalSpray2021, title = {Review on {Thermal} {Spray} {Coating} {Methods} and {Property} of {Different} {Types} of {Metal}-{Based} {Coatings}}, isbn = {978-981-336-028-0}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85106430848&doi=10.1007%2f978-981-33-6029-7_40&partnerID=40&md5=bae8b109e8fc24ed709ea044971a1a50}, doi = {10.1007/978-981-33-6029-7_40}, abstract = {To enhance performance of industrial tools and components, deposition of thin film or coating presents a good option. Coating is done on the surface of the objects such as machine parts, tools, and on other similar components. For protecting components from erosion, wear, and corrosion, this method presents a cost-effective method. Thermal spray is one of the coating methods. Thermal spraying is a well-known technique in industries for improving the surface properties of the components. Thermal spraying can be used to apply coating of different materials such as metals, ceramic blends, alloys, and carbides many more on variety of components. Thermal spray provides benefits like repairing engineering component, improves performance, and extended life of the components. Many materials can be deposited through thermal spray coating such as Zn, Al, Ni, WC, Fe, Cr, and even the combination of materials. These coatings have considerable effect on performance without affecting environment. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Lect. {Notes} {Mech}. {Eng}.}, publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH}, author = {Gupta, G. and Tyagi, R.K. and Rajput, S.K. and Maan, R. and Jacob, S. and Verma, S.}, editor = {{Sharma B.P.} and {Rao G.S.} and {Gupta S.} and {Gupta P.} and {Prasad A.}}, year = {2021}, note = {2 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Journal Abbreviation: Lect. Notes Mech. Eng.}, keywords = {Aluminum coated steel, Aluminum coatings, Aluminum corrosion, Carbides, Coating, Coating methods, Coating properties, Corrosion protection, Corrosion resistant coatings, Cost effectiveness, Industrial components, Industrial tools, Machine components, Performance, Sprayed coatings, Steel, Steel corrosion, Thermal Engineering, Thermal spray coatings, Thermal spray thin film, Thermal spraying, Thermalspray, Thin film, Thin films, Thin-films, Zinc coatings}, pages = {427--439}, } @inproceedings{guptaPreparationCharacterizationThermal2012, title = {Preparation and characterization of thermal spray coating of glass microspheres on metal substrate}, volume = {585}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84870591185&doi=10.4028%2fwww.scientific.net%2fAMR.585.502&partnerID=40&md5=34eb7f1a4ea7c9da7c9c67f064de8efc}, doi = {10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.585.502}, abstract = {Plasma spray technology utilizes the exotic properties of the plasma medium to affect physical, chemical or metallurgical reactions to produce new materials or impart new functional properties to conventional materials. It is in fact a process that includes melting, rapid solidification and quenching taking place simultaneously. As for the coating materials, it is well understood that for a number of unique application, spherical particles are preferred over irregular ones due to low surface area to volume ratio, high density, free flowing ability and close sizing etc. In view of this, the present paper reports on the preparation of glass microspheres coatings on mild steel substrate using plasma spray technology. An 80 kW atmospheric plasma spray set up is used for spraying purpose. Solid glass micro-spheres of an average size of 100 microns are used as the coating materials which are deposited at four different power levels on mild steel substrate. The coatings are characterized in terms of their thickness, hardness, density and porosity. The coatability of glass micro-spheres on mild steel is assessed by evaluating the coating deposition efficiency. Different phases present in the coating are ascertained using X-ray diffractography. © (2012) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.}, author = {Gupta, G. and Mishra, S.K. and Mantry, S. and Satapathy, A.}, year = {2012}, note = {3 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Atmospheric plasma spray, Average size, Carbon steel, Characterization, Coating deposition, Coating material, Coatings, Conventional materials, Exotic properties, Free flowing, Functional properties, Glass, Glass micro-spheres, Glass microspheres, High density, Materials properties, Metal substrate, Metallurgical reaction, Microspheres, Mild steel substrates, Plasma jets, Plasma spray coating, Plasma spray technology, Plasma spraying, Plating, Power levels, Rapid solidification, Spheres, Spherical particle, Surface area, Thermal spray coatings, Volume ratio, XRD}, pages = {502--506}, } @article{guptaMeasurementTribologicalCharacteristics2022, title = {Measurement of {Tribological} {Characteristics} of {Composite} {Coating} {Under} {Different} {Temperatures}}, volume = {37}, issn = {09703950 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85129320567&doi=10.1007%2fs12647-022-00551-8&partnerID=40&md5=867976b5414867574c3148b60bd7db94}, doi = {10.1007/s12647-022-00551-8}, abstract = {In the present work, the measurements of tribological properties of Mo–NiCr–WC–W blend composite coating on the mild steel substrate deposited using high velocity oxy-fuel thermal spray technique under various temperatures have been presented. Initially, the powders for coating were mixed employing a laboratory ball mill. The composite coating is done via a well-known high velocity oxy-fuel thermal spray technique. Further, different test specimens were prepared to measure the tribological behaviour and residual stress. High-temperature pin-on-disc tribometer was used to investigate the wear and friction with increasing temperature, load and sliding speed. X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscope, and micro-hardness tester were used to characterize the coating, wear track and micro-hardness of the coatings, respectively. The weight-loss method and machine output were used to analyze the coefficient of friction and specific wear rate. Based on the said test, responses have been obtained, analyzed, and discussed in detail. © 2022, Metrology Society of India.}, language = {English}, number = {4}, journal = {Mapan - Journal of Metrology Society of India}, author = {Gupta, K. and Murtaza, Q. and Yuvraj, N.}, year = {2022}, note = {0 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Springer}, keywords = {FESEM, HVOF thermal spray coating, Measurement, Mo–NiCr–WC–W composite coating, Temperature}, pages = {811--822}, } @article{guobysCavitationErosionGlass2019, title = {Cavitation erosion of glass fibre reinforced polymer composites with unidirectional layup}, volume = {177}, issn = {13598368 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85071723640&doi=10.1016%2fj.compositesb.2019.107374&partnerID=40&md5=38ec0bb614b810d23acda308172e08c8}, doi = {10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107374}, abstract = {Glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites are increasingly used in marine applications and can be subjected to aggressive environmental effects, one of which is cavitation. This study investigates the behaviour of unidirectional GFRP composites exposed to cavitation erosion generated using an ultrasonic transducer. Cavitation erosion tests were performed in accordance with the ASTM G32 standard. All specimens were preconditioned to eliminate the influence of water absorption on the mass loss caused by cavitation. The erosion process was monitored with a microscope and the mass loss was measured at regular periods. The tested specimens were scanned with X-ray computed microtomography. The research findings indicated that the erosion process was affected by several parameters including specimen thickness, distance between fibre bundles, bundle shape and distribution. The initiation and development of erosion damage were highly influenced by the surface condition. Cavitation erosion traced parts of fibre bundles located closer to the surface creating trenches and valleys on the surface. The regions with thick epoxy layers above and between fibre bundles were much less susceptible to erosion damage. Several erosion mechanisms were identified and discussed. The research findings also highlighted the difficulties in characterising ultrasonic cavitation erosion of GFRP composites using acoustic impedance and mean erosion depth. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd}, language = {English}, journal = {Composites Part B: Engineering}, author = {Guobys, R. and Rodríguez, Á. and Chernin, L.}, year = {2019}, note = {10 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {Acoustic impedance, Bridge decks, Cavitation, Computerized tomography, Erosion, Erosion mechanisms, Fiber reinforced plastics, Glass fibers, Glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites, Glass fibre reinforced polymers, Influence of water, Lunar surface analysis, Marine applications, Polymers, Reinforcement, Specimen thickness, Surface analysis, Surface conditions, Ultrasonic cavitation, Ultrasonic cavitation erosion, Ultrasonic transducers, Water absorption, X ray microtomography, X rays, X-ray computed microtomography, X-ray microtomography (Micro-CT)}, } @article{guidoteLowCostMagneticStirrer2015, title = {Low-{Cost} {Magnetic} {Stirrer} from {Recycled} {Computer} {Parts} with {Optional} {Hot} {Plate}}, volume = {92}, issn = {0021-9584}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1021/ed500153r}, doi = {10.1021/ed500153r}, abstract = {Magnetic stirrers and hot plates are key components of science laboratories. However, these are not readily available in many developing countries due to their high cost. This article describes the design of a low-cost magnetic stirrer with hot plate from recycled materials. Some of the materials used are neodymium magnets and CPU fans from discarded computers and recycled electrical components from old circuit boards. This prototype was compared with a commercial magnetic stirrer with hot plate. It was noted that high temperatures were reached at similar rates, and the stirring speed was also comparable between the two. With this prototype, which costs 80\% less than commercials ones, magnetic stirrers with hot plate can be readily available to enhance teaching and learning in science laboratories that need them most.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2025-01-15}, journal = {Journal of Chemical Education}, author = {Guidote, Armando M. Jr. and Pacot, Giselle Mae M. and Cabacungan, Paul M.}, month = jan, year = {2015}, note = {8 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: American Chemical Society}, pages = {102--105}, } @article{guDesignAnalysisTesting2020, title = {Design, analysis, and testing of a novel 2-{DOF} vibration-assisted polishing device driven by the piezoelectric actuators}, volume = {111}, issn = {1433-3015}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-06043-w}, doi = {10.1007/s00170-020-06043-w}, abstract = {In order to increase surface quality and material removal efficiency, a 2-DOF vibration-assisted polishing device driven by piezoelectric actuators (PZTs) was developed. The matrix-based compliance modeling (MCM) method was used to calculate stiffness, and Lagrange’s method was used to analyze the natural frequency of the device. To make the 2-DOF vibration-assisted polishing device achieve better performance, the dimensions of the device were optimized by the Whale optimization algorithm (WOA). Meanwhile, FEA was used in simulation and analysis of the device. The open-loop testing results show that the 2-DOF vibration-assisted polishing device has the characteristics of large stroke and high resolution. The polishing experimental results show that vibration-assisted polishing can improve the surface quality and material removal rate.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-08-18}, journal = {The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology}, author = {Gu, Yan and Duan, Xingxin and Lin, Jieqiong and Yi, Allen and Kang, Mingshuo and Jiang, Jijun and Zhou, Weidong}, month = nov, year = {2020}, note = {12 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Piezoelectric actuator (PZT), Silicon carbide (SiC) ceramic, Vibration-assisted polishing, Whale optimization algorithm (WOA)}, pages = {471--493}, } @article{grimmMicrostructureSlidingWear2020, title = {Microstructure and sliding wear resistance of plasma sprayed {Al2O3}-{Cr2O3}-{TiO2} ternary coatings from blends of single oxides}, volume = {10}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85079166450&doi=10.3390%2fcoatings10010042&partnerID=40&md5=eb9570b3e20cbf7d253082b2c1ff9c2c}, doi = {10.3390/coatings10010042}, abstract = {Al2O3, Cr2O3, and TiO2 are most commonly used oxide materials for thermal spray coating solutions. Each oxide shows unique properties comprising behavior in the spray process, hardness, corrosion, and wear resistance. In order to exploit the different advantages, binary compositions are often used, while ternary compositions are not studied yet. Atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) of ternary compositions in the Al2O3-Cr2O3-TiO2 system was studied using blends of plain powders with different ratios and identical spray parameters. Coatings from the plain oxides were studied for comparison. For these powder blends, different deposition rates were observed. The microstructure, roughness, porosity, hardness, and wear resistance were investigated. The formation of the splats from particles of each oxide occurs separately, without interaction between the particles. The exception are the chromium oxide splats, which contained some amounts of titanium. The predominant oxide present in each blend has a decisive influence on the properties of the coatings. While TiOx causes a low coating porosity, the wear resistance can be increased by adding Cr2O3. © 2020 by the authors.}, number = {1}, journal = {Coatings}, author = {Grimm, M. and Conze, S. and Berger, L.-M. and Paczkowski, G. and Lindner, T. and Lampke, T.}, year = {2020}, note = {19 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Al2O3, Cr2O3, Microstructure, Phase transformation, Reactivity, Sliding wear, TiO2, atmospheric plasma spraying}, } @article{grewalUnderstandingLiquidImpingement2013, title = {Understanding {Liquid} {Impingement} erosion behaviour of nickel-alumina based thermal spray coatings}, volume = {301}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84879150963&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2013.01.063&partnerID=40&md5=d9f7e7024675f5344b97467679595666}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2013.01.063}, abstract = {Hydroturbines and other fluid machineries are generally subjected to cavitation and slurry erosion environment resulting in the degradation of impellers, vanes, nozzle, spear, labyrinth seal, and buckets. Although hydroturbine steel (13Cr4Ni) provides sufficient resistance against cavitation, however, it degrades severely under slurry erosion. Generally thermal spray coatings are used for protection against slurry erosion, however their performance under cavitation erosion is not appreciable. It is generally observed that the material removal process in cavitation and Liquid Impingement erosion is alike. In this paper, Liquid Impingement erosion performance of composite coatings of nickel and alumina, mixed in various proportions, has been investigated and compared with the uncoated 13Cr4Ni steel. Coatings were deposited using the High Velocity Flame Spray (HVFS) technique. Effects of micro hardness, fracture toughness, work-hardening index, residual stresses and porosity of coatings on the Liquid Impingement erosion performance are discussed. In depth study of the erosion mechanism in each coating and their work hardening capabilities were studied using SEM/EDS and micro-hardness tester. It was observed that fracture toughness and work hardening index of coatings correlate well with the erosion resistance. The effect of alumina content on erosion mechanism of the developed coatings was also investigated. The content of alumina was found to be having significant effect on the erosion response and the degradation mechanism of the coatings. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.}, number = {1-2}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Grewal, H.S. and Singh, H. and Agrawal, A.}, year = {2013}, note = {27 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Alumina, Cavitation, Composite coatings, Degradation, Degradation mechanism, Erosion, Erosion mechanisms, Erosion resistance, Flame spraying, Fracture toughness, Hardening capability, Hardness, Hydraulic turbines, Liquid Impingement erosion, Liquids, Machinery, Material removal process, Metal matrix composites, Metal-matrix composites, Metallic matrix composites, Nickel, Nickel coatings, Porosity of coatings, Power generation, Strain hardening, Thermal spray coatings}, pages = {424--433}, } @article{grewalComplexConcentratedAlloy2020, title = {Complex concentrated alloy bimodal composite claddings with enhanced cavitation erosion resistance}, volume = {392}, issn = {0257-8972}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0257897220304205}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.125751}, abstract = {In this current study, we developed SiC (10 wt\%) reinforced AlCoCrFeNi complex concentrated alloy composite claddings with different particle sizes (micro, nano and bimodal) on stainless steel 316L substrate using microwave irradiation. Microstructural analysis showed cellular structured claddings with intermetallic phases occupying the intercellular regions along with low porosity ({\textless}1\%). The claddings were mainly composed of A2 (disordered BCC) and B2 (ordered BCC) along with Cr23C6. The bimodal (mixture of nano and micro) composite cladding showed highest hardness and fracture toughness (810 HV and {\textasciitilde}12.2 MPa√m) followed by nano and micro composite claddings. Under cavitation erosion (distilled water) condition, bimodal cladding showed highest incubation period (IP) ({\textasciitilde}13 h) with extremely low mean depth erosion rate (MDER) ({\textasciitilde}0.089 μm/h) with 16 and 27 times lower than stainless steel 316L and WC-based coating, respectively. The cavitation erosion resistance observed for the bimodal composite cladding is among the highest demonstrated by the CCAs at present. However, under erosion-corrosion conditions, non-reinforced and micro-reinforced claddings showed higher degradation resistance with lower material removal rates than that observed for bimodal cladding. Standalone electrochemical corrosion studies also showed highest corrosion and passivation resistance for non-reinforced cladding. These results were explained on the basis of formation of Cr-depleted micro-galvanic cells due to high negative enthalpy of Cr with C dissociated from SiC particle. The detailed morphological analysis of the tested samples showed presence of tearing top surface as the primary degrading mechanism along with fracture of intermetallic phases. The results show that bimodal composite CCA cladding provides a potential surface engineering solution for improvising the serviceability of the many engineering systems.}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Grewal, H. S. and Nair, R. B. and Arora, H. S.}, month = jun, year = {2020}, note = {21 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cavitation erosion-corrosion, Complex concentrated alloys, Composites, Electrochemical corrosion, Microwave cladding}, pages = {125751}, } @article{grandemangeTurbulentWakeThreedimensional2014, title = {Turbulent wake past a three-dimensional blunt body. {Part} 2. {Experimental} sensitivity analysis}, volume = {752}, issn = {0022-1120, 1469-7645}, url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-fluid-mechanics/article/abs/turbulent-wake-past-a-threedimensional-blunt-body-part-2-experimental-sensitivity-analysis/E4AB0169187367D354656BAC422762C8}, doi = {10.1017/jfm.2014.345}, abstract = {The sensitivity of the flow around three-dimensional blunt geometry is investigated experimentally at Reynolds number 9.2×1049.2×104{\textbackslash}def {\textbackslash}xmlpi \#1\{\}{\textbackslash}def {\textbackslash}mathsfbi \#1\{{\textbackslash}boldsymbol \{{\textbackslash}mathsf \{\#1\}\}\}{\textbackslash}let {\textbackslash}le ={\textbackslash}leqslant {\textbackslash}let {\textbackslash}leq ={\textbackslash}leqslant {\textbackslash}let {\textbackslash}ge ={\textbackslash}geqslant {\textbackslash}let {\textbackslash}geq ={\textbackslash}geqslant {\textbackslash}def {\textbackslash}Pr \{{\textbackslash}mathit \{Pr\}\}{\textbackslash}def {\textbackslash}Fr \{{\textbackslash}mathit \{Fr\}\}{\textbackslash}def {\textbackslash}Rey \{{\textbackslash}mathit \{Re\}\}9.2{\textbackslash}times 10{\textasciicircum}4. Vertical and horizontal control cylinders are used to disturb the natural flow which is the superposition of two reflectional symmetry breaking states (see Part 1 of this study, Grandemange, Gohlke \& Cadot, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 722, 2013b, pp. 51–84). When the perturbation breaks the symmetry of the set-up, it can select one of the two asymmetric topologies so that a mean side force is found. When the reflectional symmetry is preserved, some positions of horizontal and vertical control cylinders alter the natural bi-stability of the flow which may result in drag reduction. In addition, it is found that the horizontal perturbation affects the lift force especially when the top and bottom mixing layers are disturbed. The ability of the disturbances to suppress the bi-stable behaviour is discussed and, introducing a formalism of induced drag, a quantification of the impact on the drag of the cross-flow forces observed for the natural bi-stable wake is suggested. Finally, a general concept for a control strategy of separated flows past three-dimensional bluff bodies can be drawn up from these analyses.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-07-08}, journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics}, author = {Grandemange, M. and Gohlke, M. and Cadot, O.}, month = aug, year = {2014}, note = {94 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {aerodynamics, separated flows, wakes/jets}, pages = {439--461}, } @article{govindarajanPolymerNanocompositeSensors2024, title = {Polymer {Nanocomposite} {Sensors} with {Improved} {Piezoelectric} {Properties} through {Additive} {Manufacturing}}, volume = {24}, issn = {1424-8220}, doi = {10.3390/s24092694}, abstract = {Additive manufacturing (AM) technology has recently seen increased utilization due to its versatility in using functional materials, offering a new pathway for next-generation conformal electronics in the smart sensor field. However, the limited availability of polymer-based ultraviolet (UV)-curable materials with enhanced piezoelectric properties necessitates the development of a tailorable process suitable for 3D printing. This paper investigates the structural, thermal, rheological, mechanical, and piezoelectric properties of a newly developed sensor resin material. The polymer resin is based on polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a matrix, mixed with constituents enabling UV curability, and boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) are added to form a nanocomposite resin. The results demonstrate the successful micro-scale printability of the developed polymer and nanocomposite resins using a liquid crystal display (LCD)-based 3D printer. Additionally, incorporating BNNTs into the polymer matrix enhanced the piezoelectric properties, with an increase in the voltage response by up to 50.13\%. This work provides new insights for the development of 3D printable flexible sensor devices and energy harvesting systems.}, language = {English}, number = {9}, journal = {SENSORS}, author = {Govindarajan, RS and Ren, ZF and Melendez, I and Boetcher, SKS and Madiyar, F and Kim, D}, month = may, year = {2024}, note = {4 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {BNNTs, DENSITY, NANOTUBES, additive manufacturing, nanocomposite, piezoelectric, polymer}, } @article{govandeCarbidebasedThermalSpray2022, title = {Carbide-based thermal spray coatings: {A} review on performance characteristics and post-treatment}, volume = {103}, issn = {02634368 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85121617679&doi=10.1016%2fj.ijrmhm.2021.105772&partnerID=40&md5=662e49eadb91b4a110a16b98d6beb5d5}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2021.105772}, abstract = {Components working under harsh environments in power generation, marine, and aerospace sectors are subjected to severe surface degradation because of wear, corrosion, and erosion by solid particles, slurry, silt, and cavitation. Carbide-based materials exhibit high resistance to degradation under such conditions because of their high hardness and chemical stability. These carbides can be effectively deposited as coatings on the components using advanced thermal spray techniques such as plasma spraying, HVOF, and HVAF. The carbide-based thermal spray coatings are majorly based on either WC or Cr3C2 or a combination of these materials. However, the composition of the carbides, the type and percentage of binders, and process parameters significantly affect the performance of these coated components. In this article, the degradation behavior and performance of the different carbide-based coatings as a function of carbide grain size and type of metallic binders, spray process parameters, and working conditions have been critically reviewed. On the other hand, the post-processing of carbide coatings is also emerging as a promising strategy to enhance the performance by modifying and refining the structure of coatings. Hence, a comprehensive summary of the post-processing techniques such as heat treatment, laser treatment, and cryogenic treatment of the carbide coatings is also provided. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd}, language = {English}, journal = {International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials}, author = {Govande, A.R. and Chandak, A. and Sunil, B.R. and Dumpala, R.}, year = {2022}, note = {68 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {Abrasive wear, Binders, Carbide coating, Carbide coatings, Carbides, Chemical stability, Chromium compounds, Condition, Corrosion, Corrosion resistant coatings, Cryogenic treatment, Cryogenics, Erosion, HVOF thermal spraying, Harsh environment, Laser re-melting, Performance, Performance characteristics, Plasma jets, Plasma spraying, Post treatment, Post-treatment, Process parameters, Sprayed coatings, Surface degradation, Surface treatment, Thermal spray coatings, Thermal spraying, Wear resistance}, } @article{gouEffectsSilicaSand2018, title = {Effects of silica sand on synergistic erosion caused by cavitation, abrasion, and corrosion}, volume = {412-413}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85050798423&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2018.07.023&partnerID=40&md5=7efd371aaa50c952045a28c0f6315959}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2018.07.023}, abstract = {In order to study the effects of silica sand on synergistic erosion caused by cavitation, abrasion, and corrosion, vibratory experiments were conducted on ASTM 1045 carbon steel specimens subjected to six particle sizes (0.01–0.1 mm) mixed in nine concentrations (6–300 kg/m3) with tap water or with six concentrations of NaCl (0.5–15\%). The experimental results indicate that sand particles larger than 0.04 mm at concentrations of 30–150 kg/m3 increasingly aggravated synergistic erosion with increasing sand particle size and concentration. The difference was observed for sand particles smaller than 0.04 mm: these sands inhibited cavitation erosion at concentrations of 30–300 kg/m3, but aggravated erosion at concentrations of 6–30 kg/m3; the maximum erosion occurred at a concentration of 12 kg/m3. As the concentration of NaCl increased, the erosion due to cavitation and corrosion increased sharply before growing stable above a NaCl concentration of 3.5\%. The synergistic erosion caused by cavitation, abrasion, and corrosion was more severe than the erosion in tap water or cavitation-corrosion in a 3.5\% NaCl solution, demonstrating that sand has an aggravated effect on synergistic erosion. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Gou, W. and Zhang, H. and Li, H. and Liu, F. and Lian, J.}, year = {2018}, note = {35 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {3.5\% nacl solutions, Abrasion, Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Corrosion, Erosion, NaCl concentration, Particle size, Sand particles, Silica, Silica sand, Sodium chloride, Steel corrosion, Steel research, Steel specimens, Tap water}, pages = {120--126}, } @article{gottardiCavitationErosionBehaviour2018, title = {Cavitation erosion behaviour of an innovative aluminium alloy for {Hybrid} {Aluminium} {Forging}}, volume = {394-395}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85031752637&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2017.10.009&partnerID=40&md5=60fea860699b5a81defd697473bc6146}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2017.10.009}, abstract = {Aluminium alloys are commonly used for the production of components, such as cylinders, pistons, pumps, valves and combustion chambers, which in service may incur in cavitation phenomenon. In the present paper, the cavitation erosion resistance of an innovative light-alloy used for Hybrid Aluminium Forging was investigated. The material was tested by means of an ultrasonic vibratory device in compliance with ASTM G32. In order to better estimate the material behaviour, the same investigation was performed on two commercial alloys, 6061 wrought alloy and A356 casting alloy. The cavitation resistance of these materials was evaluated by determining the erosion rate from the progressive measurements of the samples mass loss during the test. The erosion mechanism was studied by means of optical and scanning electron microscope, and its correlation with the alloy hardness and microstructure was evaluated. The innovative alloy shows remarkable cavitation erosion resistance, particularly in heat-treated conditions. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Gottardi, G. and Tocci, M. and Montesano, L. and Pola, A.}, year = {2018}, note = {20 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {Aluminum, Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation erosion, Cavitation erosion resistance, Cavitation phenomenon, Cavitation resistance, Combustion chambers, Commercial alloys, Electron microscopy, Engines, Erosion, Erosion mechanisms, Forging, Hardness, Heat resistance, Heat treated condition, Material behaviour, Non-ferrous metals, Optical correlation, Optical microscopy, Scanning electron microscopy, Vibratory devices}, pages = {1--10}, } @article{gonzalezStudyErosiveWear2017, title = {Study of the erosive wear behaviour of cryogenically and tempered {WC}-{CoCr} coating deposited by {HVOF}}, volume = {376-377}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85019969828&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2016.12.061&partnerID=40&md5=d1dc97cf9de670ee9bf74d1811344520}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2016.12.061}, abstract = {In this work the influence of deep cryogenic treatment followed by a double tempering at 150 °C on the erosive wear resistance of high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) WC-10Co-4Cr coating was evaluated. Cryogenically treated coatings exhibited a microstructural densification effect; more compact splats, lower porosity, and a clear redistribution of Co, enhancing its hardness with respect to that observed in the as-sprayed conditions. On the other hand, a reduction in fracture toughness was noticed. A dependence of the erosive wear mechanism was observed in regard to: 1) the erosive test parameters and; 2) the metallurgical conditions of the material. Cryogenically treated coatings displayed better erosive resistance at low impact angles such as 30° and both particle impact testing velocities i.e.100 m/s and 130 m/s. In contrast, at higher angles between 60° and 90° and 130 m/s, more material removal trough brittle mechanism was observed to occur in cryogenically treated coatings, reducing its erosive wear performance. At lower impact velocities (lower normalized load) this type of erosion was less evident suggesting the presence of a threshold velocity at which low fracture toughness coatings erode preferentially trough brittle mechanisms. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, journal = {Wear}, author = {González, M.A. and Rodríguez, E. and Mojardín, E. and Jiménez, O. and Guillen, H. and Ibarra, J.}, year = {2017}, note = {26 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {As-sprayed conditions, Brittle fracture, Cermets, Coatings, Cryogenic heat treatment, Cryogenics, Deep cryogenic treatment, Electron microscopy, Erosion, Fracture toughness, Fuels, HVOF thermal spraying, High velocity oxy fuel, Impact testing, Impact velocities, Metallurgical conditions, Solid particle erosion, Sprayed coatings, Stripping (removal), Thermal barrier coatings, Thermal spray coatings, Threshold velocity, Tungsten carbide, Velocity, Wear resistance}, pages = {595--607}, } @article{gongInfluenceWCCarbide2016, title = {Influence of {WC} carbide particle size on the microstructure and abrasive wear behavior of {WC}-{10Co}-{4Cr} coatings for aircraft landing gear}, volume = {362-363}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84973525513&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2016.05.022&partnerID=40&md5=0842a5e25c916746ded53c2b55e71340}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2016.05.022}, abstract = {WC-Co-Cr thermal spray coatings are possible replacements for hard chrome plating on aircraft landing gear because of their superior wear resistance and environmentally friendly properties. In this study, four HVOF spray WC-10Co-4Cr coatings were deposited. During deposition, WC (tungsten carbide) particles were mixed into the coating. These included two types of single particle size distributions and two types of bimodal particle size distributions. The microstructure and abrasive wear behavior of these coatings were studied. The relationship among WC particle distributions, the deposit microstructure, and the three-body abrasive wear rates by rounded quartz grains was determined. The coating that only contained single particle size distribution of 1.2 μm-sized WC particles exhibited the best abrasive wear resistance. © 2016 Elsevier B.V..}, language = {English}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Gong, T. and Yao, P. and Zuo, X. and Zhang, Z. and Xiao, Y. and Zhao, L. and Zhou, H. and Deng, M. and Wang, Q. and Zhong, A.}, year = {2016}, note = {90 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {Abrasion, Abrasive coatings, Abrasive wear behavior, Abrasives, Aircraft landing, Bimodal particle size distribution, Carbide particles, Cermets, Chromate coatings, Coatings, Fighter aircraft, HVOF thermal spraying, Hard coatings, Landing, Landing gear (aircraft), Lunar surface analysis, Microstructure, Particle size, Particle size analysis, Quartz grains, Size distribution, Solid particle erosion, Surface analysis, Thermal spray coatings, Three body abrasion, Three body abrasive wear, Three-body abrasion, Tungsten carbide, Wear of materials, Wear resistance}, pages = {135--145}, } @article{gomezPhenomenologicalModelingMo2015, series = {International {Congress} of {Science} and {Technology} of {Metallurgy} and {Materials}, {SAM} – {CONAMET} 2014}, title = {Phenomenological {Modeling} of {Mo} in a {Hot} {Isostatic} {Pressing} ({HIP}) {Process}}, volume = {9}, issn = {2211-8128}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211812815000358}, doi = {10.1016/j.mspro.2015.04.034}, abstract = {To analyze the behavior of molybdenum powders during hot isostatic pressing (HIP) at sintering temperatures, microscopic modeling of plastic densification mechanisms, power-law creep and diffusion based on equations found byArzt et al. [Metallurgical Transactions (1983) 14A] was performed. The results show that at high temperatures (T{\textgreater} 0.5Tm, where Tm is the meltingtemperature) and pressures higher than 15MPa, high relative densities (D{\textgreater} 0.95) can be obtained by power-law creep and diffusion mechanisms, the former being more prevalent. HIP diagrams against temperature, pressure and time were plotted to describe densification mechanisms and were compared with literature values.}, urldate = {2024-07-12}, journal = {Procedia Materials Science}, author = {Gómez, Diego and Palma, Rodrigo}, month = jan, year = {2015}, note = {2 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Hot isostatic pressing, Mo powder, mechanisms of densification, phenomenological model}, pages = {271--278}, } @article{godecCoarseningBehaviourM23C62016, title = {Coarsening behaviour of {M23C6} carbides in creep-resistant steel exposed to high temperatures}, volume = {6}, copyright = {2016 The Author(s)}, issn = {2045-2322}, url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/srep29734}, doi = {10.1038/srep29734}, abstract = {High operating temperatures can have very deleterious effects on the long-term performance of high-Cr, creep-resistant steels used, for example, in the structural components of power plants. For the popular creep-resistant steel X20CrMoV12.1 we analysed the processes of carbide growth using a variety of analytical techniques: transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and diffraction (TED), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The evolution of the microstructure after different aging times was the basis for a much better understanding of the boundary-migration processes and the growth of the carbides. We present an explanation as to why some locations are preferential for this growth and using EBSD we were able to define the proper orientational relationship between the carbides and the matrix.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-07-14}, journal = {Scientific Reports}, author = {Godec, M. and Skobir Balantič, D. A.}, month = jul, year = {2016}, note = {62 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Nature Publishing Group}, keywords = {Mechanical properties, Metals and alloys}, pages = {29734}, } @article{glascottEffectivenessOxidesReducing1985, title = {The effectiveness of oxides in reducing sliding wear of alloys}, volume = {24}, issn = {1573-4889}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00664227}, doi = {10.1007/BF00664227}, abstract = {During like-on-like reciprocating sliding in air (amplitude 2.5 mm, load 1.5 kg, speed 500 double traversais per minute), the formation of oxides can have considerable influence on the friction and wear characteristics of high-temperature alloys, such as Jethete M152 and Rex 535. In particular, above a certain transition temperature, between 200 and 300°C for these alloys under these conditions, an adherent, smooth wear-protective oxide layer is developed on the load-bearing surfaces. At lower temperatures, oxide debris reduces the extent of metal-metal contact, thereby reducing the friction and wear rate, but does not eliminate it completely. The oxide debris is produced by two processes; one involves transient oxidation of the metal surfaces, removal of such oxide during each transversal, and reoxidation of the exposed metal; the other involves the formation, fracture, comminution, and oxidation of metal debris particles. At temperatures above the transition temperature, the oxide debris is compacted and comminuted between the sliding surfaces to develop the wear-protective oxide layer. This paper considers the reasons for the effectiveness of such oxides in terms of the influence of the hydrostatic pressures generated on plastic deformation of the very fine oxide particles or asperities in the surface. The resulting friction during sliding is less than during metal-metal contact because only limited asperity junction growth occurs before the asperities become sufficiently large and the hydrostatic pressures sufficiently reduced to allow fracture within the oxide-oxide junctions. The oxide-wear debris produced is recompacted into the surface, resulting in only very low wear rates. It has been shown that the number of asperity-asperity contacts during sliding of wear-protective oxide layers is relatively high, typically 5×103/mm2 of apparent contact area, while the mean surface flash temperature rise is low, typically 2°C. Consideration is given to some of the conditions that favor development of wear-protective oxide layers.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-11-17}, journal = {Oxidation of Metals}, author = {Glascott, J. and Stott, F. H. and Wood, G. C.}, month = oct, year = {1985}, note = {69 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {friction, oxidative wear, wear-protective oxides}, pages = {99--114}, } @article{girenRandomMultistageInput2009, title = {Random multistage input and energy partition approach to the description of cavitation erosion process}, volume = {23}, issn = {1436-3259}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-007-0200-8}, doi = {10.1007/s00477-007-0200-8}, abstract = {Cavitation erosion process is analyzed from the point of view of energy consumption in constituent processes of the stochastic nature. Formulation of a new cavitation erosion model is presented. A kinetic approach is applied with due account taken of the random and multistage nature of the process. Mass loss is assumed proportional to the difference of the rates of the energy supply to the surface layer and the energy used for crack closure process (as well as other geometrical/environment processes contributing to retarding the cracks development). The model is thought to be the basis for prediction of cavitation erosion efficiency provided that functions and parameters used in the model are known. In view of the structure of the equations, the values of energy partition coefficients and energy input factor as well as statistical parameters are required. They are suggested to be related to the material parameters. The adequate types of probability functions of the constituent processes are also pointed out. The theoretical curves are adjusted to the experimental ones derived from the International Cavitation Erosion Test (ICET) data with calculations carried out under substantial simplifications. The general idea of the work consists in creating a simplified description of cavitation erosion, having caught the statistical dependence of the material destruction on its mechanical parameters and the loading conditions.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-08-01}, journal = {Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment}, author = {Giren, Boleslaw G. and Steller, Janusz}, month = mar, year = {2009}, note = {10 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cavitation erosion, Stochastic equations, Wear process}, pages = {263--273}, } @article{girenPhenomenologicalPredictionTool2016, title = {Phenomenological prediction tool for cavitation erosion fed with the {International} {Cavitation} {Erosion} {Test} results}, volume = {364-365}, issn = {0043-1648}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043164816301193}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2016.06.005}, abstract = {Foundations of methodology and the calculation tool for prediction of cavitation erosion performance of elasto-plastic materials are presented. Probabilistic phenomenological model for quantifying the process and experimental results of the International Cavitation Erosion Test were used to develop the tool as an application of the erosion prediction method. It comprise implementation of the model accompanied with phenomenologically derived formulas for discovering the parameters included. Necessary input data to its activation refer to loading value and target specifications, including strength parameters of the material. Having been completed, the system may serve as a tool for simulations of the cavitation erosion performance as solid volume loss in the time domain.}, urldate = {2024-08-01}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Gireń, B. G. and Frączak, J.}, month = oct, year = {2016}, note = {5 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cavitation erosion, ICET, Loss process, Prediction tool}, pages = {1--9}, } @article{girelliInvestigationCavitationErosion2018, title = {Investigation of cavitation erosion resistance of {AlSi10Mg} alloy for additive manufacturing}, volume = {402-403}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85042189567&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2018.02.018&partnerID=40&md5=9251af49e0a2c1da87317e46e212d081}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2018.02.018}, abstract = {This study investigates the cavitation erosion resistance of AlSi10Mg additive manufactured samples according to the ASTM G32 standard, in comparison with the cast ones. Samples were tested in different conditions in order to analyse the effect of T6 heat treatment and hot isostatic pressing, while cast samples were studied in as-cast and heat-treated conditions. It was found that additive manufactured AlSi10Mg alloy shows outstanding cavitation erosion resistance, in comparison to the cast alloy, mainly due to the ultra-fine microstructure. This superior performance of as-produced AlSi10Mg additive manufactured samples was demonstrated by the extremely limited mass loss and erosion rate measured during the tests, coupled with a remarkably long incubation stage. On the other hand, the heat treatment proves detrimental to the cavitation resistance of additive manufactured material due to the microstructure modification and pores enlargement. Hot isostatic pressing only partially improves the alloy performance. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Girelli, L. and Tocci, M. and Montesano, L. and Gelfi, M. and Pola, A.}, year = {2018}, note = {36 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {3D printers, ASTM standards, Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation erosion, Cavitation erosion resistance, Cavitation resistance, Electron microscopy, Erosion, Erosion rates, Erosion testing, Heat resistance, Heat treated condition, Heat treatment, Hot isostatic pressing, Microstructure, Microstructure modifications, Non-ferrous metals, Optical microscopy, Sintering, Stainless steel, T6 heat treatment, Ultra-fine microstructures}, pages = {124--136}, } @article{giolliWearResistanceImprovement2009, title = {Wear resistance improvement of small dimension invar massive molds for {CFRP} components}, volume = {18}, issn = {10599630 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-70450242900&doi=10.1007%2fs11666-009-9397-z&partnerID=40&md5=01c935b772eec6b41508dc2e2c41cb5f}, doi = {10.1007/s11666-009-9397-z}, abstract = {Invar alloy (Fe-36\%Ni) is used in industrial applications that require high dimensional stability because of its exceptionally low thermal expansion coefficient. The purpose of this work is to improve the wear resistance of the molds in the production of carbon-fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) components applying thermal spray coatings. Four different kinds of commercial powders were coated on an Invar substrate: ZrO 2-8Y 2O 3, Al 2O 3-13TiO 2, and Cr 2O 3 by air plasma spray (APS) and WC-CoCr by high-velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF). Metallographic microscopy observation and scanning electron microscopic analysis were carried out, microhardness and fracture toughness were evaluated using the microindentation method. Friction behavior and wear resistance were evaluated with pin-on-disk apparatus. Tungsten carbide coating had the lowest average coefficient of friction. Cermet and alumina-titania coatings showed the lowest wear mass loss. Among the APS ceramic coatings, alumina-titania exhibited the best wear behavior and the HVOF cermet coating exhibited the best behavior among all the coatings. © 2009 ASM International.}, language = {English}, number = {4}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {Giolli, C. and Turbil, M. and Rizzi, G. and Rosso, M. and Scrivani, A.}, year = {2009}, note = {10 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {APS coating, APS coatings, Air plasma spray, Alumina-titania, Alumina-titania coatings, Carbon fibers, Ceramic coatings, Cermet coatings, Cermets, Chromium, Coefficient of frictions, Commercial powders, Dimensional stability, Fe-36\% Ni, Fracture toughness, Friction, Friction and wear, Friction behavior, High dimensional stability, High velocity oxygen fuels, INVAR tooling, Industrial applications, Invar alloy, Low thermal expansion, Mass loss, Metallographic microscopy, Metallography, Microindentation method, Molds, Oxygen, Phase shifters, Pin-on-disk apparatus, Plasma spraying, Properties, Protective coatings, Reinforced plastics, Scanning electron microscopic, Scanning electron microscopy, Sprayed coatings, Thermal expansion, Thermal spray coatings, TiO, Titanium dioxide, Titanium oxides, Tribology, Tungsten, Tungsten carbide, Tungsten carbide coating, Wear behaviors, Wear resistance}, pages = {652--664}, } @article{giacchiMicrostructuralEvolutionSolution2012, title = {Microstructural evolution during solution treatment of {Co}–{Cr}–{Mo}–{C} biocompatible alloys}, volume = {68}, issn = {1044-5803}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1044580312000630}, doi = {10.1016/j.matchar.2012.03.006}, abstract = {Three different Co–Cr–Mo–C alloys conforming to ASTM F75 standard were poured in an industrial environment and subjected to a conventional solution treatment at 1225°C for several time intervals. The microstructural changes and transformations were studied in each case in order to evaluate the way in which treatment time influences the secondary phase fraction and clarify the microstructural changes that could occur. To assess how treatment time affects microstructure, optical microscopy and image analyzer software, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersion spectrometry analysis were employed. The main phases detected in the as-cast state were: σ-phase, M6C, and M23C6 carbides. The latter presented two different morphologies, blocky type and lamellar type. Despite being considered the most detrimental feature to mechanical properties, σ-phase and lamellar carbides dissolution took place in the early stages of solution treatment. M23C6 carbides featured two different behaviors. In the alloy obtained by melting an appropriate quantity of alloyed commercial materials, a decrease in size, spheroidization and transformation into M6C carbides were simultaneously observed. In the commercial ASTM F75 alloy, in turn, despite being the same phase, only a marked decrease in precipitates size was noticed. These different behaviors could be ascribed to the initial presence of other phases in the alloy obtained from alloyed materials, such as σ-phase and “pearlitic” carbides, or to the initial precipitate size which was much larger in the first than in the commercial ASTM F75 alloy studied. M6C carbides dissolved directly in the matrix as they could not be detected in samples solution-treated for 15min.}, urldate = {2024-07-13}, journal = {Materials Characterization}, author = {Giacchi, J. V. and Fornaro, O. and Palacio, H.}, month = jun, year = {2012}, note = {29 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Co–Cr–Mo, Microstructure, Solidification, Solution treatment}, pages = {49--57}, } @article{ghoshUnderstandingRoleSurface2019, title = {Understanding the role of surface roughness on the tribological performance and corrosion resistance of {WC}-{Co} coating}, volume = {378}, issn = {0257-8972}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0257897219310710}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.125080}, abstract = {The use of nanofinished cermet coating has extensively increased in various industries to impede operational wear and corrosion of engineering components. In the present study, the wear and corrosion behaviours of the as-sprayed, ground and nanofinished coatings are investigated. The effect of compressive residual stress on the microhardness of the coatings is also evaluated. A modified model for the specific wear rate of WC-Co coating is proposed by incorporating the areal surface roughness parameter, mechanical properties and WC grain diameter. In the case of the as-sprayed and ground coatings, three-body abrasion is found as the dominant wear mechanism. The effect of three-body abrasion is found insignificant in the case of nanofinished coating. Moreover, the presence of tribofilm and tribo-oxide film reduces the wear rate of the later coating. The lower interfacial area owing to the nanoscale surface roughness and the presence of protective oxide films lead to slower corrosion for the nanofinished coating. It is perceived that surface roughness plays a significant role in wear and corrosion resistance of the coatings.}, urldate = {2024-07-10}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Ghosh, Gourhari and Sidpara, Ajay and Bandyopadhyay, P. P.}, month = nov, year = {2019}, note = {72 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Corrosion, Hard coating, Residual stress, Surface roughness, Wear}, pages = {125080}, } @inproceedings{ghoshPreliminaryResultsFinishing2019, title = {Preliminary results on finishing of {WC}-{Co} coating by magnetorheological finishing process}, volume = {2}, isbn = {978-079185875-2 (ISBN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85076489576&doi=10.1115%2fMSEC2019-2914&partnerID=40&md5=dd28335dfa0b7e56ef99145d87e722e4}, doi = {10.1115/MSEC2019-2914}, abstract = {Thermal spray coating has the ability to enhance the lifetime of engineering components by reinforcing the surface properties. The surface roughness of the as-sprayed coatings needs to be suitably finished for its end use. The nanofinished WC-Co coatings are widely used in aerospace and automobile industries. In this present investigation, surface grinding followed by the magnetorheological finishing (MRF) processes is employed for finishing of WC-Co coating. Boron carbide (B4C) powder is used as the abrasive particles in the MRF process. MRF spot finishing technique is performed on the ground coating. The plastically deformed layer from the ground surface is removed completely by the gentle mechanical abrasion of MR fluid ribbon. The surface roughness and volume of material removed are measured over the finishing time. It is perceived that the surface roughness of the finishing spot is increased after a threshold machining time. This is attributed to the aging of MR fluid and the mechanical abrasion of wear debris. The experiment is also performed with the assistance of Murakami's reagent to perform etching and finishing, simultaneously. A comparatively higher finishing rate is observed in this case. © 2019 ASME.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {{ASME} {Int}. {Manuf}. {Sci}. {Eng}. {Conf}., {MSEC}}, publisher = {American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)}, author = {Ghosh, G. and Sidpara, A. and Bandyopadhyay, P.P.}, year = {2019}, note = {0 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Journal Abbreviation: ASME Int. Manuf. Sci. Eng. Conf., MSEC}, keywords = {Abrasion, Abrasive particles, Abrasives, Automotive industry, Boron carbide, Cobalt compounds, Deformed layers, Engineering components, Erosion, Etching, Finishing techniques, Magnetorheological finishing, Magnetorheological fluids, Manufacture, Mechanical abrasion, Sprayed coatings, Surface grinding, Surface roughness, Thermal Engineering, Thermal spray coatings}, } @article{ghabchiDamageMechanismsCracking2014, title = {Damage mechanisms and cracking behavior of thermal sprayed {WC}-{CoCr} coating under scratch testing}, volume = {313}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84896278052&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2014.02.017&partnerID=40&md5=83814642f7e820e0b307f261312e4db2}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2014.02.017}, abstract = {Evaluation of wear mechanisms of thick thermal sprayed cermet coatings is a challenging endeavor given the numerous process-induced structural and chemical changes as well as presence of residual stresses. In an effort to understand the damage processes under contact load and their sensitivity to the process induced microstructural attributes, controlled scratch testing was used. Detailed assessment of the resultant damage zone provided repeatable cracking patterns that are categorized as (i) Localized collapsing of material, (ii) angular cracks, (iii) primary semi-circular and developed semi-circular cracks and (iv) splat delamination. A correlation was established by linking observed damage mechanisms to the process induced microstructural descriptions including role of spray particle conditions and residual stresses. Quantitative correlations between delamination load for cracking and the process induced variable including particle properties as described by the non-dimensional melting index concept as well as residual stresses were established. Melting index captures the combined effect of particles[U+05F3] thermal and kinetic history and thus coating porosity and the process induced decarburization. The results highlight the critical role of coating density and stress evolution during the coating formation. The research points to scratch testing as a powerful evaluation method to characterize contact response of thick thermal spray cermet coatings including operative mechanisms. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, number = {1-2}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Ghabchi, A. and Sampath, S. and Holmberg, K. and Varis, T.}, year = {2014}, note = {85 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {Cermets, Coating formation, Cracking patterns, Damage detection, Damage mechanism, Melting, Particle properties, Petroleum reservoir evaluation, Quantitative correlation, Residual stresses, Scratch test, Sliding wear, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray coating, Thermal spray coatings, Wear of materials}, pages = {97--105}, } @article{gennaSurfaceTreatmentsImprovement2023, title = {Surface treatments for the improvement of mechanical and cavitation resistance of {Al} 6082 alloy}, volume = {129}, issn = {02683768 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85176936262&doi=10.1007%2fs00170-023-12411-z&partnerID=40&md5=ef346fc2fba151a27ccba77078d56545}, doi = {10.1007/s00170-023-12411-z}, abstract = {Nowadays, naval propellers are made in Ni-Al or Mn-Al bronzes, which are affected by high cavitation erosion. In this study, the possibility of adopting 6xxx alloy with different superficial treatments obtained through fluidised beds and laser surface texturing was investigated. 6xxx alloy series is known for its versatility due to an excellent mix of mechanical and physical properties, combined with ease of processing, welding, and good chemical resistance; however, its main drawback is low resistance to cavitation erosion. In this study, a total of 4 different surface treatments were produced and characterized such as fluidised bed coatings (Al2O3, S280) and laser textured samples (0–30\% overlap). Moreover, the effect of a heat-treatment was evaluated for each kind of specimen analysed. The study was divided into two steps: in the first phase, the samples were morphologically and mechanically characterised through roughness measurements, micro-hardness, scratch, wear, and wettability tests. Successively, a modified ASTM-G32-10 standard was adopted to assess the cavitation erosion resistance; in particular, for each sample, mass and volume loss were analysed and compared to the as-built sample. Results showed a drastic reduction of the wear evaluated through pin-on-disk tests with the application of the high hardness coatings (Al2O3, S280) while a reduction of the cavitation erosion volume of about 20\% lower was obtained through the best laser texturing treatment. Graphical Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature.}, language = {English}, number = {11-12}, journal = {International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology}, author = {Genna, S. and Leone, C. and Mingione, E. and Rubino, G.}, year = {2023}, note = {1 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH}, keywords = {\% reductions, 6xxx alloys, AA6082, Aa6082, Al bronze, Alumina, Aluminum alloys, Aluminum oxide, Bed surface, Binary alloys, Bronze, Cavitation, Cavitation erosion, Cavitation resistance, Coatings, Erosion, Fluidised bed, Fluidization, Fluidized beds, Laser surface texturing, Manganese alloys, Mechanical resistance, Microhardness, Superficial treatments, Surface treatments, Textures, Wear of materials}, pages = {5149--5165}, } @article{garciadiazEffectMechanicalMilling2024, title = {Effect of mechanical milling on powder characteristics of {Fe}-based metal matrix composites reinforced with {WC}–{Co} and {NbC} particles}, volume = {9}, issn = {20598521 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85171461856&doi=10.1557%2fs43580-023-00644-9&partnerID=40&md5=e51f5df77fd58ac4bbc65a9d3591447e}, doi = {10.1557/s43580-023-00644-9}, abstract = {In this work we analyze the particle size distribution (PSD) and phase characteristics of three different metal matrix composites (MMC) produced by mechanical milling. Three mixtures containing a Fe-based matrix and reinforcements of WC–Co and NbC particles were milled for periods of 1 and 24 h. The mixing/milling process was done by conventional ball milling. The efficiency degree of the milling process was analyzed by the parameters D10, D50 and D90 associated with each PSD. Alloying effect of the milling treatment was analyzed by X-ray diffraction. Different powder characteristics were obtained by controlling the hard phase reinforcement and the milling time. The particle-size distribution curves indicate that short milling times are suitable for MMC reinforced with WC–Co particles with potential use in weld deposition techniques, whereas the MMC reinforced with NbC particles (milled for 24 h) would have a potential application in thermal spray coating techniques. X-ray diffraction studies revealed that no mechanical alloying is induced under the conditions investigated. Graphical abstract: (Figure presented.) © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to The Materials Research Society 2023.}, language = {English}, number = {2}, journal = {MRS Advances}, author = {García Díaz, C. and Benavidez, E.R. and García, J.L. and Brandaleze, E.}, year = {2024}, note = {0 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Springer Nature}, keywords = {Ball milling, Distribution characteristics, Fe-based, Light transmission, Matrix composite, Mechanical alloying, Mechanical milling, Metal matrix, Metallic matrix composites, Milling (machining), Milling process, Milling time, Niobium compounds, Particle size, Particle size analysis, Particles-size distributions, Phase characteristic, Powder characteristics, Powder metals, Reinforcement, Size distribution, X ray diffraction}, pages = {78--82}, } @article{garciaCavitationResistanceEpoxybased2014, title = {Cavitation resistance of epoxy-based multilayer coatings: {Surface} damage and crack growth kinetics during the incubation stage}, volume = {316}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84901365682&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2014.04.007&partnerID=40&md5=e21952081a6ceaef66b657d882c5b8b1}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2014.04.007}, abstract = {Four epoxy-based multilayer coating systems, with thicknesses of 380±20. μm, 650±10. μm, 720±30. μm and 920±20. μm, were applied manually onto stainless steel samples and subjected to vibratory cavitation tests according to ASTM G32-09 standard. In order to correlate the cavitation resistance of the coating systems with some of their mechanical properties, instrumented micro indentation tests were performed to determine hardness, resilience, total plastic work, among others, as a function of the thickness of the coatings. Examination of the surfaces by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed that the surface damage in all the coatings was caused by incubation and growth of cracks. Statistical analysis of crack growth data allowed determining a behavior law characteristic for each coating system, which was adjusted with proper parameters related to the mechanical properties measured by micro indentation. In particular, a good correlation was obtained among cavitation resistance, coating thickness and hardness-to-Young modulus ratio H/. E. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, number = {1-2}, journal = {Wear}, author = {García, G.L. and López-Ríos, V. and Espinosa, A. and Abenojar, J. and Velasco, F. and Toro, A.}, year = {2014}, note = {28 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {Cavitation, Cavitation resistance, Coatings, Crack growth data, Cracks, Epoxy-based, Epoxy-based coatings, Good correlations, H/E ratio, Hardness, Instrumented microindentation, Micro indentation, Micro-indentation tests, Multi-layer-coating, Multilayers, Scanning electron microscopy, Thickness measurement}, pages = {124--132}, } @article{gaoStudyDrySliding2018, title = {Study of dry sliding wear characteristics of stellite {6B} versus {AISI} {M2} steel at various sliding velocities}, volume = {402-403}, issn = {0043-1648}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043164817315727}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2018.02.015}, abstract = {The wear performance of Stellite 6B versus AISI M2 steel in dry sliding at various sliding velocities (from 0.95 to 4.71 m/s) were systematically studied by pin-on-disc wear test and analysis of debris, tribo-layers and worn surfaces of both pin and disc. The mechanical performance of pin and disc were also studied by hot hardness test. The results showed that Stellite 6B underwent a severe-to-mild wear transition with the increase of sliding velocity in the Stellite 6B alloy/steel tribo-system. The temperature at worn surface increased with the increase of velocity and load, leading to the oxidation of the worn surface and the variation of mechanical strength of pin and disc. It was the surface state rather than the variation of the mechanical strength that impacted the wear transition. The critical transition sliding velocity for the Stellite 6B alloys was 2.51 m/s, which divided the sliding velocities into two regions. When the velocity was among 0.95–2.51 m/s, the wear mechanism turn from abrasive and delamination wear to adhesive wear gradually, resulting in the decrease of wear rate. While in the region that the sliding velocity was above 2.51 m/s, oxidative wear prevailed and the wear rate decreased due to the formation of mechanically mixed layer (MML).}, urldate = {2024-11-17}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Gao, Wen and Lian, Yong and Xie, Guoliang and Huang, Jinfeng and Zhang, Le and Ma, Minyu and Zhao, Chao and Zhang, Zunjun and Liu, Kai and Zhang, Shuguang and Zhang, Jin}, month = may, year = {2018}, note = {17 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Dry sliding, Stellite alloy, Tribo-layer, Wear transition}, pages = {169--178}, } @article{gaoReviewCavitationErosion2024, title = {A {Review} of {Cavitation} {Erosion} on {Pumps} and {Valves} in {Nuclear} {Power} {Plants}}, volume = {17}, copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/}, issn = {1996-1944}, url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/5/1007}, doi = {10.3390/ma17051007}, abstract = {The cavitation erosion failure of pumps or valves induces the low efficiency and reduced service life of nuclear reactors. This paper reviews works regarding the cavitation erosion of pumps and valves in the nuclear power industry and academic research field. The cavitation erosion mechanisms of materials of pumps and valves are related to the microstructure and mechanical properties of the surface layer. The cavitation erosion resistance of austenitic stainless steel can be ten times higher than that of ferritic steel. The cavitation erosion of materials is related to the hardness, toughness, and martensitic transformation capacity. Erosion wear and erosion–corrosion research is also reviewed. Erosion wear is mainly influenced by the hardness of the material surface. Erosion–corrosion behavior is closely connected with the element composition. Measures for improving the cavitation erosion of pumps and valves are summarized in this paper. The cavitation erosion resistance of metallic materials can be enhanced by adding elements and coatings. Adhesion, inclusion content, and residual stress impact the cavitation erosion of materials with coatings.}, language = {en}, number = {5}, urldate = {2024-06-29}, journal = {Materials}, author = {Gao, Guiyan and Guo, Shusheng and Li, Derui}, month = jan, year = {2024}, note = {7 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Number: 5 Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute}, keywords = {cavitation erosion, nuclear power, pump, valve}, pages = {1007}, } @article{gaoEvaluationCavitationErosionCorrosion2015, title = {Evaluation of {Cavitation} {Erosion}-{Corrosion} {Process} of {Q235} and {ZG06Cr13Ni4Mo} {With} {Various} {Applied} {Potentials}}, volume = {10}, issn = {14523981}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1452398123067354}, doi = {10.1016/S1452-3981(23)06735-4}, language = {en}, number = {8}, urldate = {2024-10-12}, journal = {International Journal of Electrochemical Science}, author = {Gao, Zhiming and Wang, Changye and Liu, Yangyang}, month = aug, year = {2015}, note = {3 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {6487--6499}, } @article{ganesanMicrostructureMechanicalProperties2016, title = {Microstructure and {Mechanical} {Properties} of {Warm}-{Sprayed} {Titanium} {Coating} on {Carbon} {Fiber}-{Reinforced} {Plastic}}, volume = {25}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84959320331&doi=10.1007%2fs11666-016-0392-x&partnerID=40&md5=3d631165d0ad5a0911d87d95b7aa69f8}, doi = {10.1007/s11666-016-0392-x}, abstract = {Polymer materials are increasingly dominating various engineering fields. Recently, polymer-based composite materials’ surface performances—in particular, surface in relative motion—have been improved markedly by thermal spray coating. Despite this recent progress, the deposition of high-strength materials—producing a coating thickness of the order of more than 500 μm—remains highly challenging. In the present work, a highly dense and thick titanium coating was successfully deposited onto the carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) substrate using a newly developed high-pressure warm spray (WS) system. The coating properties, such as hardness (300 ± 20 HV) and adhesion strength (8.1 ± 0.5 MPa), were evaluated and correlated with the microstructures of the coating. In addition, a wipe-test and in situ particle velocity and temperature measurement were performed to validate the particle deposition behavior as a function of the nitrogen flow rate in the WS system. It was found that the microstructures, deposition efficiency, and mechanical properties of the coatings were highly sensitive to nitrogen flow rates. The coating porosity increased with increasing nitrogen flow rates; however, the highest density was observed for nitrogen flow rate of 1000 standard liters per minute (SLM) samples due to the high fraction of semi-molten particles in the spray stream. © 2016, ASM International.}, number = {4}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {Ganesan, A. and Takuma, O. and Yamada, M. and Fukumoto, M.}, year = {2016}, note = {4 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Adhesion, Bond strength (materials), Carbon fiber reinforced plastics, Carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP), Coatings, Deposition, Fiber reinforced plastics, Flow rate, High-strength materials, Inorganic coatings, Mechanical properties, Metal coatings, Microhardness, Microstructure, Microstructure and mechanical properties, Nitrogen, Plastic coatings, Polymer-based composite materials, Porosity, Porosity of coatings, Reinforced plastics, Reinforcement, Sprayed coatings, Standard liters per minutes, Temperature measurement, Thickness measurement, Titanium, Velocity control, adhesion strength, aerospace, interlayer, microhardness, porosity of coating, titanium}, pages = {788--796}, } @article{fresnoSolarHydrogenProduction2009, title = {Solar hydrogen production by two-step thermochemical cycles: {Evaluation} of the activity of commercial ferrites}, volume = {34}, issn = {0360-3199}, shorttitle = {Solar hydrogen production by two-step thermochemical cycles}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360319909002225}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.02.020}, abstract = {In this work, we report on the evaluation of the activity of commercially available ferrites with different compositions, NiFe2O4, Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4, ZnFe2O4, Cu0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 and CuFe2O4, for hydrogen production by two-step thermochemical cycles, as a preliminary study for solar energy driven water splitting processes. The samples were acquired from Sigma–Aldrich, and are mainly composed of a spinel crystalline phase. The net hydrogen production after the first reduction–oxidation cycle decreases in the order NiFe2O4{\textgreater}Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4{\textgreater}ZnFe2O4{\textgreater}Cu0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4{\textgreater}CuFe2O4, and so does the H2/O2 molar ratio, which is regarded as an indicator of potential cyclability. Considering these results, the nickel ferrite has been selected for longer term studies of thermochemical cycles. The results of four cycles with this ferrite show that the H2/O2 molar ratio of every two steps increases with the number of cycles, being the total amount stoichiometric regarding the water splitting reaction. The possible use of this nickel ferrite as a standard material for the comparison of results is proposed.}, language = {en}, number = {7}, urldate = {2022-01-15}, journal = {International Journal of Hydrogen Energy}, author = {Fresno, Fernando and Fernández-Saavedra, Rocío and Belén Gómez-Mancebo, M. and Vidal, Alfonso and Sánchez, Miguel and Isabel Rucandio, M. and Quejido, Alberto J. and Romero, Manuel}, month = apr, year = {2009}, note = {114 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Ferrite, Hydrogen production, Solar energy, Solar hydrogen, Thermochemical cycles}, pages = {2918--2924}, } @article{frenkMicrostructuralEffectsSliding1994, title = {Microstructural effects on the sliding wear resistance of a cobalt-based alloy}, volume = {174}, issn = {0043-1648}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0043164894900892}, doi = {10.1016/0043-1648(94)90089-2}, abstract = {The influence of the microstructure on the dry sliding wear resistance of a hypo-eutectic Stellite 6 alloy was investigated under conditions leading to severe metallic wear of the hardfacing alloy. Conventional chill casting as well as laser surface cladding were used to produce a wide range of solidification microstructures. The hardness of the alloy was strongly dependent on the microstructure and in particular on the size of the dendrites. Under the sliding conditions investigated, severe delamination wear of the Stellite occurred. High coefficients of friction were measured and the structure in the subsurface was completely destroyed by the resulting stress cycles. During the stationary wear regime, no dependence of the wear rate on the as-solidified microstructure could therefore be determined. However, a strong influence on the wear resistance of alloying elements which affect the matrix properties was observed. Suggestions are made for the improvement of the wear resistance of such alloys under similar sliding conditions.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2025-02-18}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Frenk, A. and Kurz, W.}, month = may, year = {1994}, note = {137 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {81--91}, } @inproceedings{frantIMPROVEMENTCAVITATIONEROSION2021, title = {{IMPROVEMENT} {THE} {CAVITATION} {EROSION} {RESISTANCE} {OF} {Al}-{Mg} {ALLOYS} {BY} {TIG} {SURFACE} {REMELTING}}, isbn = {978-808729499-4 (ISBN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85124343887&doi=10.37904%2fmetal.2021.4238&partnerID=40&md5=4cbe4707a03cab600559091521abf7ab}, doi = {10.37904/metal.2021.4238}, abstract = {Aluminum-based alloys (Al-Mg, Al-Si-Mg, Al-Zn-Mg, etc.) are intended for the manufacturing of parts subjected to intense stresses by cavitation erosion. This complex phenomenon includes both the hydrodynamic factors of the liquid and the microstructure, hardness and ductility characteristics of the material. The present paper describes a method of increasing cavitation erosion resistance by using the local TIG remelting technique of the AlMg3 alloys surface. The experimental tests were performed according to ASTM G32-2016 standard. The response of the material to each value of the heat input was investigated by measuring the mass loss as a function of the cavitation time and by analysing the damaged surfaces using the optical and scanning electron microscopy. It has been shown that the TIG surface modification treatment increases the resistance to cavitation erosion of the alloy, as a consequence of the higher chemical and microstructural homogeneity and finishing of the granulation. © 2021 TANGER Ltd., Ostrava.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {{METAL} - {Anniv}. {Int}. {Conf}. {Met}. {Mater}., {Conf}. {Proc}.}, publisher = {TANGER Ltd.}, author = {Frant, F. and Mitelea, I. and Bordeasu, I. and Utu, I.-D. and Crăciunescu, C.M.}, year = {2021}, note = {0 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Journal Abbreviation: METAL - Anniv. Int. Conf. Met. Mater., Conf. Proc.}, keywords = {Al-Si-Mg, Al-Zn-Mg, Alloy surfaces, Aluminium-based alloy, Aluminum alloys, Binary alloys, Cavitation, Cavitation erosion, Cavitation-erosion resistance, Chemical modification, Ductility characteristics, Erosion, Experimental test, Magnesium alloys, Metals, Microstructure, Microstructure characteristics, Microstructure hardness, Remelting, Scanning electron microscopy, Surface treatment, TIG melting, Zinc alloys}, pages = {942--947}, } @article{fooladiExperimentalInvestigationEffect2021, title = {Experimental {Investigation} of the {Effect} of {Types} of {Fillers} on the {Performance} of {Microsurfacing} {Asphalt} {Mixture}}, volume = {33}, issn = {08991561 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85104625520&doi=10.1061%2f%28ASCE%29MT.1943-5533.0003512&partnerID=40&md5=a9917afdb5b7ca03f8fd939f339d206a}, doi = {10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003512}, abstract = {As preservative asphalt, microsurfacing is an effective solution in preventive repair and maintenance, which consists of well-graded fine aggregates, polymer-modified cationic bitumen emulsion, water, and chemical additives in order to control the breaking time of bitumen emulsion. Due to the use of polymeric bitumen emulsion and fully crushed aggregates, these mixtures produce an increase in shear strength, abrasion resistance, and rutting resistance of asphalt surfaces. According to the researches conducted and the substantial role of filler in the strength of asphalt mixtures, and also owing to environmental impacts and high energy consumption of traditional cement filler. In this study, three mixtures containing fillers (microsilica slurry, quicklime, and combination of cement and quicklime) with slow setting bitumen emulsion, and the mixture of cement filler, as the control mixture, were used for laboratory survey and comparison of the effects of different fillers on the performance of microsurfacing asphalt mixture. Based on International Slurry Surfacing Association (ISSA) A143 guideline and ASTM D6372 standard, the performance of samples was assessed by wet cohesion, wet track abrasion, and loaded wheel tests. The findings demonstrate that the utilization of alternative fillers has a better performance in rutting, stripping, and abrasion compared to the control mixture owing to their appropriate physical, chemical, and mechanical features. © 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.}, language = {English}, number = {7}, journal = {Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering}, author = {Fooladi, A. and Hesami, S.}, year = {2021}, note = {4 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)}, keywords = {Abrasion, Abrasion resistance, Additives, Aggregates, Asphalt mixtures, Calcium oxide, Cements, Chemical additive, Cohesion strength, Crushed aggregates, Effective solution, Emulsification, Energy utilization, Environmental impact, Erosion, Experimental investigations, Filler, Fillers, High energy consumption, Lime, Mechanical feature, Microsurfacing, Mixtures, Polymers, Repair and maintenance, Rutting resistance, Setting, abrasion, aggregate size, asphalt, cation, cohesion, emulsion, environmental impact, experimental study, fine grained sediment, maintenance, performance assessment, polymer, shear strength}, } @article{ferozhkhanMetallurgicalStudyStellite2017, title = {Metallurgical {Study} of {Stellite} 6 {Cladding} on 309-{16L} {Stainless} {Steel}}, volume = {42}, issn = {2191-4281}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-017-2457-7}, doi = {10.1007/s13369-017-2457-7}, abstract = {309-16L stainless steel was deposited over base metal Grade 91 steel (9Cr–1Mo) as buffer layer by shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) and flux cored arc welding processes, and then, Stellite 6 (Co–Cr alloy) was coated on stainless steel buffer by SMAW, GTAW and plasma transferred arc welding processes. Stellite 6 coatings were characterized using optical microscope, Vickers hardness tester and optical emission spectrometer, respectively. The FCA deposit has less heat-affected zone and uniform hardness than SMA and GTA deposits. The buffer layer has reduced the formation of any surface cracks and delamination near the fusion zones. The microstructure of Stellite 6 consists of dendrites of Co solid solution and carbides secretion in the interdendrites of Co and Cr matrix. Electron-dispersive spectroscopy line scan has been conducted to analyse the impact of alloying elements in the fusion line and Stellite 6 deposits. It was observed that dilution of Fe in PTA-deposited Stellite 6 was lesser than SMA and GTA deposits and uniform hardness of 600–650 \$\${\textbackslash}hbox \{HV\}\_\{0.3\}\$\$was obtained from PTA deposit. The chemical analysis resulted in alloy composition of PTA deposit has nominal percentage in comparison with consumable composition while GTA and SMA deposits has high dilution of Fe and Ni.}, language = {en}, number = {5}, urldate = {2025-03-31}, journal = {Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering}, author = {Ferozhkhan, Mohammed Mohaideen and Kumar, Kottaimathan Ganesh and Ravibharath, Rajanbabu}, month = may, year = {2017}, note = {0 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Dilution, EDS, Hardfacing, Interdendrites, Stellite}, pages = {2067--2074}, } @article{fengMicromachinedHighSignaltonoise2012, series = {Selected papers from {The} 16th {International} {Conference} on {Solid}-{State} {Sensors}, {Actuators} and {Microsystems}}, title = {A micromachined, high signal-to-noise ratio, acoustic emission sensor and its application to monitor dynamic wear}, volume = {188}, issn = {0924-4247}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924424712001185}, doi = {10.1016/j.sna.2012.02.015}, abstract = {This paper presents a micro-machined, acoustic emission (AE) sensor, with a novel, corrugated PVDF sensing core. Using an improved fabrication process, a cost-effective sensing unit and more reliable device packaging method are presented. The curvatures of the stacked PVDF sensing layers, formed by a micro-embossing technique, using upper and lower dies of different geometries, are studied. The fabricated AE sensor is found to exhibit superior signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and performs about 13 times better than a commercially available AE sensor, based on the results of a steel-ball drop test. The sensor is used to monitor the operation of ball bearings with different levels of wear. An experimental setup for producing ball bearings with different wear levels is also presented. Through frequency spectrum analysis, results are found to demonstrate its efficiency in detecting dynamic friction. This can be very useful in examining the condition of structures and predicting the likelihood of possible future failures.}, urldate = {2025-03-02}, journal = {Sensors and Actuators A: Physical}, author = {Feng, Guo-Hua and Tsai, Ming-Yiang and Jeng, Yeau-Ren}, month = dec, year = {2012}, note = {14 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Acoustic emission, FFT, Micromachining, Signal-to-noise ratio}, pages = {56--65}, } @article{fehrenbachVariationalAlgorithmsRemove2012, title = {Variational {Algorithms} to {Remove} {Stationary} {Noise}: {Applications} to {Microscopy} {Imaging}}, volume = {21}, issn = {1941-0042}, shorttitle = {Variational {Algorithms} to {Remove} {Stationary} {Noise}}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6226467}, doi = {10.1109/TIP.2012.2206037}, abstract = {A framework and an algorithm are presented in order to remove stationary noise from images. This algorithm is called variational stationary noise remover. It can be interpreted both as a restoration method in a Bayesian framework and as a cartoon+texture decomposition method. In numerous denoising applications, the white noise assumption fails. For example, structured patterns such as stripes appear in the images. The model described here addresses these cases. Applications are presented with images acquired using different modalities: scanning electron microscope, FIB-nanotomography, and an emerging fluorescence microscopy technique called selective plane illumination microscopy.}, number = {10}, urldate = {2024-07-10}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Image Processing}, author = {Fehrenbach, Jérôme and Weiss, Pierre and Lorenzo, Corinne}, month = oct, year = {2012}, note = {119 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Conference Name: IEEE Transactions on Image Processing}, keywords = {Atomic force microscope, Mathematical model, Numerical models, Scanning electron microscopy, Standards, White noise, convex optimization, light sheet fluorescence microscope, nanotomography, non linear filtering, primal-dual scheme, scanning electron microscope, stationary noise, stripe removal, texture-geometry decomposition, total variation}, pages = {4420--4430}, } @article{farokhzadehEffectDepositionRate2019, title = {The {Effect} of {Deposition} {Rate} on {Microstructural} {Evolution} in {WC}-{Co}-{Cr} {Coatings} {Deposited} by {High}-{Velocity} {Oxy}-{Fuel} {Thermal} {Spray} {Process}}, volume = {28}, issn = {10599495 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85076849151&doi=10.1007%2fs11665-019-04502-4&partnerID=40&md5=c3fbd5866792fe1de85d31ce78396002}, doi = {10.1007/s11665-019-04502-4}, abstract = {Tungsten carbide-reinforced cermet composites are widely used as wear- and erosion-resistant coatings due to their combination of hardness, strength, toughness and thermal properties. In this study, WC-Co-Cr coatings were deposited using high-velocity oxy-fuel thermal spray technology under different kinematic spray parameters. The microstructure of coatings was investigated using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy techniques, and elemental/phase analysis was completed using x-ray diffraction, electron energy loss spectroscopy and x-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The findings indicated the presence of W2C and W6Co6C in addition to WC and chromium oxide (Cr2O3) in a nanocrystalline cobalt-rich matrix. The newly developed phases (W2C and W6Co6C) were formed as a result of decarburization/oxidation of tungsten carbide (WC). They were found as individual particles (0.2-0.4 µm) embedded in the metallic binder phase as well as surrounding existing WC particles. Nonetheless, increasing the coating deposition rate, i.e., reduction of coating build-up per pass, increased the coating hardness from 1516 ± 124 to 1713 ± 106 HV0.3 and led to a higher degree of phase transformation reactions in the coating. © 2019, ASM International.}, language = {English}, number = {12}, journal = {Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance}, author = {Farokhzadeh, K. and Fillion, R.M. and Edrisy, A.}, year = {2019}, note = {9 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Springer}, keywords = {Chromium compounds, Decarburization, Deposition rates, Electron energy levels, Electron energy loss spectroscopy, Electron scattering, Electrons, Energy dispersive spectroscopy, Energy dissipation, Erosion resistant coatings, Fuels, Hardness, High resolution transmission electron microscopy, High velocity oxy fuel, Micro-structural characterization, Microstructural evolution, Nanocrystalline cobalt, Nanocrystals, Phase transitions, Scanning electron microscopy, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray coatings, Thermal spray technology, Transformation Reactions, Transmission electron microscopy, Tungsten carbide, X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy, decarburization, microstructural characterization, phase transformations, thermal spray coating, transmission electron microscopy, tungsten carbide}, pages = {7419--7430}, } @article{faisalImprovedVickersIndentation2014, title = {An improved {Vickers} indentation fracture toughness model to assess the quality of thermally sprayed coatings}, volume = {128}, issn = {0013-7944}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013794414002252}, doi = {10.1016/j.engfracmech.2014.07.015}, abstract = {This study presents an improved approach to the quality assessment of thermally sprayed coatings. Measurements were carried out on five different coatings. Since it is the overall extent of surface cracking during Vickers indentation that is indicative of the volumetric damage, the surface crack length was measured, including the radial cracks, edge cracks, and other cracks around the indentation. It is concluded that the proposed model provides a way forward for determining the fracture toughness (K1c) of brittle materials where no radial cracks are developed. An elastic–plastic finite element simulation of the Vickers indentation test was conducted to locate the stress fields.}, urldate = {2024-10-14}, journal = {Engineering Fracture Mechanics}, author = {Faisal, N. H. and Ahmed, R. and Prathuru, A. K. and Spence, S. and Hossain, M. and Steel, J. A.}, month = sep, year = {2014}, note = {50 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Edge crack model, Finite element analysis, Fracture toughness (), Thermal spray coatings, Vickers indentation}, pages = {189--204}, } @article{fahimCavitationErosionBehavior2019, title = {Cavitation erosion behavior of super-hydrophobic coatings on {Al5083} marine aluminum alloy}, volume = {424-425}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85061609748&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2019.02.017&partnerID=40&md5=aaf1826637790ae50c40ce48372d844f}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2019.02.017}, abstract = {Al5083 alloy is widely used in marine and ship building industries for the construction of ship structures due to its high strength, fatigue resistance, and relatively good corrosion resistance against salty water. However, cavitation is one of its limiting factors in some important parts such as propellers used for marine applications. In the current research, the cavitation erosion behavior of super-hydrophobic coatings deposited on Al5083 aluminum was studied. The super-hydrophobic coating process included anodizing the surface in sulfuric acid followed by the surface chemical modification process with two Triethoxy Octylsilane (KH-832) and 1 H,1 H,2 H,2H-Perfluoro Octyl-Trichloro Silane (PFOTS) classes. The cavitation test was conducted according to ASTM-G32 standard using the vibration amplitude of 20μ in distilled water. The surface damage on the super-hydrophobic coatings was investigated by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Cavitation erosion caused the surface roughness of the as-anodized sample to increase from 85.9 nm to 153 nm, whereas for the coated samples, the cavitation process resulted in surface smoothing. In fact, cavitation erosion decreased the surface roughness of KH-832 and PFOTS coated samples from 269 nm to 119 nm and from 251 nm to 167 nm respectively. The number of the cavities formed on the surfaces of KH-832 and PFOTS coatings was more than that in the as-anodized sample due to their rougher surfaces. However, the super-hydrophobic nature of the coatings resulted in the formation of small bubbles. Hence, the depth of the generated cavities in KH-832 and PFOTS samples was lower than that in the as-anodized sample. In fact, the cavities on the coated surface did not penetrate into the substrate and this enhanced the cavitation resistance of the sample. Finally, a model for the cavitation erosion behavior of PFOTS and the anodized samples was presented. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Fahim, J. and Hadavi, S.M.M. and Ghayour, H. and Hassanzadeh Tabrizi, S.A.}, year = {2019}, note = {39 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {Aluminum alloys, Aluminum coatings, Anodic oxidation, Anodized samples, Anodizing, Atomic force microscopy, Building industry, Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation erosion, Cavitation resistance, Chemical modification, Construction industry, Corrosion fatigue, Corrosion resistance, Corrosion resistant alloys, Erosion, High strength alloys, Hydrophobicity, Marine alloy, Marine applications, Modelling, Models, Scanning electron microscopy, Seawater corrosion, Ship propulsion, Ships, Super hydrophobic coatings, Super-hydrophobic coating, Superhydrophobic, Surface chemical modifications, Surface roughness, Surface smoothing, Vibration amplitude}, pages = {122--132}, } @article{factorVickersMicroindentationWC122000, title = {Vickers microindentation of {WC}-12\%{Co} thermal spray coating {Part} 2: {The} between-operator reproducibility limits of microhardness measurement and alternative approaches to quantifying hardness of cemented-carbide thermal spray coatings}, volume = {132}, issn = {02578972 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0034292453&doi=10.1016%2fS0257-8972%2800%2900739-8&partnerID=40&md5=fce4f1822c48b1048d46d7be2fced50a}, doi = {10.1016/S0257-8972(00)00739-8}, abstract = {The between-operator reproducibility of microhardness statistics is considered. Three sets of 10 microhardness indentations were made on the polished cross-section of a WC-12\%Co thermal spray coating. The 30 indents were measured by eight different personnel using the eyepiece micrometer of the same microhardness tester. Three personnel including those recording the largest and the smallest grand-average microhardness values repeated their measurements. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) shows that there is a consistent, statistically significant variation in microhardness readings as performed by different operators. Image analysis and confocal microscopy were used to explain the underlying reasons for this variation. When microhardness is used to provide quantitative statistics for hard materials such as cemented carbides and ceramic materials, this variation is technologically significant, and challenges the validity of reported data as published in the literature. Alternative methods of measuring microhardness indentation size and alternative approaches to measuring the hardness of these materials are discussed. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.; The between-operator reproducibility of microhardness statistics is considered. Three sets of 10 microhardness indentations were made on the polished cross-section of a WC-12\%Co thermal spray coating. The 30 indents were measured by eight different personnel using the eyepiece micrometer of the same microhardness tester. Three personnel including those recording the largest and the smallest grand-average microhardness values repeated their measurements. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) shows that there is a consistent, statistically significant variation in microhardness readings as performed by different operators. Image analysis and confocal microscopy were used to explain the underlying reasons for this variation. When microhardness is used to provide quantitative statistics for hard materials such as cemented carbides and ceramic materials, this variation is technologically significant, and challenges the validity of reported data as published in the literature. Alternative methods of measuring microhardness indentation size and alternative approaches to measuring the hardness of these materials are discussed.}, language = {English}, number = {1}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Factor, M. and Roman, I.}, year = {2000}, note = {16 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier Sequoia SA}, keywords = {Analysis of variance, Cemented carbide, Coatings, Hardness testing, Image analysis, Indentation, Mechanical variables measurement, Microhardness, Microhardness measurement, Microscopic examination, Reproducibility, Sprayed coatings, Statistical analysis, Statistical methods, Thermal spray coating, Tungsten carbide, Vickers hardness testing, Vickers microindentation, coating, hardness, measurement method, statistical analysis, tungsten carbide-cobalt alloy}, pages = {65--75}, } @article{factorMicrohardnessSimpleMeans2002, title = {Microhardness as a simple means of estimating relative wear resistance of carbide thermal spray coatings: {Part} 1. {Characterization} of cemented carbide coatings}, volume = {11}, issn = {10599630 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0036965275&doi=10.1361%2f105996302770348600&partnerID=40&md5=6c894a58359d908ff0cf91433c63cb5a}, doi = {10.1361/105996302770348600}, abstract = {A selection of WC-Co and Cr3C2-25\%NiCr coatings deposited by plasma spraying and high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) were tested. The microstructures of the coatings were characterized, and their mechanical properties were assessed using Knoop microindentation procedures. The coatings were also subjected to various wear tests. All of the coatings were at least 200 μm thick and were deposited onto stainless steel substrates. The wear tests simulated abrasion, cavitation wear, sliding wear, and particle erosion wear. In this first part of a two-part contribution, the microstructures of the coatings are characterized and a discussion on the evaluation of mechanical properties from the microindentation response is presented. The nature of microhardness testing as applied to thermal spray coatings is evaluated as a means of assessing resistance to plastic flow, elasticity, and brittleness. In Part 2, the results of the various wear simulations are reported, and the utility of microhardness as an indicator of wear resistance is examined.}, language = {English}, number = {4}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {Factor, M. and Roman, I.}, year = {2002}, note = {24 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Brittleness, Carbide thermal spray coatings, Carbides, Cemented carbide coatings, Cr3C2-NiCr, Deposition, Elasticity, Indentation, Knoop, Materials testing, Mechanical testing, Microhardness, Plasma spraying, Plastic flow, Sprayed coatings, Stainless steel, Thermal effects, Vickers, WC -Co, Wear resistance, Wear tests}, pages = {468--481}, } @article{espitiaCavitationResistanceMicrostructure2010, title = {Cavitation resistance, microstructure and surface topography of materials used for hydraulic components}, volume = {43}, issn = {0301679X (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77956182076&doi=10.1016%2fj.triboint.2010.05.009&partnerID=40&md5=c94693b950e4fca4bed1e4bf2db57efb}, doi = {10.1016/j.triboint.2010.05.009}, abstract = {The cavitation resistance of a stainless steel and two flame thermal spray coatings was tested in laboratory according to ASTM G32 standard. The timevariation curves of cumulative volume loss, erosion rate and roughness parameters were related to the microstructure of the samples and to the wear mechanisms. Pores, unmelted particles and other microstructure defects prevented the coatings from showing an incubation period during the tests, while the stainless steel exhibited the expected incubation, acceleration and maximum rate stages. In the stainless steel, a correlation between the transition from incubation to acceleration stage and the Rsm/Rq and R y/Rq ratios was established. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.}, language = {English}, number = {11}, journal = {Tribology International}, author = {Espitia, L.A. and Toro, A.}, year = {2010}, note = {68 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cavitation, Cavitation resistance, Cavitation stages, Coatings, Corrosion resistant alloys, Erosion rates, Flame resistance, Hydraulic components, Incubation periods, Microstructure, Microstructure defects, Roughness parameters, Stainless steel, Surface topography, Thermal spray coatings, Time variations, Tribology, Unmelted particles, Volume loss, Wear mechanisms}, pages = {2037--2045}, } @article{escobarImprovementCavitationErosion2013, title = {Improvement of cavitation erosion resistance of a duplex stainless steel through friction stir processing ({FSP})}, volume = {297}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84871597027&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2012.10.005&partnerID=40&md5=96d7417a09a651b329d9e85a71f1133d}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2012.10.005}, abstract = {The cavitation erosion (CE) resistance of an UNS S32205 duplex stainless steel (DSS) was improved through microstructural modification using friction stir processing (FSP). As-received material was processed using 200. rpm and 100. mm/min spindle and travel speeds, respectively. The cavitation erosion tests were performed in a vibratory apparatus according to ASTM G32 standard. The incubation period, the maximum erosion rate and the variation of surface roughness during the tests are reported and the results are compared with those obtained for the base metal samples (BMS). The worn surfaces were characterized using roughness measurements and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). After a CE testing time of 10. h, FSP samples showed a 70\% diminution of the mass loss when compared to the BMS. Moreover, a 200\% enhancement of incubation time and 100\% reduction in the erosion rate were achieved after FPS. The improvement of CE performance is related to the recrystallized and refined microstructure, as well as to the modification of the elongated α/γ interfaces. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, number = {1-2}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Escobar, J.D. and Velásquez, E. and Santos, T.F.A. and Ramirez, A.J. and López, D.}, year = {2013}, note = {67 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Base metals, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation erosion, Cavitation erosion resistance, Duplex stainless steel, Erosion, Erosion rates, Friction stir processing, Incubation period, Incubation periods, Incubation time, Mass loss, Microstructural modification, Refined microstructure, Roughness parameters, Scanning electron microscopy, Stainless steel, Surface roughness, Testing time, Travel speed, Worn surface}, pages = {998--1005}, } @article{engqvistTribofilmFormationCemented2000, title = {Tribofilm formation on cemented carbides in dry sliding conformal contact}, volume = {239}, issn = {0043-1648}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004316480000315X}, doi = {10.1016/S0043-1648(00)00315-X}, abstract = {The friction properties and the tribofilm formation of a binderless cemented carbide and two conventional cemented carbides have been evaluated in an unlubricated sliding contact in either air or nitrogen surroundings. A continuously varied normal load and two rotational speeds were used. The tribofilms were analysed with SEM, XPS, TEM and EELS. For all cemented carbides, friction was lower at higher sliding speed. The two conventional carbides also tended to give a lower friction in air than in nitrogen, whereas the binderless carbide gave about the same friction in both environments. All materials formed tribofilms during the tests. Mild tests with the conventional cemented carbides resulted in relatively thick tribofilms (a couple of μm) with low amounts of oxides. At more severe test conditions the tribofilms became thinner ({\textless}1 μm) and contained large amounts of oxides, together with WC and Co. The mechanisms behind the tribofilm formation are discussed.}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-11-17}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Engqvist, H and Högberg, H and Botton, G. A and Ederyd, S and Axén, N}, month = apr, year = {2000}, note = {92 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Binderless carbide, Cemented carbides, Friction, Tribofilms}, pages = {219--228}, } @article{engqvistDeterminationAverageGrain2003, title = {Determination of the average grain size of cemented carbides}, volume = {21}, issn = {0263-4368}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263436803000052}, doi = {10.1016/S0263-4368(03)00005-2}, abstract = {There are two standardised methods to determine the grain size from polished and etched cross-sections of cemented carbides, the linear intercept method and Jefferies method. Through two model experiments some disadvantages with the methods are highlighted. In the first experiment, the binder in a coarse grained cemented carbide is dissolved and the 3D grain size of the individual carbide grains are evaluated and compared to polished cross-sections by the two standardised methods. The results show that these two standardised methods give average grain sizes very different from each other and from the 3D grain size. Through the implementation of transformation factors a better correlation can be achieved. The second experiment involves hardness measurements and grain size measurements on cemented carbides containing wide binomial distributions. The lack of correlation between the average grain size based on the number of grains and the physical properties is demonstrated. From the findings of those experiments a new method to calculate the average grain size is proposed. The new method is based on the calculation of the volume (or mass) average of the frequency distribution.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-07-12}, journal = {International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials}, author = {Engqvist, H and Uhrenius, B}, month = jan, year = {2003}, note = {56 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Binomial distribution, Cemented carbides, Grain size determination}, pages = {31--35}, } @article{endoStudyErosionTwo1967, title = {A {Study} of {Erosion} {Between} {Two} {Parallel} {Surfaces} {Oscillating} at {Close} {Proximity} in {Liquids}}, volume = {89}, issn = {0022-2305}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3616956}, doi = {10.1115/1.3616956}, abstract = {A disk was vibrated in close proximity to a plane surface while submerged in either water or one of several oils. The specimens suffered surface damage either by subsurface fatigue or cavitation erosion. The type and extent of damage depends upon the thickness of the fluid films and the viscosity of the liquid. Specimens with bearing alloy surface layers showed cracks due to surface shear followed by flaking off of the bearing alloy.}, number = {3}, urldate = {2025-02-04}, journal = {Journal of Lubrication Technology}, author = {Endo, K. and Okada, T. and Nakashima, M.}, month = jul, year = {1967}, note = {25 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {229--236}, } @inproceedings{elkedimCorrosionBehaviourNanocrystalline2003, title = {Corrosion behaviour of nanocrystalline titanium composite coatings}, volume = {15-16}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-8644289422&doi=10.4028%2fwww.scientific.net%2fJMNM.15-16.707&partnerID=40&md5=0baf31232f5751c9db0d6c3395dd4e7e}, doi = {10.4028/www.scientific.net/JMNM.15-16.707}, abstract = {Using reactive gas such nitrogen, it is possible to synthesize hard nitride in reactive metal like titanium. The electrochemical behaviour of nanocrystalline titanium composite coating in neutral and acid electrolytes has been investigated by potentiodynamic test methods, compared with polycrystalline analogous. The results of the given study show that nanocrystalline structure enhanced the hardness with relatively preservation of the corrosion resistance.}, author = {Elkedim, O. and Malavolta, C.}, year = {2003}, note = {0 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Composite materials, Corrosion, Corrosion processes, Corrosion resistance, Current density, Electrochemistry, Galvanic corrosion, Hardness, Microstructure, Nanocrystalline, Nanostructured materials, Plasma Spraying, Plasma spraying, Porosity, Thermal spray coatings, Titanium Nitride, Titanium composite coatings, Titanium nitride, Wear resistance}, pages = {707--712}, } @article{edwardsVPhaseCrystallinityPrintability2024, title = {β-{Phase} {Crystallinity}, {Printability}, and {Piezoelectric} {Characteristics} of {Polyvinylidene} {Fluoride} ({PVDF})/{Poly}(methyl methacrylate) ({PMMA})/{Cyclopentyl}-{Polyhedral} {Oligomeric} {Silsesquioxane} ({Cp}-{POSS}) {Melt}-{Compounded} {Blends}}, volume = {6}, issn = {2637-6105}, doi = {10.1021/acsapm.4c00468}, abstract = {Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) is a semicrystalline polymer that exhibits unique piezoelectric characteristics along with good chemical resistance and high thermal stability. Layer-based material extrusion (MEX) 3D printing of PVDF is desired to create complex structures with piezoelectric properties; however, the melt processing of PVDF typically directs the formation of the alpha crystalline allomorph, which does not contribute to the piezoelectric response. In this work, PVDF was compounded with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and cyclopentyl-polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (Cp-POSS) nanostructured additives in binary and ternary blends to improve MEX printability while maintaining piezoelectric performance. Overall crystallinity and beta phase content were evaluated and quantified using a combination of attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Enhancement of MEX printability was measured by quantifying the interlayer adhesion and warpage of printed parts. All blends studied contained a significant percentage of beta allomorph, but it could be detected by ATR-FTIR only after the removal of a thin surface layer. Inclusion of 1\% Cp-POSS and up to 10\% PMMA in blends with PVDF improved interlayer adhesion (2.3-3.6x) and lowered warpage of MEX printed parts compared to neat PVDF. The blend of 1\% Cp-POSS/1\% PMMA/PVDF was demonstrated to significantly improve the quality of MEX printed parts while showing similar piezoelectric performance to that of neat PVDF (average piezoelectric coefficient 24 pC/N). MEX printing of PVDF blends directly into usable parts with significant piezoelectric performance while reducing the challenges of printing the semicrystalline polymer opens the potential for application in a number of high value sectors.}, language = {English}, number = {10}, journal = {ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS}, author = {Edwards, TR and Shankar, R and Smith, PGH and Cross, JA and Lequeux, ZAB and Kemp, LK and Qiang, Z and Iacano, ST and Morgan, SE}, month = may, year = {2024}, note = {3 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {3D printing, ALPHA, BEHAVIOR, CRYSTALLIZATION, DIELECTRIC-PROPERTIES, FERROELECTRIC PROPERTIES, ORIENTATION, POLY(VINYLIDENE FLUORIDE), PVDF, PVDF/PMMA BLENDS, VINYLIDENE FLUORIDE, layer-basedmaterial extrusion (MEX), piezoelectric, poly(vinylidene fluoride), polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS)}, pages = {5803--5813}, } @article{eComparisonCavitationErosion2019, title = {Comparison of the cavitation erosion and slurry erosion behavior of cobalt-based and nickel-based coatings}, volume = {428-429}, issn = {0043-1648}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043164818311554}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2019.03.022}, abstract = {Cobalt-based and nickel-based coatings were successfully produced using TIG welding and laser cladding technologies as alternative materials with higher cavitation erosion (CE) and slurry erosion (SE) resistance, respectively. Their structure, phase constitution, hardness and elastoplasticity were characterized. Combined with the cumulative mass loss, erosion morphology and roughness, the CE and SE resistances were compared and erosion models were also proposed. The results show that the cobalt-based coating exhibited much better CE resistance and lower SE resistance than the nickel-based coating. The phase transition contributes mostly to the high CE resistance of the cobalt-based coating. While, the combined effects of high hardness, elastoplasticity and hard phases' anchoring and shielding, determine the high SE resistance of the nickel-based coating.}, urldate = {2025-02-08}, journal = {Wear}, author = {E, M. and Hu, H. X. and Guo, X. M. and Zheng, Y. G.}, month = jun, year = {2019}, note = {52 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cavitation erosion, Cobalt-based coating, Erosion mechanism, Nickel-based coating, Slurry erosion}, pages = {246--257}, } @inproceedings{dybowskiMicrostructuralPhenomenaOccurring2015, title = {Microstructural phenomena occurring during early stages of cavitation erosion of {Al}-{Si} aluminium casting alloys}, volume = {227}, isbn = {978-3-03835-391-1}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84924528145&doi=10.4028%2fwww.scientific.net%2fSSP.227.255&partnerID=40&md5=cb3ed2cbab400eaef75bf3803a2a4031}, doi = {10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.227.255}, abstract = {The researches have concerned cavitation erosion of AlSi7Mg and AlSi11Mg aluminium casting alloys. The alloys have been investigated in the as-cast condition and after the precipitation hardening. The cavitation erosion tests were performed using vibratory cavitation erosion equipment in 5 minutes. Resistance to cavitation of tested materials was estimated by means of MDE (mean depth of erosion) parameter according to ASTM G32. After the cavitation tests eroded surface of the specimens has been observed by means of scanning electron microscopy. The roughness of the surface was measured on profile contact tester. The best resistance for cavitation erosion exhibited AlSi7Mg alloy after heat treatment, the weakest AlSi11Mg alloy in as-cast condition. © (2015) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Solid {State} {Phenomena}}, publisher = {Trans Tech Publications Ltd}, author = {Dybowski, B. and Szala, M. and Kiełbus, A. and Hejwowski, T.}, editor = {{Michalska J.}}, year = {2015}, note = {13 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Journal Abbreviation: Solid State Phenomena}, keywords = {After-heat treatment, Age hardening, Aluminium alloy, Aluminium casting alloy, Aluminum alloys, Aluminum castings, As-cast, Cavitation, Erosion, Erosion mechanisms, Heat resistance, Mean depth of erosions, Microstructural phenomenon, Microstructure, Precipitation (chemical), Profilometry, Scanning electron microscopy, Silicon alloys, Surface testing, Vibratory cavitation erosion}, pages = {255--258}, } @article{duStructureMechanicalSliding2007, title = {Structure, mechanical and sliding wear properties of {WC}-{Co}/{MoS2}-{Ni} coatings by detonation gun spray}, volume = {445-446}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33845885136&doi=10.1016%2fj.msea.2006.09.011&partnerID=40&md5=0b5d8bd1c9c41d01f9982339bf8388c6}, doi = {10.1016/j.msea.2006.09.011}, abstract = {At present, more and more investigations are being carried out to improve properties of thermal spray coatings, in particular for the dry contact situation. We have deposited a series of WC-Co/MoS2-Ni coatings by detonation gun (D-gun) spray, using a commercial WC-Co powder and a MoS2-Ni powder, with a proper spray condition in view of both powders. The structure, mechanical and sliding wear properties of these coatings were characterized. The results by SEM, EMPA, XRD and XRF indicate that the MoS2 composition was kept and distributed homogeneously in the WC-Co/MoS2-Ni coatings and its content is a little higher than the feed powder. The results also indicate that hardness, fracture toughness and adhesion of the WC-Co/MoS2-Ni coatings decrease with the increasing MoS2 content in the coating, while porosity and roughness the same, comparing with a pure WC-Co coating deposited under the same condition. It is found that this WC-Co/MoS2-Ni coating possesses self-lubricating property. Furthermore, the MoS2 composition in the WC-Co/MoS2-Ni coatings shows a contribution in lowering wear rate under dry sliding conditions when its content is lower than 4.9 wt.\%. However, the wear rate is higher when the content is 7.2 wt.\%, which indicate that the MoS2 content should be proper for an improvement of the D-gun sprayed WC-Co/MoS2-Ni coating on wear resistance. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, journal = {Materials Science and Engineering: A}, author = {Du, H. and Sun, C. and Hua, W. and Wang, T. and Gong, J. and Jiang, X. and Lee, S.W.}, year = {2007}, note = {42 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Adhesion, Detonation gun spraying, Fracture toughness, Mechanical property, Microstructure, Porosity, SRV, Scanning electron microscopy, Self lubricating composites, Self-lubricating, Self-lubricating property, Sliding wear properties, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray coatings, WC-Co coating, Wear resistance, X ray diffraction analysis}, pages = {122--134}, } @article{durejkoCharacterizationCobaltBasedStellite2021, title = {Characterization of {Cobalt}-{Based} {Stellite} 6 {Alloy} {Coating} {Fabricated} by {Laser}-{Engineered} {Net} {Shaping} ({LENS})}, volume = {14}, url = {https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8659167/}, doi = {10.3390/ma14237442}, abstract = {The results of microstructure and mechanical properties evaluation of a Stellite 6 (Co-6) alloy deposited on X22CrMoV12-1 substrate by the laser-engineered net shaping (LENSTM) technology are presented in this paper. The Stellite 6 alloy is widely ...}, language = {en}, number = {23}, urldate = {2025-03-31}, journal = {Materials}, author = {Durejko, Tomasz and Łazińska, Magdalena}, month = dec, year = {2021}, pmid = {34885597}, note = {10 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {7442}, } @article{dularMechanismsCavitationErosion2015, title = {On the mechanisms of cavitation erosion – {Coupling} high speed videos to damage patterns}, volume = {68}, issn = {0894-1777}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0894177715001508}, doi = {10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2015.06.001}, abstract = {Recently van Rijsbergen et al. (2012), by simultaneous observation of cavitation and acoustic emission measurements, and Petkovsek and Dular (2013), by simultaneous observation of both cavitation structures and cavitation damage, have pointed to the fact that the small scale structures and the topology of the cavitation clouds play a significant role in cavitation erosive potential. Despite the two, before mentioned, studies opened some new insights to the physics of cavitation damage, many new questions appeared. In the present study we attached a thin aluminum foil to the surface of a transparent Venturi section using two sided transparent adhesive tape. The surface was very soft – prone to be severely damaged by cavitation in a very short period of time. Using high speed cameras, which captured the images at 30,000 frames per second, we simultaneously recorded cavitation structures (from several perspectives) and the surface of the foil. Analysis of the images revealed that five distinctive damage mechanisms exist – spherical cavitation cloud collapse, horseshoe cavitation cloud collapse, the “twister” cavitation cloud collapse and in addition it was found that pits also appear at the moment of cavitation cloud separation and near the stagnation point at the closure of the attached cavity.}, urldate = {2025-02-04}, journal = {Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science}, author = {Dular, Matevž and Petkovšek, Martin}, month = nov, year = {2015}, note = {123 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cavitation, Cavitation cloud, Closure, Erosion, Mechanisms, Separation}, pages = {359--370}, } @article{dularHighSpeedObservation2019, title = {High speed observation of damage created by a collapse of a single cavitation bubble}, volume = {418-419}, issn = {0043-1648}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043164818308044}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2018.11.004}, abstract = {One of the remaining open questions in cavitation erosion research is the one on the importance of the microjet and the shock wave on the formation of the pit. Up until now, no successful attempt has been made to study this in detail, mainly because the damage could only be detected and evaluated after several successive bubble collapses. A bubble with a maximum diameter of up to 3.3 mm was created during photoionization using a Nd:YAG laser. The damage was observed on a 9 µm thick aluminum foil attached to a glass substrate. Two high speed cameras were simultaneously used. One captured the dynamics of the bubble, while the other recorded the damage of the foil. We also observed the collapse of a bubble in the presence of shear flow, where most of the damage is created by the microjet mechanism. Sometimes, the collapse of the bubble rim, at the rebound of the initial bubble causes pits in a well-known circular pattern. From the recordings at the very fastest acquisition rate, we determined that the material deforms and then partially relaxes, while a significant deformation remains. The whole process is only 2–3 µs long.}, urldate = {2024-08-04}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Dular, Matevž and Požar, Tomaž and Zevnik, Jure and Petkovšek, Rok}, month = jan, year = {2019}, note = {143 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cavitation, Erosion, High speed observation, Shear flow, Single bubble}, pages = {13--23}, } @article{duCavitationcorrosionBehaviorsHVOF2020, title = {Cavitation-corrosion behaviors of {HVOF} sprayed {WC}-{25WB}-{10Co}-{5NiCr} and {MoB}-{25NiCr} coatings}, volume = {46}, issn = {0272-8842}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272884220315972}, doi = {10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.05.279}, abstract = {Cavitation erosion, corrosion and synergism behaviors of HVOF sprayed WC-25WB-10Co-5NiCr and MoB-25NiCr coatings were investigated in this study. Conventional WC-10Co-4Cr and Cr3C2-25NiCr coatings were also characterized for comparison purposes. The cavitation erosion and cavitation-corrosion experiments were carried out in deionized water and 3.5 wt\% NaCl solution respectively. The average mass loss rate was defined to assess the destruction of the coating surface. The cavitation erosion resistance and the cavitation-corrosion resistance were adopted to quantitatively analyze the difference of cavitation erosion and cavitation-corrosion performance of the coatings. The potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests were employed to evaluate the corrosion resistance of all the coatings. In addition, the equivalent circuit models were designed to fit the EIS. The cumulative mass loss of all the coatings was measured under the conditions of pure cavitation erosion, pure corrosion and cavitation-corrosion. The total mass loss rate, pure cavitation rate, pure corrosion rate as well as synergistic mass loss rate were calculated to discuss their relative contributions responsible for the material removal. The cavitation-corrosion mechanisms were also discussed by analyzing the eroded surface for all the coatings.}, number = {13}, urldate = {2024-06-29}, journal = {Ceramics International}, author = {Du, Jin and Zhang, Jianfeng and Xu, Jinyong and Zhang, Chao}, month = sep, year = {2020}, note = {19 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cavitation, Coating, Corrosion, Resistance, Synergism}, pages = {21707--21718}, } @article{drydenDStatVersatileOpenSource2015, title = {{DStat}: {A} {Versatile}, {Open}-{Source} {Potentiostat} for {Electroanalysis} and {Integration}}, volume = {10}, issn = {1932-6203}, shorttitle = {{DStat}}, url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0140349}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0140349}, abstract = {Most electroanalytical techniques require the precise control of the potentials in an electrochemical cell using a potentiostat. Commercial potentiostats function as “black boxes,” giving limited information about their circuitry and behaviour which can make development of new measurement techniques and integration with other instruments challenging. Recently, a number of lab-built potentiostats have emerged with various design goals including low manufacturing cost and field-portability, but notably lacking is an accessible potentiostat designed for general lab use, focusing on measurement quality combined with ease of use and versatility. To fill this gap, we introduce DStat (http://microfluidics.utoronto.ca/dstat), an open-source, general-purpose potentiostat for use alone or integrated with other instruments. DStat offers picoampere current measurement capabilities, a compact USB-powered design, and user-friendly cross-platform software. DStat is easy and inexpensive to build, may be modified freely, and achieves good performance at low current levels not accessible to other lab-built instruments. In head-to-head tests, DStat’s voltammetric measurements are much more sensitive than those of “CheapStat” (a popular open-source potentiostat described previously), and are comparable to those of a compact commercial “black box” potentiostat. Likewise, in head-to-head tests, DStat’s potentiometric precision is similar to that of a commercial pH meter. Most importantly, the versatility of DStat was demonstrated through integration with the open-source DropBot digital microfluidics platform. In sum, we propose that DStat is a valuable contribution to the “open source” movement in analytical science, which is allowing users to adapt their tools to their experiments rather than alter their experiments to be compatible with their tools.}, language = {en}, number = {10}, urldate = {2025-04-09}, journal = {PLOS ONE}, author = {Dryden, Michael D. M. and Wheeler, Aaron R.}, month = oct, year = {2015}, note = {182 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Public Library of Science}, keywords = {Computer hardware, Computer software, Electrical circuits, Electrochemical cells, Electrode potentials, Measurement, Open source software, Voltammetry}, pages = {e0140349}, } @article{dojcinovicCavitationResistanceMaterial2023, title = {Cavitation {Resistance} of the {Material} {PA} 3200 {GF} {Produced} by {Selective} {Laser} {Sintering}}, volume = {55}, issn = {0350820X (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85174002586&doi=10.2298%2fSOS220522011D&partnerID=40&md5=2f9c403173180a46ebcc36686d80ffdc}, doi = {10.2298/SOS220522011D}, abstract = {The present study focuses on the results of cavitation resistance research of samples obtained by the Selective Laser Sintering technology. The samples were made from polyamide powder reinforced with glass beads – PA 3200 GF. The laser-sintered samples were produced from 100\% new and recycled powder mixed with 70\% of new powder. The samples were tested under cavitation conditions using an ultrasonic vibration method with a stationary sample according to the ASTM G32 standard. Examination of the morphology of cavitation damage was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The change in mass loss during different cavitation times was measured on the tested samples. The main objective of the research was to determine the validity of the application of the tested material in cavitation conditions. © 2023 Authors.}, language = {English}, number = {3}, journal = {Science of Sintering}, author = {Dojčinović, M.B. and Cekić, O.A.E. and Svetel, I. and Ćirić-Kostić, S.M. and Bogojević, N.M.}, year = {2023}, note = {0 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: International Institute for the Science of Sintering (IISS)}, keywords = {Cavitation rate, Morphology, PA 3200 GF, Polyamide powder, Selective laser sintering}, pages = {321--329}, } @article{dingStructureCavitationErosion2018, title = {Structure and cavitation erosion behavior of {HVOF} sprayed multi-dimensional {WC}–{10Co4Cr} coating}, volume = {28}, issn = {10036326}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1003632618646813}, doi = {10.1016/S1003-6326(18)64681-3}, abstract = {A new kind of multi-dimensional WC−10Co4Cr coating which is composed of nano, submicron, micron WC grains and CoCr alloy, was developed by high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spraying. Porosity, microhardness, fracture toughness and cavitation erosion resistance of the multi-dimensional coating were investigated in comparison with the bimodal and nanostructured WC−10Co4Cr coatings. Moreover, the cavitation erosion behavior and mechanism of the multi-dimensional coating were explored. Results show that HVOF sprayed multi-dimensional WC−10Co4Cr coating possesses low porosity (≤0.32\%) and high fracture toughness without obvious nano WC decarburization during spraying. Furthermore, it is discovered that the multi-dimensional WC−10Co4Cr coating exhibits the best cavitation erosion resistance which is enhanced by approximately 28\% and 34\%, respectively, compared with the nanostructured and bimodal coatings in fresh water. The superior cavitation resistance of multi-dimensional WC−10Co4Cr coating may originate from the unique micro−nano structure and excellent properties, which can effectively obstruct the formation and propagation of cavitation erosion cracks.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-10-12}, journal = {Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China}, author = {Ding, Xiang and Cheng, Xu-dong and Yu, Xiang and Li, Chao and Yuan, Cheng-qing and Ding, Zhang-xiong}, month = mar, year = {2018}, note = {35 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {WC–10Co4Cr, cavitation erosion, high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spraying, microstructure, multi-dimensional coating}, pages = {487--494}, } @article{dingStelliteAlloyMixture2017, title = {Stellite alloy mixture hardfacing via laser cladding for control valve seat sealing surfaces}, volume = {329}, issn = {0257-8972}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0257897217309040}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.09.018}, abstract = {A Stellite alloy mixture hardfacing consisting of 70\% Stellite 3 and 30\% Stellite 21, is created via laser cladding for control valve seat sealing surfaces, aiming at enhancing hardness and wear resistance compared with Stellite 6, and improving cracking in laser cladding compared with Stellite 3. The Stellite alloy mixture hardfacing is made on 316 stainless steel substrate and does not show any cracking in liquid penetrant testing. The microstructure of the hardfacing is analyzed using SEM, EDS and XRD. The hardness, dry sliding wear resistance, cavitation-erosion resistance in NaOH solution and corrosion resistance in morpholine solution at pH9.5 to simulate the amine environment of boiler feedwater service in power generation plants, are evaluated. The Stellite 6 hardfacing prepared with the same laser process parameters is also analyzed and tested under the same conditions for comparison. The experimental results and real industrial test demonstrate superior performance of the Stellite alloy mixture hardfacing to the Stellite 6 hardfacing for control valve seat sealing application.}, urldate = {2025-02-04}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Ding, Yinping and Liu, Rong and Yao, Jianhua and Zhang, Qunli and Wang, Liang}, month = nov, year = {2017}, note = {63 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cavitation-erosion, Dry-sliding wear, Electrochemical corrosion, Hardfacing via laser cladding, Stellite alloy}, pages = {97--108}, } @article{dingEffectsSurfaceTreatment2020, title = {Effects of {Surface} {Treatment} on the {Cavitation} {Erosion}–{Corrosion} {Performance} of 17-{4PH} {Stainless} {Steel} in {Sodium} {Chloride} {Solution}}, volume = {29}, issn = {1544-1024}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-020-04773-2}, doi = {10.1007/s11665-020-04773-2}, abstract = {Two different surface treatments are applied on 17-4PH stainless steel with laser techniques to improve mechanical properties and cavitation erosion–corrosion resistance. One involves laser precipitation hardening and the other implements laser cladding of Stellite 6 powder. The mechanical properties of the laser-treated surfaces are determined using nanoindentation test, and the cavitation erosion behavior of 17-4PH stainless steel with the laser-treated surface is investigated in 3.5 wt.\% NaCl solution. The eroded surfaces are studied using SEM, and the depth data of the pits generated in the specimen surface are fitted into the extreme value analysis model to predict the maximum pit depth that may occur in the material surface with a given service life. Untreated 17-4PH stainless steel is also tested under the same conditions for comparison. It is shown that both surface treatments improve the mechanical and cavitation erosion–corrosion performance of 17-4PH stainless steel and laser cladding Stellite 6 treatment is even better.}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2025-02-04}, journal = {Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance}, author = {Ding, Y. P. and Yao, J. H. and Liu, R. and Wang, L. and Zhang, Q. L. and Sheng, J. J. and Xue, C. G.}, month = apr, year = {2020}, note = {4 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {17-4PH stainless steel, cavitation erosion–corrosion, laser surface treatment, mechanical properties, nanoindentation}, pages = {2687--2696}, } @article{dingEffectsMicrostructureStress2018, title = {Effects of microstructure on the stress corrosion cracking behavior of nickel-aluminum bronze alloy in 3.5\% {NaCl} solution}, volume = {733}, issn = {0921-5093}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921509318309882}, doi = {10.1016/j.msea.2018.07.066}, abstract = {This work addresses the susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking in 3.5\% NaCl solution (simulating seawater) of three differently obtained microstructures of a nickel-aluminum bronze alloy using slow strain rate tensile tests. The results showed that the stress corrosion cracking susceptibility of annealed and normalized alloys increased with the decrease of the strain rate as the metal became more severely corroded and dissolved at the crack tips. The continuous or semi-continuous α + κⅢ eutectoid structure is sensitive to stress corrosion cracking, resulting in the highest susceptibility of annealed alloy. The thin and overlapped Widmanstatten α grain hinders extension of the cracks and thus decreases the stress corrosion cracking susceptibility of normalized alloy to some degree. The quenched/aged alloy with homogeneous microstructure without α + κⅢ eutectoid structure and the β’ phase exhibits the lowest susceptibility. The stress corrosion cracking process of nickel-aluminum bronze alloys was revealed and is properly explained by the oxide film rupture and anodic dissolution mechanism as well as the hydrogen induced cracking mechanism.}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Materials Science and Engineering: A}, author = {Ding, Yang and Lv, Yuting and Chen, Kai and Zhao, Bingjie and Han, Yuanfei and Wang, Liqiang and Lu, Weijie}, month = aug, year = {2018}, note = {41 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Microstructure, Nickel–aluminum bronze, Stress corrosion cracking}, pages = {361--373}, } @article{dingCavitationErosionResistance2021, title = {Cavitation erosion resistance of {316L} stainless steel fabricated using selective laser melting}, volume = {9}, issn = {2223-7690, 2223-7704}, url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s40544-020-0443-7}, doi = {10.1007/s40544-020-0443-7}, abstract = {Abstract Cavitation erosion degrades the performance and reliability of hydraulic machinery. Selective laser melting (SLM) is a type of metal additive manufacturing technology that can fabricate metal parts directly and provide lightweight design in various industrial applications. However, the cavitation erosion behaviors of SLM-fabricated parts have rarely been studied. In this study, SLM 316L stainless steel samples were fabricated via SLM technology considering the scanning strategy, scanning speed, laser power, and build orientation. The effect of the process parameters on the cavitation erosion resistance of the SLM-fabricated 316L stainless steel samples was illustrated using an ultrasonic vibratory cavitation system. The mass loss and surface topography were employed to evaluate the surface cavitation damage of the SLM-fabricated 316L stainless steel samples after the cavitation test. The cavitation damage mechanism of the SLM-fabricated samples was discussed. The results show that the degree of cavitation damage of the sample fabricated via SLM with a few defects, anisotropic build direction, and columnar microstructure is significantly decreased. Defects such as pores, which are attributed to low laser power and high scanning speed, may severely aggravate the cavitation damage of the SLM-fabricated samples. The sample fabricated via SLM with a low laser power and exposure time exhibited the highest porosity and poor cavitation erosion resistance. The cellular structures are more prone to cavitation damage compared with the columnar structures. A sample with a high density of grain boundaries will severely suffer cavitation damage.}, language = {en}, number = {6}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Friction}, author = {Ding, Hongqin and Tang, Qing and Zhu, Yi and Zhang, Chao and Yang, Huayong}, month = dec, year = {2021}, note = {21 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {1580--1598}, } @article{devillierslovelockPowderProcessingStructure1998, title = {Powder/{Processing}/{Structure} {Relationships} in {WC}-{Co} {Thermal} {Spray} {Coatings}: {A} {Review} of the {Published} {Literature}}, volume = {7}, issn = {10599630 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0032163879&doi=10.1361%2f105996398770350846&partnerID=40&md5=5781e63c4194456931e4deff4b97a7b8}, doi = {10.1361/105996398770350846}, abstract = {Thermally sprayed coatings based on tungsten carbide are widely used but not yet fully understood, particularly with regard to the chemical, microstructural, and phase changes that occur during spraying and their influence on properties such as wear resistance. The available literature on thermally sprayed WC-Co coatings is considerable, but it is generally difficult to synthesize all of the findings to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the subject. This is due to the many different starting powders, spray system types, spray parameters, and other variables that influence the coating structures and cause difficulties when comparing results from different workers. The purpose of this review is to identify broad trends in the powder/processing/structure relationships of WC-Co coatings, classified according to powder type and spray method. Detailed comparisons of coating microstructures, powder phase compositions and coating phase compositions as reported by different researchers are given in tabular form and discussed. The emphasis is on the phase changes that occur during spraying. This review concerns only WC-12\%Co and WC-17\%Co coatings, and contrasts the coatings obtained from the cast and crushed, sintered and crushed, and agglomerated and densified powder types. Properties such as hardness, wear, or corrosion resistance are not reviewed here.}, language = {English}, number = {3}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {De Villiers Lovelock, H.L.}, year = {1998}, note = {39 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: ASM International}, keywords = {Agglomeration, Casting, Cermets, Coating properties, Cobalt, Crushing, Densification, Feedstock morphology, Literature survey, Microstructure, Morphology, Phase composition, Phase transitions, Sintering, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spraying, Tungsten carbide, WC-Co coatings}, pages = {357--373}, } @article{devillierslovelockCharacterisationWC12CoThermal1998, title = {Characterisation of {WC}-{12Co} thermal spray powders and {HPHVof} wear resistant coatings}, volume = {41}, issn = {00325899 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-1542674344&doi=10.1179%2fpom.1998.41.4.292&partnerID=40&md5=a96641a0cac37a8adc702c9e8c587028}, doi = {10.1179/pom.1998.41.4.292}, abstract = {Fourteen commonly used, commercially available, WC-12Co thermal spray powders were characterised in terms of their particle size distribution, surface morphology, cross-sectional morphology, and phase composition. Based on the results, four powders were selected for the deposition of thermal spray coatings using the JP 5000 high pressure high velocity oxyfuel (HPHVOF) system. Dry sand rubber wheel abrasion tests were performed on the coatings in order to determine the effect of powder manufacturing method on the wear rates. The coating produced using the cast and crushed powder did not deposit well and wore through very rapidly. The abrasion tests on the remaining coatings showed that the other two powder manufacturing routes are essentially equivalent in terms of the resultant coating wear resistance.}, language = {English}, number = {4}, journal = {Powder Metallurgy}, author = {De Villiers Lovelock, H.L. and Kinds, J. and Young, P.M.}, year = {1998}, note = {11 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: IOM Communications Ltd.}, pages = {XIII--XIV}, } @article{desaiEffectCarbideSize1984, title = {Effect of carbide size on the abrasion of cobalt-base powder metallurgy alloys}, volume = {94}, issn = {0043-1648}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0043164884901686}, doi = {10.1016/0043-1648(84)90168-6}, abstract = {A study of the effect of carbide size on the abrasion resistance of two cobalt-base powder metallurgy alloys, alloys 6 and 19, was conducted using low stress abrasion with a relatively hard abrasive, A12O3. Specimens of each alloy were produced with different carbide sizes but with a constant carbide volume fraction. The wear test results show a monotonie decrease in wear rate with increasing carbide size. Scanning electron microscopy of the worn surfaces and of wear debris particles shows that the primary material removal mechanism is micromachining. Small carbides provide little resistance to micromachining because of the fact that many of them are contained entirely in the volume of micromachining chips. The large carbides must be directly cut by the abrasive particles. Other less frequently observed material removal mechanisms included direct carbide pull-out and the formation of large pits in fine carbide specimens. These processes are considered secondary in the present work, but they may have greater importance in wear by relatively soft abrasives which do not cut chips from the carbide phase of these alloys. Some indication of this is provided by limited studies using a relatively soft abrasive, rounded quartz.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-11-17}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Desai, V. M. and Rao, C. M. and Kosel, T. H. and Fiore, N. F.}, month = feb, year = {1984}, note = {59 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cavitation, Cavitation equipment, Damage measurement, Instrumentation, Sodium}, pages = {89--101}, } @article{derosaUsePVDFAcoustic2010, title = {Use of {PVDF} as acoustic emission sensor for in situ monitoring of mechanical behaviour of glass/epoxy laminates}, volume = {29}, issn = {0142-9418}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014294181000070X}, doi = {10.1016/j.polymertesting.2010.04.006}, abstract = {Structural health monitoring (SHM) and in situ monitoring of structural integrity are of primary importance in many engineering fields such as automotive, aerospace and complex civil structures. Furthermore, the ever growing use of composite materials has raised the need for reliable and cost-effective health monitoring systems. This work presents an experimental investigation of a piezopolymeric based in situ damage detection technique based on acoustic emission (AE) with poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) sensors as AE sensors. These sensors have been surface-mounted and embedded in glass/epoxy laminates and used to monitor the laminates while being subjected to three types of loading, namely tension, three-point bending and post-impact three-point bending. A parametric off-line analysis of signals detected and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis allowed assessing the ability of PVDFs to monitor the damage growth and development in these laminates. The results confirm that PVDFs can be applied in real time monitoring studies of composite laminates.}, number = {6}, urldate = {2025-03-02}, journal = {Polymer Testing}, author = {De Rosa, Igor Maria and Sarasini, Fabrizio}, month = sep, year = {2010}, note = {63 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Acoustic emission, Mechanical characterization, Poly(vinylidene fluoride), Polymer matrix composites}, pages = {749--758}, } @article{depaulaTeachingStudentsHow2018, title = {Teaching {Students} {How} {To} {Troubleshoot}, {Repair}, and {Maintain} {Magnetic} {Stirring} {Hot} {Plates} {Using} {Low}-{Cost} {Parts} or {Repurposed} {Materials}}, volume = {95}, issn = {0021-9584}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.8b00267}, doi = {10.1021/acs.jchemed.8b00267}, abstract = {Considering the large number of magnetic stirring hot plates that are damaged or unused in chemical laboratories, this Technology Report presents guidelines for students to be able to diagnose problems, and repair and maintain magnetic stirring hot plates using common and low-cost parts, or even repurposed materials. In addition, this paper presents a control board for stirring or heating with a circuit that uses the triode for alternating current BTA08, as well as various suggestions for refurbishing, maintaining, and replacing parts. Guidelines are provided for diagnosing equipment and conducting a cost analysis to determine the economic viability of proposed maintenance and repair approaches.}, number = {11}, urldate = {2025-01-15}, journal = {Journal of Chemical Education}, author = {de Paula, Lucas F. and Ruggiero, Reinaldo}, month = nov, year = {2018}, note = {3 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: American Chemical Society}, pages = {2050--2054}, } @article{deoliveiraNitridingEffectHVAF2023, title = {Nitriding {Effect} on {HVAF} {FeMnCrSi} {Coating}}, volume = {32}, issn = {1059-9630, 1544-1016}, url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11666-023-01557-7}, doi = {10.1007/s11666-023-01557-7}, language = {en}, number = {2-3}, urldate = {2024-10-12}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {De Oliveira, Willian Rafael and Mayer, Andre Renan and De Souza, Gelson Biscaia and Fals, Hipólito Domingo Carvajal and Pukasiewicz, Anderson Geraldo Marenda}, month = mar, year = {2023}, note = {4 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {737--750}, } @article{demirciHighTemperatureSolid2021, title = {High temperature solid particle erosion comparison of atmospheric plasma sprayed {MCrAlY} coatings}, volume = {9}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85111159477&doi=10.1088%2f2051-672X%2fac1048&partnerID=40&md5=ff83b53988c7e1055e8c52fe739fc8f2}, doi = {10.1088/2051-672X/ac1048}, abstract = {Two different protective MCrAlY (NiCrAlY and NiCoCrAlY) coatings were obtained using the Atmospheric Plasma Spray (APS) method on the Inconel 718 substrate. It is aimed to inspect the rate of erosion and increase working life in last stage components of gas turbines, turbine blades and vanes. Because of the nature of exhaust, they are exposed the high temperature solid particle erosion. The High Temperature Solid Particle Erosion (HTSPE) test rig, which was specially designed and manufactured in accordance with the internationally accepted standard of ASTM G211-14, was used in the experiments. The experiments were conducted with three different air temperatures (room temperature, 300 °C and 600 °C), three different erosive particle impact angles (30°, 60° and 90°), constant particle impact velocity (∼97 m s-1) and particle size (400 μm Al2O3). SEM images, XRD analysis, EDX mapping and EDX element analysis were used to characterize the coatings. The erosion resistance results were interpreted with respect to the porosity values, hardness and surface roughness measurements of the coatings in details. As a result of the experiments, MCrAlY coatings showed ductile material behaviour compatible with erosion wear, and the cobalt element added to the coating structure contributed positively to increasing erosion resistance. © 2021 IOP Publishing Ltd.}, number = {3}, journal = {Surface Topography: Metrology and Properties}, author = {Demirci, M. and Bagci, M.}, year = {2021}, note = {3 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {APS, Air, Alumina, Aluminum alloys, Aluminum metallography, Aluminum oxide, Atmospheric plasma spray, Atmospheric plasmas, Atmospheric temperature, Chromium alloys, Chromium metallography, Coating structures, Cobalt alloys, Cobalt metallography, Ductile materials, Element analysis, Erosion, Erosion resistance, MCrAlY coatings, Nickel metallography, Particle impact velocities, Particle size, Particle size analysis, Plasma jets, Plasma spraying, Solid particle erosion, Sprayed coatings, Surface roughness, Turbomachine blades, Yttrium alloys, Yttrium metallography, high temperature, solid particle erosion, surface analysis, thermal spray coatings}, } @article{demedeiroscastroLaserRemeltingWCCoCr2021, title = {Laser remelting of {WC}-{CoCr} surface coated by {HVOF}: {Effect} on the tribological properties and energy efficiency}, volume = {427}, issn = {0257-8972}, shorttitle = {Laser remelting of {WC}-{CoCr} surface coated by {HVOF}}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S025789722101015X}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2021.127841}, abstract = {In this article, the tribological behavior and energy efficiency of surfaces coated with WC-CoCr/HVOF were evaluated after a laser remelting process, using low and high laser energy densities, respectively, 33.3 and 150 J/mm2. The purpose of laser remelting was to adequately modify the microstructure of the coatings and promote better performance during surface sliding. Therefore, the microstructure, phase composition and microhardness of the coatings were investigated, and heat effect on the substrate. During dry and lubricated tribological tests, friction coefficient (COF), wear, and surface roughness also were evaluated. In the dry tests, friction, wear and heat dissipation energies were obtained, which were then correlated with the energy consumed by the tribometer. A HEPR-type biodegradable oil was used in the lubricated tests. The proper formation of W2C and Co3W3C, obtained for the lower energy density, increased the hardness, without weakening the material, while the CrC phase acted as an anti-wear barrier. Whereas for the high energy density, thermal decomposition produced fragile phases, which were easily removed from the matrix during the wear test. The sample tested in as-sprayed condition had a high adhesion and friction compared to the remelted samples. On the remelted surfaces, greater friction stability was obtained. The lower dry friction was not linked to the lower power consumption, a result which was then attributed to the higher heat dissipation from the surface during the tests. Finally, this study proposes a methodology for quantifying the efficiency of sliding surfaces and points to a sustainable solution for tribology.}, urldate = {2024-07-10}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {de Medeiros Castro, Richard and Mercado Curi, Elvys Isaías and Feltrim Inacio, Luiz Fernando and da Silva Rocha, Alexandre and Pereira, Milton and Gomes Nunes Silva, Rafael and de Souza Pinto Pereira, Adriano}, month = dec, year = {2021}, note = {16 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Energy efficiency, Friction, Green tribology, HVOF, Laser remelting, WC-CoCr}, pages = {127841}, } @article{delimaSigmaPhaseInfluence2021, title = {Sigma phase influence on cavitation damage in aisi 309l austenitic stainless steel weld repair}, volume = {26}, issn = {01049224 (ISSN)}, shorttitle = {Influência da fase sigma na resistência à cavitação em solda de reparo de aço inoxidável austenítico aisi 309l}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85121097583&doi=10.1590%2f0104-9224%2fSI26.11&partnerID=40&md5=2eacfe1208c84cd91ce95794d94f5818}, doi = {10.1590/0104-9224/SI26.11}, abstract = {Welding repair of cavitation damage in hydraulic turbine runners can be carried out using 309L austenitic stainless steel. Thermal cycles produced by the subsequent passes as well as the stress relief heat treatment after welding induce sigma phase precipitation in the weld microstructure. In this work results of cavitation tests performed according to the ASTM G32-10 standard obtained in weld deposits of AISI 309L steel, with and without sigma phase resulting from heat treatments, are presented. Cavitation test revealed that sigma phase caused a 78\% reduction in the incubation period and a 30\% increase in the maximum erosion rate compared to the material without this phase. It is inferred that the reduction in the incubation period would, in principle, be related to differences in mechanical properties between the sigma phase and the austenitic matrix. On the other hand, it was found that the maximum erosion rate would be the result of the presence of the sigma phase, which promoted a reduction in the toughness of the material. © 2021, University Federal de Uberlandia. All rights reserved.}, language = {Portuguese}, journal = {Soldagem e Inspecao}, author = {de Lima, I.R. and Brunatto, S.F. and Henke, S.L.}, year = {2021}, note = {1 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: University Federal de Uberlandia}, keywords = {\% reductions, Austenitic stainless steel, Austenitic stainless steel welds, Cavitation, Cavitation damage, Erosion, Erosion rates, Heat treatment, Incubation periods, Sigma phase, Sigma-phase precipitation, Stress relief, Turbine runner, Weld repairs, Welding, Welding repairs, Welds}, } @article{dejunWearBehaviorsHVOF2017, title = {Wear behaviors of {HVOF} sprayed {WC}-{12Co} coatings by laser remelting under lubricated condition}, volume = {89}, issn = {0030-3992}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0030399216308453}, doi = {10.1016/j.optlastec.2016.09.043}, abstract = {A HVOF (high velocity oxygen fuel) sprayed WC-12Co coating was remelted with a CO2 laser. The surface-interface morphologies and phases were analyzed by means of SEM (scanning electron microscopy), and XRD (X-ray diffraction), respectively. The friction and wear behaviors of WC-12Co coating under the dry and lubricated conditions were investigated with a wear test. The morphologies and distributions of chemical elements on worn scar were analyzed with a SEM, and its configured EDS (energy diffusive spectrometer), respectively, and the effects of lubricated condition on COFs (coefficient of friction) and wear performance were also discussed. The results show that the adhesion between the coating and the substrate is stronger after laser remetling (LR), in which mechanical bonding, accompanying with metallurgical bonding, was found. At the load of 80N, the average COF under the dry and lubricated friction conditions is 0.069, and 0.052, respectively, the latter lowers by 23.3\% than the former, and the wear rate under the lubricated condition decreases by 302.3\% than that under the dry condition. The wear mechanism under the dry and lubrication conditions is primarily composed of abrasive wear, cracking, and fatigue failure.}, urldate = {2024-07-10}, journal = {Optics \& Laser Technology}, author = {Dejun, Kong and Tianyuan, Sheng}, month = mar, year = {2017}, note = {40 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Dry friction, Friction and wear, High velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF), Laser remelting (LR), Lubricated friction, WC-12Co coating}, pages = {86--91}, } @article{deesomFabricationPropertiesNiCr2016, title = {Fabrication and properties of {NiCr}/{CNTs} nanocomposite coatings prepared by {High} {Velocity} {Oxy}-{Fuel} {Spraying}}, volume = {306}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84979651407&doi=10.1016%2fj.surfcoat.2016.06.016&partnerID=40&md5=26742fe0d2940c1d2d3ead2f5e5ae7ef}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2016.06.016}, abstract = {Nickel-Chromium (NiCr)/CNTs composite coatings were deposited onto mild steel substrates by High Velocity Oxy–Fuel Spraying (HVOF). The composite powder feedstock was prepared by: (1) mixing by ball milling NiCr powder with 0, 0.5, 1 wt\% CNTs for 48 h: (2) growing carbon nanotubes on NiCr powder using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique at 650 °C for 60 min under ethanol atmosphere. The microstructure of NiCr-CNTs powder was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Chemical compositions of the different powders were studied using X-ray Diffractometry (XRD) and Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) techniques. Porosity and Vickers hardness of the coatings were also measured. Sliding wear tests were carried out using a pin-on-disk apparatus. Dense coatings which contained mainly Nickel phase could be achieved. Thickness of the coatings was about 300–350 μm with a similar \% porosity of 0.49–1.01 vol\%. Vickers hardness tests show that the hardness of Nickel-Chromium/CVDCNTs was 20\% higher than that of a pure Nickel-Chromium coating leading to a better wear resistance. Polarization test showed that carbon nanotubes could improve the corrosion resistance of the coating. The main objectives of this study are to prepare the NiCr/CNTs composite feedstock powders and also to evaluate the properties of HVOF coatings from those powders. © 2016 Elsevier B.V.}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Deesom, D. and Charoenrut, K. and Moonngam, S. and Banjongprasert, C.}, year = {2016}, note = {19 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Ball milling, Carbon, Carbon nanotubes, Carbon steel, Chemical vapor deposition, Chemical vapor depositions (CVD), Chromium, Composite coatings, Corrosion resistance, Energy dispersive X ray spectroscopy, Energy dispersive spectroscopy, Feedstocks, Fuels, HVOF thermal spraying, High velocity oxy-fuel spraying, Mild steel substrates, Nano-composite coating, Nanocomposite, Nanocomposites, Nanotubes, Nickel, Nickel chromium, Nickel coatings, Nickel-Chromium, Porosity, Powders, Scanning electron microscopy, Sprayed coatings, Surface technology, Thermal spray coating, Thermal spray coatings, Transmission electron microscopy, Vickers hardness, Vickers hardness testing, Wear resistance, X ray diffraction analysis, X ray spectroscopy, Yarn}, pages = {240--244}, } @article{dasilvaCoatingWeldCavitation2022, title = {Coating weld cavitation erosion resistance using austenitic stainless steel and cobalt alloys deposited by {GMAW} and {CW}-{GMAW}}, volume = {44}, issn = {16785878 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85141051409&doi=10.1007%2fs40430-022-03845-9&partnerID=40&md5=1060c355781b8a1e3937d1f805b5a9c0}, doi = {10.1007/s40430-022-03845-9}, abstract = {The repair processes more utilized in hydraulic turbines are welding, the Cold-Wire-Gas Metal Arc Welding (CW-GMAW) process, which adds a non-energized wire to the welding pool and presents an advantageous proposal to the conventional welding techniques. This work evaluates the coating weld cavitation erosion resistance of the austenitic stainless steel (309LSi) and cobalt alloys (Stellites 21 (CoCrMo) and Stellite 6 alloys (CoCrW)) deposited by GMAW and CW-GMAW on a carbon steel substrate with one buttery layer 309LSi. Cavitation erosive laboratory tests were conducted according to the ASTM G32-92 standard. Wear evaluation was made via mass loss. Cavitation erosion resistance was correlated with the phase characterization analysis using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and chemical composition by optical emission spectrometry. It was found that the coatings presented good weldability, without discontinuities or defects, and had a good surface finish, indicating that the CW-GMAW process can reduce the cost of production. Austenitic alloys presented two phases, with the presence of ferrite spines or laths in the austenitic matrix. For the cobalt alloys, interdendritic and grain boundary carbides were founded in the dendrite form. The microhardness values were by the type of alloy used, with those of 309LSi with values close to or 200 HV, while for the Stellite 21 and Stellite 6 alloys these values reach approximately 300 HV and 350 HV, respectively. Cobalt alloys showed a decrease of approximately 90\% of rates and accumulated mass losses with better cavitation resistance performance compared to 309LSi austenitic alloys. Aiming to reduce the cobalt content in the coating, the alloys manufactured using CW-GMAW with Stellite 21 and 309LSi (as cold wire) and with Stellite 6 and 309LSi (as cold wire) showed good cavitation resistance performance at similar levels of roughness and hardness when compared to Stellites 21 and Stellite 6 coatings manufactured using the conventional GMAW process. This research has great potential for turbine repairs and coating applications, and the novelty is the CW-GMAW process usage for development of formulation and deposition of new alloys from commercial wires relating the resistance to erosion by cavitation. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to The Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering.}, language = {English}, number = {11}, journal = {Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering}, author = {da Silva, F.G. and Braga, E.M. and Ferraresi, V.A. and Ferreira Filho, D.}, year = {2022}, note = {0 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH}, keywords = {Arc welding process, Austenite, Austenitic alloys, Austenitic stainless steel, CW-GMAW, Carbides, Cavitation, Cavitation resistance, Cavitation-erosion resistance, Chemical analysis, Chromium alloys, Chromium steel, Coating, Coatings, Cobalt, Cobalt alloys, Cold wire, Cold-wire-gas metal arc welding, Erosion, GMAW, Gas metal arc welding, Gas metal-arc welding, Gas welding, Grain boundaries, Hydraulic motors, Mass loss, Microstructure, Optical emission spectroscopy, Performance, Probes, Scanning electron microscopy, Speed, Stellite 6 alloys, Ternary alloys, Welds, Wire}, } @article{das.severoCavitationErosionResistance2019, title = {Cavitation erosion resistance enhancement of martensitic stainless steel via low-temperature plasma carburizing}, volume = {428-429}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85063112894&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2019.03.009&partnerID=40&md5=ec592d7ddf82f6551f26b0bdc33299cb}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2019.03.009}, abstract = {This work presents the potential of low-temperature plasma carburizing treatments for improving the cavitation erosion resistance of martensitic stainless steel (MSS). As-hardened AISI 420 MSS samples were treated via dc plasma carburizing at 450 °C for 12 h. The cavitation erosion behaviors were compared with that of an untreated steel sample tempered at 220 °C for 1 h. Cavitation erosion tests were performed with an ultrasonic vibratory apparatus in accordance with the ASTM G32-10 standard. The nominal incubation period of the carburized samples was approximately three times higher than that of the untreated sample (23 h versus 7.8 h, respectively). The cavitation erosion behavior was discussed in terms of mechanical surface properties (hardness (H) and elastic modulus (E)) obtained via the nanoindentation technique and respective H/E, H2/E, and H3/E2 ratios. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, journal = {Wear}, author = {da S. Severo, F. and Scheuer, C.J. and Cardoso, R.P. and Brunatto, S.F.}, year = {2019}, note = {39 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {AISI 420 martensitic stainless steel, Aisi 420 martensitic stainless steels, Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation erosion, Cavitation erosion resistance, DC plasma, Erosion, Incubation periods, Low temperature plasmas, Low-temperature plasma carburizing, Martensitic stainless steel, Mechanical surface, Nanoindentation techniques, Satellites, Steel samples, Surface treatment, Temperature, Ultrasonic applications}, pages = {162--166}, } @article{dallaireHardArcsprayedCoating2001, title = {Hard arc-sprayed coating with enhanced erosion and abrasion wear resistance}, volume = {10}, issn = {10599630 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0035441065&doi=10.1361%2f105996301770349295&partnerID=40&md5=ca5fdd9cc15b84ab40968103205dc552}, doi = {10.1361/105996301770349295}, abstract = {A cored wire formulation, referred to as Alpha 1800, has been developed to produce tailored arc-sprayed coatings that are tough enough to resist particle impacts at 90° and sufficiently hard to deflect eroding particles at low impact angles. One millimeter thick coatings composed of ductile and hard phases with a Knoop hardness reaching 1800 kg/mm2 were easily produced by arc spraying the cored wire with air. Coatings were (1) erosion tested at 25°C and higher temperatures at impact angles of 25 and 90° in a gas-blast erosion rig, (2) slurry erosion tested at impact angles of 25 and 90°, and (3) abrasion wear tested using the ASTM G-65 test procedure. Results show that coatings produced with the new cored wire are at least 5 times more erosion resistant and 10 times more abrasion resistant than coatings produced by arc spraying commercial cored wires. The performance of the new arc-sprayed coating can be compared with that of high-energy WC-based coatings. Maintaining their erosion resistance after being exposed to temperatures up to 850°C and possessing good oxidation resistance, arc-sprayed coatings produced with the new cored wire are attractive for applications in many industrial sectors involving high temperatures.}, language = {English}, number = {3}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {Dallaire, S.}, year = {2001}, note = {32 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Abrasion, Abrasion wear resistance, Arc spraying, Bond strength (materials), Cored wire, Corrosion resistance, Erosion, Hard arc sprayed coating, Hard facing, Hardness, High temperature, Knoop hardness, Materials testing, Performance, Slurry erosion, Sprayed coatings, Temperature, Thermodynamic stability, Wear resistance}, pages = {511--519}, } @article{dacruzEffectColdWork2016, title = {Effect of cold work on cavitation resistance of an austenitic stainless steel coating}, volume = {19}, issn = {15161439 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84989948275&doi=10.1590%2f1980-5373-MR-2015-0442&partnerID=40&md5=4a6a66d213c44422ff85aad97c700fb0}, doi = {10.1590/1980-5373-MR-2015-0442}, abstract = {Machining procedures of welding deposits are usual and result on cold work hardened surfaces. The cold work effect on cavitation erosion of an austenitic stainless steel surface is assessed. FeCrMnSiB coatings were processed by PTA on AISI 304 plates. Specimens were grouped as the cold work deformed surface (CWHS) and the undeformed polished surface (UPS) specimens. Top surface and transverse section of coatings were analysed for slip lines and hardness changes by light microscopy and Vickers microhardness measurements. Ultrasonic cavitation tests were conducted in accordance to ASTM G32-10. CWHS specimens exhibited slip lines and hardened surfaces while UPS specimens did not show traces of slip lines and had insignificant changes on microhardness. Cold work prior to cavitation indirectly increased the nominal incubation time and reduced the maximum erosion rate. Cold work increases the duration of the acceleration period postponing the onset of the maximum erosion rate and enhancing cavitation resistance.}, language = {English}, number = {5}, journal = {Materials Research}, author = {Da Cruz, J.R. and Henke, S.L. and D'Oliveira, A.S.C.M.}, year = {2016}, note = {10 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos}, keywords = {Acceleration period, Austenitic stainless, Austenitic stainless steel, Austenitic stainless steel coatings, Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation erosion, Cavitation resistance, Coatings, Cold work deformation, Cold work hardening, Cold working, Erosion, Fe-Cr-Mn-Si austenitic stainless steel, Hardening, Incubation period, Incubation periods, Incubation time, Manganese, Microhardness, Nominal incubation time, Plastic deformation, Stainless steel, Strain hardening, Ultrasonic cavitation, Ultrasonic testing, Vickers microhardness}, pages = {1033--1041}, } @article{cottamRoleMicrostructuralCharacteristics2014, title = {The role of microstructural characteristics in the cavitation erosion behaviour of laser melted and laser processed {Nickel}–{Aluminium} {Bronze}}, volume = {317}, issn = {0043-1648}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043164814001495}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2014.05.002}, abstract = {In this study two types of laser surface treatment, laser surface melting and laser processing, were used to treat the surface of as cast Nickel–Aluminium Bronze. The two treatments were then subjected to cavitation erosion testing and were compared against as-cast Nickel–Aluminium Bronze. While the cavitation performance of the two types of laser surface treatment was equivalent, the morphology of the eroded surfaces was different. Several materials characterisation techniques including neutron diffraction for residual stress measurements and SEM were used to explain why the two eroded surfaces were different. It was found that the tensile residual stresses in the laser melted sample weakened the sample, which negated its superior strength when compared with the laser processed sample. It was also observed that the erosion and pitting in the laser melted sample were deeper and they were attributed to the tensile residual stresses accelerating the attack at grain boundaries.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Cottam, R. and Luzin, V. and Moody, H. and Edwards, D. and Majumdar, A. and Wong, Y. C. and Wang, J. and Brandt, M.}, month = sep, year = {2014}, note = {42 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cavitation erosion, Neutron diffraction, Nickel–Aluminium Bronze, Residual stress}, pages = {56--63}, } @article{correaWearMechanismsEpoxybased2011a, title = {Wear mechanisms of epoxy-based composite coatings submitted to cavitation}, volume = {271}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79960677615&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2011.01.088&partnerID=40&md5=3efe12ea73d5013f845eeadea3dc46bd}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2011.01.088}, abstract = {Many hydraulic components are exposed to severe conditions such as high speed slurry and cavitation erosion, where the mechanical properties of the material in which they are manufactured, as well as the hydrodynamic profile of the components are crucial factors. These conditions are responsible for high maintenance and stoppage costs and seriously affect the reliability of power generation. In this work, coatings based on epoxy resins were applied onto stainless and plain carbon steel plates and their suitability to protect against cavitation erosion was evaluated. The cavitation erosion resistance was measured according to ASTM G32 standard in an ultrasonic cavitometer with an indirect-type sample positioning setup. The analysis of the microstructure and the worn surfaces of the samples showed that pores, matrix-reinforcement interfaces and cracks acted as nucleation sites for cavitation. The coatings presented good cavitation resistance based on incubation time measurements, but those that lasted longer showed 2 acceleration periods instead of the ordinary S-shaped time-variation curve typical of many metallic materials, which was mainly attributed to adhesion problems. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, number = {9-10}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Correa, C.E. and García, G.L. and García, A.N. and Bejarano, W. and Guzmán, A.A. and Toro, A.}, year = {2011}, note = {28 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Adhesion problem, Carbon steel, Cavitation, Cavitation erosion resistance, Cavitation resistance, Coatings, Composite coatings, Epoxy resin, Epoxy resins, Erosion, Hydraulic components, Mechanical properties, Metallic material, Nucleation sites, Plain carbon steels, S-shaped, Stainless steel, Synthetic resins, Time variations, Tribology, Wear mechanisms, Wear protection, Worn surface}, pages = {2274--2279}, } @article{cocksCreepFractureCoupled1982, title = {Creep fracture by coupled power-law creep and diffusion under multiaxial stress}, volume = {16}, issn = {0306-3453}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1179/msc.1982.16.10.465}, doi = {10.1179/msc.1982.16.10.465}, abstract = {Creep fracture by coupled diffusion and power-law creep is analysed, using approximate methods, both for uniaxial tension and for axial tension plus a superimposed hydrostatic tension. Over a wide range of stress and temperature voids grow predominantly by diffusion when they are small and by power-law creep when they are large, so that the time to fracture is determined by a contribution from each mechanism. A change of temperature, stress, or stress state changes the relative contribution of each mechanism. The equations for void growth are integrated to give both the times and strains to fracture.}, number = {10}, urldate = {2024-07-12}, journal = {Metal Science}, author = {Cocks, A. C. F. and Ashby, M. F.}, month = oct, year = {1982}, note = {84 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Taylor \& Francis \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1179/msc.1982.16.10.465}, pages = {465--474}, } @article{chunImprovementSurfaceProperties2015, title = {Improvement of {Surface} {Properties} of {Inconel718} by {HVOF} {Coating} with {WC}-{Metal} {Powder} and by {Laser} {Heat} {Treatment} of the {Coating}}, volume = {2015}, issn = {16878434 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84938149081&doi=10.1155%2f2015%2f468120&partnerID=40&md5=7d970ca922da8ddd695ded7a65c1fa89}, doi = {10.1155/2015/468120}, abstract = {High-velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF) thermal spray coating with WC-metal powder was carried out by using optimal coating process on an Inconel718 surface for improvement of the surface properties, friction, wear, and corrosion resistance. Binder metals such as Cr and Ni were completely melted and WC was decomposed partially to W2C and graphite during the high temperature (up to 3500°C) thermal spraying. The melted metals were bonded with WC and other carbides and were formed as WC-metal coating. The graphite and excessively sprayed oxygen formed carbon oxide gases, and these gases formed porous coating by evolution of the gases. The surface properties were improved by HVOF coating and were improved further by CO2 laser heat treatment (LH). Wear resistance of In718 surface was improved by coating and LH at 25°C and an elevated temperature of 450°C, resulting in reduction of wear trace traces, and was further improved by LH of the coating in reducing wear depth. Corrosion resistance due to coating in sea water was improved by LH. HVOF coating of WC-metal powder on a metal surface and a LH of the coating were highly recommended for the improvement of In718 surface properties, the friction behavior, and wear resistance. © 2015 Hui Gon Chun et al.}, language = {English}, journal = {Advances in Materials Science and Engineering}, author = {Chun, H.G. and Cho, T.Y. and Yoon, J.H. and Lee, G.H.}, year = {2015}, note = {5 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Hindawi Publishing Corporation}, keywords = {Carbides, Carbon, Coating process, Corrosion, Corrosion resistance, Elevated temperature, Friction, Friction behavior, Graphite, HVOF thermal spraying, Heat treatment, High temperature, High velocity oxygen fuel thermal sprays, Ionization of gases, Metal fuels, Metal surfaces, Metals, Porous coatings, Powder metals, Reducing wear, Seawater, Sprayed coatings, Surface properties, Surface resistance, Thermal spraying, Tungsten carbide, Wear resistance}, } @article{chunImprovementFlowabilityFine2021, title = {Improvement of the flowability of fine yttrium oxide powders by microwave oxygen plasma and evaluation of the dense coating layer}, volume = {47}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85105367907&doi=10.1016%2fj.ceramint.2021.03.065&partnerID=40&md5=be895b7de164bd872038844a1027b4d9}, doi = {10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.03.065}, abstract = {Ceramic powders such as yttrium oxide and aluminum oxide have been extensively used to coat the inner walls and components of chambers used in semiconductor fabrication processes. Fine powders are used to form a dense coating layer by techniques such as thermal spray coating. However, fine powders exhibit strong cohesive forces due to surface roughness and interparticle van der Waals forces. This results in low flowability, a nonuniform powder feed, and nonuniform coatings. Microwave O2 plasma is proposed to improve the flowability of fine Y2O3 powder for a uniform powder supply in the spray coating process. Microwave O2 plasma flames produce a high temperature with active oxygen species at atmospheric pressure. The active oxygen species of plasma are incorporated into the lattice of powder particles, electrically stabilizing the powder, decreasing the static electricity, and reducing interparticle van der Waals forces. In addition, the surface of the fine powder is melted and smoothed by the high temperature of the microwave plasma, so that the powder acts as a dry lubricant. The processed powder was employed to coat a surface using atmospheric thermal spray coating, and the coating was characterized in comparison to a coating produced using commercial powder. The plasma-treated powder produced a coating with higher density and strength and lower porosity and surface roughness. The plasma-treated powder has a high flowability of 2.38 g s−1 and an apparent density of 2.07 g cm−1. Accordingly, the coating layer has a higher adhesion strength of 8.75 MPa and hardness of 651 HV0.3. In addition, its surface roughness of 0.9 μm and porosity of 0.2\% are lower than those of a commercial sample. © 2021 The Authors}, number = {12}, journal = {Ceramics International}, author = {Chun, S.M. and Park, S.M. and Yang, G.W. and Shin, D.H. and Moon, H.S. and Hong, Y.C. and Moon, S.Y.}, year = {2021}, note = {5 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Alumina, Aluminum coatings, Aluminum oxide, Atmospheric pressure, Compressive strength, Dense coating, Dense coating layer, Fine powders, Flowability, Interparticles, Ionization of gases, Microwave O2 plasma, Microwaves, Oxygen, Porosity, Powders, Surface roughness, Surface treatment, Thermal spray coatings, Van der Waals forces, Van der waals' forces, Yttrium oxide, Yttrium oxide powder, flowability, microwave O2 plasma}, pages = {17476--17486}, } @article{chungErosioncorrosionBehaviourSteels2021, title = {Erosion-corrosion behaviour of steels used in slurry pipelines}, volume = {477}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85103124540&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2021.203771&partnerID=40&md5=88da6728eee95e6a6d9855b3434e8738}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2021.203771}, abstract = {The regular replacement and maintenance of steel pipes used to transport the slurry processed in oil sands mining and extraction represent a major expense for oil sands operations. Erosion-corrosion tests reveal that the performance of the steels is strongly influenced by the slurry velocity, which affects the severity of the erosion-corrosion synergy. In this study, the erosion-corrosion behavior of API 5L X65, X70, and X80 steels was assessed at two different slurry velocities (3.5 and 5 m/s) and two different aeration levels or dissolved oxygen (DO) levels (0.6 and 3.8 ppm). Results of the tests were compared to those of an ASTM A1053 Gr.50 dual-phase (DP) stainless steel and AR400 hard plate. The tests were performed at 60 °C in sand-containing slurry (20\% vol. silica) with 500 ppm chloride, which replicated common field conditions. Characterization of the steels was carried out with optical and scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry, x-ray diffraction technique, micro-mechanical probe, and electrochemical testing. The results showed that at the DO level of 3.8 ppm, the DP stainless steel featured the highest erosion-corrosion resistance at the slurry velocity of 3.5 m/s, while its performance was inferior to that of the carbon steels as the slurry velocity was increased to 5.5 m/s. At the lower DO level, the DP stainless steel erosion resistance was relatively similar to the carbon steels but deteriorated as slurry velocity was increased. Possible mechanisms responsible for the observed variations in the erosion-corrosion resistance under the testing conditions are analyzed and discussed. © 2021}, language = {English}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Chung, R.J. and Jiang, J. and Pang, C. and Yu, B. and Eadie, R. and Li, D.Y.}, year = {2021}, note = {28 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {Chlorine compounds, Corrosion, Corrosion resistance, Corrosive effects, Dissolved oxygen, Dissolved oxygen levels, Dual-phase stainless steel, Erosion, Erosion-corrosion, Erosion-corrosion behavior, Erosion-corrosion resistance, Oil sands, Oil sands mining, Performance, Pipeline corrosion, Pipelines, Sand extraction, Scanning electron microscopy, Silica, Silica sand, Slurry, Slurry erosion, Slurry velocities, Steel corrosion, Velocity}, } @article{chungErosioncorrosionBehaviourHigh2023, title = {Erosion-corrosion behaviour of high manganese steel used in slurry pipelines}, volume = {530-531}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85161681854&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2023.204885&partnerID=40&md5=334c5c2da981d96e24a04f3e8e2f1ca2}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2023.204885}, abstract = {The regular replacement and maintenance of steel pipes used to transport slurry in oil sands mining and extraction continue to represent a major expense for oil sands operations. Pipeline steels such as API 5 L X65 and X70 are the main materials for the slurry transport system. In our previous work, dual-phase stainless steel showed excellent performance in aeriated (high dissolved oxygen) slurries operated at low to moderate velocities involving erosion-corrosion. However, the benefits of using stainless steel diminish as the oxygen in slurry is depleted or at higher slurry velocities at which mechanical properties, particularly deformation energy or strain-hardening capability, of the steel become more dominant. This article reports our recent studies on erosion-corrosion of high manganese steel at different slurry velocities (3.5 m/s and 5.5 m/s) and different dissolved oxygen levels (0.6 ppm and 3.8 ppm). The erosion-corrosion tests were performed at 60 °C in sand-containing slurry (20\% vol. silica) with 500 ppm chloride, which simulated common field situation. Characterization of the steel was carried out with optical and scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry, x-ray diffraction technique, micro-mechanical probe, and electrochemical testing. The performance of the high manganese steel was compared to those of API 5 L pipeline steels commonly used in slurry transport, ASTM A1053 Gr.50 dual-phase ferritic-martensitic stainless steel, and AR400 martensitic hard plate. Results of this investigation demonstrate how the high strain-hardening capability of the high manganese steel produces an outstanding erosion resistance, which is more than two times as high as those of ferritic steels. The results are compared to those obtained through field trials performed in an oil sands coarse tailings pipeline. © 2023}, language = {English}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Chung, R.J. and Pang, C. and Yu, B. and Eadie, R. and Li, D.Y.}, year = {2023}, note = {11 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {Chlorine compounds, Corrosion, Corrosive effects, Dissolved oxygen, Erosion, Erosion-corrosion, Erosion-corrosion behavior, Ferrite, Hardening capability, High manganese, High manganese steel, High-manganese steels, Oil fields, Oil sands, Performance, Petroleum transportation, Pipeline corrosion, Pipeline steel, Pipelines, Scanning electron microscopy, Silica, Silica sand, Slurry, Slurry erosion, Slurry velocities, Steel corrosion, Steel pipe, Strain, Strain hardening}, } @article{chuehHighFluxSolarDrivenThermochemical2010, title = {High-{Flux} {Solar}-{Driven} {Thermochemical} {Dissociation} of {CO2} and {H2O} {Using} {Nonstoichiometric} {Ceria}}, copyright = {Copyright © 2010, American Association for the Advancement of Science}, url = {https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.1197834}, doi = {10.1126/science.1197834}, abstract = {Solar heating of ceric oxide enables a cycle for conversion of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide or water to hydrogen.}, language = {EN}, urldate = {2022-01-15}, journal = {Science}, author = {Chueh, William C. and Falter, Christoph and Abbott, Mandy and Scipio, Danien and Furler, Philipp and Haile, Sossina M. and Steinfeld, Aldo}, month = dec, year = {2010}, note = {1326 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science}, } @article{choSurfacePropertiesTensile2009, title = {Surface properties and tensile bond strength of {HVOF} thermal spray coatings of {WC}-{Co} powder onto the surface of {420J2} steel and the bond coats of {Ni}, {NiCr}, and {Ni}/{NiCr}}, volume = {203}, issn = {02578972 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-67349264867&doi=10.1016%2fj.surfcoat.2009.04.003&partnerID=40&md5=ad1327e82340c98ba5d251630d89e69f}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2009.04.003}, abstract = {Micron-sized WC-Co powder (powder) was coated onto an 420J2 steel substrate and the bond coats (BCs) of Ni, NiCr, and Ni/NiCr using high-velocity oxy-fuel thermal spraying to study the surface properties, friction behavior, and tensile bond strength of the WC-Co coating (WC-Co) on the 420J2 substrate (sub) and the BCs of Ni, NiCr, and Ni/NiCr. During the spray coating, a small portion of WC decomposed to the less-hard W2C, W, and free carbon above its decomposition temperature of 1250 °C, decreasing hardness and increasing porosity. The surface hardness of 1120 ± 100 Hv (10,980 ± 980 MPa) depended strongly on the spray parameters. It was three to four times harder than metals and alloys, but less than one-half the hardness of binder-less pure WC (2400 Hv). Free carbon reacted with the sprayed oxygen gas and formed carbon oxide gases, resulting in a coating of 4.3 ± 1.0\% porosity. The friction coefficient of the coating increased about 17\% with increasing surface temperature: 0.65 ± 0.03 at 25 °C to 0.76 ± 0.06 at 500 °C because of the increased local cold-welding of the asperities at the higher temperature of 500 °C. Sub/WC-Co, sub/Ni/WC-Co, sub/NiCr/WC-Co, and sub/Ni/NiCr/WC-Co had tensile bond strengths of 9600 ± 300 psi (66.2 ± 3.4 MPa), 6300 ± 200 psi, 6000 ± 200 psi, and 7500 ± 200 psi, respectively. The fracture locations of all coatings were at interfaces with the WC-Co coating, indicating that the adhesion of the WC/Co inside coating was higher than 9600 ± 500 psi and that the adhesion of WC-Co on the substrate (9600 ± 500 psi) was much higher than the adhesion on the BCs. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {20-21}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Cho, T.Y. and Yoon, J.H. and Cho, J.Y. and Joo, Y.K. and Kang, J.H. and Zhang, S. and Chun, H.G. and Hwang, S.Y. and Kwon, S.C.}, year = {2009}, note = {36 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Adhesion, Bond coat, Bond coats, Bond strength (materials), Carbon oxide, Decomposition temperature, Fracture, Fracture location, Free carbon, Friction, Friction behavior, Friction coefficients, HVOF thermal spray, Hardness, High velocity oxy-fuel, Higher temperatures, Inorganic coatings, Location, Metallurgy, Metals and alloys, Nickel, Oxygen, Oxygen gas, Powder coatings, Powder metals, Spray coating, Spray parameters, Steel, Steel research, Steel substrate, Substrates, Surface hardness, Surface properties, Surface temperatures, Tensile bond strength, Thermal barrier coatings, Thermal spraying, Trace analysis, Tungsten alloys, Tungsten carbide, WC-Co coating}, pages = {3250--3253}, } @inproceedings{choStudyPropertiesFriction2009, title = {A study on the properties, friction, wear and adhesion of {HVOF} thermal spray coating of micron size co-alloy powder}, volume = {75}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-72549094165&doi=10.4028%2fwww.scientific.net%2fAMR.75.19&partnerID=40&md5=3a8f2db2ab1fb3a7a6ab4bffd71a5548}, doi = {10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.75.19}, abstract = {High velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) thermal spray coating of micron size (μ) T800 powder has been studied for the durability improvement of sliding machine components. The optimal coating process (OCP), surface properties, friction, wear behavior and adhesion of HVOF T800 coating have been investigated. The temperature dependence of friction coefficient and wear behavior have been studied at 25° C and at an elevated temperature 538° C (1,000° F) for the study of the temperature effects on FC and wear behaviors of the coating and for the application on high speed air bearing spindle which operates with no lubricants. The OCP was determined from the best surface properties of the 16 OCP searching coatings designed by the Taguchi experimental program of four spray parameters with three levels: a hydrogen flow rate (FR) of 38-42 FMR (1 FMR=12scfh=9.44×10-5 m/s), oxygen FR of 65-70 FMR and feed rate of 30 g/min, and a spray distance of 5 inch. Hardness, roughness and porosity observed from the 16 coatings were 560-640 Hv (5488-6272 MPa), 2.2-3.0 μm and 0.01-0.04\% respectively. Friction coefficient (FC) decreased from 5.5-7.0 to 4.8-6.0 with increasing the sliding surface temperature from 25° C to 538° C because of the higher lubrication effect of Co oxide debris at the higher temperature. Wear trace of the coating and counter sliding SUS 304 surface decreased to more than a half with increasing the sliding surface temperature from 25° C to 538° C. Tensile bond strength (TBS) and tensile fracture location (TFL) of Ti64 / T800 were 8,770 psi (60.5 MPa) and near the middle of the coating respectively. Bond coat NiCr did not influence on the TBS of the coating. The adhesion between Ti64 substrate and T800 coating (Ti64/T800) was stronger than the cohesion strength 8,770 psi (60.5 MPa) of T800 coating. These showed that Ti64/T800 coating was recommendable for durability improvement coating on high speed spindle of Ti64. © (2009) Trans Tech Publications.}, author = {Cho, T.Y. and Yoon, J.H. and Song, K.O. and Joo, Y.K. and Cho, J.Y. and Kang, J.H. and Zhang, S. and Chun, H.G. and Kwon, S.C.}, year = {2009}, note = {2 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Adhesion, Adhesion coatings, Air bearing spindles, Alloy powder, Atmospheric temperature, Bond coats, Coating, Coating process, Cohesion strength, Debris, Durability, Durability improvement, Elevated temperature, Experimental program, Feed-rates, Ferromagnetic resonance, Fracture, Fracture location, Friction, Friction coefficients, HVOF thermal spray, High velocity oxygen fuel thermal sprays, High-speed spindle, Higher temperatures, Hydrogen flow rate, Lubrication effect, Micron size, Open circuit voltage, Oxygen, Powder, Shafts (machine components), Sliding surface, Spray distances, Spray parameters, Sprayed coatings, Surface properties, Taguchi, Temperature dependence, Temperature effects, Tensile bond strength, Tensile fractures, Tensile strength, Thermal spraying, Trace analysis, Tribology, Wear, Wear behaviors, Wear of materials, Wear trace}, pages = {19--24}, } @article{choStudyHVOFCoating2014, title = {A study on {HVOF} coating of {WC}-metal powder on super alloy {In718} of magnetic bearing shaft material of turbo-blower}, volume = {15}, issn = {22347593 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84905182359&doi=10.1007%2fs12541-014-0494-7&partnerID=40&md5=b39ac0ae2df31358e91ae290881c8bee}, doi = {10.1007/s12541-014-0494-7}, abstract = {HVOF thermal spray coating of micron-sized WC-metal powder onto Inconel718 surface was carried out for the durability improvement of magnetic shaft of turbo-blower. Porous coating of porosity 2.2±0.4\% was formed, but the surface properties were improved, such as surface hardness from 400±10 Hv (In718) to 1250±50 Hv (coating), friction coefficient from 0.46±0.06 to 0.32±0.04 at surface temperature 25°C and from 0.38±0.04 to 0.28±0.04 at surface temperature 450°C. Wear resistance improved decreasing the wear trace by coating. Corrosion resistance improved by coating in 3.5\% NaCl solution (sea water) and in acid, but it worsened in base. The coating was CO2 laser heat-treated for further improvement of the properties of the coating. By laser heating of 0.6 second with power density 20 W/mm2, coating thickness was decreased, porosity decreased more than five times from 2.2±0.4\% to 0.4±0.1\%, the surface hardness increased to 1830±100 Hv the interface (coating/substrate) was compacted, and elements diffused from both coating and substrate inconel718 to interface, forming metal rich buffer zone(interface) and enhancing the adhesion of coating. For the improvement of durability of the magnetic shaft, HVOF WC-metal power coating and laser heat-treatment are recommended. © 2014 Korean Society for Precision Engineering and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.}, language = {English}, number = {7}, journal = {International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing}, author = {Cho, T.Y. and Chun, H.G. and Joo, Y.K. and Yoon, J.H.}, year = {2014}, note = {0 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: SpringerOpen}, keywords = {3.5\% nacl solutions, Atmospheric temperature, Carbon dioxide lasers, Coating, Coating thickness, Coatings, Corrosion resistance, Corrosion resistant coatings, Durability, Durability improvement, Friction, Friction coefficients, HVOF thermal spraying, Hardness, Heat treatment, Magnetic bearings, Magnetism, Metals, Porosity, Porous coatings, Powder, Powder metals, Powders, Seawater corrosion, Sodium chloride, Sprayed coatings, Superalloys, Surface, Surface hardness, Surface properties, Surface temperatures, Surfaces, Thermal spray coatings, Thickness measurement, Wear, Wear of materials, Wear resistance}, pages = {1479--1484}, } @article{choiScalingCavitationErosion2012, title = {Scaling of cavitation erosion progression with cavitation intensity and cavitation source}, volume = {278-279}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84862780155&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2012.01.008&partnerID=40&md5=eb989d7126d28ca90fa40f3ab6c2bddd}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2012.01.008}, abstract = {A simple mathematical expression is presented to describe cavitation mean depth of erosion versus time for cavitating jets and ultrasonic cavitation. Following normalization with a characteristic time, t *, which occurs at 75\% of the time of maximum rate of erosion, and a corresponding material characteristic mean erosion depth, h *, the normalized erosion depth is related to the normalized time by h̄=1-e-t̄2+e-1t̄1.2. This was obtained by conducting systematic erosion progression tests on several materials and varying erosion field intensities. Both a modified ASTM-G32 method and Dynaflow's cavitating jets techniques were used and the jet pressures were varied between 1000 and 7000psi. The characteristic parameters were obtained for the different configurations and the correlation was found to be very good, exceeding an R 2 of 0.988 for all cases. Relationships between these parameters and the jet pressure were obtained and resemble familiar trends presented in the literature for mass loss. The study allowed a comparative evaluation and ranking of the various materials with the two accelerated erosion testing methods used. While several materials ranked the same way with the different erosion intensities and testing method, the relative ranking of erosion resistance of some materials was seen to be dependent on the cavitation intensity. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Choi, J.-K. and Jayaprakash, A. and Chahine, G.L.}, year = {2012}, note = {68 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cavitating jet, Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation erosion, Cavitation intensity, Characteristic parameter, Characteristic time, Comparative evaluations, Dynaflow, Erosion, Erosion depth, Erosion intensity, Erosion modeling, Erosion resistance, Erosion testing, Field intensity, Jet pressures, Mass loss, Material characteristics, Materials, Materials testing, Mathematical expressions, Mean depth of erosions, Non-ferrous metals, Relative rankings, Steel, Testing method, Ultrasonic cavitation}, pages = {53--61}, } @article{choiOverviewDroneApplications2023, title = {An {Overview} of {Drone} {Applications} in the {Construction} {Industry}}, volume = {7}, copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/}, issn = {2504-446X}, url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2504-446X/7/8/515}, doi = {10.3390/drones7080515}, abstract = {The integration of drones in the construction industry has ushered in a new era of efficiency, accuracy, and safety throughout the various phases of construction projects. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the applications of drones in the construction industry, focusing on their utilization in the design, construction, and maintenance phases. The differences between the three different types of drones are discussed at the beginning of the paper where the overview of the drone applications in construction industry is then described. Overall, the integration of drones in the construction industry has yielded transformative advancements across all phases of construction projects. As technology continues to advance, drones are expected to play an increasingly critical role in shaping the future of the construction industry.}, language = {en}, number = {8}, urldate = {2024-10-29}, journal = {Drones}, author = {Choi, Hee-Wook and Kim, Hyung-Jin and Kim, Sung-Keun and Na, Wongi S.}, month = aug, year = {2023}, note = {53 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Number: 8 Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute}, keywords = {aerial inspections, drone application, smart construction, structure maintenance, unmanned aerial vehicle}, pages = {515}, } @article{choiIndentationMetallicCermet2009, title = {Indentation of metallic and cermet thermal spray coatings}, volume = {18}, issn = {10599630 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-59849113182&doi=10.1007%2fs11666-008-9247-4&partnerID=40&md5=dbab9318eb46474f3fac577ec692d976}, doi = {10.1007/s11666-008-9247-4}, abstract = {Indentation methods are presented by which the elastic and inelastic stress-strain characteristics of metallic thermal spray (TS) coatings on substrates may be extracted. The methods are based on existing techniques for brittle solids, and adapted for the finite geometry associated with coatings. Basic assumptions and derivations are given, along with guidelines for experimental measurement. Using these, indentation inelastic stress-strain curves are generated for NiCrAlY and Ni-Al bondcoats, as well as WC-Co cermet coatings. Elastic moduli are extracted for CoNiCrAlY coatings. Results are briefly discussed in the context of the effect of feedstock material, process and post-process heat treatment on the intrinsic properties of splats as well as their in-coating cohesion. The methods presented are attractive, particularly for the TS industry, due to the minimal specimen preparation and lack of intricate equipment required for measurement. © SM International 2008.}, language = {English}, number = {1}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {Choi, W.B. and Prchlik, L. and Sampath, S. and Gouldstone, A.}, year = {2009}, note = {18 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Adhesion, Bondcoat, Cermets, Coatings, Cohesion, Elastic moduli, Indentation testing, Inelastic, Modulus, Specimen preparation, Stress-strain curves, Thermal spraying, Tungsten carbide}, pages = {58--64}, } @article{choiAerodynamicsHeavyVehicles2014, title = {Aerodynamics of {Heavy} {Vehicles}}, volume = {46}, issn = {0066-4189, 1545-4479}, url = {https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-fluid-011212-140616}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-fluid-011212-140616}, abstract = {We present an overview of the aerodynamics of heavy vehicles, such as tractor-trailers, high-speed trains, and buses. We introduce three-dimensional flow structures around simplified model vehicles and heavy vehicles and discuss the flow-control devices used for drag reduction. Finally, we suggest important unsteady flow structures to investigate for the enhancement of aerodynamic performance and future directions for experimental and numerical approaches.}, language = {en}, number = {Volume 46, 2014}, urldate = {2024-07-08}, journal = {Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics}, author = {Choi, Haecheon and Lee, Jungil and Park, Hyungmin}, month = jan, year = {2014}, note = {177 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Annual Reviews}, pages = {441--468}, } @article{choEffectsHVOFCoating2009, title = {The effects of {HVOF} coating of {WC}-{CrC}-{Ni} powder on {In718} and of {CO} 2 laser heat treatment on the coating}, volume = {54}, issn = {03744884 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-64549089733&doi=10.3938%2fjkps.54.1100&partnerID=40&md5=67446f4837bf88b1018da208b4a768b0}, doi = {10.3938/jkps.54.1100}, abstract = {High-velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF) thermal-spray coating (coating) of micron-sized WC-CrC-Ni was carried out on an Inconel718 (In718) surface to improve the surface properties, friction and wear behaviors. During the spraying, binder metals were melted and a small portion of metal carbides, such as WC, Cr 7C 3 and Ni 3C, were melted, partially melted, or decomposed to W 2C, Cr, Ni and free carbon. A porous coating was formed by the evolution of carbon oxide gases formed by the reaction of the free carbon and the sprayed oxygen gas. For further improvement, a CO 2 laser heat treatment (LH) was performed on the coating. Laser beam (10.6 μm, continuous mode, 400 W) irradiated an oval-shaped focal spot (5 mm × 4 mm) for 0.6 s at a scanning speed 400 mm/min, heating to about 950 - 1200 °C from the edge to the center of the spot. Laser tracks overlap each other 30 \%. The porous coating was compacted by the LH, reducing the coating thickness by about 29 \% from 280 μm to 200 μm and the porosity by about 7 times from 2.6 ± 0.4 \% to 0.35 ± 0.06 \%. The surface hardness of In718 (410 ± 30 Hv) was increased more than twice to 983 ± 101 Hv by the coating; furthermore, it was increased 45 \% (1425 ± 94 Hv) by LH for 0.6 s. The friction coefficient of the In718 surface (0.45 ± 0.08) was reduced 29 \% (0.32 ± 0.02) and 9 \% (0.29 ± 0.03) by the coating and by the LH, respectively. The wear depth was reduced from 52 μm to 30 μm and to 12 μm by the coating and by the LH, respectively. A HVOF coating of WC-CrC-Ni powder on a metal surface and a LH of the coating are highly recommended for improving the surface properties, the friction behavior and wear resistance.}, language = {English}, number = {3}, journal = {Journal of the Korean Physical Society}, author = {Cho, T.-Y. and Yoon, J.-H. and Joo, Y.-K. and Zhang, S. and Fang, W. and Kwon, S.C. and Chun, H.G. and Li, M.-X.}, year = {2009}, note = {10 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Coating, Friction coefficient, HVOF, Hardness, Laser heating, Porosity, Wear}, pages = {1100--1103}, } @article{chiuPreliminaryStudyCladding2005, title = {A preliminary study of cladding steel with {NiTi} by microwave-assisted brazing}, volume = {407}, issn = {0921-5093}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921509305007094}, doi = {10.1016/j.msea.2005.07.013}, abstract = {Nickel titanium (NiTi) plate of 1.2mm thickness was successfully clad on AISI 316L stainless steel substrate by a microwave-assisted brazing process. Brazing was conducted in a multimode microwave oven in air using a copper-based brazing material in tape form. The brazing material was melted in a few minutes by microwave-induced plasma initiated by conducting wires surrounding the brazing assembly. Metallographic study by scanning-electron microscopy (SEM) and compositional analysis by energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) of the brazed joint revealed metallurgical bonding formed via inter-diffusion between the brazing filler and the adjacent materials. A shear bonding strength in the range of 100–150MPa was recorded in shear tests of the brazed joint. SEM and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) analysis for the surface of as-received NiTi plate and NiTi cladding showed similar microstructure and phase composition. Nanoindentation tests also indicated that the superelastic properties of NiTi were essentially retained. The cavitation erosion resistance of the NiTi cladding was essentially the same as that of as-received NiTi plate, and higher than that obtained in laser or TIG (tungsten-inert gas) surfacing. The high resistance could be attributed to avoidance of dilution and defect formation in the NiTi clad since the cladding did not undergo melting and solidification in the brazing process. Electrochemical tests also recorded similar corrosion resistance in both as-received NiTi and NiTi cladding. Thus, the present study indicates that microwave-assisted brazing is a simple, economical, and feasible process for cladding NiTi on 316L stainless steel for enhancing cavitation erosion resistance.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Materials Science and Engineering: A}, author = {Chiu, K. Y. and Cheng, F. T. and Man, H. C.}, month = oct, year = {2005}, note = {32 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {AISI 316L stainless steel, Brazing, Cavitation erosion, Corrosion, Microwave-induced plasma, NiTi}, pages = {273--281}, } @article{chikarakaraSurfaceModificationHVOF2010, title = {Surface modification of {HVOF} thermal sprayed {WC}–{CoCr} coatings by laser treatment}, volume = {3}, issn = {1960-6214}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12289-010-0891-0}, doi = {10.1007/s12289-010-0891-0}, abstract = {In this work the affects of laser characteristics on microstructure and microhardness of high velocity oxygen fuel sprayed (HVOF) WC–CoCr coatings were investigated. The coating was deposited with a Sulzer Metco WokaJet™-400 kerosene fuel and the laser surface treatments were applied using CO2 laser with 10.6 μm wavelength. Large variations in surface properties were produced from variation in the laser processing parameters. In total, four levels of peak power (100, 200, 300 and 350 W), four levels of spot diameter (0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 1 mm) and three levels of pulse repetition frequency (PRF) were investigated. An initial set of tests were followed by a more detailed 33 factorial design of experiments. Pulse repetition frequency and duty cycle were set in order to maintain the same overlap in the x and y directions for the raster scanned sample spot impact dimensions. Overlaps of 30\% were used in the initial tests and 10\% in the more detailed trials. The results have shown that care must be taken to keep the irradiance at a relatively low level compared to uncoated surfaces. High irradiance can in this case result in rough and porous surfaces. Lower levels of irradiance are shown to provide more uniform microstructures, reduced porosity and increased microhardness.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-07-10}, journal = {International Journal of Material Forming}, author = {Chikarakara, E. and Aqida, S. and Brabazon, D. and Naher, S. and Picas, J. A. and Punset, M. and Forn, A.}, month = apr, year = {2010}, note = {24 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Laser surface hardening, Thermal spraying, Tooling, WC-CoCr}, pages = {801--804}, } @article{chikarakaraCharacterisationLaserModified2011, title = {Characterisation of {Laser} {Modified} {WC}‐{CoCr} {Coatings}}, volume = {1353}, issn = {0094-243X}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3589661}, doi = {10.1063/1.3589661}, abstract = {In this work the affects of laser characteristics on surface morphology, microstructure, microhardness and wear rates of high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) WC‐CoCr coatings were investigated. Continuous and pulsed laser treatments were applied on the HVOF coatings using a CO2 laser of 10.6 μm wavelength. Continuous laser treatment significantly improved homogeneity of the coatings. Pulsed laser treatment produced significantly higher discontinuities compared to continuous mode. Microhardness increased by 45\% for continuous mode laser modified WC‐CoCr coatings. However, wear resistance deteriorated, with a notable 40\% increase in wear rate. The variations in coating properties were attributed to the re‐melting and rapid quenching of the CoCr bonding matrix allowing for WC redistribution.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-07-10}, journal = {AIP Conference Proceedings}, author = {Chikarakara, E. and Punset, M. and Picas, J. A. and Brabazon, D. and Naher, S.}, month = may, year = {2011}, note = {2 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {1087--1092}, } @article{chesnokovEffectMicrostructureCermet2019, title = {Effect of the {Microstructure} of {Cermet} {Powders} on the {Performance} {Characteristics} of {Thermal} {Spray} {Coatings}}, volume = {13}, issn = {10274510 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85071542485&doi=10.1134%2fS1027451019030248&partnerID=40&md5=4f31d68fc489bb0089eb35e520e62913}, doi = {10.1134/S1027451019030248}, abstract = {Abstract: Comparative analysis of the performance characteristics of thermal spray coatings, in particular, detonation coatings formed from commercial tungsten-carbide-based WC−Со (12 wt \%) powder (1342VM, Praxair, United States) and cermet TiC−Ме (19 vol \%) powder (Ме = NiCr, Co) obtained by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis followed by spheroidization in a plasma jet is performed. It is shown that carbide particles of the cermet powder with a size of greater than 3 µm have structural defects in the form of cracks and pores. Their appearance is explained phenomenologically. It is established that spheroidized particles inherit the internal microstructure. They are dense, whereas the porosity of tungsten carbide based WC−Со (12 wt \%) particles attains 40\%. The effect of the density of particles on the powder-deposition efficiency and the porosity of coatings is revealed. When a dense powder is sprayed, its deposition efficiency is decreased from 54 to 33\%, and the porosity of coatings increases from 0.4 to 1.78\%. The WC−Со (19 vol \%) coating has the best wear resistance due to the splinter shape of carbide particles with a size of nearly 1 µm. © 2019, Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.}, language = {English}, number = {4}, journal = {Journal of Surface Investigation}, author = {Chesnokov, A.E. and Smirnov, A.V. and Batraev, I.S.}, year = {2019}, note = {2 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Pleiades Publishing}, keywords = {Binary alloys, Cermets, Chromium alloys, Cobalt alloys, Deposition, Deposition efficiencies, Detonation, Detonation spraying, Effect of the microstructures, Efficiency, Electromagnetic wave propagation in plasma, Internal microstructure, Mechanical activation, Microhardness, Microstructure, Particle size analysis, Performance characteristics, Plasma jets, Plasma spheroidization, Porosity, Powder coatings, Self propagating high temperature synthesis, Sprayed coatings, Titanium carbide, Tungsten carbide, Wear of materials, Wear resistance, cermet materials, detonation spraying, mechanical activation, microhardness, plasma spheroidization, self-propagating high-temperature synthesis, wear resistance}, pages = {628--634}, } @article{cherninUltrasonicCavitationErosion2024, title = {Ultrasonic cavitation erosion of {CFRP} composites}, volume = {544-545}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85185297137&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2024.205300&partnerID=40&md5=88588e811685056e7164b44d1bb5a1cf}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2024.205300}, abstract = {To date, cavitation erosion of carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites has attracted only limited scientific attention. This paper investigates this knowledge gap through a series of experiments, in which unidirectional and bidirectional (2x2 twill) CFRP composites were exposed to cavitation clouds produced by an ultrasonic transducer in distilled water. Both composites were bonded with epoxy resin. Cavitation erosion tests were conducted according to the ASTM G32-16 standard using a stationary specimen method. The effect of water absorption on monitoring erosion damage was studied using saturated and dry specimens. Specimen mass loss measurements and microscopy observations were done at regular intervals throughout testing. Erosion imprint topographies were studied using X-ray computed microtomography. Three distinct erosion stages were identified from the erosion process observations. Nonuniformities in surface geometry and properties facilitated nucleation and accelerated local erosion. Surface epoxy thickness, fibre diameter and packing, and thickness and layup of fibre bundles influenced the erosion process. The erosion mechanisms included cracking and debonding of epoxy, and tunnelling and trenching in fibre bundles. Research findings indicated that the composite internal structure can potentially be designed for reduced water absorption and increased erosion resistance. Acoustic impedance was most efficient in predicting material response to cavitation erosion. © 2024 The Authors}, language = {English}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Chernin, L. and Guobys, R. and Vilnay, M.}, year = {2024}, note = {1 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {Carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites, Material properties, Surface analysis, Ultrasonic cavitation erosion, X-ray microtomography (Micro-CT)}, } @article{cherninFactorsAffectingProcedure2023, title = {Factors affecting the procedure for testing cavitation erosion of {GFRP} composites using an ultrasonic transducer}, volume = {530-531}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85165985087&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2023.205059&partnerID=40&md5=da3bd614ee93dc37e864de59d055cefd}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2023.205059}, abstract = {In many marine applications, glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites are exposed to adverse environmental effects including cavitation. Prolonged exposure to cavitation can damage GFRP composite surfaces that would eventually require repairing or replacing marine device components. This study initially investigates the deterioration of GFRP composite and its constituent materials (i.e., epoxy and glass) by cavitation erosion. The cavitation cloud is produced by an ultrasonic transducer, and cavitation erosion tests adhered to ASTM G32-16 standard. It is shown that the erosion process of GFRP composite has characteristics of both epoxy and glass. The second part of this study investigates the effect of several parameters associated with the experimental setup, testing procedure and material properties on ultrasonic cavitation erosion of GFRP composite. These parameters include gas content in testing liquid, type of specimen support, specimen water absorption, acoustic impedance, and tensile strength. It is reported that specimen edge treatment influenced water absorption, specimen preconditioning was important for accurate recording of erosion damage accumulation, acoustic impedance and tensile strength were directly correlated with erosion damage, while the cavitation erosion process of GFRP composite was mostly insensitive to gas content in testing liquid but was significantly affected by the type of specimen support. © 2023 The Authors}, language = {English}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Chernin, L. and Guobys, R. and Vilnay, M.}, year = {2023}, note = {4 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {Acoustic impedance, Cavitation, Deterioration, Epoxy, Erosion, Erosion damage, Erosion process, Experimental setup and procedure, Exposed to, Gas content, Glass fibers, Glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite, Glass-fiber reinforced polymer composites, Marine applications, Reinforcement, Specimen material properties, Specimen material property, Tensile strength, Tensile testing, Ultrasonic cavitation, Ultrasonic cavitation erosion, Ultrasonic transducers, Water absorption}, } @article{cherkasovMonitoringChemistrySitu2020, title = {Monitoring {Chemistry} {In} {Situ} with a {Smart} {Stirrer}: {A} {Magnetic} {Stirrer} {Bar} with an {Integrated} {Process} {Monitoring} {System}}, volume = {5}, shorttitle = {Monitoring {Chemistry} {In} {Situ} with a {Smart} {Stirrer}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.0c00720}, doi = {10.1021/acssensors.0c00720}, abstract = {Inspired by the miniaturization and efficiency of the sensors for telemetry, we have developed a device that provides the functionalities of laboratory magnetic stirring and integrated multisensor monitoring of various chemical reaction parameters. The device, called “Smart Stirrer”, when immersed in a solution, can in situ monitor physical properties of the chemical reaction such as the temperature, conductivity, visible spectrum, opaqueness, stirring rate, and viscosity. This data is transmitted real-time over a wireless connection to an external system, such as a PC or smartphone. The flexible open-source software architecture allows effortless programming of the operation parameters of the Smart Stirrer in accordance with the end-user needs. The concept of the Smart Stirrer device with an integrated process monitoring system has been demonstrated in a series of experiments showing its capability for many hours of continuous telemetry with fine accuracy and a high data rate. Such a device can be used in conventional research laboratories, industrial production lines, flow reactors, and others where it can log the state of the process to ensure repeatability and operational consistency.}, number = {8}, urldate = {2025-01-15}, journal = {ACS Sensors}, author = {Cherkasov, Nikolay and Baldwin, Samuel and Gibbons, Gregory J. and Isakov, Dmitry}, month = aug, year = {2020}, note = {7 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: American Chemical Society}, pages = {2497--2502}, } @article{chenUltrasonicHardnessMeasurements2011, title = {Ultrasonic and hardness measurements for ultrahigh pressure prepared {WB} ceramics}, volume = {29}, issn = {0263-4368}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263436810001800}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2010.12.006}, abstract = {The Vickers hardness of pressure synthesized WB compacts was measured using a diamond indentation method. Under the applied load of 4.9N, our test gave a maximum Vickers hardness of 30.1GPa for WB compacts. The hardness of WC-8wt.\% Co composites was also measured under the same load for comparison, which was found to be much lower than that of WB. The Young's modulus, bulk modulus, and shear modulus of WB and WC-8wt.\% Co were further investigated by ultrasonic measurements. The results suggest that WB might be a promising hard alloy material for industrial applications.}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-06-29}, journal = {International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials}, author = {Chen, Ying and He, Duanwei and Qin, Jiaqian and Kou, Zili and Bi, Yan}, month = mar, year = {2011}, note = {29 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Bulk modulus, Vickers hardness, WB ceramics}, pages = {329--331}, } @article{chenStructuralChangesPlasmasprayed1997, title = {Structural changes in plasma-sprayed {ZrO2} coatings after hot isostatic pressing}, volume = {293}, issn = {0040-6090}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040609096089092}, doi = {10.1016/S0040-6090(96)08909-2}, abstract = {Plasma-sprayed 8 wi. Y2O3 partially stabilized ZrO2 coatings were subjected to hot isostalic pressing (HIP) treatment. Changes in microstructure, composition and fracture mode were examined from the as-sprayed and hipped coalings by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and electron probe microanalysis. A dense and crack-less ZrO2, coaling can be achieved by applying HIP treatment. During HIP treatment, the non-transformable and high yttria content tetragonal phase experiences a certain degree of recrystallization, forming fine equiaxed grains. Because of sintering effects and subsequent inter-growth between lamellac and between splats, a metallurgical bonding is realized between then-, resulting in a fracture mode of the hipped coating as mainly trans-lamella or trans-splat. After HIP treatment, a thin layer of Al203, develops al the interface between the ZrO2 coating and the metallic inner layer of Ni-5 wt.\% Al alloy (bond coat). Because of obvious inter-diffusion between elements during HIP treatment, a wide transition layer is formed in the bond coat-substrate interface. The Kirkendall pores, formed in the bond coal neighboring the bond coat-transition layer interface and within the transition layer, as a result of two chemical species diffusing in opposite direction at different rates, can be partially closed up or reduced in size by applying HIP treatment.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-06-29}, journal = {Thin Solid Films}, author = {Chen, H. C. and Pfender, E. and Heberlein, J.}, month = jan, year = {1997}, note = {30 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Ceramics, Coatings, Plasma processing and deposition}, pages = {227--235}, } @article{chenMicroscaleAbrasiveWear2005, series = {Second {International} {Conference} on {Erosive} and {Abrasive} {Wear}}, title = {Micro-scale abrasive wear behaviour of {HVOF} sprayed and laser-remelted conventional and nanostructured {WC}–{Co} coatings}, volume = {258}, issn = {0043-1648}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043164804002418}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2004.09.044}, abstract = {WC–Co coatings were deposited by HVOF spraying from two different feedstock powders, one with a conventionally sized WC grains and one with nanoscale WC grains. The powder feedstock with nanoscale WC grains was employed in the light of published research, which pointed to enhancements in wear resistance associated with nanoscale structures in WC–Co materials. The coatings were subsequently laser remelted in an attempt to realize the benefits observed by other workers, namely a decrease in porosity and an increase in hardness. It was found that under conditions of micro-scale abrasion, the fine WC grain size in the nanostructured material resulted in rapid pullout of the hard phase and thus to high wear rates. Moreover, laser remelting resulted in a decrease in hardness of the coatings and to a corresponding increase in abrasive wear rate.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-07-10}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Chen, H. and Xu, C. and Zhou, Q. and Hutchings, I. M. and Shipway, P. H. and Liu, J.}, month = jan, year = {2005}, note = {82 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Abrasive wear, Cermet, Hardmetal, Micro-scale abrasion, Nanocomposite, Tungsten carbide}, pages = {333--338}, } @article{chenEffectNearElectricField3D2024, title = {Effect of {Near}-{Electric}-{Field} {3D} {Printing} on the β-{Phase} of {PVDF} {Thin} {Films}}, volume = {53}, issn = {1543-186X}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-023-10869-x}, doi = {10.1007/s11664-023-10869-x}, abstract = {High β-phase polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) thin films have excellent piezoelectricity and flexibility. They are widely used in wearable devices, hydroacoustic ultrasound, and energy harvesting. The preparation of PVDF thin films by near-electric-field 3D printing can be customized in shape, and the high β-phase can be obtained without stretching or polarization. In this work, the effects of polar solvent, printing voltage, and PVDF molecules on the β-phase content of PVDF thin films prepared by near-electric-field 3D printing were analyzed. The results show that the polarity of the solvent affects the molecular chain conformation of PVDF, which is favorable for the generation of the β-phase. With the increase of solvent polarity, the β-phase content in PVDF films increased from 21.40\% to 26.31\%. The mutual motion of the collecting plate and the needle will produce stronger mechanical traction on the PVDF fibers, which is due to the smaller diameter of the PVDF fibers caused by the high printing voltage. The joint action of this tensile force and the strong electric field attraction promotes the β-phase transition. When the printing voltage is 8 kV, the F(β) value of PVDF film is increased by 47.37\% over that without applied voltage. In addition, the interaction of small and large PVDF molecular weight will also result in mechanical deformation of the molecular chain and promote the β-phase transition.}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2025-03-02}, journal = {Journal of Electronic Materials}, author = {Chen, Caifeng and Liu, Kai and Zhong, Wuwen and Guo, Junhao and Tang, Xinting and Wang, Andong}, month = apr, year = {2024}, note = {3 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {3D printing, PVDF, electric field, thin film, β-phase}, pages = {2076--2083}, } @article{chenDeStripeFrequencybasedAlgorithm2011, title = {{DeStripe}: frequency-based algorithm for removing stripe noises from {AFM} images}, volume = {11}, issn = {1472-6807}, shorttitle = {{DeStripe}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6807-11-7}, doi = {10.1186/1472-6807-11-7}, abstract = {Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a relatively recently developed technique that shows a promising impact in the field of structural biology and biophysics. It has been used to image the molecular surface of membrane proteins at a lateral resolution of one nanometer or less. An immediate obstacle of characterizing surface features in AFM images is stripe noise. To better interpret structures at a sub-domain level, pre-processing of AFM images for removing stripe noises is necessary. Noise removal can be performed in either spatial or frequency domain. However, denoising processing in the frequency domain is a better solution for preserving edge sharpness.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-07-10}, journal = {BMC Structural Biology}, author = {Chen, Shu-wen W. and Pellequer, Jean-Luc}, month = feb, year = {2011}, note = {71 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Atomic Force Microscope, Atomic Force Microscope Image, Noise Image, Noisy Pixel, Topographic Measurement}, pages = {7}, } @article{chenCharacteristicsNanoParticles2009, title = {Characteristics of nano particles and their effect on the formation of nanostructures in air plasma spraying {WC}–{17Co} coating}, volume = {203}, issn = {0257-8972}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0257897208011031}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2008.12.023}, abstract = {WC–17Co nanostructured coating was prepared by means of air plasma spraying technology. Microstructures and compositions of the nano WC–Co powder and coating were analyzed using SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), and XRD (X-ray Diffraction), etc. The average grain size of the coating was measured using XRD. The mechanism of nanostructure formation and the properties of the nanostructured coating were investigated. The results show that the size of original particles is about 50–500 nm. Finer sub-particles of 2–5 nm are found to exist in the original particles. These sub-particles can act as crystallization nuclei and make the grains much finer during the plasma spraying process, which is beneficial to the formation of nanostructure in the coating. Both amorphous and nanostructured phases can be identified in the coating. The nanostructured coating is mainly composed of WC, W2C and some amorphous phases. The nanostructured WC–Co coating has a good mechanical property combination. Nanostructured coating possesses good combination properties of micro-hardness, fracture toughness and bonding strength.}, number = {13}, urldate = {2024-07-10}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Chen, Hui and Gou, Guoqing and Tu, Mingjing and Liu, Yan}, month = mar, year = {2009}, note = {42 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Mechanical properties, Nano-structure, Plasma spray, WC–Co coating}, pages = {1785--1789}, } @article{chenCavitationWearPlain2005, title = {Cavitation wear in plain bearing: {Case} study}, volume = {6}, issn = {2257-7777, 2257-7750}, shorttitle = {Cavitation wear in plain bearing}, url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/mechanics-and-industry/article/abs/cavitation-wear-in-plain-bearing-case-study/B9E7C6167239A1E9963FDA65E4A664CF}, doi = {10.1051/meca:2005020}, abstract = {Cavitation erosion is a current wear type in hydraulic turbines, on pump impellers, on ship propellers, valves, heat-exchanger tubes and other hydraulic structures in contact with high-velocity liquids subjected to pressure changes. Much effort has been done to optimise the design and operating parameters in order to avoid cavitation wear for the equipment. But, this type of wear has also been observed in mechanical devices which such as plain bearings, seals, orifices in which fluid goes through severe restrictions. Cavitation damage may occur when surfaces in contact with fluid are subjected to vibrations, e.g.: water-cooled Diesel-engine cylinder liner. Sometimes, cavitation can initiate other types of wear such as adhesion or abrasion because of wear particles produced at the friction interface, making the failure analysis more difficult. Cavitation wear mechanisms were showed through three industrial examples. The first one is a hydrodynamic plain bearing which was heavily damaged by cavitation wear due to flow instability. The second one concerns a low speed translating plain bearing. Firstly, abrasion traces were observed on the contact surface. But a deeper study showed that solid particles produced by cavitation wear had been the main cause of the abrasion wear. The last example presents several cases of cavitation damage in oil lubricated plain bearing observed in medium/slow speed diesel engine for marine or power station applications. Because of fluctuation of radial force from crankshaft and instability of lubricant flow, variation of oil pressure can be sufficient to produce bubble inception, collapse and microjet formation process.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-10-12}, journal = {Mechanics \& Industry}, author = {Chen, Yan-Ming and Mongis, Jacques}, month = mar, year = {2005}, note = {9 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cavitation, bearing, cas, case, palier, study, usure, wear, étude}, pages = {195--201}, } @article{chenCavitationErosionBehaviour2020, title = {Cavitation erosion behaviour of incoloy alloy 865 in {NaCl} solution using ultrasonic vibration}, volume = {831}, issn = {0925-8388}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925838820311464}, doi = {10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.154783}, abstract = {Incoloy alloy 865 is expected to be used as an erosion-resistant alloy in marine engineering. To study its cavitation erosion behaviour and mechanism in NaCl solution, ultrasonic vibration experiment was conducted by changing the ultrasonic cavitation duration, NaCl concentration, and vibration distance. ANSYS Fluent was used to simulate the dynamics of formation and collapse of cavitation bubbles under ultrasonic vibration. Surface roughness, volume loss, and wettability, microstructure and micromorphology of the deteriorated surface were evaluated. In this study, the cavitation erosion mechanism was discussed and the cavitation resistance of this alloy material was evaluated by determining the erosion rate. Results revealed that the erosion resistance of Incoloy alloy 865 in NaCl solution decreased with increase in the solution concentration. With the increase in cavitation duration, the formation process of the deteriorated surface included undulation deformation, pit and crack growth, and material peeling. The damage mechanism of Incoloy alloy 865 was the formation of pits and a fatigue process. The erosion behaviour was attributed to its corrosion resistance and microstructures. The wettability characteristics of the erosion surface were characterized. It is also a feasible way to obtain superhydrophobicity surface of Incoloy alloy 865 by cavitation erosion modification.}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Journal of Alloys and Compounds}, author = {Chen, Fengjun and Du, Jianhua and Zhou, Shanzi}, month = aug, year = {2020}, note = {28 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cavitation, Hydrophobicity, Incoloy alloy 865, Surface erosion, Ultrasonic vibration}, pages = {154783}, } @article{cheliWindTunnelTests2011a, title = {Wind tunnel tests on heavy road vehicles: {Cross} wind induced loads—{Part} 2}, volume = {99}, issn = {0167-6105}, shorttitle = {Wind tunnel tests on heavy road vehicles}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167610511001413}, doi = {10.1016/j.jweia.2011.07.007}, abstract = {The sensitivity of heavy road vehicle aerodynamic coefficients to different testing parameters (scenario, vehicle type and turbulence intensity) is experimentally evaluated in this paper through wind tunnel experiments. The first part of the paper has investigated the aerodynamic loads (both stationary and non-stationary) acting on a high-sided lorry (VAN) in a flat ground scenario. The mean aerodynamic coefficients, the flow pattern around the vehicle and the aerodynamic admittance function have been assessed and compared for different wind turbulence conditions (boundary layer simulations). The present paper instead investigates the influence of the infrastructure scenario (flat ground, embankment, single and double viaduct), of the exposition (upwind or downwind) and of a trailed unit on the aerodynamic loads acting on the vehicle. Moreover, the mean aerodynamic coefficients and the aerodynamic admittance function of the high-sided lorry considered in the first part are compared with the ones of other heavy vehicles (tank truck, tractor–semitrailer combination and tractor–trailer combination) to assess the influence of the vehicle geometry.}, number = {10}, urldate = {2024-07-08}, journal = {Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics}, author = {Cheli, F. and Ripamonti, F. and Sabbioni, E. and Tomasini, G.}, month = oct, year = {2011}, note = {46 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cross wind, Force and pressure aerodynamic coefficients, Road heavy vehicles, Vehicle admittance function, Wind tunnel experimental tests}, pages = {1011--1024}, } @article{cheliWindTunnelTests2011, title = {Wind tunnel tests on heavy road vehicles: {Cross} wind induced loads—{Part} 1}, volume = {99}, issn = {0167-6105}, shorttitle = {Wind tunnel tests on heavy road vehicles}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167610511001437}, doi = {10.1016/j.jweia.2011.07.009}, abstract = {In the recent years, rollover has become an important safety issue for a large class of vehicles. Even though rollovers constitute a small percentage of all accidents, they have unproportionally large contribution to severe and fatal injuries. Under this point of view, rollover of heavy vehicles is particularly critical being associated with large traffic disruption, economic loss and risks connected to the transported goods. One of the main causes for heavy vehicles rollover is recognised to be cross wind. In order to determine which parameters (geometry and vehicle type, infrastructure scenario, turbulence conditions, etc.) most affect the aerodynamic loads acting on heavy vehicles, a comprehensive experimental campaign has been carried out in the Politecnico di Milano wind tunnel. The overall activity is presented in 2 papers. In this first paper attention is focused on a high-sided lorry in flat ground scenario. Mean aerodynamic forces and moments have been measured by means of a six-components dynamometric balance for different yaw angles and turbulence conditions. Moreover, in order to gain an insight of the flow pattern around the vehicle, pressure distribution on the vehicle surface has been measured. Finally, the vehicle aerodynamic admittance function has been assessed, for high turbulence conditions, to investigate the unsteady force/moment component. The second paper deals with the effect of infrastructure scenario (flat ground, embankment, double and single viaduct), of position (vehicle placed upwind or downwind) and of vehicle geometry/type (high-sided lorry with and without a trailed unit, tractor-semitrailer combination and tank truck) on the aerodynamic forces and moments, including both steady and unsteady components.}, number = {10}, urldate = {2024-07-08}, journal = {Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics}, author = {Cheli, F. and Corradi, R. and Sabbioni, E. and Tomasini, G.}, month = oct, year = {2011}, note = {78 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Aerodynamic force and moment coefficients, Aerodynamic pressure coefficients, Cross wind, Road heavy vehicles, Vehicle admittance function, Wind tunnel tests}, pages = {1000--1010}, } @article{chavanInfluenceProcessParameters2011, title = {The influence of process parameters and heat treatment on the properties of cold sprayed silver coatings}, volume = {205}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79957655739&doi=10.1016%2fj.surfcoat.2011.04.063&partnerID=40&md5=ab8425a550559673e6d141dd01cf1007}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2011.04.063}, abstract = {Cold spray coating technology is a promising low temperature variant of thermal spray technology which can deposit pure, dense and thick coatings at a rapid rate. Unlike the other thermal spray coating techniques, cold spray is especially suitable for depositing coatings with high electrical and thermal conductivity as the integrity of the feedstock is maintained during the coating process. In the present study, the effect of process parameters and heat treatment on the properties of silver coatings has been investigated. An attempt has been made to correlate the powder particle velocity with the properties and microstructure of the coating. The effect of heat treatment temperature and atmosphere on the properties of the coatings, especially electrical conductivity, has been studied in detail in conjunction with a thorough analysis of the evolution of microstructure of the coatings. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.}, number = {20}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Chavan, N.M. and Ramakrishna, M. and Phani, P.S. and Rao, D.S. and Sundararajan, G.}, year = {2011}, note = {57 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Coating process, Coating techniques, Cold spray, Cold spray coatings, Electric conductivity, Electrical conductivity, Hardness, Heat treatment, Heat treatment temperature, Low temperature operations, Low temperatures, Microstructural evolution, Porosity, Powder particles, Process parameters, Properties and microstructures, Rapid rate, Silver, Silver coatings, Silver plating, Sprayed coatings, Thermal conductivity, Thermal spray coatings, Thermal spray technology, Thick coatings}, pages = {4798--4807}, } @article{chatterjeeSolidParticleErosion2006, title = {Solid particle erosion behaviour of hardfacing deposits on cast iron-{Influence} of deposit microstructure and erodent particles}, volume = {261}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33751068024&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2006.02.004&partnerID=40&md5=e703bb8eef9f5cd7031b434efbd601da}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2006.02.004}, abstract = {Solid particle erosion (SPE) behaviour of different hardfacing electrodes deposited on gray cast iron (ASTM 2500) was studied using quartz sand and iron ore as erodent particles. Erosion test was carried out as per ASTM G76 test method. Considerable differences in erosion rates were found among different hardfacing electrodes at normal impact. Both volume fraction of carbides and type of carbides played an important role in the erosion behaviour of the deposits when quartz sand was used as erodent particles. On the other hand, only volume fraction of carbides irrespective of carbide type mainly controlled the erosion rate of the same deposits when iron ore was used as erodent particles. Such difference is attributed due to difference in metal removal mechanisms by the two erodent particles used. Hard quartz sand particles were capable of causing damage to most of the carbides while relatively softer iron ore particles were unable to fracture any carbides present in the microstructures. Furthermore, relatively brittle matrix led to high erosion rate which is significant in case of quartz sand as erodent, but not in case of iron ore particles. Like abrasion resistance, hardness is not a true index of erosion resistance of hardfacing deposits. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {10}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Chatterjee, S. and Pal, T.K.}, year = {2006}, note = {36 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Abrasion, Carbides, Cast iron, Electrodes, Erodent particles, Erosion, Erosion rate, Gray cast iron, Grey cast iron, Hardfacing deposit, Hardfacing deposits, Microstructure, Quartz, Type of carbides, Volume fraction, Volume fraction of carbides, Wear resistance}, pages = {1069--1079}, } @article{chahineRecommendedProceduresTest2018, title = {Recommended procedures to test the resistance of materials to cavitation erosion}, volume = {7}, issn = {21653992 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85052986015&doi=10.1520%2fMPC20180086&partnerID=40&md5=bd7d808f947a2e111855d93963dd6d9a}, doi = {10.1520/MPC20180086}, abstract = {Predicting cavitation erosion under full-scale operating conditions is difficult and relies on laboratory testing using accelerated methods such as ASTM G32-09, Standard Test Method for Cavitation Erosion Using Vibratory Apparatus, and ASTM G134-95, Standard Test Method for Erosion of Solid Materials by a Cavitating Liquid Jet. The main difficulty is that full-scale cavitation intensity is often unknown, and correlating cavitation field characteristics of the accelerated method and the full scale is not obvious. The problem is more acute for compliant polymeric coatings, used for protection or repair of parts subject to cavitation. Extensive testing of such materials shows that, unlike metallic surfaces, they are highly resistant to low-intensity cavitation but fail catastrophically when the intensity exceeds a certain threshold. Such behavior creates the risk of accepting a candidate coating for its resistance to cavitation if the coating was tested at a low cavitation intensity not representative of the application field conditions. This highlights the need to conduct tests with a range of cavitation intensities rather than a single intensity. This article uses results from extensive tests under various forms of cavitation to propose a generalized definition of cavitation intensity. It then presents data on the response of both metals and polymeric coatings to various levels of accelerated cavitation. A new method to test the coatings at varying cavitation intensities is then presented. Such tests provide maps of material resistance to different levels of cavitation and are helpful to make an informed decision. The tests also show that during cavitation exposure, the coatings are subjected not only to mechanical stress but also to significant heating, which dynamically modifies their properties during the exposure. Temperature rise in the coating when exposed to cavitation is directly connected to the cavitation intensity to which it is exposed, and this interaction needs to be considered. Copyright © 2018 by ASTM International,}, language = {English}, number = {5}, journal = {Materials Performance and Characterization}, author = {Chahine, G.L.}, year = {2018}, note = {2 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: ASTM International}, keywords = {Accelerated method, Cavitating liquid jet, Cavitation, Cavitation intensity, Coatings, Erosion, Heating, Material resistance, Operating condition, Polymeric coatings, Polymers, Standard test method, Testing, Weight loss}, } @article{ceschiniSlidingContactsPharmaceutical2015, title = {Sliding contacts for the pharmaceutical industry: {Failure} analysis and dry sliding tests for the replacement of hard {Cr} on {AISI} {316L} steel}, volume = {81}, issn = {0301679X (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84946898544&doi=10.1016%2fj.triboint.2014.09.004&partnerID=40&md5=4ce6618c61134a7ce713329a35b9f542}, doi = {10.1016/j.triboint.2014.09.004}, abstract = {Several alternatives were compared for the replacement of hard electroplated Cr coating to improve the tribological properties of the AISI 316L austenitic stainless steel for pharmaceutical packaging applications, including low temperature carburizing (LTC), thermal spray coatings (Al2O3-13TiO2, WC-17Co), substitution of the AISI 301 reference counterface with polymeric materials (PTFE, UHMWPE, PEEK). In dry sliding block on ring tests, the LTC AISI 316L cylinders lead to the lowest wear rates of the AISI301 sliders under low loads (up to 10 N). When considering the polymer vs. uncoated AISI 316L couple, PEEK and UHMWPE lead to lower friction and comparable wear rates with respect to the reference couple (AISI 301 vs. Hard Cr coated-AISI 316L) in the whole range of tested loads. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.}, language = {English}, journal = {Tribology International}, author = {Ceschini, L. and Martini, C. and Rotundo, F.}, year = {2015}, note = {8 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {Aisi 316l austenitic stainless steels, Aluminum coatings, Austenitic stainless steel, Coating, Coatings, Failure analysis, Friction, Hard coatings, Low temperatures, Packaging materials, Pharmaceutical industry, Pharmaceutical packaging, Polymers, Sliding, Sliding contacts, Stainless steel, Temperature, Thermal spray coatings, Tribological properties, Tungsten carbide, Wear, Wear of materials}, pages = {248--257}, } @article{castelettiEffectBindersSurface2010, title = {Effect of binders and surface finish on wear resistance of {HVOF} coatings}, volume = {26}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77955692415&doi=10.1179%2f026708410X12593178265706&partnerID=40&md5=18ec5a52c63da3524db9b703f3d0c93f}, doi = {10.1179/026708410X12593178265706}, abstract = {The high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) thermal spray process produces highly wear and/or corrosion resistant coatings. Tungsten carbide with a metallic binder is often used for this purpose. In this work, tungsten carbide coatings containing cobalt or nickel binder were produced by HVOF and characterised by optical and electron microscopy, hardness and a dry sand/rubber wheel abrasion test. The HVOF process produced dense coatings with low porosity levels and high hardness. The wear resistance of the specimens, which were surface treated, increased as the roughness percentage decreased. Tungsten carbide nickel based coating yielded the best wear resistance in the as sprayed condition. However, the wear rate and wear of the two coatings converged to the same values as the number of revolutions increased. Wear behaviour in the ground condition was similar, although the tungsten carbide cobalt based coating yielded better performance with increasing distance travelled during the wear test. © 2010 Maney Publishing.}, number = {6}, journal = {Surface Engineering}, author = {Casteletti, L.C. and Arnoni, E.A.B. and Neto, A.L. and Fernandes, F.A.P. and Totten, G.E.}, year = {2010}, note = {5 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Abrasion, Abrasion tests, As-sprayed conditions, Binders, Cermets, Cobalt, Corrosion-resistant coating, Dense coating, Electron microscopy, Ground conditions, HVOF coatings, HVOF process, Hardness, High hardness, High velocity oxygen fuel thermal sprays, Low porosity, Nickel coatings, Nickel-based coatings, Optical data storage, Optical instruments, Optical microscopy, Oxygen, Sprayed coatings, Surface finishes, Surface resistance, Thermal spray coatings, Three body abrasion, Tribology, Tungsten, Tungsten carbide, Tungsten carbide coating, Tungsten carbide cobalt, Wear rates, Wear resistance, Wear test}, pages = {440--446}, } @article{cacceseCavitationErosionResistance2006, title = {Cavitation erosion resistance of various material systems}, volume = {1}, issn = {17445302 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85009630234&doi=10.1533%2fsaos.2006.0136&partnerID=40&md5=208d39bc939693f485d06006c229cb85}, doi = {10.1533/saos.2006.0136}, abstract = {Advancement in both the design and construction of high-speed ships necessitates the evaluation of cavitation erosion resistant materials. Given their weight advantages, aluminum and laminated composite materials are often chosen as construction materials for high-speed designs. Historically, neither of these materials performs well in a cavitating environment. The objective of this effort is to evaluate potential cavitation erosion protection alternatives. Screening of the various material alternatives was performed using a modified ASTM G32 ultrasonically induced cavitation test method. A relative ranking is provided for materials including metals, composites, elastomers, polymers, and hard ceramic coatings using the maximum erosion rate as a parameter. A potential solution identified during this study involves the use of a durable elastomer material as a protective barrier. Results also show that a sandwich core composite system can be used to increase the cavitation erosion resistance of laminated composite materials. © 2006 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.}, language = {English}, number = {4}, journal = {Ships and Offshore Structures}, author = {Caccese, V. and Light, K.H. and Berube, K.A.}, year = {2006}, note = {19 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cavitation erosion, Composites, Elastomers, Erosion rate, Ultrasonic cavitation}, pages = {309--322}, } @article{cabralInfluenceCobaltbasedWire2018, title = {Influence of a cobalt-based wire injection in austenitic coating deposited via {CW}-{GMAW}}, volume = {40}, issn = {16785878 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85052707459&doi=10.1007%2fs40430-018-1384-1&partnerID=40&md5=5567eee554bb5057f92acf72aa07f87c}, doi = {10.1007/s40430-018-1384-1}, abstract = {The control of cavitation erosion wear is a hindrance concerning the maintenance of hydraulic equipment’s. The most used consumables to fill eroded areas are cobalt-based austenitic steels, commercially known as “Stellites”. The current study carried out analysis of the coatings deposited via the new cold wire gas metal arc welding (CW-GMAW) process. The coatings were deposited via CW-GMAW process, variating three levels of addition wire feeding speed. The coating consisted in a three-layer deposit; the first two with an AWS ER 309L wire, via GMAW process, and the third layer employed the interaction between AWS ER 309L and Stellite 21 E wires, via CW-GMAW process. The coatings obtained an increase in cobalt values, with silicon and molybdenum variations, as well as the iron value reduction for each used feeding variation. The coatings were subjected to an accelerated erosion test, according to ASTM G32 Standards. The best obtained result corresponded to the coating with 7.2 m/min additional speed. © 2018, The Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering.}, language = {English}, number = {9}, journal = {Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering}, author = {Cabral, T.S. and Dias, S.E. and Filho, A.A.C. and Baia, P.E.C. and Borges, D.J.A. and Braga, E.M.}, year = {2018}, note = {0 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Springer Verlag}, keywords = {ASTM G32, Austenite, Austenitic coatings, CW-GMAW, Cavitation, Cavitation-erosion wear, Coatings, Cobalt, Cobalt-based, Erosion, Erosion test, GMAW, Gas metal arc welding, Gas welding, Gmaw process, Hydraulic control equipment, Hydraulic machinery, Stellite, Stellite 21, Value reduction, Wire, Wire feeding}, } @article{burkeMicrostructureStelliteSteel2005, title = {Microstructure of a {Stellite}/{Steel} {Clad} {Interface}}, volume = {11}, issn = {1435-8115, 1431-9276}, url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/microscopy-and-microanalysis/article/microstructure-of-a-stellitesteel-clad-interface/D49ECF107B9B36C7489233D6C63DC329}, doi = {10.1017/S1431927605501880}, abstract = {Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2005 in Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, July 31--August 4, 2005}, language = {en}, number = {S02}, urldate = {2024-07-14}, journal = {Microscopy and Microanalysis}, author = {Burke, M. G. and Hicks, T. G. and Phaneuf, M. W.}, month = aug, year = {2005}, note = {1 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {2014--2015}, } @article{burestiInfluenceAfterbodyRounding1997, series = {Proceedings of the 3rd {International} {Colloqium} on {Bluff} {Body} {Aerodynamics} and {Applications}}, title = {Influence of afterbody rounding on the pressure drag of an axisymmetrical bluff body}, volume = {69-71}, issn = {0167-6105}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167610597001530}, doi = {10.1016/S0167-6105(97)00153-0}, abstract = {The effects of rounding the aft edges of a blunt-based axisymmetrical bluff body with streamlined forebody are studied by means of surface-pressure measurements, at Reynolds numbers (based on the model length) ReL = 1.15 x 106 and ReL = 2.88 x 106. The results show that for a certain radius of curvature a maximum in pressure drag occurs, connected with the variation of the pressures on the portion of the afterbody lying inside the separated wake, and with the contribution of the suction peaks before separation. However, the behaviour of the drag is found to be significantly dependent on Reynolds number, while the forcing of the boundary-layer transition at a fixed upstream position produces a substantial decrease of the drag only for the lower test velocity.}, urldate = {2024-07-08}, journal = {Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics}, author = {Buresti, Guido and Fedeli, Roberto and Ferraresi, Andrea}, month = jul, year = {1997}, note = {21 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Afterbody rounding, Base drag, Base pressure, Bluff bodies, Pressure drag}, pages = {179--188}, } @inproceedings{bunchCorrosionGallingResistant1989, title = {Corrosion/{Galling} {Resistant} {Hardfacing} {Materials} for {Offshore} {Production} {Valves}}, url = {https://dx.doi.org/10.4043/6070-MS}, doi = {10.4043/6070-MS}, abstract = {ABSTRACT. Application of corrosion resistant hardfacing materials are required to maintain exceptional reliability for metal to metal sealing in high pressure gate valves used for offshore production wells. New hardfacing materials have been developed and tailored for use where defense against degradation effects of high temperature, high pressure, H2S, C02, free sulfur and brine environments is required. Using a plasma transferred arc (PTA) weld process, new hardfacings of Stellite cobalt base materials have been successfully applied to nickel base alloy substrates. These hardfacings provide exceptional corrosion resistance over previously used materials produced by spray and fuse as well as high velocity combustion spray (}, language = {en}, urldate = {2025-04-01}, publisher = {OnePetro}, author = {Bunch, P. O. and Hartmann, M. P. and Bednarowicz, T. A.}, month = may, year = {1989}, note = {1 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, } @article{budinskyAbrasionResistanceTransport1995, title = {Abrasion resistance of transport roll surfaces}, volume = {181-183}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0029257018&doi=10.1016%2f0043-1648%2895%2990217-1&partnerID=40&md5=902ef7ac10f1449174a5548e7ec44dc6}, doi = {10.1016/0043-1648(95)90217-1}, abstract = {The manufacture of thin plastic webs such as those used in the manufacture of photographic films and magnetic media requires transport of webs over many rolls. Wrap angle of the web on rolls varies from a few degrees (tangential contact) to 180°. Some rolls are driven by the moving web and some are externally driven. In both cases there is the possibility of relative slip between the roll and the web that is being conveyed. When this slip occurs there is a possibility that the roll will produce unwanted scratches on the web. If the roll surface is worn or scratched from handling, there is significant possibility of web damage. This paper discusses laboratory wear tests that were conducted in a program directed at optimizing the durability of web transport rolls - making rolls more resistant to abrasion from product and from operator handling and cleaning damage. A tape abrasion test was developed that rubs a silica-coated tape against a stationary test sample. The wear volume produced on the sample in a standardized test is used as a measure of the abrasion resistance of candidate roll surfaces. Thirty different surfaces were ranked with this test. The candidate roll surfaces ranged from pure metal thermal spray coatings to proprietary diffusion coatings. The net result of the test program was a recommendation to convert roll surfaces to thermal spray deposits of WC/Co and chromium oxide. © 1995.}, language = {English}, number = {PART 2}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Budinsky, K.G.}, year = {1995}, note = {6 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Abrasion, Chromium compounds, Coatings-Ceramic, Cobalt, Diffusion coatings, Mechanical testing, Roll, Roll wear, Rolls (machine components), Silica, Sprayed coatings, Surface treatment, Surface treatments, Surfaces, Thermal spray coatings, Transport Rolls, Transport rolls, Tungsten carbide, Wear resistance, Wear testing}, pages = {938--943}, } @article{brownDisposablePVDFUltrasonic1996, title = {Disposable {PVDF} ultrasonic transducers for nondestructive testing applications}, volume = {43}, issn = {1525-8955}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/503716}, doi = {10.1109/58.503716}, abstract = {Disposable ultrasonic contact transducers have been constructed with inexpensive PVDF films for nondestructive testing (NDT) applications. This paper reports the temperature-dependent ultrasonic performance of commercial polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) films and PVDF sensors. PVDF film was evaluated for its material properties of interest for ultrasonic transducer performance including the relative dielectric constant /spl epsi//sub r/, dielectric loss tangent tan /spl delta//sub e/, electromechanical coupling constant k/sub t/, mechanical quality factor Q/sub m/, and acoustic impedance Z. Disposable PVDF transducers were then coupled to both low and high acoustic impedance test panels and their ultrasonic insertion loss/sensitivity and frequency bandwidth measured as a function of temperature in both the pulse-echo and pitch-catch modes. The results yielded center frequencies in the 3.5-16 MHz range, with -6-dB fractional bandwidths for some of the transducers exceeding 100\%. The temperature dependence of the transducers' performance is reported for the -40 to 80/spl deg/C range and shows an approximate linear decrease in center frequency and increase in fractional bandwidth with increasing temperature. These measured results are compared with predictions from computer simulations based on Mason's model. These tests showed that the same disposable transducers can be used for both ultrasonic and acoustic emission sensing NDT applications. This paper summarizes the quantitative ultrasonic and vibration sensing performance for all of the disposable PVDF film transducers which were tested.}, number = {4}, urldate = {2025-03-02}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control}, author = {Brown, L.F. and Mason, J.L.}, month = jul, year = {1996}, note = {52 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Conference Name: IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control}, keywords = {Acoustic pulses, Acoustic testing, Acoustic transducers, Bandwidth, Dielectric loss measurement, Frequency, Impedance, Nondestructive testing, Temperature sensors, Ultrasonic transducers}, pages = {560--568}, } @article{broadhurstPhysicalBasisPiezoelectricity1984, title = {Physical basis for piezoelectricity in {PVDF}}, volume = {60}, issn = {0015-0193}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00150198408017504}, doi = {10.1080/00150198408017504}, abstract = {Consideration of the molecular and bulk structures of PVDF and related semicrystalline polymers, and the effects of processing to make transducer films, leads to a novel way of analysing the elastic and piezoelectric constant data. The results of this analysis support the conclusion that thickness changes contribute about 2/3 of the piezoelectric activity. An increase in thickness decreases the charge on the electrodes. The probable mechanism is simply the displacement of the electrodes in the fields of the constant dipole moments of the crystals. The remaining 1/3 of the activity is attributed to changes in the film's dipole moment at constant thickness. Strains in the orientation direction of the film increase the charge on the surface while strains in the plane of the film normal to the orientation direction decrease it. Eight separate possible contributions to the change in moment are discussed, and qualitative evaluations of their importance are given.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2025-03-02}, journal = {Ferroelectrics}, author = {Broadhurst, M. G. and Davis, G. T.}, month = oct, year = {1984}, note = {153 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Taylor \& Francis \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/00150198408017504}, pages = {3--13}, } @article{brassardEpoxyCoatingTechnique1970, title = {An epoxy coating technique for edge preservation of metallographic specimens}, volume = {3}, issn = {0026-0800}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0026080070900480}, doi = {10.1016/0026-0800(70)90048-0}, number = {4}, urldate = {2025-03-23}, journal = {Metallography}, author = {Brassard, T. V. and Dubois, A. M.}, month = dec, year = {1970}, note = {1 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {469--471}, } @article{brandoltNiobiumCoatingApplied2017, title = {Niobium coating applied by {HVOF} as protection against hydrogen embrittlement of {API} {5CT} {P110} steel}, volume = {322}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85019450365&doi=10.1016%2fj.surfcoat.2017.05.017&partnerID=40&md5=d5e5514a209ad5ed8a98f18667244b43}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.05.017}, abstract = {Thermal spraying applications have been growing because of the advantages of these coatings. However, the use of thermal spray coatings to protect components against hydrogen embrittlement has not yet been the subject of studies. In this work, the deposition of niobium coating by high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) thermal spraying is performed to obtain a protective barrier against hydrogen intake by the API 5CT P110 steel. The coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, roughness, porosity, hardness and by monitoring mechanical behaviour of samples in tensile test submitted to previous and simultaneous hydrogen charging. To evaluate the hydrogen absorption capacity, the mass quantities of hydrogen in the API 5CT P110 steel and niobium coating were obtained. The results showed that the niobium coating acted as a barrier to hydrogen intake, minimizing the effect of hydrogen on the mechanical properties of API 5CT P110 steel. Hydrogen measurements showed that the coating had a high hydrogen trapping capacity, 7.5 times higher than that of steel. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Brandolt, C.D.S. and Noronha, L.C. and Hidalgo, G.E.N. and Takimi, A.S. and Schroeder, R.M. and Malfatti, C.D.F.}, year = {2017}, note = {33 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {API 5CT P110 steel, Coatings, Effect of hydrogen, HVOF, HVOF thermal spraying, High velocity oxygen fuel(HVOF), Hydrogen, Hydrogen absorption, Hydrogen embrittlement, Hydrogen measurement, Mechanical behaviour, Metal coatings, Niobium, Protective barrier, Scanning electron microscopy, Sprayed coatings, Tensile testing, Thermal spray coating, Thermal spray coatings, Thermal spraying, X ray diffraction}, pages = {10--18}, } @article{boukercheMachineLearningbasedTraffic2020, title = {Machine {Learning}-based traffic prediction models for {Intelligent} {Transportation} {Systems}}, volume = {181}, issn = {1389-1286}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389128620311877}, doi = {10.1016/j.comnet.2020.107530}, abstract = {Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) have attracted an increasing amount of attention in recent years. Thanks to the fast development of vehicular computing hardware, vehicular sensors and citywide infrastructures, many impressive applications have been proposed under the topic of ITS, such as Vehicular Cloud (VC), intelligent traffic controls, etc. These applications can bring us a safer, more efficient, and also more enjoyable transportation environment. However, an accurate and efficient traffic flow prediction system is needed to achieve these applications, which creates an opportunity for applications under ITS to deal with the possible road situation in advance. To achieve better traffic flow prediction performance, many prediction methods have been proposed, such as mathematical modeling methods, parametric methods, and non-parametric methods. Among the non-parametric methods, the one of the most famous methods today is the Machine Learning-based (ML) method. It needs less prior knowledge about the relationship among different traffic patterns, less restriction on prediction tasks, and can better fit non-linear features in traffic data. There are several sub-classes under the ML method, such as regression model, kernel-based model, etc. For all these models, it is of vital importance that we choose an appropriate type of ML model before building up a prediction system. To do this, we should have a clear view of different ML methods; we investigate not only the accuracy of different models, but the applicable scenario and sometimes the specific type of problem the model was designed for. Therefore, in this paper, we are trying to build up a clear and thorough review of different ML models, and analyze the advantages and disadvantages of these ML models. In order to do this, different ML models will be categorized based on the ML theory they use. In each category, we will first give a short introduction of the ML theory they use, and we will focus on the specific changes made to the model when applied to different prediction problems. Meanwhile, we will also compare among different categories, which will help us to have a macro overview of what types of ML methods are good at what types of prediction tasks according to their unique model features. Furthermore, we review the useful add-ons used in traffic prediction, and last but not least, we discuss the open challenges in the traffic prediction field.}, urldate = {2024-09-26}, journal = {Computer Networks}, author = {Boukerche, Azzedine and Wang, Jiahao}, month = nov, year = {2020}, note = {189 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {GCN, ITS, Machine Learning, Parallel training, RNN, Sequence to sequence, Time-series, Vehicular traffic flow prediction}, pages = {107530}, } @article{bouarichaRietveldAnalysisStudying2018, title = {Rietveld analysis for studying the decarburisation in {HVOF} {WC}–{CO} coatings}, volume = {34}, issn = {02670844 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85038628834&doi=10.1080%2f02670844.2017.1415737&partnerID=40&md5=2ebc27589ef840c6d7f39cab81bc0c57}, doi = {10.1080/02670844.2017.1415737}, abstract = {Quantitative X-Ray analysis was used to quantify the phase content generated by the High Velocity Oxygen Fuel (HVOF) process following the decarburisation of WC–Co coatings. Rietveld analysis was used to quantify the different phases present. Particular attention has been made to identifying the sequence of formation of the different species, namely: during flight of the powders towards the substrate and/or during the solidification and cooling step on the substrate. The results show that decarburisation is influenced by the thermal history of the particles in flight. In particular, more W2C and W are generated with increasing spray distance indicating an increase WC decarburisation. During the coating building-up, new nanosized compounds (W3Co3C and W6Co6C) were generated. These compounds, at the reverse of W2C and W phases, decrease with the stand-off distance. Correlations are established between the mechanical properties (microhardness and crack propagation resistance) and the content of the phases determined from the Rietveld analysis. © 2017, © 2017 Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining Published by Taylor \& Francis on behalf of the Institute.}, language = {English}, number = {10}, journal = {Surface Engineering}, author = {Bouaricha, S. and Ouchene, A. and Legoux, J.-G.}, year = {2018}, note = {8 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Taylor and Francis Ltd.}, keywords = {Cobalt compounds, Crack propagation resistance, Decarburization, HVOF, HVOF thermal spraying, High velocity oxygen fuel(HVOF), Quantitative x-ray analysis, Rietveld, Rietveld analysis, Rietveld method, Sprayed coatings, Stand-off distance (SoD), Thermal spray coatings, WC–Co, Word, X ray analysis, decarburisation, thermal spray coatings}, pages = {747--754}, } @inproceedings{bordeasuNewResultsHeattreated2021, title = {New results of the heat-treated cuzn39pb3 brass behavior and resistance to cavitation erosion}, volume = {890 KEM}, isbn = {978-3-0357-1766-2}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85116909312&doi=10.4028%2fwww.scientific.net%2fKEM.890.173&partnerID=40&md5=beb516661370bcc7b771efbda3cdd0e4}, doi = {10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.890.173}, abstract = {The paper presents the results of the behavior and resistance to the erosion by vibrating cavitation of the CuZn39Pb3 brass, obtained by quenching the volume heat treatment from 800°C with water cooling, followed by the stress-relief to 250°C, with air cooling. Comparison with both the delivery status and the naval brass (used for ship propellers), based on the characteristic parameters values, recommended by the ASTM G32 standards and used in the Cavitation Laboratory of the Polytechnic University of Timisoara, shows that the hardness increase resulted from the heat treatment led to a significant increase of resistance to vibrating cavitation. © 2021 Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Key {Eng} {Mat}}, publisher = {Trans Tech Publications Ltd}, author = {Bordeasu, I. and Sîrbu, N.-A. and Lazar, I. and Mitelea, I. and Ghera, C. and Sava, M. and Mălaimare, G. and Bazavan, V.}, editor = {{SIRBU N.-A.}}, year = {2021}, note = {0 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Journal Abbreviation: Key Eng Mat}, keywords = {Air cooling, Brass, Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation erosion, Cavitation resistance, Characteristics parameters, Erosion, Hardness increase, Heat resistance, Heat treatment, Lead alloys, Naval brass, New results, Stress relief, Ternary alloys, Volumetric heat treatment, Volumetrics, Water cooling}, pages = {173--180}, } @article{bolelliTiCNiCrThermal2020, title = {{TiC}–{NiCr} thermal spray coatings as an alternative to {WC}-{CoCr} and {Cr3C2}–{NiCr}}, volume = {450-451}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85083194420&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2020.203273&partnerID=40&md5=1a56c40e3b51d9a7e4f864a01bc3f950}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2020.203273}, abstract = {TiC-based hardmetal coatings containing 25 or 40 vol\% Ni-20 wt\%Cr matrix (hereafter TiC–25NiCr and TiC–40NiCr) were obtained by High Velocity Oxygen-Fuel (HVOF) and High Velocity Air-Fuel (HVAF) spraying, starting from high-energy ball milled feedstock powders. These coatings are intended as critical raw materials-free solutions against wear and corrosion. HVOF-sprayed coatings contain some more oxide inclusions than do HVAF ones, but, irrespective of the deposition conditions, TiC–40NiCr coatings are usually somewhat harder (800–900 HV0.3) than TiC–25NiCr ones. They also exhibit lower wear rates in ball-on-disc sliding tests against Al2O3 at room temperature. A hard asperity can indeed penetrate slightly deeper into TiC–25NiCr, as it deforms inelastically through microcracking. Bigger abrasive grooves are thus produced. The wear resistance of TiC–40NiCr coatings compares favourably to that of a Cr3C2-25\% (NiCr) reference, and even approaches that of WC-10 wt\%Co-4wt.\%Cr. TiC–40NiCr coatings are also more corrosion resistant than both reference materials when tested by electrochemical polarization in a 3.5\% NaCl solution. At 400 °C, to the contrary, TiC–25NiCr coatings exhibit better sliding wear resistance, whilst more severe abrasive grooving and adhesive tearing affect TiC–40NiCr samples. TiC–NiCr coatings are also unaffected by the transverse macro-cracking that was found to compromise the usefulness of WC-CoCr at 400 °C. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Bolelli, G. and Colella, A. and Lusvarghi, L. and Morelli, S. and Puddu, P. and Righetti, E. and Sassatelli, P. and Testa, V.}, year = {2020}, note = {40 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {3.5\% nacl solutions, Abrasive coatings, Adhesives, Air, Alumina, Aluminum oxide, Binary alloys, Cermets, Corrosion resistance, Corrosion resistant coatings, Corrosion-resistant, Critical raw materials, Deposition conditions, Electrochemical polarization, HVOF thermal spraying, High temperature, High velocity air fuels, High velocity oxygen fuel(HVOF), Sliding wear, Sodium chloride, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray coatings, Titanium carbide, Titanium compounds, Wear of materials, Wear resistance}, } @article{bolelliPropertiesHVOFsprayedTiCFeCrAl2019, title = {Properties of {HVOF}-sprayed {TiC}-{FeCrAl} coatings}, volume = {418-419}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85056726650&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2018.11.002&partnerID=40&md5=a4e9fec4a92627f4b3b4443e6b05235c}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2018.11.002}, abstract = {As an alternative to WC-CoCr and Cr3C2-NiCr coatings for wear and corrosion protection, a TiC – 25 vol\% (Fe-20 wt\%Cr-5 wt\%Al) powder, free from hazardous and/or supply-critical elements (Ni, Co, W), was produced by high-energy ball-milling and processed by High Velocity Oxygen-Fuel (HVOF) spraying, obtaining dense ({\textless}1 vol\% porosity), hard (HIT {\textgreater} 12 GPa) layers with reasonably good deposition efficiency of ≈ 54\%. Tribological testing revealed that the TiC-FeCrAl coatings are particularly promising for sliding contacts, as their ball-on-disc wear rates against an Al2O3 counterpart were lower than those of an HVOF-sprayed Cr3C2-NiCr reference, both at room temperature and at 400 °C, although they could not match the performance of WC-CoCr. At room temperature, brittle fracture along oxidized lamellar boundaries caused localized spallation, releasing debris in the contact region, but, in the incubation period before spallation cracks could propagate, remarkably low friction (≈0.27) was recorded. At 400 °C, spallation was largely suppressed by thermal softening, whilst coarser abrasive grooving became the dominant wear mechanism. TiC-FeCrAl coatings appeared less suited to high-stress abrasion, since extensive brittle fracture resulted in higher wear rates than HVOF-sprayed Cr3C2-NiCr, and to (acidic) corrosive environments. Electrochemical polarisation tests in 0.1 M HCl indeed revealed limited corrosion resistance of the FeCrAl matrix. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Bolelli, G. and Colella, A. and Lusvarghi, L. and Puddu, P. and Rigon, R. and Sassatelli, P. and Testa, V.}, year = {2019}, note = {33 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {Abrasion, Alumina, Aluminum coatings, Aluminum corrosion, Aluminum oxide, Ball milling, Brittle fracture, Cermets, Chlorine compounds, Corrosion resistance, Corrosion resistant coatings, Deposition efficiencies, Electrochemical corrosion, Electrochemical polarisation, Erosion, HVOF thermal spraying, Hard coatings, High Velocity OxygenFuel (HVOF) spraying, High temperature, High-energy ball milling, Nickel compounds, Oxygen supply, Powder coatings, Sliding wear, Spalling, Sprayed coatings, Ternary alloys, Thermal spray coatings, Three body abrasion, Three-body abrasion, Titanium carbide, Titanium compounds, Tribology}, pages = {36--51}, } @article{bolelliPretreatmentSelectiveLaser2022, title = {Pre-treatment of {Selective} {Laser} {Melting} ({SLM}) surfaces for thermal spray coating}, volume = {441}, issn = {02578972 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85130418561&doi=10.1016%2fj.surfcoat.2022.128533&partnerID=40&md5=cef7c16993d278a1c5524c221aa55205}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2022.128533}, abstract = {In this work, we investigated the deposition of thermal spray coatings onto additively manufactured parts obtained by Selective Laser Melting (SLM). SLM is indeed replacing conventional subtractive machining to produce diverse industrial parts; hence, it will become increasingly frequent to apply thermal spray coatings onto SLM surfaces. Whilst grit-blasting is the most widely accepted process to prepare a conventionally machined part for a thermal spray coating, the unique surface texture of SLM surfaces might open new possibilities. As a case study, we chose High Velocity Oxygen-Fuel (HVOF) spraying of WC-10\%Co4\%Cr onto AISI 316 L SLM surfaces in three different conditions: “as built”, pickled, or grit-blasted. We also examined SLM surfaces grown along different directions: parallel, perpendicular, or inclined with respect to the build platform. The references were a machined and grit-blasted SLM part, and a grit-blasted stainless steel bulk. Dense coatings were obtained on every surface regardless of its roughness and pre-treatment. Electrochemical corrosion testing confirmed the low porosity of the layers. Tensile adhesion/cohesion strength was {\textgreater}70 MPa on both SLM and reference surfaces, but the presence of an oxide scale on as-built surfaces degraded the adhesion strength to some extent. Although TEM analysis showed occasional evidence of diffusion bonding between the coating and the oxide scale, cyclic impact tests revealed that the scale itself broke. Particularly strong adhesion was achieved with pickled surfaces; indeed, failure was only cohesive (i.e. within the coating) in both tensile and impact tests. In addition to mechanical interlocking to the rough surface profile, TEM showed widespread diffusion bonding to the clean metal. An SLM part might therefore need chemical activation but no subtractive machining before application of a thermal spray coating. The coating also exerts a levelling action toward the SLM surface, i.e. the coated surface is smoother than the as built one. © 2022 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Bolelli, G. and Bonilauri, M.F. and Sassatelli, P. and Bruno, F. and Franci, R. and Pulci, G. and Marra, F. and Paglia, L. and Gazzadi, G.C. and Frabboni, S. and Lusvarghi, L.}, year = {2022}, note = {7 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier B.V.}, keywords = {Adhesion, Chemical activation, Chemical bonds, Cyclic impact, Diffusion, Diffusion bonding, Diffusion coatings, Electrochemical polarization, Fuels, HVOF thermal spraying, High Velocity Oxygen-Fuel (HVOF), High velocity oxygen fuels, High velocity oxygen-fuel, Melting, Melting surface, Oxide scale, Oxygen, Pre-treatments, Roughness, Selective Laser Melting, Selective laser melting, Sprayed coatings, Surface roughness, Tensile adhesion, Textures, Thermal spray coatings}, } @article{bolelliMicrostructurebasedThermomechanicalModelling2015, title = {Microstructure-based thermo-mechanical modelling of thermal spray coatings}, volume = {73}, issn = {02613069 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84924978679&doi=10.1016%2fj.matdes.2015.02.014&partnerID=40&md5=c2988a8f14dca0629bb7e6a30b6336df}, doi = {10.1016/j.matdes.2015.02.014}, abstract = {This paper demonstrates how microstructure-based finite element (FE) modelling can be used to interpret and predict the thermo-mechanical behaviour of thermal spray coatings. Validation is obtained by comparison to experimental and/or literature data.Finite element meshes are therefore constructed on SEM micrographs of high velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF)-sprayed hardmetals (WC-CoCr, WC-FeCrAl) and plasma-sprayed Cr2O3, employed as case studies. Uniaxial tensile tests simulated on high-magnification micrographs return micro-scale elastic modulus values in good agreement with depth-sensing Berkovich micro-indentation measurements. At the macro-scale, simulated and experimental three-point bending tests are also in good agreement, capturing the typical size-dependency of the mechanical properties of these materials. The models also predict the progressive stiffening of porous plasma-sprayed Cr2O3 due to crack closure under compressive loading, in agreement with literature reports.Refined models of hardmetal coatings, accounting for plastic behaviours and failure stresses, predict crack initiation locations as observed by indentation tests, highlighting the relevance of stress concentrations around microstructural defects (e.g. oxide inclusions).Sliding contact simulations between a hardmetal surface and a small spherical asperity reproduce the fundamental processes in tribological pairings. The experimentally observed "wavy" morphologies of actual wear surfaces are therefore explained by a mechanism of micro-scale plastic flow and matrix extrusion. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.}, language = {English}, journal = {Materials and Design}, author = {Bolelli, G. and Candeli, A. and Koivuluoto, H. and Lusvarghi, L. and Manfredini, T. and Vuoristo, P.}, year = {2015}, note = {39 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {Bending tests, Black coatings, Coatings, Contact simulation, Crack closure, Cracks, Elastic modulus values, Elastic properties, Finite element method, Finite element simulation, Finite element simulations, Forecasting, High velocity oxygen fuel(HVOF), Materials properties, Mechanical properties, Microstructural defects, Microstructure, Microstructure based model, Microstructure-based model, Plasma jets, Plasma spraying, Plastic coatings, Sprayed coatings, Stress analysis, Surface defects, Tensile strength, Tensile testing, Thermal spray, Thermal spraying, Three-point bending test}, pages = {20--34}, } @article{bolelliEnhancedTribologicalProperties2008, title = {Enhanced tribological properties of {PECVD} {DLC} coated thermally sprayed coatings}, volume = {202}, issn = {02578972 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-44349179758&doi=10.1016%2fj.surfcoat.2008.04.013&partnerID=40&md5=a072431dedced589967af391112f2783}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2008.04.013}, abstract = {This research investigates the enhancement of the tribological properties of various thermally-sprayed coatings (APS Ni-50Cr, APS Al2O3-13\%TiO2 and HVOF WC-17Co) on steel substrate, achieved through the deposition of a thin DLC-based film. Higher adhesive strength between thin films and thermally-sprayed coatings compared to the simple thin film/carbon steel system was found by scratch testing. Dry sliding ball-on-disk tests performed under lower contact pressure conditions (5 N normal load, 6 mm diameter alumina ball) indicated a significant decrease in wear rates and friction coefficients of thermally-sprayed coatings when the thin DLC-based film is employed; little differences exist between the tribological behaviour of the various thin film/thermal spray coating systems and that of DLC-based film on carbon steel. Under higher contact pressure conditions (10 N normal load, 3 mm diameter alumina ball), the thin film/WC-Co system exhibited the best wear performance. These results indicate the superior tribological performance of DLC/thermal spray coating systems, especially under severe contact conditions. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {18}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Bolelli, G. and Lusvarghi, L. and Mantini, F.P. and Pitacco, F. and Volz, H.}, year = {2008}, note = {12 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {81.05.Uw, 81.15.Gh, 81.15.Rs, 81.40.Pq, Bond strength (materials), Carbon steel, Contact pressure, DLC, Diamond like carbon films, Dry sliding ball-on-disk test, Electron cyclotron resonance-chemical vapour deposition (ECR-CVD), Friction, Nano-indentation, Pin-on-disk, Plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition, Scratch test, Scratch testing, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spraying, Tribology, Wear of materials}, pages = {4382--4386}, } @article{bolelliComparativeStudyDry2014, title = {Comparative study of the dry sliding wear behaviour of {HVOF}-sprayed {WC}-({W},{Cr}){2C}-{Ni} and {WC}-{CoCr} hardmetal coatings}, volume = {309}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84888791065&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2013.11.001&partnerID=40&md5=ccbdb21d064266a6ba08b82e2e3484f9}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2013.11.001}, abstract = {Recent studies of HVOF-sprayed WC-(W,Cr)2C-Ni coatings indicated an applicability at temperatures above 600°C. Therefore, in the present paper the dry sliding wear behaviour of coatings prepared from one selected feedstock powder was studied up to 750°C and compared to a WC-10\%Co-4\%Cr coating as reference.Coatings were prepared onto stainless steel substrates by a liquid-fueled high velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF) spray process. A Cr-W-Ni-C mixed matrix phase and chromium-rich large (W,Cr)2C grains were formed as a result of metallurgical reactions between the components WC, Cr3C2 and Ni during spraying; therefore, the resulting coating can be better designated as WC-(W,Cr)2C-Ni.The dry unidirectional sliding wear behaviour of the coatings, studied according to ASTM G99 against Al2O3 counterbodies at four different temperatures (25°C, 400°C, 600°C, 750°C) and at two sliding speeds, was interpreted on the basis of their microstructure, micromechanical properties and oxidation behaviour. The morphology and composition inside the wear scars were also studied by SEM and micro-Raman spectroscopy. The results show that the WC-(W,Cr)2C-Ni coating exhibits good wear resistance up to 750°C, whereas WC-CoCr, in spite of its very mild wear at low temperature, suffers from catastrophic oxidation at 750°C. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, number = {1-2}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Bolelli, G. and Berger, L.-M. and Bonetti, M. and Lusvarghi, L.}, year = {2014}, note = {184 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Aluminum coatings, Chromate coatings, HVOF thermal spraying, Hardmetal coatings, High temperature, High velocity oxygen fuels, Indentation, Micromechanical property, Morphology and composition, Nanoindentation, Nickel, Sliding wear, Sprayed coatings, Stainless steel substrates, Thermal spray coatings, Wear of materials}, pages = {96--111}, } @article{blauCharacterizationWearcausingParticles2023, title = {The characterization of wear-causing particles and silica sand in particular}, volume = {530-531}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85153282791&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2023.204872&partnerID=40&md5=5c724c85aa116974f83e26afa07091f2}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2023.204872}, abstract = {Erodants and abradants are two types of wear-causing particles (WCP). Despite their effects on the severity and rate of wear, WCP are inadequately characterized in a surprising number of publications, especially those involving impingement erosion and three-body abrasion. That shortfall makes it difficult to correlate features of WCP with the details of worn surfaces, or to develop wear models that account for those features. It is argued that the documentation of WCP should go beyond simply reporting their composition and mean particle size. In late 1985, ASTM Committee G2 on Wear and Erosion established a task group on the characterization of WCP. At that time, image analysis was slower and less sophisticated than it is today. While that ASTM task group failed to produce a consensus standard, computerized particle characterization methods were developing in fields other than tribology, fields like geoscience, heavy sand mining, materials processing, and pharmaceuticals. A notable exception to this is ferrography, which is a widely-used diagnostic for lubricated tribosystems. In the context of dry wear, it is useful to identify which features of WCP would be beneficial to document, and to identify some techniques and scales of detail appropriate to particular tribosystems. Examples are presented here for the morphological and mechanical characterization of silica sand grains, as prompted by a triboanalysis of the abrasive and erosive wear of biomass pre-processing equipment. The authors propose a minimum level of documentation for WCP, one that can enrich tribosystem analysis both in laboratory tests and field studies. © 2023 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Blau, P.J. and Grejtak, T. and Qu, J.}, year = {2023}, note = {3 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {Abradant, Abradants, Abrasion, Biomass, Consensus standards, Erosion, Image-analysis, Mean particle size, Particle size, Particle size analysis, Silica, Silica sand, Task groups, Third body, Third-bodies, Three body abrasion, Tribology, Tribosystems, Wear model, Worn surface}, } @article{blakeTransientCavitiesBoundaries1986, title = {Transient cavities near boundaries. {Part} 1. {Rigid} boundary}, volume = {170}, issn = {1469-7645, 0022-1120}, url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-fluid-mechanics/article/abs/transient-cavities-near-boundaries-part-1-rigid-boundary/6104149CD6810BE3FAECF371035FE1BF}, doi = {10.1017/S0022112086000988}, abstract = {The growth and collapse of transient vapour cavities near a rigid boundary in the presence of buoyancy forces and an incident stagnation-point flow are modelled via a boundary-integral method. Bubble shapes, particle pathlines and pressure contours are used to illustrate the results of the numerical solutions. Migration of the collapsing bubble, and subsequent jet formation, may be directed either towards or away from the rigid boundary, depending on the relative magnitude of the physical parameters. For appropriate parameter ranges in stagnation-point flow, unusual ‘hour-glass’ shaped bubbles are formed towards the end of the collapse of the bubble. It is postulated that the final collapsed state of the bubble may be two toroidal bubbles/ring vortices of opposite circulation. For buoyant vapour cavities the Kelvin impulse is used to obtain criteria which determine the direction of migration and subsequent jet formation in the collapsing bubble.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-08-04}, journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics}, author = {Blake, J. R. and Taib, B. B. and Doherty, G.}, month = sep, year = {1986}, note = {488 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {479--497}, } @article{blackburnProductionComponentsHot1977, title = {Production of components by hot isostatic pressing of nickel-base superalloy powders}, volume = {4}, issn = {0307-1693}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1179/030716977803292231}, doi = {10.1179/030716977803292231}, abstract = {Turbine disks for gas turbine engines are made from nickel-base superalloys but can be fabricated by several processing methods. The choice of a specific processing route depends on a variety of interrelated factors which include design property requirements, materials selected, and processing costs. It is shown that disk fabrication by direct hot isostatic consolidation of nickel-base superalloy powders, is the most cost-effective method of production; however, such a manufacturing route must yield a product compatible with the property requirements of the component. Some of the metallurgicalfactors that influence such properties in as-hot isostatically pressed (HIP) material are examined. It is shown that by control of the HIP condition, manipulation of composition and heat treatment can be used to control properties. Discussion centres on the balance between strength and stress rupture properties, and resultsfor low-carbon Astroloy and a modified IN 100 alloy, identified in a recent alloy development programme, are used to illustrate the property balances that can be achieved in HIP materials.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-06-30}, journal = {Metals Technology}, author = {Blackburn, M. J. and Sprague, R. A.}, month = jan, year = {1977}, note = {26 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Taylor \& Francis \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1179/030716977803292231}, pages = {388--395}, } @article{biradarTribomechanicalPhysicalCharacterization2019, title = {Tribo-mechanical and physical characterization of filament wound glass/epoxy composites}, volume = {6}, issn = {20531591 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85071592016&doi=10.1088%2f2053-1591%2fab3685&partnerID=40&md5=c72d67049f3c49e31d54558a74548afa}, doi = {10.1088/2053-1591/ab3685}, abstract = {The present research aims to investigate mechanical, physical and tribological properties of filament wound Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) composite pressure vessel as per respective ASTM standards. Here test coupons prepared from GFRP vessel are subjected to tensile, compression, flexural and impact testing to investigate mechanical properties. The physical properties are studied from density, ignition loss and water absorption tests. The tribological study was carried out using abrasive slurry erosion tester. All tests carried out in this study are as per respective ASTM standard. The results obtained from various mechanical testings are satisfactory and also almost equal in strength with respect to metallic pressure vessels. Particularly from impact testing, the strength of sea water treated sample has considerably increased. Fractography study was conducted on failed samples to study various mode of failure in detail. The physical characterization has elaborated the behavior of filament wound GFRP material under moisture environment which has observed a maximum of 0.5\% water absorption rate. As per ignition loss study which reveals about 95\%-98\% weight of ignition loss is recorded, which indicates perfect fibre to resin ratio and almost nil or least \% of void content. The slurry erosion test results are within the expected range and maximum wear of 9.67\% is recorded under extreme case. The overall study reveals that the presence of voids, non-uniform distribution of fibre and matrix have an impact on the outcomes of many mechanical properties. From the above study we can conclude that filament wound GFRP pressure vessel can be used in many applications since it is a non-hydrophobic, better wear resistant and several strength parameters have also improved or unaltered under rigorous testing conditions. © 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd.}, language = {English}, number = {10}, journal = {Materials Research Express}, author = {Biradar, S. and Joladarashi, S. and Kulkarni, S.M.}, year = {2019}, note = {5 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Institute of Physics Publishing}, keywords = {ASTM standards, Abrasives, Bridge decks, Composite pressure vessels, Erosion, Fiber reinforced plastics, Filament winding, Fracture mechanics, GFRP, Glass, Glass fibre reinforced polymers, Impact testing, Mechanical and physical characterization, Mechanical properties, Metallic pressure vessels, Non-uniform distribution, Physical characterization, Pressure vessels, Seawater, Slurry erosion, Tensile testing, Tribology, Water absorption, Water treatment, Wear of materials, filament winding, impact test, slurry erosion, water absorption}, } @article{bhosaleSlidingErosionWear2020, title = {Sliding and erosion wear behaviour of thermal sprayed {WC}-{Cr3C2}-{Ni} coatings}, volume = {400}, issn = {02578972 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85088653774&doi=10.1016%2fj.surfcoat.2020.126192&partnerID=40&md5=28231bbfbb367a2cdc00ff436004f2f3}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.126192}, abstract = {The present work investigates comprehensively the tribological behaviour of WC-Cr3C2-Ni coatings prepared by atmospheric plasma spray (APS) and high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spray methods. The dry sliding wear at room and elevated temperature (up to 800 °C), wet (oil-based fracturing fluid) sliding wear at room temperature were studied against an alumina ball using the ball-on-disc tribometer according to the ASTM G99 standard. The erosion wear was studied using air-jet erosion tester (ASTM G76) at the impact angles 30° and 90° and temperatures 500 °C and 650 °C. The HVOF coating showed higher hardness, dense morphological structure and a lower degree of decarburisation as compared to APS coating. The HVOF coating offers better wear resistance over the APS coating under both dry and wet sliding conditions. Significant improvement in the wear resistance, especially above 500 °C is attributed to the uniform formation of lubricious WO3. The solid particle erosion resistance of both coatings is observed to be the same up to 650 °C under 30° and 90° impact angles. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Bhosale, D.G. and Prabhu, T.R. and Rathod, W.S.}, year = {2020}, note = {56 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier B.V.}, keywords = {Alumina, Aluminum oxide, Atmospheric plasma spray, Ceramic coating, Dry sliding wear, Elevated temperature, Erosion, Erosion wear, Fracturing fluids, Fuels, HVOF thermal spraying, High velocity oxy fuel, Morphological structures, Plasma spraying, Sliding conditions, Sliding wear, Solid particle erosion resistance, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray coating, Tribological behaviour, Wear of materials, Wear resistance}, } @article{bhosalePerformanceThermalsprayedWCCr3C2Ni2022, title = {Performance of thermal-sprayed {WC}-{Cr3C2}-{Ni} coatings in slurry erosion for hydrodynamic turbines}, volume = {16}, issn = {17515831 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85131605399&doi=10.1080%2f17515831.2022.2078086&partnerID=40&md5=27f1952e580d30a202acbeaf025c70a9}, doi = {10.1080/17515831.2022.2078086}, abstract = {Hydrodynamic turbine and slurry pump components are frequently influenced by severe wear due to the impact of solid particles present in the water. A WC-based coatings deposited by thermal spray techniques is known for the protection against slurry erosion. In the present work, WC-Cr3C2-Ni powder was sprayed on a turbine steel substrate using high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) and atmospheric plasma spray (APS) techniques. Microstructural and phase constitutions of as-sprayed coatings were examined. The effect of speed, slurry concentration and particle size on slurry erosion resistances of both coatings and substrate materials was comparatively studied in a slurry pot erosion tester. The results exhibit that the HVOF coating has better properties in terms of density, micro-hardness and slurry erosion resistance than those of APS coating. The improvement in slurry erosion resistance of bare turbine steel by using APS and HVOF coatings is approximately 37\% and 62\%, respectively. © 2022 Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining and Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor \& Francis Group.}, language = {English}, number = {4}, journal = {Tribology - Materials, Surfaces and Interfaces}, author = {Bhosale, D.G. and Dorlikar, C. and Bhosale, A.P. and Pasare, V. and Maurya, B. and Korgaonkar, S. and Ginwal, V. and Prabhu, T.R.}, year = {2022}, note = {3 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Taylor and Francis Ltd.}, keywords = {Atmospheric plasma spray, Erosion, Erosion resistance, Fuels, HVOF thermal spraying, High velocity oxy fuel, Hydrodynamics, Microhardness, Ni coating, Particle size, Performance, Slurry erosion, Slurry pumps, Sprayed coatings, Thermal, Thermal spray coatings, Tungsten carbide, Turbine steel, slurry erosion, tungsten carbide, turbine steel}, pages = {292--302}, } @article{bhosaleHighTemperatureSolid2020, title = {High temperature solid particle erosion behaviour of {SS} {316L} and thermal sprayed {WC}-{Cr3C2}–{Ni} coatings}, volume = {462-463}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85093698587&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2020.203520&partnerID=40&md5=a687a51f8a308ebed7d1ee7567f6c3a3}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2020.203520}, abstract = {The boiler tubes, steam and gas turbines are commonly affected by severe high-temperature erosion wear due to impingement of solid particles entrained in the stream of fluid. The investigation focuses on the applicability of thermal sprayed WC based coatings for turbines and boiler tubes by improving the erosion resistance of the base material. The present work includes high-temperature solid particle erosion behaviour of WC-Cr3C2–Ni coatings deposited by atmospheric plasma spray (APS) and high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) processes. The effects of temperature and impact angle on erosion performance of uncoated and coated specimens were comparatively studied using air-jet erosion tester (ASTM G76). The eroded surface morphology was analysed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Uncoated steel exhibit ductile mechanisms; however, both coated specimens follow the mixed mode of material removal under the same operating conditions. Erosion resistance of APS and HVOF coatings is approximately two and three times higher than uncoated specimens at higher temperatures under 30° and 90° impact angles. The HVOF coating offers higher erosion resistance than APS coating due to lower porosity, greater splat adhesion, a lower degree of decarburisation and higher inter-splat sintering at elevated temperatures. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Bhosale, D.G. and Prabhu, T.R. and Rathod, W.S. and Patil, M.A. and Rukhande, S.W.}, year = {2020}, note = {36 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {Atmospheric plasma spray, Atmospheric temperature, Boilers, Chromium compounds, Effects of temperature, Elevated temperature, Erosion, Erosion resistance, Fuels, HVOF thermal spraying, High temperature, High temperature erosion, High velocity oxy fuel, Morphology, Operating condition, Plasma spraying, Power generation, Scanning electron microscopy, Sintering, Solid particle erosion, Sprayed coatings, Surface morphology, Thermal spray coatings}, } @article{bhansaliRoleStackingFault1982, title = {The role of stacking fault energy on galling and wear behavior}, volume = {75}, issn = {0043-1648}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/004316488290151X}, doi = {10.1016/0043-1648(82)90151-X}, abstract = {Cobalt-base alloys have been traditionally known for their superior resistance to galling. Pin-on-block galling tests were used to study the influence of nickel substitution for cobalt on the galling behavior of a commercial cobalt-base alloy. Nickel additions resulted in lower self-mated threshold galling stresses. The tendency to galling is believed to be related to stacking fault energy. Alloys with low stacking fault energy have superior galling resistance to those with high stacking fault energy. The behavior is confirmed by experimental alloys with varying nickel to cobalt ratios. A metallurgical model is proposed.}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-11-17}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Bhansali, K. J. and Miller, A. E.}, month = jan, year = {1982}, note = {74 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {241--252}, } @article{bergetErosionCorrosionProperties2007, title = {Erosion–corrosion properties of different {WC}–{Co}–{Cr} coatings deposited by the {HVOF} process—influence of metallic matrix composition and spray powder size distribution}, volume = {201}, issn = {0257-8972}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0257897207001417}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.02.032}, abstract = {WC–Co–Cr coatings were sprayed by the High Velocity Oxygen Fuel (HVOF) process and characterised by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and erosion corrosion tests. Powders with different relative amounts of Co and Cr in the matrix and different powder grain size distributions were examined. At constant spray conditions the powders gave coatings of different quality as regards erosion–corrosion performance. At low erosive conditions the erosion–corrosion resistance increased when increasing Cr-content from 5 to 8.5 wt.\%. However, when the erosivity was increased by increasing test velocity, an increase of Cr content from 5 to 8.5 wt.\% showed no improvement in coating quality. Powder grain size distribution was found to be an important parameter, strongly affecting the coating quality. Powders with narrow grain size distributions gave coatings of higher quality than powders with wider grain size distributions. A reduction of the heat input during spraying reduced the degree of WC decomposition and improved the coating properties when the spray powder contained a large fraction of small grains.}, number = {18}, urldate = {2024-10-12}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Berget, J. and Rogne, T. and Bardal, E.}, month = jun, year = {2007}, note = {59 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Erosion–corrosion, HVOF, Thermal spraying, WC–Co–Cr}, pages = {7619--7625}, } @article{bergerMicrostructurePropertiesHVOFsprayed2008, series = {3 {Rencontres} {Internationales} de la {Projection} {Thermique}}, title = {Microstructure and properties of {HVOF}-sprayed chromium alloyed {WC}–{Co} and {WC}–{Ni} coatings}, volume = {202}, issn = {0257-8972}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0257897208002417}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2008.04.019}, abstract = {In this paper the influence of the type of binder metal (nickel or cobalt) and chromium as an additional alloying element on the microstructure, mechanical properties and wear resistance of high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF)-sprayed WC-based hardmetal coatings was studied. Plain WC–Co and WC–Ni as well as five chromium alloyed compositions were sprayed with a liquid-fueled HVOF-spray process from commercial and experimental agglomerated and sintered feedstock powders. The coating characterization included optical microscopy and SEM of metallographically prepared cross-sections, hardness measurements, determination of the Young's modulus and phase composition by X-ray diffraction. Erosion and dry oscillating sliding wear were studied. The resistance to erosive wear was found to be improved when cobalt was used as binder metal. A dependence on the chromium content was not detected. For the oscillating sliding wear against a hardmetal counterbody there is no dependence of the wear rate on the type of binder metal or the amount of chromium.}, number = {18}, urldate = {2024-10-14}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Berger, L. -M. and Saaro, S. and Naumann, T. and Wiener, M. and Weihnacht, V. and Thiele, S. and Suchánek, J.}, month = jun, year = {2008}, note = {81 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Erosion, HVOF, Hardmetal coating, Sliding wear, Tungsten carbide}, pages = {4417--4421}, } @article{bergerDependenceRollingContact2011, title = {Dependence of the rolling contact fatigue of {HVOF}-sprayed {WC}-17\%{Co} hardmetal coatings on substrate hardness}, volume = {271}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79960661796&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2011.01.061&partnerID=40&md5=d6d757a427b890b552722ebedd6fb79c}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2011.01.061}, abstract = {The continual demand for higher load-bearing capacity and improved performance and reliability of gears and other components increases the role of high endurable Hertz pressures and low friction. Coatings prepared by high velocity oxy-fuel spraying (HVOF), one of the most important thermal spray processes, have the potential to serve as a technical solution for highly loaded components such as gears. In this work the rolling contact fatigue (RCF) behaviour of HVOF-sprayed WC-17\%Co coatings was investigated on roller specimens with coating thicknesses of 600. μm and 100. μm deposited on 16 MnCr 5 steel substrates in the unhardened, quenched and tempered, and case-hardened states with hardness values of 190 HB, 400 HB and 58-62 HRc, respectively. The endurable Hertz pressures of the coated specimens were benchmarked against uncoated case-hardened 16 MnCr 5 steel. The failed coatings and coating damages before failure were thoroughly studied by optical and SEM microscopy. The highest durability was realised for a coating thickness of 600. μm through the use of the quenched and tempered substrate (about 130\% of the benchmark). Coatings on these substrates showed a minimal amount of micropits and no other damage such as large cracks after testing. It can be assumed that differences in specimen preparation by grit blasting prior to spraying and different substrate strengths were responsible for the different results for the coated unhardened, quenched and tempered, and case-hardened substrates. The durability for a coating thickness of 600. μm was higher than for a coating thickness of 100. μm when unhardened and case-hardened substrates were used. Further improvements in the rolling contact fatigue behaviour could be achieved by optimisation of the combination of coating thickness and substrate strength and by use of other WC-based coatings. © 2011.}, language = {English}, number = {9-10}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Berger, L.-M. and Lipp, K. and Spatzier, J. and Bretschneider, J.}, year = {2011}, note = {27 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Coating damage, Coating thickness, Different substrates, Durability, Friction, Grit blasting, HVOF coating, HVOF coatings, HVOF thermal spraying, Hard metals, Hardening, Hardness, Hardness values, High velocity oxy-fuel spraying, Load-bearing capacity, Low friction, Micropits, Optimisations, Rolling contact fatigue, Specimen preparation, Sprayed coatings, Steel substrate, Substrate hardness, Substrate strength, Substrates, Technical solutions, Thermal spray coating, Thermal spray process, Thickness measurement, Tungsten carbide, WC-Co}, pages = {2080--2088}, } @article{bergerApplicationHardmetalsThermal2015, title = {Application of hardmetals as thermal spray coatings}, volume = {49}, issn = {02634368 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84929628259&doi=10.1016%2fj.ijrmhm.2014.09.029&partnerID=40&md5=19363fa59d36acd8dd6553c97ad1634c}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2014.09.029}, abstract = {Thermally sprayed hardmetal coatings have a typical thickness within the range 100-500 μm. Thus, thermal spray enables the functionality of hardmetals to be realized on the surface of large parts, which cannot be produced by powder metallurgy for technical and economical reasons. This article reviews the different types of thermal spray processes, with particular focus on the high velocity HVOF and HVAF deposition techniques which are ofmost relevance to the application of hardmetal coatings. Feedstock powder preparation technologies are presented. The majority of hardmetal thermal spray coatings are based either onWC or Cr3C2 or hard phases appearing as a result of their interaction. As an alternative, TiC-based compositions aremost intensively studied. Thermal spraying generates significant changes in the hardmetal chemical and phase compositions between the feedstock powder to the sprayed coating. Coating formation and microstructures as well as selected properties, such as hardness, the effect of heat treatments and the oxidation in service, as well as corrosion resistance are discussed. As an example for wear protection applications, abrasion wear resistance is shortly discussed. This paper is a partly updated and condensed version of the chapter: "Coatings by thermal spray" in the book "Comprehensive Hard Materials", V.K. Sarin (Editor-in-Chief) \& D. Mari \& L. Llanes (Vol. Ed.), Vol. 1 (pp. 471-506), Elsevier, 2014. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.}, language = {English}, number = {1}, journal = {International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials}, author = {Berger, L.-M.}, year = {2015}, note = {243 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {Abrasion, Abrasion wear, Coating characterization, Coating characterizations, Coatings, Corrosion resistance, Cr3C2, Feedstock powders, Feedstocks, HVAF spraying, HVOF spraying, HVOF thermal spraying, Hard coatings, Hardmetal coatings, Hardness, Heat resistance, Oxidation, Plasma spraying, Powder metallurgy, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spraying, TiC, Titanium carbide, Tungsten carbide, WC, Wear resistance}, pages = {350--364}, } @article{beniwalEDSPhaSePhaseSegmentation2023, title = {{EDS}-{PhaSe}: {Phase} {Segmentation} and {Analysis} from {EDS} {Elemental} {Map} {Images} {Using} {Markers} of {Elemental} {Segregation}}, volume = {12}, issn = {2192-9270}, shorttitle = {{EDS}-{PhaSe}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s13632-023-01020-7}, doi = {10.1007/s13632-023-01020-7}, abstract = {Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), combined with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), is an extensively used technique for in-depth microstructural analysis. Here, we present the EDS-Phase Segmentation (EDS-PhaSe) tool that enables phase segmentation and phase analysis using the EDS elemental map images. It converts the EDS map images into estimated composition maps for calculating markers of selective elemental redistribution in the scanned area and creates a phase-segmented micrograph while providing approximate fraction and composition of each identified phase. EDS-PhaSe offers two unique advantages. Firstly, it enables the direct processing of EDS elemental map images without requiring any raw or proprietary data/software, thereby allowing the analysis of EDS results available in the published literature as images. Secondly, it enables segmentation and analysis of phases even when the phase contrast is missing in backscattered micrographs, assisting in correlating the XRD and SEM-EDS data as shown in this work for a AlCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy.}, language = {en}, number = {6}, urldate = {2025-02-06}, journal = {Metallography, Microstructure, and Analysis}, author = {Beniwal, Dishant and Shivam, Vikas and Palasyuk, Olena and Kramer, Matthew J. and Phanikumar, Gandham and Ray, Pratik K.}, month = dec, year = {2023}, note = {3 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {EDS, Elemental segregation, Energy-dispersive spectroscopy, Phase analysis, Phase segmentation}, pages = {924--933}, } @article{belinTechnologicalProcessesIncreasing2023, title = {Technological {Processes} for {Increasing} the {Cavitation} {Erosion} {Resistance} of {Nimonic} {80A} {Superalloys}}, volume = {16}, issn = {19961944 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85156130385&doi=10.3390%2fma16083206&partnerID=40&md5=fcb872ca38d1232642f81da110d05ab3}, doi = {10.3390/ma16083206}, abstract = {Nickel-based superalloys are frequently used to manufacture the components that operate under cavitation erosion conditions, such as aircraft gas turbine construction, nuclear power systems, steam turbine power plants, and chemical and petrochemical industries. Their poor performance in terms of cavitation erosion leads to a significant reduction in service life. This paper compares four technological treatment methods to improve cavitation erosion resistance. The cavitation erosion experiments were carried out on a vibrating device with piezoceramic crystals in accordance with the prescriptions of the ASTM G32—2016 standard. The maximum depth of surface damage, the erosion rate, and the morphologies of the eroded surfaces during the cavitation erosion tests were characterized. The results indicate that the thermochemical plasma nitriding treatment can reduce mass losses and the erosion rate. The cavitation erosion resistance of the nitrided samples is approximately 2 times higher than that of the remelted TIG surfaces, approximately 2.4 times higher than that of the artificially aged hardened substrate, and 10.6 times higher than that of the solution heat-treated substrate. The improvement in cavitation erosion resistance for Nimonic 80A superalloy is attributed to the finishing of the surface microstructure, graining, and the presence of residual compressive stresses, factors that prevent crack initiation and propagation, thus blocking material removal during cavitation stresses. © 2023 by the authors.}, language = {English}, number = {8}, journal = {Materials}, author = {Belin, C. and Mitelea, I. and Bordeașu, I. and Crăciunescu, C.M. and Uțu, I.-D.}, year = {2023}, note = {1 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: MDPI}, keywords = {Aircraft gas turbines, Alternative technologies, Aluminum nitride, Cavitation, Cavitation-erosion resistance, Erosion, Erosion conditions, Erosion rates, Gas plants, Nickel alloys, Nickel-based superalloys, Nimonic 80A, Nuclear fuels, Nuclear power plants, Nuclear power system, Piezoelectric ceramics, Power system steam turbine, Steam power plants, Technological process, alternative technologies, cavitation erosion}, } @inproceedings{belinNITRIDINGNIMONIC802021, title = {{NITRIDING} {OF} {NIMONIC} 80 {A} {ALLOY} {FOR} {IMPROVING} {CAVITATION} {EROSION} {RESISTANCE}}, isbn = {978-808729499-4 (ISBN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85124336800&doi=10.37904%2fmetal.2021.4218&partnerID=40&md5=1416516552558c29c931a8428f0db200}, doi = {10.37904/metal.2021.4218}, abstract = {The paper studies the improvement of cavitation erosion resistance for Nimonic 80A alloy whose surface has been subjected to nitriding. The cavitation erosion tests were performed with an ultrasonic vibrating device in accordance to ASTM G32-2010. The cavitated samples were further investigated by optical and scanning electron microscopy. The analysis of the cavitation curves showed 8.65 times decrease in mass loss and 8 times increase in cavitation erosion resistance of nitrided samples compared to those in solution treatment state. © 2021 TANGER Ltd., Ostrava.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {{METAL} - {Anniv}. {Int}. {Conf}. {Met}. {Mater}., {Conf}. {Proc}.}, publisher = {TANGER Ltd.}, author = {Belin, C.I. and Mitelea, I. and Bordeaşu, I. and Utu, I.D. and Crăciunescu, C.M.}, year = {2021}, note = {0 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Journal Abbreviation: METAL - Anniv. Int. Conf. Met. Mater., Conf. Proc.}, keywords = {Alloys, Aluminum nitride, Cavitation, Cavitation erosion, Cavitation-erosion resistance, Erosion, Erosion test, Mass loss, Metals, Nimonic 80A, Nimonic 80A alloy, Nimonic 80a alloy, Nitrided, Nitriding, Optical-, Scanning electron microscopy, Solution treatments, Ultrasonic testing, Vibrating devices}, pages = {1068--1073}, } @article{belemEvaluationAdhesionSlurry2019, title = {Evaluation of the {Adhesion} and {Slurry} {Wear} {Erosion} of {Nb2O5} {Coatings} {Applied} by {Flame} {Spray}}, volume = {50}, issn = {10735623 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85074306207&doi=10.1007%2fs11661-019-05456-x&partnerID=40&md5=a80d65f3e8f440047d8d6927b6e32b44}, doi = {10.1007/s11661-019-05456-x}, abstract = {Niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5) has excellent chemical and thermodynamic stabilities, characteristics that have accelerated the applications of this material in the form of coatings to protect against corrosive processes. However, few studies have evaluated its performance in wear protection applications. In this research, the slurry wear erosion resistance of Nb2O5 coatings deposited by flame spray was studied. The microstructural characterization of the coatings was performed by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) assisted by chemical analysis by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Adhesion of the coatings was determined by the adhesion test (ASTM C633-13). Image analysis was used for the quantitative study of the adhesion tested areas and porosity of the coatings. Erosive wear resistance was determined using a container tribometer with erosive mixing at a particle velocity of 9.33 m/s and two particle incidence angles. The thinner coatings had fewer microstructural defects, such as pores and microcracks, and greater adhesive strength. The thicker coatings presented a cohesive failure mode. When the impact angle of the erodent particles was 90 deg, the thickness of the Nb2O5 coatings should not exceed 350 μm. Nb2O5 coatings applied by flame spray showed good resistance to slurry wear erosion, besides inherent low cost and flexibility of the process. © 2019, The Minerals, Metals \& Materials Society and ASM International.}, language = {English}, number = {12}, journal = {Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A: Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science}, author = {Belém, M.J.X. and Fals, H.C. and Roca, A.S. and Lima, C.R.C.}, year = {2019}, note = {2 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Springer Boston}, keywords = {Adhesion, Adhesive strength, Adhesives, Chemical analysis, Coatings, Cohesive failures, Corrosion protection, Energy dispersive X ray spectroscopy, Energy dispersive spectroscopy, Erodent particles, Erosion, Erosion resistance, Flame resistance, Flame spraying, Micro-structural characterization, Microcracks, Microstructural defects, Niobium oxide, Quantitative study, Scanning electron microscopy, Spray guns, Velocity control, Wear of materials, Wear resistance}, pages = {5877--5887}, } @article{bedkowskiRelationsCavitationErosion1999, title = {Relations between cavitation erosion resistance of materials and their fatigue strength under random loading}, volume = {230}, issn = {0043-1648}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043164899001052}, doi = {10.1016/S0043-1648(99)00105-2}, abstract = {The paper contains results of tests on fatigue strength under uniaxial random loading and cavitation erosion resistance for three steels: 10HNAP, 18G2A and 15G2ANb. The obtained fatigue and cavitation characteristics were used for determination of relations between these two phenomena. From the analysis it appears that there is correlation between fatigue strength of the material under random loading and its cavitation erosion resistance. It has been shown that fatigue tests under random loading and tests on cavitation erosion of 10HNAP, 18G2A and 15G2ANb steels may be described with a mathematical model of the same type. It has been also found that there is a linear relation, in the dual logarithmic system, between cavitation erosion resistance of the steels tested and their fatigue strength under random tension—compression with zero mean value.}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-06-29}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Będkowski, W. and Gasiak, G. and Lachowicz, C. and Lichtarowicz, A. and Łagoda, T. and Macha, E.}, month = may, year = {1999}, note = {65 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cavitation erosion, Erosion by liquid, Fatigue, Random loading, Structural steels}, pages = {201--209}, } @article{bayazltInvestigationErosiveWear2023, title = {Investigation of erosive wear effect on concrete water structures: the case of {Porsuk} {Dam}, {Turkey}}, volume = {75}, issn = {00249831 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85143734428&doi=10.1680%2fjmacr.22.00240&partnerID=40&md5=d249886586460a7a0afcdf0a692d7502}, doi = {10.1680/jmacr.22.00240}, abstract = {Water structures usually consist of concrete surfaces. The concrete surfaces are subjected to erosive wear under the flow of water containing suspended sediment in high concentrations. Such flow-induced erosion is a significant problem for ageing structures because it can shorten their service lives. In this study, Böhme, ASTM C 1138 and newly developed sand-water jet abrasion test methods were used to determine the abrasion behaviour of different concrete types. Various mineral additives, such as fly ash (FA) and ground blast furnace slag (GBFS) were used to improve the wear resistance of the concrete specimens. In the study, the spillway of the Porsuk dam, Turkey, was chosen as a case study. By taking the spillway concrete recipe of this dam as a reference, its abrasion resistance was analysed for different mineral-added concrete recipes. According to the results of the study, it was observed that mixtures using 10\% FA and GBFS considerably improved the resistance to abrasion. © 2022 ICE Publishing: All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {10}, journal = {Magazine of Concrete Research}, author = {Bayazlt, Y. and Karakurt, C. and Baklş, R.}, year = {2023}, note = {1 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: ICE Publishing}, keywords = {Abrasion, Abrasion test methods, Aging structures, Blast furnaces, Concrete additives, Concrete surface, Concrete types, Concretes, Erosion, Erosive wear, Flow induced, Fly ash, Fly ash (PFA), Slags, Suspended sediments, Water structure, Waterjets, Wear effects, Wear resistance, blast furnace slag, concrete structures, erosion, fly ash (PFA), wear}, pages = {529--540}, } @article{batraThermalSprayCoating2009, title = {Thermal spray coating of abradable {Ni} based composite}, volume = {25}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-67149102556&doi=10.1179%2f174329407X215087&partnerID=40&md5=b2cc56aac4de965bf95fa9339988f1e2}, doi = {10.1179/174329407X215087}, abstract = {Abradable clearance control coatings of compressor and turbine casing of aircraft engines are designed to wear in performance to the opposing blade tip or other moving parts. In the present work the mild steel surface has been coated with KNA (boron nitride, nickel, silicon and carbon) using thermal spray coating technique. The feed rate of the coating material has been optimised or the required hardness of 15 to 25 kg mm-2. The coating has been characterised for porosity, coating thickness, adhesion strength, deposit efficiency and hardness in order to analyse the performance of the coating. Scanning electron microscopy has been carried out to observe the microstructure of the coating and distribution of boron nitride particles. © 2009 Institute of Materials.}, number = {4}, journal = {Surface Engineering}, author = {Batra, U.}, year = {2009}, note = {6 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Abradable, Adhesion strengths, Aircraft, Aircraft engines, Blade tip, Boron, Boron nitride, Clearance control, Coating, Coating material, Coating thickness, Coatings, Feed-rates, Hardness, Mild-steel surfaces, Moving parts, Nitride particles, Nitrides, Rotor blade, Scanning electron microscopy, Spray, Thermal, Thermal spray coatings, Thermal spraying, Thickness measurement, Turbine casing, Turbomachine blades}, pages = {284--286}, } @article{basumatarySynergisticEffectsCavitation2015, title = {The {Synergistic} {Effects} of {Cavitation} {Erosion}–{Corrosion} in {Ship} {Propeller} {Materials}}, volume = {1}, issn = {2198-4239}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s40735-015-0012-1}, doi = {10.1007/s40735-015-0012-1}, abstract = {Synergy tests were performed for two most common propeller materials, duplex stainless steel (DSS) and nickel aluminium bronze (NAB), by means of an indirect ultrasonic vibratory system. Tests were conducted for pure cavitation erosion in distilled water, pure corrosion using in situ electrochemistry under 3.5 \% NaCl solution and a combination of cavitation erosion–corrosion to understand the overall synergism existing between the two. The results were analysed using gravimetric as well as volumetric analysis. Alicona and Talysurf were employed for the surface topography, and scanning electron microscope was used to see the microstructural morphologies of the samples under different conditions. As a result, the electrochemical tests held at open circuit potential showed that, although DSS exhibited higher resistance to corrosion under seawater alone, NAB exhibited much higher resistance to corrosion when subjected to cavitation. From the experiments conducted, it was concluded that synergy had measurable impact on the cavitation erosion–corrosion of both NAB and DSS. NAB was found to be more susceptible to erosion under both the conditions as compared to DSS with prominent selective cavitation erosion of alpha phase in the microstructure. The overall synergism of NAB was found to be higher than that of DSS.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-06-29}, journal = {Journal of Bio- and Tribo-Corrosion}, author = {Basumatary, J. and Nie, M. and Wood, R. J. K.}, month = mar, year = {2015}, note = {61 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cavitation, Cavitation erosion, Cavitation erosion–corrosion, Duplex stainless steel, Nickel aluminium bronze, Propeller materials}, pages = {12}, } @article{bartuliAdvancedThermalSpray2007, title = {Advanced thermal spray coatings for tribological applications}, volume = {221}, issn = {14644207 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34547441277&doi=10.1243%2f14644207JMDA135&partnerID=40&md5=14af0b93ea9ec6f74f029999a2a85ba0}, doi = {10.1243/14644207JMDA135}, abstract = {Thermal spray coating is one of the most common procedures to improve the tribological properties of materials. Ceramic and cermet coatings, especially those based on oxides (alumina, chromium oxide, etc.) and carbides, are widely used for wear protection. Improvements under investigations are related to the possible use of nanostructured coatings and to the potential application of hybrid techniques. As a possible alternative, solid lubrication is proposed as integration or replacement of the traditional liquid lubrication in the case of severe operative conditions when there is the possibility of a lack of lubricant or when environmental problems can arise from waste disposal. In the present paper, results from experimental activities on different types of abrasion-resistant thermal spray coatings are presented: graded coating systems, specifically designed for titanium-based alloys, obtained by reactive plasma spraying and physical vapour deposition of titanium nitrides; nanostructured WC-Co coatings deposited by high velocity oxy-fuel; plasma-sprayed ceramic coatings based on oxides containing nanophases either from nanostructured precursors or postprecipitated by purposely designed thermal treatments; self-lubricant coatings deposited by plasma spray with the inclusion of graphite. © IMechE 2007.}, language = {English}, number = {3}, journal = {Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications}, author = {Bartuli, C. and Valente, T. and Casadei, F. and Tului, M.}, year = {2007}, note = {21 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Abrasion, Ceramic materials, Cermets, Coatings, Heat treatment, Nanostructured ceramics, Reactive plasma spray, Self-lubrication, Thermal spray coatings, Thermal spraying, Tribology, Wear, Wear of materials}, pages = {175--186}, } @article{barParametricAnalysisAcoustic2005, title = {Parametric {Analysis} of {Acoustic} {Emission} {Signals} for {Evaluating} {Damage} in {Composites} {Using} a {PVDF} {Film} {Sensor}}, volume = {24}, issn = {1573-4862}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-005-8780-z}, doi = {10.1007/s10921-005-8780-z}, abstract = {With the increased utilization of advanced composites in strategic industries, the concept of Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) with its inherent advantages is gaining ground over the conventional methods of NDE and NDI. The most attractive feature of this concept is on-line evaluation using embedded sensors. Consequently, development of methodologies with identification of appropriate sensors such as PVDF films becomes the key for exploiting the new concept. And, of the methods used for on-line evaluation acoustic emission has been most effective. Thus, Acoustic Emission (AE) generated during static tensile loading of glass fiber reinforced plastic composites was monitored using a Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) film sensor. The frequency response of the film sensor was obtained with pencil lead breakage tests to choose the appropriate band of operation. The specimen considered for the experiments were chosen to characterize the differences in the operation of the failure mechanisms through AE parametric analysis. The results of the investigations can be characterized using AE parameter indicating that a PVDF film sensor was effective as an AE sensor used in structural health monitoring on-line.}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2025-03-02}, journal = {Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation}, author = {Bar, H. N. and Bhat, M. R. and Murthy, C. R. L.}, month = dec, year = {2005}, note = {42 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {PVDF, acoustic emission, composites}, pages = {121--134}, } @article{bansalSlurryErosionBehavior2019, title = {Slurry {Erosion} {Behavior} of {HVOF}-{Sprayed} {WC}-{10Co}-{4Cr} {Coated} {SS} 316 {Steel} with and {Without} {PTFE} {Modification}}, volume = {28}, issn = {10599630 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85070813588&doi=10.1007%2fs11666-019-00903-y&partnerID=40&md5=ee5a97c7dacc28b7a8a024f0175b3659}, doi = {10.1007/s11666-019-00903-y}, abstract = {Several hydro-machinery components such as impellers of the submersible pump and turbine blades generally suffer from slurry erosion during their operation. High-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF)-sprayed coatings are promising materials to prevent such components from slurry erosion. Moreover, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is a well-accepted hydrophobic material, which has several attractive properties such as chemical inertness and considerable thermal stability. Therefore, PTFE coating has been explored as a topcoat for a HVOF-sprayed WC-10Co-4Cr coating, with an aim to enhance the performance of the latter and analyzed with different slurry erosion conditions. A slurry erosion test rig was used for experimentation, and the effect of four different erosion parameters, namely average particle size, slurry concentration, impact angle, and velocity of jet, was investigated. A comparative study between PTFE-modified HVOF-sprayed coating and the standalone HVOF-sprayed coating was also done with respect to slurry erosion behavior and hydrophobicity. The overall results indicate that the slurry erosion of the HVOF-sprayed coated SS 316 steel got enhanced after modification by PTFE topcoat. Furthermore, the topcoat of PTFE on HVOF-sprayed coating resulted in a remarkable improvement in hydrophobicity, showing a superhydrophobic behavior, which might have also provided a better slurry erosion resistance to the HVOF-sprayed steel. © 2019, ASM International.}, language = {English}, number = {7}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {Bansal, A. and Singh, J. and Singh, H.}, year = {2019}, note = {49 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Springer New York LLC}, keywords = {Austenitic stainless steel, Average particle size, Chemical stability, Chromium alloys, Chromium steel, Cobalt alloys, Erosion, Fuels, HVOF thermal spraying, High velocity oxy fuel, Hydrophobic Material, Hydrophobicity, PTFE, Particle size, Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), Polytetrafluoroethylenes, Slurry concentration, Slurry erosion, Sprayed coatings, Superhydrophobic behavior, Thermal spray coatings, Turbomachine blades, Vanadium steel, hydro-machinery steel, hydrophobicity, slurry erosion, thermal spray coatings}, pages = {1448--1465}, } @inproceedings{banjongprasertInvestigationThermalSprayed2011, title = {Investigation of thermal sprayed stainless steel/{WC}-12wt\%{Co} nanocomposite coatings}, volume = {695}, isbn = {978-3-03785-222-4}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-80053290001&doi=10.4028%2fwww.scientific.net%2fMSF.695.441&partnerID=40&md5=f05046d048f403d6abe96c9ad749c1fd}, doi = {10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.695.441}, abstract = {The thermal spray coatings of stainless steel with nano-sized particles as reinforcement have been studied. Stainless steel powder mixed with 0, 2.5, 5 and 10 wt\% WC-12wt\%Co nano-sized powder was flame sprayed. The presence of WC-12wt\%Co nano-particles in mixed powders as feedstock was confirmed. The microstructure of the coatings has been investigated using a wide range of characterization techniques: optical microscopy with image analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) to understand the microstructure evolution. Chemical composition and microstructure of the coatings showed that the coatings contained stainless steel, WC, Co, and oxide layers. The addition of WC-12wt\%Co increased cross-sectional hardness, reduced porosity and friction coefficient. The improved wear properties demonstrate a high potential for industrial applications of stainless steel/WC-12wt\%Co coatings. © (2011) Trans Tech Publications.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Mater. {Sci}. {Forum}}, publisher = {Trans Tech Publications Ltd}, author = {Banjongprasert, C. and Jaimeewong, P. and Jiansirisomboon, S.}, year = {2011}, note = {7 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Journal Abbreviation: Mater. Sci. Forum}, keywords = {Characterization techniques, Chemical compositions, Coating, Coatings, Cobalt compounds, Energy dispersive spectroscopies (EDS), Energy dispersive spectroscopy, Flame spraying, Friction, Friction coefficients, Micro-structure evolutions, Microstructure, Nano-composite coating, Nanocomposite, Nanocomposites, Nanoparticles, Particle size, Scanning electron microscopy, Sprayed coatings, Stainless steel, Stainless steel powders, Thermal spray, Thermal spray coatings, Thermal spraying, WC-Co}, pages = {441--444}, } @article{baloghRANSSimulationABL2012, series = {13th {International} {Conference} on {Wind} {Engineering}}, title = {{RANS} simulation of {ABL} flow over complex terrains applying an {Enhanced} k-ε model and wall function formulation: {Implementation} and comparison for fluent and {OpenFOAM}}, volume = {104-106}, issn = {0167-6105}, shorttitle = {{RANS} simulation of {ABL} flow over complex terrains applying an {Enhanced} k-ε model and wall function formulation}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167610512000475}, doi = {10.1016/j.jweia.2012.02.023}, abstract = {The simulation of Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) flows is commonly performed using commercial CFD codes with RANS turbulence modeling, applying the standard k-ε model. However, when applied to the simulation of the homogenous ABL, this approach may result in an undesired decay of the velocity and turbulent fully–developed profiles specified at the inlet of the computational domain. This behavior is due to an inconsistency between turbulence model, inflow conditions and wall function formulation. An approach has been introduced recently to overcome this problem, which consists in the modification of the turbulence model and wall function formulation to retrieve an overall consistent treatment of the neutral ABL. Such methodology, previously applied to simulation of the atmospheric boundary layer over flat terrain and ground-mounted bluff bodies, is here applied to the simulation of the flow over complex terrains and hills, at wind tunnel and atmosphere scale. In a time of limited scientific funding, the availability of open source CFD software such as OpenFOAM is a very attractive option to investigate; therefore, a comparison between OpenFOAM and the commercial code FLUENT 13.0 has been carried out in the present paper. The potential of the proposed methodology and the satisfactory performances of OpenFOAM are demonstrated.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2021-12-23}, journal = {Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics}, author = {Balogh, M. and Parente, A. and Benocci, C.}, month = may, year = {2012}, note = {150 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {ABL, CFD simulation, Complex terrain, Enhanced - model, RANS}, pages = {360--368}, } @inproceedings{balanStudyVariousProcess2013, title = {A study on various process parameters involved in detonation gun coating technique}, volume = {651}, isbn = {978-3-03785-613-0}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84873729779&doi=10.4028%2fwww.scientific.net%2fAMR.651.378&partnerID=40&md5=e3d8e0f9281769cd82f462a6eb070ac9}, doi = {10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.651.378}, abstract = {Various researches are being conducted in many parts of the world, to improve the surface characteristics of the materials. Thermal spray coating is one of the methods used for enhancing the surface property of the material. Our experiment deals with the study of detonation gun spray coating of WC-12Co, WC-10Co-4Cr and Cr2C3-25NiCr powders. The coating was done on SS316 substrate by varying the process parameters. The process parameters were optimized using Taguchi method to obtain greater hardness. © (2013) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Adv. {Mater}. {Res}.}, author = {Balan, K.N. and Ramesh Bapu, B.R. and Roy, R.}, year = {2013}, note = {1 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Journal Abbreviation: Adv. Mater. Res.}, keywords = {Coatings, Detonation, Detonation gun, Detonation gun coatings, Detonation gun spray coating, Greater hardness, Hardness, Optimization, Process parameter optimization, Process parameters, Spray coating, Surface characteristics, Surface properties, Taguchi method, Taguchi methods, Thermal spray coatings, WC-12Co, Wc-10co-4cr}, pages = {378--383}, } @inproceedings{balanPredictionBestCombination2014, title = {Prediction of best combination of process parameters for detonation gun coating process through taguchi technique}, volume = {984-985}, isbn = {978-3-03835-148-1}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84905661944&doi=10.4028%2fwww.scientific.net%2fAMR.984-985.520&partnerID=40&md5=add5cc7364ee74d138614d13407709ff}, doi = {10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.984-985.520}, abstract = {Detonation gun spray coating method (D-Spray) [1] is one of the effective method of thermal spray coating process. The surface of material or substrate will be enhanced by deposition of coating powders such as metal oxides and ceramics like aluminium oxides, tungsten carbide,nickel chromium etc by D-spray method that prevents the metal from corrosion and to increase the wear resistance. This coating process had wide applications in different engineering sectors such as aviation industry, marine industry, biomedical industry etc., In this Experimental study the Process parameter optimization of D-spray coating process which is one of the Thermal spray Coating process was done by Taguchi method, [3] in order to find the best processing conditions and to get higher quality of coating. [6] Microhardness was estimated for various combinations of parameters and the optimum process parameters were obtained. Best combination of process parameters has been predicted which results that the thickness of the coating has got a major effect. © (2014) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Adv. {Mater}. {Res}.}, publisher = {Trans Tech Publications Ltd}, author = {Balan, K.N. and Manimaran, S. and JohnRajan, A. and Ramanamoorthy, E.V.V.}, year = {2014}, note = {0 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Journal Abbreviation: Adv. Mater. Res.}, keywords = {Coating techniques, Coatings, Detonation, Detonation gun, Detonation gun coatings, Engineering sectors, Micro hardness, Nickel coatings, Process parameter optimization, Processing condition, Surface of materials, Taguchi methods, Thermal spray coating, Thermal spray coatings, Tungsten carbide, WC-NiCr}, pages = {520--525}, } @article{bakhshandehInvestigationCavitationcorrosionBehavior2019, title = {An investigation on cavitation-corrosion behavior of {Ni}/β-{SiC} nanocomposite coatings under ultrasonic field}, volume = {56}, issn = {1350-4177}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350417719300690}, doi = {10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.04.022}, abstract = {Ni/β-SiC nanocomposite coating was electroplated on the 17–4 PH SS (precipitation-hardening stainless steel) in modified Watt’s bath. The role of cyclic-cavitation (Duty cycle: 50\%) on corrosion behavior of Ni/β-SiC nanocomposite coating in 3.5 wt\% NaCl solution was investigated using open circuit potential (OCP), potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. The results of OCP tests demonstrated that cavitation led to positive shifts in the potential for Ni composite coating, while it caused the potential negative shifts in the case of 17–4 PH SS. The results of the polarization tests under cavitation condition exhibited positive shifts in potential and an increase in current density up to a specific anodic potential. In higher anodic potentials, the cavitation had a reverse effect on potential and current density. Moreover, it increased the overall corrosion current density. EIS measurements illustrated a severe reduction in electrochemical resistance of both 17–4 PH SS (from 228.15 kΩ.cm2 to 14.85 kΩ.cm2) and Ni composite coating (from 20.19 kΩ.cm2 to 5.00 kΩ.cm2) after 20 h of the cavitation tests. The cumulative mass loss measurements showed that the mass loss for the substrate (10.3 mg.cm−2) was about five times more than that of Ni composite coating (2.3 mg.cm−2). Also, in the coated specimen, the incubation time is increased and the growth slop of the accelerating period decreased under cavitation condition.}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Ultrasonics Sonochemistry}, author = {Bakhshandeh, H. R. and Allahkaram, S. R. and Zabihi, A. H.}, month = sep, year = {2019}, note = {23 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cavitation, Corrosion, EIS, Electrodeposition, Ni/nano-SiC}, pages = {229--239}, } @article{baiCavitationThinLiquid2020, title = {Cavitation in thin liquid layer: {A} review}, volume = {66}, issn = {1350-4177}, shorttitle = {Cavitation in thin liquid layer}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350417719318255}, doi = {10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105092}, abstract = {This review tries to cover as many research fields and literatures associated with cavitation in thin liquid layer as possible. The intent was to summarize (i) list all the research fields related to cavitation in thin liquid layer that can be collected, (ii) advances in the investigation of cavitation in thin liquid layer, and (iii) draw attention to the relatively macroscopic cavitation behavior in thin liquid layer.}, urldate = {2025-02-04}, journal = {Ultrasonics Sonochemistry}, author = {Bai, Lixin and Yan, Jiuchun and Zeng, Zhijie and Ma, Yuhang}, month = sep, year = {2020}, note = {45 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Bubble dynamics, Hydrodynamic cavitation, Thin liquid layer, Ultrasonic cavitation}, pages = {105092}, } @article{babuThermalSprayCoatings2020, title = {Thermal {Spray} {Coatings} for {Erosion}–{Corrosion} {Resistant} {Applications}}, volume = {73}, issn = {09722815 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85089255350&doi=10.1007%2fs12666-020-02053-0&partnerID=40&md5=b41864b5add813699d27025d52b36729}, doi = {10.1007/s12666-020-02053-0}, abstract = {Thermal spray techniques have been extensively used to deposit coatings of varying compositions on a variety of industrial components for life enhancement under wear and corrosion prone environments at ambient and high temperatures. A number of components used in power generation systems most commonly encounter high-temperature erosion–corrosion. This review article briefly summarizes various thermal spray techniques and coating characteristics that are relevant to erosion–corrosion applications followed by detailed discussion on the erosion–corrosion fundamentals and testing methods. Further, ambient and high-temperature erosion–corrosion behavior of WC- and CrC-based cermet coatings and oxide coatings have been investigated, compared, analyzed and presented. Based on the analysis of results reported so far, the methodologies to enhance the erosion–corrosion resistance of coatings have been proposed both for ambient and high temperature applications. The future scope of work that needs to be explored to contribute further developments has also been identified and presented. © 2020, The Indian Institute of Metals - IIM.}, language = {English}, number = {9}, journal = {Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals}, author = {Babu, P.S. and Madhavi, Y. and Krishna, L.R. and Sivakumar, G. and Rao, D.S. and Padmanabham, G.}, year = {2020}, note = {8 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Springer}, keywords = {Detonation spray, Erosion–corrosion, HVOF, Oxidation, Plasma spray, Thermal spray}, pages = {2141--2159}, } @article{babuMicrowaveAssistedPostprocessingDetonation2019, title = {Microwave-{Assisted} {Post}-processing of {Detonation} {Gun}-{Sprayed} {Coatings} for {Better} {Slurry} and {Cavitation} {Erosion} {Resistance}}, volume = {28}, issn = {10599630 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85073976356&doi=10.1007%2fs11666-019-00914-9&partnerID=40&md5=0c959bc8773640b6c36fec64c9e5a3c6}, doi = {10.1007/s11666-019-00914-9}, abstract = {Slurry and cavitation erosion often limits the durability of many fluid machines such as hydroturbines, pumps, and propellers. Despite good resistance against slurry erosion, thermal spray coatings generally exhibit poor resistance against cavitation erosion. The performance of thermal spray coatings under cavitation erosion is limited by the presence of defects such as pores, splat boundaries, and limited adhesion with the substrate. In the present work, we performed post-processing of the WC-10Co-4Cr and Ni coatings deposited using the detonation gun process. For post-processing, microwave technique was used owing to its capability for atomic-level heating. The microstructural characterization of the as-sprayed and post-processed coatings showed significant homogenization for the latter. Compared to the typical lamellar structure of as-sprayed, the processed samples exhibited a columnar structure with metallurgical bonding with the substrate. The mechanical properties of the coatings were significantly improved after post-processing owing to the elimination of splat boundaries and pores which significantly enhanced the cavitation and slurry erosion resistance. Post-processed coatings showed at least ten times higher resistance to cavitation erosion. The slurry erosion resistance of the coatings also improved up to three times depending upon the impingement angle. A significant difference in the erosion mechanism was also observed after post-processing. © 2019, ASM International.}, language = {English}, number = {7}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {Babu, A. and Arora, H.S. and Grewal, H.S.}, year = {2019}, note = {24 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Springer New York LLC}, keywords = {Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation erosion resistance, Columnar structures, Detonation, Detonation gun spraying, Erosion, Lamellar structures, Metallurgical bonding, Micro-structural characterization, Microwave technique, Slurry erosion, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray coatings, cavitation erosion, detonation gun spraying, slurry erosion}, pages = {1565--1578}, } @article{babuInfluenceErodentHardness2011, title = {The influence of erodent hardness on the erosion behavior of detonation sprayed {WC}-{12Co} coatings}, volume = {270}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79954965417&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2011.02.019&partnerID=40&md5=d190360e024bea2dcefc9102c8312ffc}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2011.02.019}, abstract = {The solid particle erosion behavior of detonation sprayed WC-12Co coatings obtained at three oxygen to fuel ratios has been characterized using SiC, Al2O3 and SiO2 as erodents at two impact velocities (25m/s, 45m/s) and two impact angles (30°, 90°). The results indicate that the erosion rate increases with increasing hardness of the erodent and more importantly, the erosion mechanism changes depending upon the erodent type. The ranking of the materials in terms of erosion resistance also depends on the type of erodent used. The extent of decarburization of WC-12Co coatings, varied by using three levels of oxygen to fuel ratio during the coating process has a marginal influence on erosion behavior. The results have been understood in terms of ploughing and sub-surface cracking mechanisms and also on the basis of insufficient transfer of energy from the erodent to the coating especially in the case of SiO2 erodent. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, number = {11-12}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Babu, P.S. and Basu, B. and Sundararajan, G.}, year = {2011}, note = {58 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Behavioral research, Cermets, Coating process, Detonation, Energy transfer, Erodent, Erosion, Erosion behavior, Erosion mechanisms, Erosion rates, Erosion resistance, Erosion testing, Fuel ratio, Hardness, Impact, Impact angles, Impact velocities, Oxygen, Silicon carbide, Solid particle erosion, Sprayed coatings, Sub-surfaces, Surface defects, Thermal spray coatings, Tungsten carbide, WC-12Co}, pages = {903--913}, } @article{babuEnhancedSlurryCavitation2021, title = {Enhanced slurry and cavitation erosion resistance of deep cryogenically treated thermal spray coatings for hydroturbine applications}, volume = {180}, issn = {0960-1481}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148121013045}, doi = {10.1016/j.renene.2021.09.006}, abstract = {The deterioration of fluid machines due to slurry and cavitation erosion significantly impairs their serviceability. In the present work, we investigated the influence of deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) on the slurry and cavitation erosion resistance of WC-10Co-4Cr coatings developed using the detonation spraying technique. For comparison, hydroturbine steels and other conventional (Alumina and Stellite 6) coatings were also investigated. All thermal spray coatings showed typical lamellar structure along with the presence of pores and splat boundaries. Among all the coatings, the WC-10Co-4Cr showed the highest slurry (up to 15 times) and cavitation (2 times) erosion resistance owing to high hardness and fracture toughness. Post DCT, the WC-10Co-4Cr coating showed further improvement due to reduced porosity and improved hardness without decrement in fracture toughness. As a result, the DCT coating showed 1.5 to 4.2 times improved slurry erosion resistance than the as-sprayed counterpart, along with 1.6 times higher cavitation erosion resistance. The improved tribological performance of the coating after DCT is associated with enhanced hardness due to the presence of nano precipitates and densification as analyzed using electrochemical techniques. The topological analysis of the eroded surfaces indicated micro-cutting, micro-cracking, and delamination as the primary mechanism controlling the erosion behavior of the coatings.}, urldate = {2025-02-04}, journal = {Renewable Energy}, author = {Babu, Abhishek and Perumal, G. and Arora, H. S. and Grewal, H. S.}, month = dec, year = {2021}, note = {24 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Alumina, Aluminum oxide, Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation erosion, Cavitation-erosion resistance, Cryogenics, D-gun, Deep cryogenic treatment, Detonation spraying, Erosion, Erosion resistance, Fluid machines, Hardness, Hydroturbine, Hydroturbines, Lamellar structures, Slurry erosion, Sprayed coatings, Spraying techniques, Thermal spray coatings, Topology, coating, cracking (chemistry), delamination, electrochemical method, fracture toughness, performance assessment, slurry, spray, topology}, pages = {1044--1055}, } @article{babuDevelopmentCavitationErosion2021, title = {Development of {Cavitation} {Erosion}–{Resistant} {Microwave} {Processed} {WC}-based {Cladding}}, volume = {64}, issn = {1040-2004}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/10402004.2021.1976891}, doi = {10.1080/10402004.2021.1976891}, abstract = {In the present work, we investigated the effectiveness of microwave processing and thermal spraying for developing tungsten carbide (WC)-based erosion-resistant claddings. The microwave cladding showed a columnar structure with a well-bonded interface compared to discrete splat morphology and discontinuous interface of the thermal spray coating. The cladding showed a lower hardness (800 HV) compared to thermal spray coating (1,300 HV) and a two times higher fracture toughness due to the absence of splat boundaries and pores. The microwave cladding also showed 14 times and 10 times higher cavitation erosion resistance than thermal spray coating and SS316L substrate steel, respectively. The improved cavitation erosion resistance of the microwave cladding is explained on the basis of the optimized combination of hardness and fracture toughness. The surface of eroded cladding showed plastically deformed micropits compared to the thermal spray coatings, which showed large craters. Results show that microwave claddings can help improve the durability of engineering systems.}, number = {6}, urldate = {2024-07-10}, journal = {Tribology Transactions}, author = {Babu, Abhishek and Arora, H. S. and Grewal, H. S.}, month = nov, year = {2021}, note = {3 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Taylor \& Francis \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/10402004.2021.1976891}, keywords = {Bonded interface, Cavitation, Cavitation-erosion resistance, Cladding (coating), Columnar structures, D-gun, Erosion, Erosion resistant, Fracture toughness, Hardness, Low hardness, Microwave cladding, Microwave processing, Microwaves, Morphology, Plasma spraying, Splat morphology, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray coatings, Tungsten carbide, cavitation erosion, thermal spraying, tungsten carbide}, pages = {1118--1126}, } @article{azzougAnalysisMicrostructureMechanical2022, title = {Analysis of microstructure, mechanical indentation and corrosive behavior of a thermally sprayed {NiFeCrBSi}-{WC} composite coating}, volume = {900}, issn = {09258388 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85122139717&doi=10.1016%2fj.jallcom.2021.163505&partnerID=40&md5=8fa811e0f9c05cb934e3108df29be77b}, doi = {10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.163505}, abstract = {Extending the lifetime of drilling bits primarily requires an in-depth understanding of the material's behavior from which they are made. Metal matrix composite coatings (MMCs) are mostly used to cover these industrial components to increase their efficiency and protect them from corrosion and wear. For the drilling bits, the best combination of characteristics can be assured through the design of an efficient multiphase metal matrix composite coating. Among these materials, nickel-based composites have been recently raised as alternatives to chromium and cobalt-based ones. This paper aims to unravel the underlying relationships between the microstructure and the mechanical indentation behavior and electrochemical response of thermally sprayed nickel-based composite coating. For that, a nickel-based composite coating is characterized. This coating was separately obtained after flame spraying of NiFeCrBSi feedstock wires by using acetylene as a fuel. The coatings were deposited in air on X18 carbon steel substrates. Our results reveal that the matrix of the coating mainly contains Ni-γ dendrites. The interdendritic space of the coating is filled withγ-Cr2.4W0.6Si eutectic. In this coating, The Ni- γ phase that represents a eutectic constituent is depleted in iron. The morphology of carbides differs from one precipitate to another. The indentation behavior differs depending on the elasto-plastic behavior of the present phases and the presence of voids. Moreover, the EIS curves proved that the increase in ion concentration augments the charge transfer at the coating/electrolyte interface and accelerates corrosion. In the sulfuric solutions, the coatings form a thin and compact passive film layer that makes the charge transfer permanently constant at high ion concentrations (35 g/l). © 2021 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, journal = {Journal of Alloys and Compounds}, author = {Azzoug, R. and Mebdoua, Y. and Hellal, F. and Marra, F.}, year = {2022}, note = {20 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {Carbides, Charge transfer, Chromium compounds, Composite coatings, Composites coating, Corrosion, Corrosion resistant coatings, Drilling bit, Electrochemical corrosion, Eutectics, HVOF thermal spraying, Hardness, In-depth understanding, Indentation behavior, Infill drilling, Ion concentrations, Iron compounds, Mechanical, Metal matrix composite coatings, Metallic matrix composites, Microstructure, Morphology, Nickel coatings, Nickel compounds, Nickel-based composites, Silicon, Silicon compounds, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray coatings, WC composite coatings, Wear of materials}, } @article{azarianSynergisticErosionCorrosion2015, title = {Synergistic {Erosion} and {Corrosion} {Behavior} of {AA5052} {Aluminum} {Alloy} in 3.5 wt\% {NaCl} {Solution} {Under} {Various} {Impingement} {Angles}}, volume = {1}, issn = {21984220 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85016416250&doi=10.1007%2fs40735-015-0010-3&partnerID=40&md5=4e61f55ea31873283334966dadc684d7}, doi = {10.1007/s40735-015-0010-3}, abstract = {Erosion–corrosion behavior of AA5052 aluminum alloy was studied in 3.5 wt\% NaCl solution containing silica sand as erodent particle. The tests were carried out according to ASTM G119-09 standard using a slurry jet apparatus at a jet velocity of 3 m/s, sand concentration of 90 g/l, and various impingement angles of 25°–90°. The pure erosion rates were also obtained using cathodic protection of the samples during erosion–corrosion tests. Results showed that maximum pure erosion and erosion–corrosion rates occurred at impingement angle of 30°. On the other hand, a negative synergism rate was obtained under all conditions tested. Energy dispersive spectrometry analysis suggested that the negative synergism could be attributed to the existence of a protective oxide layer formed on the eroded surface of the samples during erosion–corrosion tests. Results also showed that corrosion rates during flow corrosion (i.e., no sand) and erosion–corrosion were much higher than the pure corrosion rate in a stagnant condition. Furthermore, there almost was no change in the corrosion rates at various impingement angles of 25°–90°. Scanning electron micrographs showed erosion features like raised lips and wear tracks at the impingement angle of 30°, and plastic deformation due to particle impact at the impingement angle of 90°. © 2015, Springer International Publishing AG.}, language = {English}, number = {2}, journal = {Journal of Bio- and Tribo-Corrosion}, author = {Azarian, N.S. and Ghasemi, H.M. and Monshi, M.R.}, year = {2015}, note = {23 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Springer International Publishing}, keywords = {AA5052 aluminum alloy, Aluminum alloys, Aluminum corrosion, Cathodic protection, Corrosion behavior, Corrosion rate, Corrosive effects, Energy dispersive spectrometry, Erodent particles, Erosion, Erosion–corrosion, Impingement angle, Negative synergism, Protective oxide layer, Protective oxide layers, Sand concentrations, Scanning electron micrographs, Scanning electron microscopy, Silica, Silica sand, Sodium alloys, Sodium chloride}, } @article{awCorrosionResistanceTungsten2008, title = {Corrosion resistance of tungsten carbide based cermet coatings deposited by {High} {Velocity} {Oxy}-{Fuel} spray process}, volume = {516}, issn = {00406090 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-43949108531&doi=10.1016%2fj.tsf.2007.07.065&partnerID=40&md5=f4fed024152b25c6154dd660da4ea8e9}, doi = {10.1016/j.tsf.2007.07.065}, abstract = {WC-17Ni and WC-17Co coatings were deposited on mild steel and stainless steel substrates by High Velocity Oxy-Fuel (HVOF) spray process. WC-17Ni and WC-17Co coatings were obtained by the spray process and the porosity of these coatings was measured. Polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were performed on both uncoated substrates and coated samples immersed in 3\% NaCl solution. WC-17Ni coating with a lower porosity, serve as a better barrier and effectively prevented corrosion attack when it was deposited on mild steel substrate. The nickel binder in the WC-17Ni coating was found to have a better corrosion resistance than the cobalt binder in the WC-17Co coating. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {16}, journal = {Thin Solid Films}, author = {Aw, P.K. and Tan, A.L.K. and Tan, T.P. and Qiu, J.}, year = {2008}, note = {81 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Binders, Cermets, Coating techniques, Corrosion property, Corrosion resistance, Electrochemical analysis, Electrochemical corrosion, Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, High Velocity Oxy Fuel spray processes, Thermal spray coating, Thermal spray coatings, Tungsten carbide, Tungsten carbide coatings}, pages = {5710--5715}, } @article{aulakhLaserTexturingAlternative2019, title = {Laser texturing as an alternative to grit blasting for improved coating adhesion on {AZ91D} magnesium alloy}, volume = {97}, issn = {00202967 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85062350340&doi=10.1080%2f00202967.2019.1578562&partnerID=40&md5=352a14d27e0ed887a2890f3b3728542c}, doi = {10.1080/00202967.2019.1578562}, abstract = {Substrate preparation plays an important role in the performance of thermal spray coating, especially on softer materials like magnesium and aluminium alloys. Conventional substrate preparation methods such as grit blasting may not be the most suitable choice due to grit embedding, lower coating adhesion strength and environmental concerns. Laser texturing can be an attractive alternative to the grit blasting method for such materials. AZ91D substrate was prepared for thermal spray coating using grit blasting and laser texturing techniques. WC-12Co powder was thermally sprayed on AZ91D magnesium alloy using the high-velocity oxygen fuel technique. The adhesion strength of the coating, thus produced, was determined using the ASTM 633C adhesion strength test. Scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate substrate morphology and to qualitatively analyse substrate and coating interface. X-ray diffraction was used to identify phase compositions. The coating was characterised for roughness, porosity, micro-hardness and fracture toughness. Laser texturing as a substrate preparation technique has been able to produce well-adhered coatings, with adhesion strength of 45.6 MPa, and comparable coating characteristics with those of the grit blasting technique. © 2019, © 2019 Institute of Materials Finishing Published by Taylor \& Francis on behalf of the Institute.}, language = {English}, number = {2}, journal = {Transactions of the Institute of Metal Finishing}, author = {Aulakh, S.S. and Kaushal, G.}, year = {2019}, note = {12 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Taylor and Francis Ltd.}, keywords = {Adhesion, Blasting, Bond strength (materials), Fracture toughness, Grit blasting, HVOF, HVOF thermal spraying, Laser texturing, Magnesium alloys, Magnesium powder, Microhardness, Scanning electron microscopy, Sprayed coatings, Substrate preparation, WC-Co coating, adhesion strength, grit blasting, substrate preparation}, pages = {100--108}, } @article{atesImpactSlidingWear2024, title = {Impact sliding wear behavior of {Stellite} 6 and {Stellite} 12 hardfacings}, volume = {313}, issn = {0254-0584}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0254058423014700}, doi = {10.1016/j.matchemphys.2023.128762}, abstract = {Impact-sliding wear failures mostly occur in complex tribological contact systems such as working parts of combustion engines, metal-forming dies, etc. The impact-sliding test method allows for examining both the effect of cyclic impact and sliding contacts. In this study, the impact-sliding wear test was conducted on Stellite 6 and Stellite 12 hardfacings produced by using Tungsten Inert Gas welding was investigated at room and high temperatures. Microstructural examinations and impact-sliding wear tests revealed that even though examined hardfacings exhibited almost similar microstructural features, the impact-sliding wear loss of the Stellite 12 hardfacing was relatively higher when compared to Stellite 6 hardfacing both at room temperature and 600 °C.}, urldate = {2025-04-03}, journal = {Materials Chemistry and Physics}, author = {Ates, Semih and Aslan, Orcun and Tümer, Mustafa and Arisoy, C. Fahir}, month = feb, year = {2024}, note = {8 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Impact sliding wear, Stellite 12, Stellite 6, Wear mechanism}, pages = {128762}, } @article{aslStudyPhaseTransformations2008, title = {Study of {Phase} {Transformations} in {Heat} {Treatment} of {HVOF} {Thermally} {Sprayed} {WC}–{17Co} {Coating}}, volume = {566}, issn = {1662-9752}, url = {https://www.scientific.net/MSF.566.161}, doi = {10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.566.161}, abstract = {In this work, WC-17Co powder was thermally sprayed onto mild steel using HVOF spray technique. The coated specimen was heat treated at 1100°C in a vacuum chamber and was then studied by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Post heat treatment resulted in recrystallization of the amorphous phase, formed during thermal spraying, into low carbon eta phase like Co6W6C. TEM results of the heat treated specimens showed that these new nucleated eta phases had very clear crystallographic structure without any crystalline defects. Heat treatment could also transform high carbon carbides like WC and W2C in the as sprayed samples to high carbon eta phases like Co3W3C. High density of dislocations and staking faults noticed in TEM of these phases might be an indication of possible shear mechanism in formation of these carbides.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-07-10}, journal = {Materials Science Forum}, author = {Asl, Shahin Khameneh and Sohi, M. Heydarzadeh and Hokamoto, Kazuyuki and Matsuda, Mitsuhiro and Tomoshige, Ryuichi and Nishida, Minoru}, year = {2008}, note = {11 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Trans Tech Publications Ltd}, pages = {161--166}, } @article{aslEffectHeatTreatment2006, title = {Effect of heat treatment on wear behavior of {HVOF} thermally sprayed {WC}-{Co} coatings}, volume = {260}, issn = {0043-1648}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043164805004060}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2005.07.013}, abstract = {A WC-17Co coating was deposited onto ST37 mild steel substrate using HVOF spray technique and then heat treated at different temperatures in a vacuum chamber. The coatings were then evaluated in the as sprayed and heat treated conditions. Inspections by SEM and phase analysis by XRD indicated that some brittle eta (η) phases were produced at high temperature heat treatments. Generation of these phases increased the coating's hardness and decreased fracture toughness of the coating. Tribological properties were studied under dry condition by using pin on disc machine and diamond metal matrix composite disc as counterface. Wear test results showed that as sprayed deposit had the best wear resistance and its wear mechanism was sharp cutting abrasion. The weight loss in heat treated samples increased by increasing heat treatment temperature and the wear mechanisms gradually changed from cutting to gouging abrasion.}, number = {11}, urldate = {2024-07-10}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Asl, Sh. Khameneh and Sohi, M. Heydarzadeh and Hokamoto, K. and Uemura, M.}, month = jun, year = {2006}, note = {74 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {HVOF, Heat treatment, WC-17Co, Wear}, pages = {1203--1208}, } @article{ashworthMicrostructurePropertyRelationships1999, title = {Microstructure and property relationships in hipped {Stellite} powders}, volume = {42}, issn = {0032-5899}, url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/action/showAbstract}, doi = {10.1179/003258999665585}, abstract = {In the present paper the microstructure and properties of a range of hipped Stellite powders are investigated, the basic aim of the study being to generate a materia/property database to facilitate alloy selection for potential applications involving net shape component manufacture. Particular attention is paid to the morphology, particle size distribution, and surface composition of the as atomised powders and their effect on subsequent consolidation. The consolidated powders are fully characterised in terms of microstructure and the composition and distribution of secondary phases. The effect of hipping temperature on the microstructure, hardness, and tensile properties of the powders are discussed in terms of the optimum processing temperature for the various alloys.}, language = {EN}, number = {3}, urldate = {2025-04-03}, journal = {Powder Metallurgy}, author = {Ashworth, M.A. and Jacobs, M.H. and Davies, S.}, month = mar, year = {1999}, note = {23 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: SAGE Publications}, pages = {243--249}, } @inproceedings{ashrafSingleAsperityScratch2014, address = {Cham}, title = {Single {Asperity} {Scratch} {Behaviour} of {Cast} {Stellite} 6 {Alloy}}, isbn = {978-3-319-04639-6}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-04639-6_9}, abstract = {The aim of this paper is to investigate the nano-scale sliding wear behaviour of cast Stellite 6 (Co-28Cr-4.5W-1C) with a view to comprehend single asperity deformation. A nanoindentation system (NanoTest\$\${\textasciicircum}\{{\textbackslash}mathrm\{TM\}\}\$\$TM—Micro Materials Limited, UK) equipped with wear testing module was used to simulate single asperity deformation behaviour using a sphero-conical indenter of 10 \$\${\textbackslash}upmu \$\$μm tip radius, 60\$\${\textasciicircum}\{{\textbackslash}circ \}\$\$∘included angle for a sliding distance of 60 \$\${\textbackslash}upmu \$\$μm under 50 and 100 mN load, with sliding velocity of 2 \$\${\textbackslash}upmu \$\$μm/s. The test load was increased linearly over the sliding distance. Post-test evaluations included X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements to determine the failure mode and wear volume. An elastic-plastic finite element model (FEM) was used to compare the displaced volume of alloy with the experimental data. There is limited work available to understand the nanotribological properties of Stellite alloys in published literature. In the current investigation results are discussed in terms of microstructural and tribo-mechanical evaluations to provide an understanding of the structure-property relationships. Results indicate that the wear behaviour at the nano-scale was dominated by the interaction of interdentritic carbides and metal matrix. It can be concluded that nano-scale sliding wear behaviour of cast Stellite 6 alloy is controlled by single asperity deformation. The predictions of nano-scale elastic-plastic FEM to calculate the volume displaced by the scratch are also discussed.}, language = {en}, booktitle = {International {Multidisciplinary} {Microscopy} {Congress}}, publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, author = {Ashraf, M. A. and El-Ameen, M. and Ahmed, R. and Faisal, N. H. and El-Sherik, A. M. and Goosen, M. F. A.}, editor = {Polychroniadis, Efstathios K. and Oral, Ahmet Yavuz and Ozer, Mehmet}, year = {2014}, note = {1 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cast Stellite 6 alloy, Cobalt based alloys, Nanohardness, Nanoindentation, Nanoscratch, Sliding wear}, pages = {61--72}, } @article{ashrafFiniteElementModeling2015, title = {Finite {Element} {Modeling} of {Sliding} {Wear} in a {Composite} {Alloy} {Using} a {Free}-{Mesh}}, volume = {137}, issn = {0742-4787}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4029998}, doi = {10.1115/1.4029998}, number = {031605}, urldate = {2024-11-17}, journal = {Journal of Tribology}, author = {Ashraf, M. A. and Ahmed, R. and Ali, O. and Faisal, N. H. and El-Sherik, A. M. and Goosen, M. F. A.}, month = jul, year = {2015}, note = {17 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, } @article{asgarEffectMicrostructurePhysical1961, title = {Effect of {Microstructure} on the {Physical} {Properties} of {Cobalt}-{Base} {Alloys}}, volume = {40}, copyright = {https://journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license}, issn = {0022-0345, 1544-0591}, url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00220345610400012501}, doi = {10.1177/00220345610400012501}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2025-03-31}, journal = {Journal of Dental Research}, author = {Asgar, Kamal and Peyton, Floyd A.}, month = jan, year = {1961}, note = {62 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {63--72}, } @article{aryanpourConstitutiveModelingHot2006, title = {Constitutive {Modeling} for {Hot} {Isostatic} {Pressing} of {Metal} {Powders}}, volume = {9}, issn = {1091-028X, 1934-0508}, url = {https://www.dl.begellhouse.com/journals/49dcde6d4c0809db,7523087741bc408e,16c0cb1b7a1da66f.html}, doi = {10.1615/JPorMedia.v9.i1.20}, abstract = {A phenomenological constitutive modeling is proposed for thermomechanical behavior of materials during hot isostatic pressing (HIP) of metal powders. Based on t...}, language = {English}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-07-12}, journal = {Journal of Porous Media}, author = {Aryanpour, Gholamreza}, year = {2006}, note = {21 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Begel House Inc.}, } @article{arunnellaiappanCorrosionBehaviourDetonation2021, title = {Corrosion behaviour of detonation gun sprayed cermet coatings on {AA5083}}, volume = {37}, issn = {02670844 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85089682613&doi=10.1080%2f02670844.2020.1807096&partnerID=40&md5=5471214761914a6c258e7946269f797a}, doi = {10.1080/02670844.2020.1807096}, abstract = {Cermet coatings were fabricated on AA5083 by D gun coating technique using three different combinations of powder feedstock namely WC–Co, WC–Co–Cr, and Cr3C2–NiCr. The effect of powder combinations on coatings’ phase composition, surface morphology, and cross-sectional microstructure were investigated using XRD, SEM, and EDS. Major findings revealed that WC–Co and WC–Co–Cr powders produced higher thickness with considerable surface defects compared to a coating that was produced by Cr3C2–NiCr powders. Moreover, a smooth compact and a uniform coating was obtained by using Cr3C2–NiCr powders. Electrochemical corrosion results showed that the OCP values of all the coated samples were shifted to a higher value than substrate and sample coated with Cr3C2–NiCr powder showed a stable OCP and more positive value than other coated samples. Similarly, the PDP curve of sample coated with Cr3C2–NiCr also showed lower corrosion current density at the cathodic region and better passivation behaviour in the anodic region. © 2020 Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining Published by Taylor \& Francis on behalf of the Institute.}, language = {English}, number = {2}, journal = {Surface Engineering}, author = {Arunnellaiappan, T. and Baskaran, S. and Arun, S. and Prithivirajan, R.}, year = {2021}, note = {13 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Taylor and Francis Ltd.}, keywords = {Anodic regions, Cermet coatings, Cermets, Chromium compounds, Corrosion behaviour, Corrosion current densities, Corrosive effects, Cr3C2-NiCr‌, Cross-sectional microstructure, Detonation gun, Detonation gun spray, Electrochemical corrosion, Morphology, Nickel compounds, Positive value, Powder coatings, Powders, Sprayed coatings, Surface defects, Surface morphology, Thermal spray coatings, Uniform coating, WC-Co-Cr, aluminium alloys, cermet coatings, corrosion, marine applications}, pages = {263--270}, } @article{armadaSealingHVOFThermally2011, title = {Sealing {HVOF} thermally sprayed {WC}-{CoCr} coatings by sol-gel methods}, volume = {20}, issn = {10599630 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79959561885&doi=10.1007%2fs11666-011-9638-9&partnerID=40&md5=89995f93d9a19ff1786d61361472521a}, doi = {10.1007/s11666-011-9638-9}, abstract = {The offshore industry faces challenges with corrosion resistance in hydraulic cylinders used in marine environments. Thermal spray coating appears to be a promising technique for replacing electroplated coating in many applications, but the performance of thermal spray coatings in highly corrosive environments must be improved. In the present work, a new sealing method for HVOF WC-CoCr coatings for their application on hydraulic cylinders for marine environments has been tested. The method consists of applying sol-gel solution that can penetrate, fill, and thus seal the pores and cracks in the coating. The sealed coatings have been tested with and without posttreatment and compared with as-sprayed coatings. Open-circuit potential (OCP) and tribocorrosion tests in 3.4\% NaCl were performed to evaluate the performance of the sealing method. Both tests showed that the sealed coatings had the best performance. © 2011 ASM International.}, language = {English}, number = {4}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {Armada, S. and Tilset, B.G. and Pilz, M. and Liltvedt, R. and Bratland, H. and Espallargas, N.}, year = {2011}, note = {22 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Corrosion resistance, Corrosive environment, Cylinders (shapes), Electroplated coating, Gels, HVOF coating, HVOF thermal spraying, Hydraulic cylinders, Hydraulic equipment, Hydraulic servomechanisms, Hydraulic structures, Hydraulics, Marine environment, Offshore industry, Open-circuit potential, Post treatment, Sodium chloride, Sol gel solutions, Sol-gel methods, Sol-gel process, Sol-gels, Sols, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray coatings, Tribo-corrosion, Tungsten carbide, WC-CoCr, WC-CoCr coating, corrosion, sealing, tribocorrosion, wear}, pages = {918--926}, } @article{aristizabalLiquidPhaseSintering2010, title = {Liquid phase sintering and oxidation resistance of {WC}–{Ni}–{Co}–{Cr} cemented carbides}, volume = {28}, issn = {0263-4368}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263436810000314}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2010.02.010}, abstract = {Fully dense WC–Ni–Co–Cr alloys have been consolidated via sinter HIP processing. Dilatometric tests show that shrinkage undergoes several accelerations and decelerations during heating, a phenomenon likely associated to the heterogeneous distribution of Cr in the binder phase. WC grain growth follows trends similar to those described for WC–Co hardmetals, increasing with the C activity and the amount of liquid phase of the cermets. Finally, the oxidation resistance of WC–Ni–Co–Cr cemented carbides is observed to improve as the metal content increases and the C content decreases. In both cases, the oxide layers present a higher proportion of (Co, Ni)WO4 tungstates. The oxide scales formed on compositions with low metal content contain a higher amount of WO3 oxide.}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-07-09}, journal = {International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials}, author = {Aristizabal, M. and Rodriguez, N. and Ibarreta, F. and Martinez, R. and Sanchez, J. M.}, month = jul, year = {2010}, note = {73 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cemented carbide, Microstructure, Oxidation resistance, Sintering, WC–Ni–Co–Cr}, pages = {516--522}, } @article{aristizabalComparisonOxidationBehaviour2011, title = {Comparison of the oxidation behaviour of {WC}–{Co} and {WC}–{Ni}–{Co}–{Cr} cemented carbides}, volume = {53}, issn = {0010-938X}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010938X11002289}, doi = {10.1016/j.corsci.2011.05.006}, abstract = {Thermogravimetric experiments confirm that the oxidation resistance of WC–Co and WC–Ni–Co–Cr alloys increases with their metallic content. This is due to the fact that, as the metallic content increases, the oxide scales present higher MWO4 to WO3 ratios and lower porosity. The good correlation found between the activation energies calculated by either the isothermal or the isoconversion method suggests that oxidation is controlled by surface chemical reaction. Activation energies increase with temperature between 650 and 800°C for both WC–Co and WC–Ni–Co–Cr alloys. This increment is higher for WC–Co materials due to their tendency to form scales with higher tungstate contents.}, number = {9}, urldate = {2024-07-09}, journal = {Corrosion Science}, author = {Aristizabal, M. and Sanchez, J. M. and Rodriguez, N. and Ibarreta, F. and Martinez, R.}, month = sep, year = {2011}, note = {90 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {A. Cobalt, A. Metal matrix composites, A. Nickel, C. Oxidation}, pages = {2754--2760}, } @inproceedings{antosCOHESIONSTRENGHTTEST2021, title = {{COHESION} {STRENGHT} {TEST} {OF} {SELECTED} {COMMERCIAL} {HVOF} {COATINGS}}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85124349456&doi=10.37904%2fmetal.2021.4206&partnerID=40&md5=491e51e1764213a2c863b0f4bc686137}, doi = {10.37904/metal.2021.4206}, abstract = {High velocity oxy-fuel spraying (HVOF) being one of thermal spraying techniques, is deployed in many commercial applications mostly for very hard wear and/or corrosion resistant coatings. Supersonic speed of the spraying jet combined with temperatures around 5500 K is utilized to spray most metals, metallic alloys, cermets and superalloys [1-3]. Typical HVOF coatings are compact, dense, with very low porosity, low to moderate oxidation level and high bonding strength to substrate [1]. Cermets and superalloys are standardly commercially applied HVOF materials, demanded for superb wear resistance, high hardness, abrasion and erosion resistance and overall great performance in high stress and/or high temperature environments. Proper testing methods are required to evaluate quality of deposited coatings and consequently choose coating with optimized properties for demanded application. There are many testing methods standardly and widely used for evaluating properties of thermally sprayed coatings - such as superficial indentation, micro and nanoindentation on cross section of the coating, tensile adhesion strength test, many tribological tests, etc. [1]. This article concerns modified TCT (tubular coating tensile test) for testing cohesion strength of the coatings with the use of common tensile test equipment. In this paper, specimen assembly, coating deposition, testing procedure and calculation of results is described. Cohesion strengths of five HVOF commercial coatings: Stellite 6, Hastelloy C 276, Cr3C2-25NiCr, WC 10Co4Cr and NiCrFeSiBC are evaluated. © 2021 TANGER Ltd., Ostrava.}, author = {Antoš, J. and Duliškovič, J. and Šulcová, P. and Lencová, K.}, year = {2021}, note = {1 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cermet coating, Cermet coatings, Cermets, Chromium compounds, Coating testing, Cohesion strength, Corrosion resistance, Corrosion resistant coatings, Equipment testing, Fuels, HVOF, HVOF thermal spraying, Hard coatings, High velocity oxy-fuel spraying, Metal testing, Metals, Nickel compounds, Quality control, Silicon compounds, Sprayed coatings, Superalloys, TCT test, Tensile strength, Tensile testing, Thermal spray coating testing, Thermal spray coatings, Thermal spraying, Tubular coating tensile test, Tubular coating tensile test test, Tubulars, Wear resistance}, pages = {841--845}, } @article{antonyWearResistantCobaltBaseAlloys1983, title = {Wear-{Resistant} {Cobalt}-{Base} {Alloys}}, volume = {35}, issn = {1543-1851}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03338205}, doi = {10.1007/BF03338205}, abstract = {Cobalt-base alloys have enjoyed extensive use in wear-related engineering applications for well over 50 years because of their inherent high-strength, corrosion resistance, and ability to retain hardness at elevated temperatures. Microstructurally, wear-resistant cobalt-base alloys consist of hard particles (Cr7C3) dispersed in cobalt-rich (Co {\textgreater} 50\%) solid solution matrix alloys (generally Co-Cr-W/Mo). Recent investigations in the Cabot Corporation Technology Laboratories have shown that the adhesive and cavitation-erosion wear characteristics of these alloys are determined by the composition of the matrix alloy and are influenced to a large extent by a strain-induce fee → hep allotropie transformation in the matrix alloy. Further, it has been shown that the cobalt content in the matrix alloy can be decreased to approximately 30\% without significantly degrading relevant wear or corrosion properties. Toughness and abrasive wear resistance, on the other hand, are determined primarily by carbide volume fraction and morphology. Large, hypereutectic carbides are generally preferred for good abrasive wear resistance but are detrimental to toughness considerations. The tribological measurements and microstructural correlations associated with these Cabot investigations are summarized and discussed in this paper.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-07-13}, journal = {JOM}, author = {Antony, Kenneth C.}, month = feb, year = {1983}, note = {123 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Abrasive Wear, Abrasive Wear Resistance, Adhesive Wear, Allotropic Transformation, Carbide Morphology}, pages = {52--60}, } @article{angThermalSprayMaps2013, title = {Thermal spray maps: {Material} genomics of processing technologies}, volume = {22}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84884903691&doi=10.1007%2fs11666-013-9970-3&partnerID=40&md5=86d45d34e3fdaf9b0acf7f9a4d43b0e9}, doi = {10.1007/s11666-013-9970-3}, abstract = {There is currently no method whereby material properties of thermal spray coatings may be predicted from fundamental processing inputs such as temperature-velocity correlations. The first step in such an important understanding would involve establishing a foundation that consolidates the thermal spray literature so that known relationships could be documented and any trends identified. This paper presents a method to classify and reorder thermal spray data so that relationships and correlations between competing processes and materials can be identified. Extensive data mining of published experimental work was performed to create thermal spray property-performance maps, known as "TS maps" in this work. Six TS maps will be presented. The maps are based on coating characteristics of major importance; i.e., porosity, microhardness, adhesion strength, and the elastic modulus of thermal spray coatings. © 2013 ASM International.}, number = {7}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {Ang, A.S.M. and Sanpo, N. and Sesso, M.L. and Kim, S.Y. and Berndt, C.C.}, year = {2013}, note = {36 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Adhesion, Coating characteristics, Coatings, Competing process, Data mining, Elastic moduli, Genomic analysis, Genomics, Hardness, Processing technologies, Sliding wear, Spray parameters, Thermal spray coatings, Thermal spraying, adhesion, data mining, elastic modulus, genomic analysis, hardness, property map, sliding wear, spray parameters, thermal spray}, pages = {1170--1183}, } @article{angReviewTestingMethods2014, title = {A review of testing methods for thermal spray coatings}, volume = {59}, issn = {0950-6608}, url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1179/1743280414Y.0000000029}, doi = {10.1179/1743280414Y.0000000029}, abstract = {The primary focus of this review concerns the test methods used to evaluate thermal spray coatings. Techniques to measure coating intrinsic properties such as (i) porosity and (ii) residual stress state; as well as extrinsic mechanical properties that include (iii) hardness, (iv) adhesion, (v) elastic modulus, (vi) fracture toughness, and (vi) the Poisson’s ratio of thermal spray coatings are presented. This review also encompasses the feedstock and thermal spray method since process variants create a specific microstructure. An important aspect of this work is to highlight the extrinsic nature of mechanical property measurements with regard to thermal spray coatings. Thermal spray coatings exhibit anisotropic behaviour and microstructural artefacts such as porosity and the splat structure of coatings influence the mechanical characterisation methods. The analysis of coating data variability evolving from the different measurement techniques is of particular relevance to interpret the character of thermal spray deposits. Many materials can be thermal sprayed but this review focuses on alumina and partially stabilised zirconia since (i) these materials have many proven applications, and (ii) there is a wealth of information that has been reported on these ceramics.}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-10-14}, journal = {International Materials Reviews}, author = {Ang, Andrew Siao Ming and Berndt, Christopher C.}, month = may, year = {2014}, note = {143 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: SAGE Publications}, keywords = {Adhesion, Adhesion testing, Alumina, Anisotropic, Anisotropy, Coatings, Elastic moduli, Elastic modulus, Fracture toughness, Microhardness, Microstructure, Microstructure-property relationships, Poisson ratio, Poisson's ratio, Porosity, Residual stress, Residual stresses, Tensile adhesion testing, Tensile testing, Testing, Thermal spray coatings, Zirconia}, pages = {179--223}, } @article{angManufacturingNickelBased2016, title = {Manufacturing of nickel based cermet coatings by the {HVOF} process}, volume = {32}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84978518710&doi=10.1179%2f1743294415Y.0000000031&partnerID=40&md5=bc32cf63bfea33b80102f953aae47897}, doi = {10.1179/1743294415Y.0000000031}, abstract = {Advanced particle diagnostic technology has been applied to establish process parameters to deposit high quality nickel based carbide cermet coatings for marine hydraulic applications. The cermet coatings are produced via the kerosene fuelled high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) spray process, which uses a hypersonic flame jet to melt and accelerate feedstock particles onto the component surfaces. The traditional ‘trial and error’ procedure is not technically robust, as well as being costly and time consuming. Instead, a superior method is implemented in the current study that performs real time monitoring of the process parameters associated with the HVOF flame jets. Subsequently, coatings can be produced with the knowledge of the inflight particle size, temperature and velocity profiles. The analytical results allow identification of suitable coating process parameters, which translate to coatings of lower porosity and enhanced mechanical performance. © 2016 Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining.}, number = {10}, journal = {Surface Engineering}, author = {Ang, A.S.M. and Howse, H. and Wade, S.A. and Berndt, C.C.}, year = {2016}, note = {23 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Carbide, Carbides, Cermet coatings, Cermets, Coating process parameter, Coatings, Diagnostic techniques, Fighter aircraft, HVOF, HVOF thermal spraying, Hardness, High velocity oxygen fuel(HVOF), Hydraulic application, Manufacture, Manufacturing, Marine applications, Mechanical performance, Nickel, Nickel based, Nickel coatings, Particle size, Porosity, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray coatings}, pages = {713--724}, } @article{angDevelopmentProcessingWindows2016, title = {Development of {Processing} {Windows} for {HVOF} {Carbide}-{Based} {Coatings}}, volume = {25}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84953637537&doi=10.1007%2fs11666-015-0318-z&partnerID=40&md5=4c1136bc2cefb3d7e0aac9bc734676db}, doi = {10.1007/s11666-015-0318-z}, abstract = {Optimized processing windows for spraying high-quality metal carbide-based coatings are developed using particle diagnostic technology. The cermet coatings were produced via the high-velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) spray process and are proposed for service applications such as marine hydraulics. The traditional “trial and error” method for developing coating process parameters is not technically robust, as well as being costly and time consuming. Instead, this contribution investigated the use of real-time monitoring of parameters associated with the HVOF flame jets and particles using in-flight particle diagnostics. Subsequently, coatings can be produced with knowledge concerning the molten particle size, temperature, and velocity profile. The analytical results allow identification of optimized coating process windows, which translate to coatings of lower porosity and improved mechanical performance. © 2015, ASM International.}, number = {1-2}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {Ang, A.S.M. and Howse, H. and Wade, S.A. and Berndt, C.C.}, year = {2016}, note = {29 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Carbides, Cermet coatings, Cermets, Coating process parameter, Coatings, Diagnostic techniques, Fighter aircraft, HVOF, HVOF thermal spraying, Hardness, High velocity oxygen fuel(HVOF), Marine applications, Mechanical performance, Nickel coatings, Particle size, Porosity, Service applications, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray coatings, carbide, cermet coatings, diagnostic techniques, hardness, nickel-based, porosity, thermal spray coatings}, pages = {28--35}, } @article{angDepositionEffectsWC2011, title = {Deposition effects of {WC} particle size on cold sprayed {WC}–{Co} coatings}, volume = {205}, issn = {0257-8972}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0257897210012193}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2010.11.045}, abstract = {The WC particle size and its influence on the deposition of Co-based cermets are examined. Micron and nanostructured powders with similar Co content were employed. Varying the WC particle size influenced significantly the deposition efficiency of the coating process. Micrometer-structured WC–Co feedstocks did not permit coating build up when processed under comparable or elevated thermal spray parameters used for the nanostructured WC–Co feedstocks. In addition, micrometer-structured WC–Co coatings exhibited a conjoint erosion and deposition effect on the surface. Fine WC particles ({\textless}1μm) were observed near the substrate interface and larger WC particles (1–2μm) in the vicinity of the coating surface. These observations indicate the existence of a critical WC particle size for deposition by the cold spray method and that the size criteria arises due to the formation and cohesion mechanisms within the coating layer. Nanostructured test specimens displayed (i) a dense microstructure with little presence of porosity, (ii) a crack free interface between the coating and substrate that indicated good adhesion, and (iii) no observable phase changes. The XRD patterns of each powder and their respective coatings did not have observable peak differences but the diffraction peak broadening of coatings indicated that there was grain refinement during the coating process. Furthermore, all nanostructured as-sprayed WC–Co coatings exhibited Vickers hardness values above HV1000. The nanostructured WC–Co coatings demonstrated adhesive strengths that exceeded the limits of the glue (60MPa).}, number = {10}, urldate = {2024-07-10}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Ang, Andrew Siao Ming and Berndt, Christopher C. and Cheang, Philip}, month = feb, year = {2011}, note = {89 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cold spray coatings, Grain refinement, Micron structured, Nanostructured, WC particle sizes, WC–Co}, pages = {3260--3267}, } @article{amousoltaniStudyAluminaSealing2019, title = {Study of alumina sealing of {HVOF} thermally sprayed {WC}-{Co} coatings by sol-gel method}, volume = {7}, issn = {20531591 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85078358347&doi=10.1088%2f2053-1591%2fab5fea&partnerID=40&md5=35938c9ed83f8c8e79c66110a9015f09}, doi = {10.1088/2053-1591/ab5fea}, abstract = {Tungsten carbide (WC) has been known as a hard and wear resistant material. Thermal spray coatings were used widely to deposit Ni and/or Co based WC. The high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spraying is one of the best methods among thermal spray processes that creates denser coatings with less pores for high corrosive environments applications. In this study, the effect of alumina sealing process on the HVOF WC-12Co coatings by the Sol-Gel method for corrosion and wear properties at high temperature applications was investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were utilized to characterize the morphology and properties of the coatings before and after the sealing process. High temperature wear properties of coatings before and after sealing were tested by ball-on-disk wear tester at 400 °C. The cross- section of the sealed coatings showed that open pores were filled after sol gel. The thickness of the sealed layer was about 14 μm. Results indicated that the sealing process increased the microhardness of coating slightly from 1160 ± 160 to 1250 ± 150 HV. Comparing the results of polarization in 3.5 wt\% NaCl solution and wear test showed that the corrosion current density decreased and the wear resistance increased after sealing. A sealed sample with filled open porosity led to recording a higher corrosion resistance (2.9 ± 0.7 μA cm-2) compared to the as sprayed coating (8.90 ± 0.5 μA cm-2). The friction profile of the sealed coating showed reduction of the friction coefficient between 0.25 and 0.5 in comparison to the as- sprayed coating at room temperature (04-0.6). Also, the high temperature wear behavior of the sealed coatings was improved. The weight loss was much lower for the sealed coating (5 mg) than that for the as-sprayed coating (13 mg). © 2019 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd.}, language = {English}, number = {1}, journal = {Materials Research Express}, author = {Amousoltani, N. and Salimijazi, H. and Golozar, M.}, year = {2019}, note = {8 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Institute of Physics Publishing}, keywords = {Alumina, Aluminum oxide, Corrosion, Corrosion current densities, Corrosion resistance, Corrosion resistant coatings, Friction, Fuels, HVOF thermal spraying, High temperature applications, High temperature corrosion, High temperature wear behavior, High temperature wear property, High velocity oxy-fuel spraying, Scanning electron microscopy, Sealing (finishing), Sodium chloride, Sol-gel process, Sol-gels, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray coatings, Thermal spray process, Tungsten carbide, WC-Co coating, WC-Co coatings, Wear of materials, Wear resistance, Wear resistant materials, corrosion, sealing, sol-gel, wear}, } @article{amokraneMicrostructuralMechanicalProperties2011, title = {Microstructural and mechanical properties of {Ni}-base thermal spray coatings deposited by flame spraying}, volume = {42}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-80054890285&doi=10.1007%2fs11663-011-9551-0&partnerID=40&md5=720a8d828274ce151648937861575190}, doi = {10.1007/s11663-011-9551-0}, abstract = {In this work, two different Ni-base powders, namely, ProXon 21021 (P21) and ProXon 21031 (P31), were sprayed onto a steel substrate 35CrMo4 using a thermal flame spray technique. The morphology and chemical composition of the phases that are present in the powders and coatings were characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The hardness and wear resistance of the coatings were investigated. The XRD analysis revealed that the phases present in the coatings are different from the initial powders. In addition, some inhomogeneities such as oxides, porosity, and unmelted particles were observed by SEM. It was found that the P31 spray-coated exhibited higher microhardness, higher wear resistance, and significantly lower friction coefficient in comparison with those of P21 coatings. © 2011 THE MINERALS, METALS \& MATERIALS SOCIETY and ASM INTERNATIONAL.}, number = {5}, journal = {Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B: Process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science}, author = {Amokrane, B.M. and Abdelhamid, S. and Youcef, M. and Abderrahim, B. and Nedjemeddine, B. and Ahmed, M.}, year = {2011}, note = {14 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {A-thermal, Chemical compositions, Energy dispersive spectroscopy, Flame spray, Flame spraying, Friction, Friction coefficients, Inhomogeneities, Micro-structural, Powders, Protective coatings, Scanning electron microscopy, Sprayed coatings, Steel substrate, Thermal spray coatings, Unmelted particles, Wear resistance, X ray diffraction, X ray powder diffraction, XRD analysis}, pages = {932--938}, } @article{amarendraCavitationSlurryErosion2013, title = {Cavitation and slurry erosion of aluminum in the slurry pot tester}, volume = {736}, issn = {02555476 (ISSN); 978-303785558-4 (ISBN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84873046052&doi=10.4028%2fwww.scientific.net%2fMSF.736.218&partnerID=40&md5=c625b6a60dd2f2b614bb176ba3b639a1}, doi = {10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.736.218}, abstract = {In harnessing clean and renewable energy sources water turbines represent a significant portion of the power generation worldwide. Because of erosion, repair and maintenance of hydraulic turbines is a difficult problem. Material removal in hydraulic turbine components may occur either by particle erosion or cavitation erosion or by their combined action. Many ASTM standard and non standard test rigs are aimed at specific tests, like solid particle erosion, cavitation erosion. To simulate the real conditions in a laboratory setup, a novel method is employed to combine the effect of cavitation erosion and slurry erosion in the slurry pot tester. Triangular prismatic cavitation inducers are used in the conventional slurry pot tester. The aluminum test specimens are investigated in the slurry pot tester. A wide variation in material loss was noted under different exposure conditions. The maximum material loss is ascribed to combined effects of solid particle erosion and cavitation erosion. © (2013) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.}, language = {English}, journal = {Materials Science Forum}, author = {Amarendra, H.J. and Chaudhari, G.P. and Nath, S.K.}, year = {2013}, note = {3 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Trans Tech Publications Ltd}, keywords = {ASTM standards, Aluminum, Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation erosion, Conventional slurries, Erosion, Erosion testing, Exposure conditions, Hydraulic motors, Hydraulic turbines, Laboratory set-up, Renewable energy resources, Renewable energy source, Repair, Repair and maintenance, Solid particle erosion, Synergy}, pages = {218--222}, } @article{amanovEffectUltrasonicNanocrystal2021, title = {Effect of ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification on wear mechanisms of thermally-sprayed {WC}-{Co} coating}, volume = {477}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85103499290&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2021.203873&partnerID=40&md5=7d73ddc6001dc994d5479d3de6ff6a82}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2021.203873}, abstract = {High-pressure common rail injection systems lubricated with low-lubricity fuel may be made more resistant to wear and scuffing with robust coatings. In this study, a WC-Co coating was deposited onto heat-treated SAE 52100 steel substrates using a thermal spray method. The coated substrates were then treated using an ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification (UNSM). Wear performance of the coating was evaluated by ball-on-disk tribometer lubricated with three different fuels against three different materials. Besides, the changes in surface roughness, hardness, microstructural evolution and critical load resulting from UNSM were systematically investigated. The UNSM controlled the surface roughness and hardness due to the grain size refinement, surface integrity and pore reduction. The application of UNSM exhibited higher wear resistance than the as-sprayed coating. Wear mechanisms were investigated based on the results of surface characterizations, where the abrasion and oxidative wear modes took place. © 2021 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Amanov, A. and Karimbaev, R. and Berkebile, S.P.}, year = {2021}, note = {27 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {HVOF thermal spraying, Hardness, High pressure common rail injection system, Lubricity fuels, Nanocrystal surface, Nanocrystals, Scratch testing, Sliding wear, Sprayed coatings, Surface roughness, Surface treatment, Surface-modification, Thermal spray coating, Thermal spray coatings, Tribology, Ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification, WC-Co coating, Wear mechanisms, Wear of materials, Wear resistance}, } @article{amanovEffectsSurfaceModification2022, title = {Effects of surface modification on fuel-lubricated tribological behavior of {WC}-{Co} thermal spray coating}, volume = {317}, issn = {0167577X (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85126606387&doi=10.1016%2fj.matlet.2022.132096&partnerID=40&md5=a0f33cd10738ffd08bf9fb7ecb06db3d}, doi = {10.1016/j.matlet.2022.132096}, abstract = {The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification (UNSM) on the tribological behavior of WC-Co thermal spray coatings for fuel-lubricated components. UNSM reduced the average surface roughness from 4.22 µm down to 2.26 µm and increased the hardness from 861 HV1 up to 1091 HV1. UNSM reduced the intensity and broadened the full width at half maximum of X-ray diffraction peaks, which indicated a combination of refinement in grain size and introduction of compressive residual stress. The coefficient of friction under fuel lubrication was reduced significantly by UNSM from 0.083 to 0.011, while the specific wear rate decreased from 6.21 ± 1.41 × 10−13 mm3/N × m to 2.07 ± 0.36 × 10−13 mm3/N × m after UNSM. © 2022 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, journal = {Materials Letters}, author = {Amanov, A. and Berkebile, S.P.}, year = {2022}, note = {3 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier B.V.}, keywords = {Diffraction peaks, Friction, Fuel-lubricated, Fuels, Full widths at half maximums, Grain size, Grain size and shape, Grainsize, HVOF thermal spraying, Hardness, Nanocrystal surface, Residual stress, Residual stresses, Sprayed coatings, Surface modification, Surface roughness, Surface-modification, Thermal spray coatings, Tribological behaviour, Tribology, WC-Co coating, X- ray diffractions}, } @article{alwanUsingDevelopedCavitation2021, title = {Using the developed cavitation test to evaluate erosion resistance of cermet thermal sprayed coatings}, volume = {15}, issn = {1997308X (ISSN)}, shorttitle = {Применение разработанной методики оценки кавитационного воздействия для анализа эрозионной стойкости металлокерамических газотермических покрытий}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85119486938&doi=10.17073%2f1997-308X-2021-3-62-70&partnerID=40&md5=04f8fc7a562c981babbc1bfef3948487}, doi = {10.17073/1997-308X-2021-3-62-70}, abstract = {Many machinery parts working in contact with a fast-flowing fluid flow (e.g. turbine blades of hydroelectric power plants, valves, pump impeller blades, ship propellers, cooling systems for various units, etc.) are subjected to such type of wear as cavitation erosion. An important objective is to eliminate or reduce cavitation erosion so as to achieve a considerable economic effect. This research uses a patented technique developed to evaluate the cavitation erosion resistance of cermet thermal spray coatings (WC–10Co4Cr and WC–20CrC–7Ni). These coatings were prepared using high velocity air fuel thermal spraying (HVAF). The aim of this study is to test a new technique for evaluating coating cavitation resistance, which differs from the standard one by specimen positioning relative to the testing liquid. In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze the initial structure of the coatings prepared and study their behavior after cavitation exposure. The material volume loss criterion during the cavitation test was used to evaluate the coating resistance. The results of cavitation tests showed that the WC–20CrC–7Ni coating has a somewhat higher cavitation resistance than that of WC–10Co4Cr despite its slightly lower average hardness (850±90 HV0.5 versus 950±60 HV0.5). The study of coating surfaces and cross-sections showed that they feature by different erosion mechanisms. It can be concluded that the presence of defects (pores) in the coating structure is the main reason for reducing their cavitation erosion resistance. Therefore, the developed technique proved effective in obtaining experimental data to analyze cermet thermal spray coatings for cavitation wear. © 2021 Izdatel'stvo Kalvis. All rights reserved.}, language = {Russian}, number = {3}, journal = {Izvestiya Vuzov. Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya i Funktsional'nye Pokrytiya}, author = {Alwan, H.L. and Makarov, A.V. and Soboleva, N.N. and Korobov, Yu.S. and Shumyakov, V.I. and Lezhnin, N.V. and Zavalishin, V.A.}, year = {2021}, note = {0 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Izdatel'stvo Kalvis}, keywords = {Cavitation erosion, Cermet coatings, Microstructure, Thermal spraying, Ultrasonic cavitation test, WC–10Co4Cr, WC–20CrC–7Ni}, pages = {62--70}, } @article{alwanStudyCavitationErosionCorrosion2020, title = {Study of {Cavitation} {Erosion}-{Corrosion} {Resistance} of {Thermally} {Sprayed} {Ni}-{Based} {Coatings} {Prepared} by {HVAF} {Process}}, volume = {299}, issn = {1662-9779}, url = {https://www.scientific.net/SSP.299.893}, doi = {10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.299.893}, abstract = {In this study, two Ni-based coating materials, namely NiCrMoNb and NiCrBSi, have been applied using High Velocity Air Fuel (HVAF) thermal spraying process. The performance of the coated surface in resistance to cavitation erosion-corrosion of both coating materials, has been evaluated using an ultrasonic vibratory method. The cumulative material loss and erosion rate curves of the two coatings have been discussed. Surface topography, microhardness, macroscopic images, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs were used to characterize the coatings before and after the cavitation test. The cavitation results showed that the NiCrMoNb coating surface has exhibited better performance than the NiCrBSi coating surface under the same test conditions. The total cumulative weight loss of the NiCrMoNb coating was about 1/3 that of the NiCrBSi coating. SEM micrographs of the eroded surfaces showed that the surface layer of the NiCrBSi coating was more damaged, compared to layer of the NiCrMoNb coating. Overall, the NiCrMoNb coating can be effectively used against the cavitation wear, due to its superior performance.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-06-29}, journal = {Solid State Phenomena}, author = {Alwan, Hussam L. and Korobov, Yury S. and Soboleva, N. N. and Lezhnin, N. V. and Makarov, A. V. and Deviatiarov, M. S.}, year = {2020}, note = {3 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Conference Name: International Conference on Industrial Engineering Publisher: Trans Tech Publications Ltd}, pages = {893--901}, } @article{alkhaleelPassivationEffectsCorrosion2023, title = {Passivation effects on corrosion and cavitation erosion resistance of {UNS} {S32205} duplex alloy in 3.5\% {NaCl}}, volume = {0}, issn = {0008-4433}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00084433.2023.2232183}, doi = {10.1080/00084433.2023.2232183}, abstract = {The electrochemical and electronic properties of UNS S32205 duplex alloy passive film were studied with EIS and Mott–Schottky techniques, respectively. The role of Fe and Cr oxides in the passive film formation was checked using XPS. The cavitation behaviour was evaluated using an optical microscope OM. The studies were carried out in a 3.5\% NaCl solution saturated with CO2 on various types of passive films: the air-formed (AF), the long-term aged (LTA), and the passivated (P1 and P2). The results showed that the electrochemical passivation treatment at passive region 1 improved the corrosion and cavitation behaviour compared to AF, while the long-term aging process made it worse. Passivation at passive region 2 was harmful and recorded the worst results under corrosion and cavitation erosion conditions. Thus, exposing the equipment made of this alloy to the passivation treatment at special conditions makes it more resistant to corrosion and cavitation erosion.}, number = {0}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly}, author = {Alkhaleel, F. and Allahkaram, S. R.}, year = {2023}, note = {0 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Taylor \& Francis \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/00084433.2023.2232183}, keywords = {Electrochemical properties, UNS S32205 duplex alloy, cavitation resistance, corrosion resistance, passive film}, pages = {1--15}, } @inproceedings{aliNanoindentationEvaluationSuspension2017, title = {Nanoindentation evaluation of suspension thermal sprayed nanocomposite {WC}-{Co} coatings}, volume = {735 KEM}, isbn = {978-3-0357-1087-8}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85019675309&doi=10.4028%2fwww.scientific.net%2fKEM.735.225&partnerID=40&md5=a49566169d3c2973d12d68afbaa17680}, doi = {10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.735.225}, abstract = {The aim of this paper is to evaluate the microstructural and nanohardness characteristics of tungsten carbide-cobalt (WC-Co) cermet coatings deposited by liquid suspension spraying. Commercially available WC-Co coating powder was milled and water based suspension was produced as feedstock for the thermal spray coating process. Microstructural evaluations of WC-Co cermet coatings included XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy). Post spraying nanomechanical evaluations were conducted using a Berkovich nanoindenter. Results indicated relatively higher modulus but lower hardness of suspension coatings. The load displacement curves during nanoindentation were characteristic of the complex coating microstructure showing signs of microcracking and pile-up. © 2017 Trans Tech Publications.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Key {Eng} {Mat}}, publisher = {Trans Tech Publications Ltd}, author = {Ali, O. and Ahmed, R. and Faisal, N.H. and Al-Anazi, N.M. and Elakwah, Y.O. and Goosen, M.F.A.}, editor = {{Zhuiykov S.}}, year = {2017}, note = {0 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Journal Abbreviation: Key Eng Mat}, keywords = {Cermets, Coating microstructures, Liquid suspension, Load-displacement curve, Microstructural evaluation, Nanoindentation, Piles, Scanning electron microscopy, Sprayed coatings, Suspension coatings, Suspension spraying, Thermal spray coating, Thermal spray coatings, Thermal spraying, Tungsten carbide, Tungsten carbide cobalt, WC-Co, Xrd (x ray diffraction)}, pages = {225--229}, } @article{alimardaniEffectLocalizedDynamic2010, title = {The effect of localized dynamic surface preheating in laser cladding of {Stellite} 1}, volume = {204}, issn = {0257-8972}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0257897210003701}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2010.05.009}, abstract = {In laser cladding, high cooling rates create outcomes with superior mechanical and metallurgical properties. However, this characteristic along with the additive nature of the process significantly contributes to the formation of thermal stresses which are the main cause of any potential delamination and crack formation across the deposited layers. This drawback is more prominent for additive materials such as Stellite 1 which are by nature crack-sensitive during the hardfacing process. In this work, parallel to the experimental investigation, a numerical model is used to study the temperature distributions and thermal stresses throughout the deposition of Stellite 1 for hardfacing application. To manage the thermal stresses, the effect of preheating the substrate in a localized dynamic fashion is investigated. The numerical and experimental analyses are conducted by the deposition of Stellite 1 powder on the substrate of AISI-SAE 4340 alloy steel using a 1.1kW fiber laser. Experimental results confirm that by preheating the substrate a crack-free coating layer of Stellite 1 well-bonded to the substrate with a uniform dendritic structure, well-distributed throughout the deposited layer, can be obtained contrary to non-uniform structures formed in the coating of the non-preheated substrate with several cracks.}, number = {23}, urldate = {2025-03-31}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Alimardani, Masoud and Fallah, Vahid and Khajepour, Amir and Toyserkani, Ehsan}, month = aug, year = {2010}, note = {64 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Crack formation, Hardfacing alloys, Laser cladding, Preheating process, Temperature and thermal stress fields}, pages = {3911--3919}, } @article{aliInfluenceFeedstockThermal2023, title = {Influence of {Feedstock} and {Thermal} {Spray} {Process} on the {Phase} {Composition} of {Alumina} {Coatings} and {Their} {Sliding} {Wear}}, volume = {32}, issn = {10599630 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85162216517&doi=10.1007%2fs11666-023-01597-z&partnerID=40&md5=ce58584deffd27baffed694e8598ce72}, doi = {10.1007/s11666-023-01597-z}, abstract = {Suspension thermal spraying is an emerging coating technology that enables the deposition of dense-structured ceramic coatings. As wear resistance is a main application field of alumina (Al2O3) coatings, this study aimed to evaluate the dry reciprocating sliding wear resistance of suspension sprayed high velocity oxy-fuel (S-HVOF) alumina coatings and to compare it with atmospheric plasma sprayed (APS) and HVOF coatings. Coatings were analyzed in the as-sprayed state and post-treated at 910 °C (hot isostatically pressed, HIPed) conditions. Wear tests were conducted using a tribometer, following the ASTM G133-02 standard and a sintered WC-6 wt.\% Co ball as the counterbody. Coating characterization was done using scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction and nanoindentation technique. Results indicate that the HVOF, HVOF-HIP and S-HVOF coatings had a high α-Al2O3 content, whereas the APS and APS-HIP coatings had a high γ-phase content together with high porosity. Sliding wear resistance was an order of magnitude higher for the S-HVOF and HVOF coatings than the APS and APS-HIPed coatings. This difference in wear performance was attributed to the high nanohardness, elastic modulus, dense microstructure and relatively high α-Al2O3 content in the HVOF, S-HVOF and HVOF-HIP coatings. Results are discussed in terms of the wear mechanism and structure-property relationship. © 2023, The Author(s).}, language = {English}, number = {7}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {Ali, O. and Ahmed, R. and Toma, F.-L. and Berger, L.-M. and Matthey, B. and Faisal, N. and Ahmed, K.}, year = {2023}, note = {8 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Springer}, keywords = {Alumina, Alumina coating, Aluminum oxide, Atmospheric plasmas, Ceramic coatings, HVOF coatings, HVOF thermal spraying, High velocity oxy fuel, Plasma sprayed plasma, Plasma spraying, Plasma-sprayed, Scanning electron microscopy, Sliding wear, Sprayed coatings, Structure-properties relationships, Thermal spray coatings, Wear mechanisms, Wear of materials, Wear resistance, alumina coating, sliding wear, structure-property relationship, suspension, thermal spray coating, wear mechanism}, pages = {2028--2053}, } @article{aliErosionBehaviorZnNiCu2023, title = {Erosion {Behavior} of {Zn}-{Ni}-{Cu} and {Zn}-{Ni}-{Cu}-{TiB2} {Coated} {Mild} {Steel}}, volume = {32}, issn = {10599495 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85142432163&doi=10.1007%2fs11665-022-07657-9&partnerID=40&md5=3f15eee2e70d1713fe5a51b7e457c030}, doi = {10.1007/s11665-022-07657-9}, abstract = {Zn-Ni-Cu and Zn-Ni-Cu-TiB2 were coated on a mild steel substrate using an HVOF (high-velocity oxy-fuel) thermal spray process. The erosion tests were performed in a slurry pot tester following the ASTM–G75 standard. The impact of various slurry erosion parameters on the coating microstructure has been extensively investigated. A field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) was used to evaluate the erosion mechanism of both the coated and uncoated mild steel specimens. The results indicated that both Zn-Ni-Cu and Zn-Ni-Cu-TiB2 coatings on mild steel were slurry erosion-resistant compared to uncoated mild steel. © 2022, ASM International.}, language = {English}, number = {16}, journal = {Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance}, author = {Ali, S.I. and Ahmad, S.N.}, year = {2023}, note = {4 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Springer}, keywords = {A: mild steels, Energy dissipation, Erosion, Erosion behavior, Fuels, HVOF (high-velocity oxy-fuel) thermal spray, HVOF thermal spraying, High velocity oxy fuel, High-velocity oxy-fuel thermal spray, Low carbon steel, Mild steel substrates, Pot tester, Scanning electron microscopy, Slurry erosion, Slurry media, Slurry pot tester, Sprayed coatings, Steel research, Ternary alloys, Thermalspray, Titanium alloys, erosion, slurry medium, slurry pot tester}, pages = {7406--7417}, } @article{aliEnhancingElectroactiveVphase2025, title = {Enhancing the electroactive β-phase of {PVDF} filaments via feedstock processing}, volume = {34}, issn = {0964-1726}, doi = {10.1088/1361-665X/adb114}, abstract = {Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is a smart piezoelectric material with remarkable properties, offering vast potential for applications in areas such as energy harvesting, biomedical devices, and sensors. Among its various crystalline phases, the beta-phase is the most electroactive, characterized by high dielectric properties. Recently, PVDF has been processed using 3D printing due to the technology's ability to fabricate complex and intricate structures, along with advantages such as design flexibility, material efficiency, and rapid prototyping. While the beta-phase content in PVDF is often enhanced through additives or post-processing, limited attention has been given to the role of feedstock preparation and extrusion parameters in phase enhancement. In this study, we investigated how feedstock preparation and extrusion parameters influence the beta-phase content of PVDF, aiming to optimize its piezoelectric properties for 3D printing applications. PVDF filaments were produced using two different methods: direct extrusion from PVDF pellets and a solution-based process involving dissolution in a solvent, followed by extrusion. Phase content, structural changes, and thermal stability were assessed using x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. Results show that feedstock processing conditions significantly impact the crystallinity and beta-phase concentration in PVDF filaments. Notably, solution-processed PVDF exhibited a higher beta-phase concentration compared to the pellet-based method, suggesting that this approach may enhance piezoelectric performance. This study highlights the importance of feedstock processing techniques as a means of tailoring the electroactive properties of PVDF for advanced 3D-printed applications.}, language = {English}, number = {3}, journal = {SMART MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES}, author = {Ali, F and Parvez, I and Albakri, M}, month = mar, year = {2025}, note = {1 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {MORPHOLOGY, crystalline phases, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), processing conditions, thermal/chemical processing}, } @inproceedings{algoburiCavitationPerformanceSteel2023, title = {Cavitation {Performance} of {Steel} {Substrate} and {HVOF} {Sprayed} {WC}-{Co}-{Cr} {Coatings}}, url = {https://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2023p0119}, doi = {10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2023p0119}, abstract = {Abstract. The cavitation performance of wear resistant cermet coatings can deteriorate in a corrosive environment. This investigation therefore considered the cavitation resistance in seawater of thermally sprayed High Velocity Oxy Fuel (HVOF) WC-10Co-4Cr coatings deposited on two different substrate materials of carbon steel and austenitic stainless steel. Coatings were deposited using industrially optimised parameters. Cavitation tests were conducted following the ASTM G32 test method in indirect mode, where there was a gap of 0.5 mm between the sonicator and the test surface. A submersed copper cooling coil controlled the temperature of the seawater. The cumulative cavitation erosion mass loss and cavitation erosion rate results are reported. The eroded substrate and coating surfaces were analysed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) in combination with energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDX) to understand the failure modes. Coating phases were identified using x-ray diffraction. Results are discussed in terms of the cavitation failure modes and cavitation erosion rates for both the substrate and coated surfaces.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-06-29}, publisher = {ASM International}, author = {Algoburi, Ahmed and Ahmed, Rehan and Nazarinia, Mehdi}, month = may, year = {2023}, note = {1 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {119--126}, } @inproceedings{algoburiCavitationErosionHVOF2024, title = {Cavitation {Erosion} in {HVOF} {Thermally} {Sprayed} {WC}-{NiCrBSi} {Coatings}}, url = {https://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2024p0248}, doi = {10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2024p0248}, abstract = {Abstract. Cavitation is a wear process in engineering systems caused by the energy release of collapsing bubbles leading to the failure of critical components such as valves, pumps, and propellers. Thermally sprayed coatings can be applied to improve the wear resistance of these components. This investigation considers a WC-NiCrBSi coating composition under cavitation wear, where the WC phase provides the strength and the NiCrBSi matrix offers corrosion resistance in seawater. Coatings were deposited on AISI 440C stainless steel discs of 32mm diameter and 8mm thickness using industrially optimized parameters for the HVOF JP5000 system. Indirect cavitation tests were conducted using a modified ASTM G32 testing procedure on coated test coupons in as-sprayed and Hot Isostatic Pressed (HIPed) conditions. Two tests were performed for each coating using natural seawater of pH 8.19 at room temperature, and averaged wear values are reported to compare the cavitation rate and cumulative mass loss of the coatings. Coating microstructural phases in the as-sprayed and HIPed conditions were identified using X-ray diffraction. The microstructure of the coating substrate system and post-cavitation test wear scars were investigated using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). This investigation provides an understanding of the corrosive-cavitation wear behavior and failure modes of coatings. The cavitation erosion rate and cumulative mass loss results showed that the as-sprayed WC-NiCrBSi coatings improve the cavitation wear resistance of the substrate.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-10-14}, publisher = {ASM International}, author = {Algoburi, Ahmed and Ahmed, Rehan and Kumar, Vishakh}, month = apr, year = {2024}, note = {1 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, pages = {248--255}, } @article{aleksicMechanismsMorphologiesCavitation2021, title = {Mechanisms and morphologies of cavitation demage of nn 70 steel}, volume = {2021}, issn = {03519465 (ISSN)}, shorttitle = {Mehanizmi i morfologije kavitacionog oštećenja čelika nionikral 70}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85111600711&doi=10.5937%2fzasmat2102095A&partnerID=40&md5=4efe8872f4c89a6d6c4d996bfe70d01b}, doi = {10.5937/zasmat2102095A}, abstract = {Broken test tubes for low-cycle fatigue testing of Nionicral 70 (NN-70) parent material (PM) steel and simulated heat-affected zones (SHAZ) were used to produce samples for cavitation resistance testing. Ultrasonic vibrational cavitation method (stationary sample method) was applied for testing in laboratory conditions. The test conditions and procedure, sample preparation and interpretation of results are defined by ASTM G32. The surfaces of the NN-70 PM and SHAZ steel samples were exposed to cavitation and damage monitoring over time. Measuring the weight loss of samples on the analytical balance after a certain time allowed us to determine the cavitation velocity as a measure of the material's resistance to the effect of cavitation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was applied to monitor variations in surface morphology with changing test time. On the basis of the results of the cavitation resistance test, the morphologies of the surface damage for different exposure times of the cavitation of PM and SHAZ steel NN-70 samples were analyzed, as well as the mechanisms that led to the damage of the sample surfaces. © 2021 Authors. Published by Engineering Society for Corrosion.}, language = {Bosnian}, number = {2}, journal = {Materials Protection}, author = {Aleksić, V. and Dojčinović, M. and Milović, L. and Zečević, B. and Maksimović, A.}, year = {2021}, note = {1 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Engineers Society for Corrosion}, keywords = {Cavitation, Mechanisms and morphologies of damage, PM, SHAZ, Steel NN-70}, pages = {95--105}, } @article{aiCavitationErosionDamage2020, title = {Cavitation {Erosion} {Damage} {Mechanism} of a {Duplex} {Stainless} {Steel} {Having} a {Ferrite}-{Austenite}-{Sigma}-{Phase} {Triplex} {Microstructure}}, volume = {29}, issn = {1544-1024}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-020-04807-9}, doi = {10.1007/s11665-020-04807-9}, abstract = {This paper is on the cavitation erosion (CE) behavior of a thermally annealed duplex stainless steel having a triplex microstructure consisting of ferrite, austenite and sigma phase. As sigma forms, it siphons off alloying elements from ferrite, making it softer. Ferrite is the weakest against CE among the three phases, and its interfaces with sigma phase are often the initiation sites of damage which tends to grow into the ferrite side. The weakness of ferrite stems from its high strain-rate sensitivity. Austenite is beneficial because it helps to prevent sigma phase from being dislodged, and its interfaces with sigma phase are also more resistant to CE damage. Mechanical properties such as hardness and strength do not correlate with CE resistance (as measured by cumulative weight loss and the incubation time of CE damage). Preliminary results show that cumulative weight loss is not monotonically proportional to the quantity of sigma.}, language = {en}, number = {5}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance}, author = {Ai, Wenji and Lo, K. H. and Li, Xiang and Kwok, C. T. and Pan, Hui}, month = may, year = {2020}, note = {6 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {austenite, cavitation erosion, duplex stainless steel, ferrite, sigma phase}, pages = {2806--2815}, } @article{ahmedStructurePropertyRelationships2014, title = {Structure–property relationships in a {CoCrMo} alloy at micro and nano-scales}, volume = {80}, issn = {0301-679X}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301679X14002436}, doi = {10.1016/j.triboint.2014.06.015}, abstract = {This investigation considered the multiscale tribo-mechanical evaluations of CoCrMo (Stellite®21) alloys manufactured via two different processing routes of casting and HIP-consolidation from powder (Hot Isostatic Pressing). These involved hardness, nanoscratch, impact toughness, abrasive wear and sliding wear evaluations using pin-on-disc and ball-on-flat tests. HIPing improved the nanoscratch and ball-on-flat sliding wear performance due to higher hardness and work-hardening rate of the metal matrix. The cast alloy however exhibited superior abrasive wear and self-mated pin-on-disc wear performance. The tribological properties were more strongly influenced by the CoCr matrix, which is demonstrated in nanoscratch analysis.}, urldate = {2024-06-30}, journal = {Tribology International}, author = {Ahmed, R. and de Villiers Lovelock, H. L. and Faisal, N. H. and Davies, S.}, month = dec, year = {2014}, note = {24 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Manufacturing, Nanoscratch, Nanotribology, Wear}, pages = {98--114}, } @article{ahmedStructurePropertyRelationship2015, title = {Structure {Property} {Relationship} of {Suspension} {Thermally} {Sprayed} {WC}-{Co} {Nanocomposite} {Coatings}}, volume = {24}, issn = {1544-1016}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-014-0174-2}, doi = {10.1007/s11666-014-0174-2}, abstract = {Tribomechanical properties of nanostructured coatings deposited by suspension high velocity oxy-fuel (S-HVOF) and conventional HVOF (Jet Kote) spraying were evaluated. Nanostructured S-HVOF coatings were obtained via ball milling of the agglomerated and sintered WC-12Co feedstock powder, which were deposited via an aqueous-based suspension using modified HVOF (TopGun) process. Microstructural evaluations of these hardmetal coatings included transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. The nanohardness and modulus of the coated specimens were investigated using a diamond Berkovich nanoindenter. Sliding wear tests were conducted using a ball-on-flat test rig. Results indicated that low porosity coatings with nanostructured features were obtained. High carbon loss was observed, but coatings showed a high hardness up to 1000 HV2.9N. S-HVOF coatings also showed improved sliding wear and friction behavior, which were attributed to nanosized particles reducing ball wear in three-body abrasion and support of metal matrix due to uniform distribution of nanoparticles in the coating microstructure.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-06-30}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {Ahmed, R. and Faisal, N. H. and Al-Anazi, Nayef M. and Al-Mutairi, S. and Toma, F.-L. and Berger, L.-M. and Potthoff, A. and Polychroniadis, E. K. and Sall, M. and Chaliampalias, D. and Goosen, M. F. A.}, month = feb, year = {2015}, note = {40 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {WC-Co coating, nanoindentation, nanostructured coating, suspension spraying, tribology, wear}, pages = {357--377}, } @article{ahmedSlidingWearConventional2021, title = {Sliding {Wear} of {Conventional} and {Suspension} {Sprayed} {Nanocomposite} {WC}-{Co} {Coatings}: {An} {Invited} {Review}}, volume = {30}, issn = {1544-1016}, shorttitle = {Sliding {Wear} of {Conventional} and {Suspension} {Sprayed} {Nanocomposite} {WC}-{Co} {Coatings}}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-021-01185-z}, doi = {10.1007/s11666-021-01185-z}, abstract = {The global thermal spray coatings market was valued at USD 10.1 billion in 2019 and is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 3.9\% from 2020 to 2027. Carbide coatings form an essential segment of this market and provide cost-effective and environmental friendly tribological solutions for applications in aerospace, industrial gas turbine, automotive, printing, oil and gas, steel, and pulp and paper industries. Almost 23\% of the world’s total energy consumption originates from tribological contacts. Thermal spray WC-Co coatings provide excellent wear resistance for industrial applications in sliding and rolling contacts. Some of these applications in abrasive, sliding and erosive conditions include sink rolls in zinc pots, conveyor screws, pump housings, impeller shafts, aircraft flap tracks, cam followers and expansion joints. These coatings are considered as a replacement of the hazardous chrome plating for tribological applications. The microstructure of thermal spray coatings is however complex, and the wear mechanisms and wear rates vary significantly when compared to cemented WC-Co carbides or vapour deposition WC coatings. This paper provides an expert review of the tribological considerations that dictate the sliding wear performance of thermal spray WC-Co coatings. Structure–property relationships and failure modes are discussed to grasp the design aspects of WC-Co coatings for tribological applications. Recent developments of suspension sprayed nanocomposite coatings are compared with conventional coatings in terms of performance and failure mechanisms. The dependency of coating microstructure, binder material, carbide size, fracture toughness, post-treatment and hardness on sliding wear performance and test methodology is discussed. Semiempirical mathematical models of wear rate related to the influence of tribological test conditions and coating characteristics are analysed for sliding contacts. Finally, advances for numerical modelling of sliding wear rate are discussed.}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-10-12}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {Ahmed, R. and Ali, O. and Berndt, C. C. and Fardan, A.}, month = apr, year = {2021}, note = {54 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Aerospace applications, Aerospace industry, Binders, Carbides, Chromate coatings, Coating characteristics, Coating microstructures, Cobalt compounds, Commerce, Compound annual growth rates, Cost effectiveness, Energy utilization, Failure (mechanical), Fracture toughness, Growth rate, Industrial gas turbines, Microstructure, Nano-composite coating, Nanocomposites, Paper and pulp industry, Paper and pulp mills, Pulp and paper industry, Sprayed coatings, Total energy consumption, Tribological applications, Tribology, WC-Co, Wear of materials, Wear resistance, finite element modelling, nanocomposite, sliding Wear, structure–property, thermal spray coating, tribology, wear mechanism, wear rate}, pages = {800--861}, } @article{ahmedSlidingWearBlended2021a, title = {Sliding wear of blended cobalt based alloys}, volume = {466-467}, issn = {0043-1648}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043164820309923}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2020.203533}, abstract = {This investigation reports on the tribomechanical evaluations of a Co-based alloy obtained by the hot isostatic pressing (HIPing) of a blend of two standard gas atomized cobalt alloy powders. A HIPed blend of Stellite 6 and Stellite 20 was used to investigate the effect of varying the C, Cr, and W content simultaneously on the structure-property relationships. Microstructural evaluations involved scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. Experimental evaluations were conducted using hardness, impact, tensile, abrasive wear and sliding wear tests to develop an understanding of the mechanical and tribological performance of the alloys. Results are discussed in terms of the failure modes for the mechanical tests, and wear mechanisms for the tribological tests. This study indicates that powder blends can be used to design for a desired combination of mechanical strength and wear properties in these HIPed alloys. Specific relationships were observed between the alloy composition and carbide content, hardness, impact energy and wear resistance. There was a linear relationship between the weighted W- and C-content and the carbide fraction. The abrasive wear performance also showed a linear relationship with the weighted alloy composition. The pin-on-disc and ball-on-flat experiments revealed a more complex relationship between the alloy composition and the wear rate.}, urldate = {2024-07-13}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Ahmed, R. and de Villiers Lovelock, H. L. and Davies, S.}, month = feb, year = {2021}, note = {18 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Blending, HIPing, Hardness, Powder metallurgy, Sliding wear, Stellite alloy}, pages = {203533}, } @article{ahmedSingleAsperityNanoscratch2014, title = {Single asperity nanoscratch behaviour of {HIPed} and cast {Stellite} 6 alloys}, volume = {312}, issn = {0043-1648}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043164814000404}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2014.02.006}, abstract = {The aim of this study was to investigate the nanoscale sliding wear behaviour of re-HIPed (Hot Isostatically Pressed) and cast cobalt-based Stellite 6 alloys. A nanoindentation system equipped with a wear testing module was used to simulate single asperity deformation behaviour using a sphero-conical indenter. The test load was either increased linearly over the sliding distance or ramped upto full load at the initial stage of the test. Post-test evaluations included X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements. An elastic–plastic finite element model (FEM) was used to compare the displaced volume with the experimental data. Results are discussed in terms of the structure–property relationships and indicated that the nanoscale wear was dominated by the composition and nanomechanical properties of the metal matrix, and also the shape and size of carbides. Wear predominantly occurred due to plastic deformation of the metal matrix phase. Relatively higher scratch resistance and hardness of the metal matrix phase, coupled with the microstructural homogeneity of re-HIPed alloy led to its lower wear volume loss, in comparison to the cast counterpart. The FEM predictions were in agreement with the experimental results, and the error between the two ranged from 0\% to 25\% under the loading conditions considered in this investigation.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-07-13}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Ahmed, R. and Ashraf, A. and Elameen, M. and Faisal, N. H. and El-Sherik, A. M. and Elakwah, Y. O. and Goosen, M. F. A.}, month = apr, year = {2014}, note = {44 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cobalt-based alloys, HIPing, Nanoindentation, Nanoscratch, Nanotribology, Stellite alloy}, pages = {70--82}, } @article{ahmedRollingContactFatigue1997, title = {Rolling contact fatigue performance of detonation gun coated elements}, volume = {30}, issn = {0301679X (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0031079057&doi=10.1016%2f0301-679X%2896%2900036-9&partnerID=40&md5=a305c199e45ebf4924a4e3bc71d64120}, doi = {10.1016/0301-679X(96)00036-9}, abstract = {Rolling contact fatigue performance of thermal spray coatings has been investigated using an experimental approach. A modified four ball machine which simulates a rolling element bearing was used to examine the coating performance and failure modes in a conventional steel ball bearing and hybrid ceramic bearing configurations. Tungsten carbide (WC-15\%Co) and aluminium oxide (Al2O3) were thermally sprayed using a super D-Gun (SDG2040) on M-50 bearing steel substrate in the geometrical shape of a cone. A coated cone replaced the upper ball that contacts with three lower balls. The rolling contact fatigue (RCF) tests were performed under immersed lubricated conditions using two different lubricants. Fatigue failure modes were observed using a scanning electron microscope. Microhardness measurements of the coating and the substrate and elasto-hydrodynamic fluid film thickness results are included. The results show the requirement for significant optimization of the coating before use in rolling element bearing applications. The coating was fractured in a delamination mode. Test results show an optimization in coating process is required before these coatings can be used for rolling contact applications. WC-Co coatings perform better than Al2O3 coatings in rolling contact. Copyright © 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd.}, language = {English}, number = {2}, journal = {Tribology International}, author = {Ahmed, R. and Hadfield, M.}, year = {1997}, note = {52 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {Al2O3, Alumina, Coated materials, D-Gun, Delamination, Failure (mechanical), Fatigue, Fatigue of materials, Fatigue testing, Hardness, Roller bearings, Rolling contact fatigue, Scanning electron microscopy, Spray guns, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray, Thermal spraying, Thick films, Tungsten carbide}, pages = {129--137}, } @article{ahmedRollingContactFatigue1996, title = {Rolling contact fatigue behaviour of thermally sprayed rolling elements}, volume = {82}, issn = {0257-8972}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/025789729502736X}, doi = {10.1016/0257-8972(95)02736-X}, abstract = {An experimental approach with a modified four-ball machine is used to investigate the rolling contact fatigue (RCF) performance and failure mode of thermally sprayed rolling element bearing steel balls. A superdetonation gun (SDG 2040) is used to deposit a tungsten carbide coating (WC-15\%Co) on steel substrate balls. This test configuration has been used to simulate traditional steel and ceramic hybrid rolling element ball-bearings. Microhardness of coating and substrate, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and finite element modelling (FEM) of the contact problem for coated elements are the key tools in the analysis. The results show that coated specimens do not perform well and the failure is through the coating itself and not at the interface. Results from FEM and SEM of failed areas indicate that the failure of coatings is in plain shear at the edge of the contact area. An improvement is required in the coating technique for rolling contact fatigue application. Advanced processes such as high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF), etc. may provide different results. The mode of failure in the coated specimens is delamination.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-06-29}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Ahmed, R. and Hadfield, M.}, month = jul, year = {1996}, note = {33 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Carbide, Finite element modelling, Rolling contact fatigue, Thermal spray}, pages = {176--186}, } @article{ahmedResidualStrainMeasurements2007, title = {Residual strain measurements in thermal spray cermet coatings via neutron diffraction}, volume = {129}, issn = {07424787 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34249036362&doi=10.1115%2f1.2647503&partnerID=40&md5=9978fa59d159910d3bef43eacfad0d76}, doi = {10.1115/1.2647503}, abstract = {The impact and fatigue resistance of overlay coatings is significantly influenced by the residual strain (or stress) field induced during coating deposition, post-treatment, and in-service loading. Optimization of the residual strain field is therefore critical to the life and performance of components. Nondestructive measurement of these strain fields in relatively thin (300-400 μm) thermal spray coatings, however poses a challenge because conventional techniques, such as deep hole drilling, x-ray diffraction, synchrotron diffraction, and changes in beam curvature either make these techniques destructive and/or provides only a very near-surface strain measurement. This particularly complicates the strain analysis in cermet coatings, e.g., WC-Co deposited by the thermal spraying process, where the low penetration depth of x-ray and synchrotron-diffraction ray can only provide a through thickness measurement of stress or strain profile via the destructive layer removal technique. Recent investigations have therefore concentrated on the use of neutron diffraction technique for such analysis, and this paper reports some of the early findings of the comparison of through thickness strain measurements in relatively thin (400 μm) as-sprayed and post-treated WC-12wt. \% Co coatings via the neutron diffraction technique. Since neutrons are not charged, they do not interact with the electron cloud surrounding the atom (unlike x-ray); hence, diffraction results from the interaction with the atomic nucleus. Neutrons therefore have greater penetration depth in most engineering materials, and therefore provide a nondestructive through thickness strain measurement. Results of strain measurement are discussed with the structure property relationships and contact fatigue performance, and indicate that post-treatment of these coatings results in harmonization of the strain field within the coating, and at the coating substrate interface. This significantly influences the contact fatigue performance by improving both the cohesive and adhesive strength of these coatings. Copyright © 2007 by ASME.}, language = {English}, number = {2}, journal = {Journal of Tribology}, author = {Ahmed, R. and Yu, H. and Stewart, S. and Edwards, L. and Santisteban, J.R.}, year = {2007}, note = {26 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cermets, Cobalt, Deposition, Fatigue of materials, Impact resistance, Neutron diffraction, Residual stress, Residual stresses, Rolling contact fatigue, Sprayed coatings, Strain measurement, Thermal spray coatings, Thermal spraying, Tungsten carbide}, pages = {411--418}, } @article{ahmedNeutronDiffractionResidual2008, title = {Neutron diffraction residual strain measurements in post-treated thermal spray cermet coatings}, volume = {498}, issn = {09215093 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-54349121505&doi=10.1016%2fj.msea.2008.08.023&partnerID=40&md5=6a5385f7692cc4affec070277974ceb2}, doi = {10.1016/j.msea.2008.08.023}, abstract = {The aim of this investigation was to ascertain the relative changes in residual stress profile after the post-treatment of thermal spray WC-NiCrBSi coatings and relate these changes to the microstructural and tribo-mechanical properties. Residual strain measurements were performed using neutron diffraction technique in vertical scan mode. Functionally graded HVOF (JP5000) WC-NiCrBSi coatings were thermally sprayed on AISI 440C steel substrate discs, some of which were given different post-treatments i.e. HIPing at two different temperatures of 850 °C and 1200 °C, and heat-treatment in inert atmosphere at 1200 °C. Changes in microstructure due to heat-treatment were identified using SEM, XRD and light microscopy and correlated with tribo-mechanical properties determined using microhardness, Young's modulus and fatigue testing. It was found that whilst simple models based upon the differences in coefficient of thermal expansion can be adapted to predict the approximate average residual stresses after the post-treatment, refined models based upon microstructural change, substrate plasticity, influence of heating/cooling rate, and pressure during the post-treatment are necessary for the reliable prediction of residual stress fields. Such models may then be utilised to tailor the residual stress profile during the post-treatment for specific industrial applications. Improvement in coating fatigue performance was related to the attenuation of stress gradient within the coating layers, and to the homogenisation of stress profile at the coating substrate interface at the higher HIPing temperature of 1200 °C. The presence of isostatic pressure during the HIPing post-treatment produced a more uniform residual stress and Young's modulus profile, and hence a reduced stress concentrations that exacerbate fatigue failure. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {1-2}, journal = {Materials Science and Engineering: A}, author = {Ahmed, R. and Yu, H. and Stoica, V. and Edwards, L. and Santisteban, J.R.}, year = {2008}, note = {34 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier BV}, keywords = {Cermet coatings, Delamination, Elastic moduli, Fatigue testing, HIPing, HVOF thermal spraying, Heat treatment, Hiping, Interfaces (materials), Model-based OPC, Neutron diffraction, Neutrons, NiCrBSi coatings, Post treatment, Residual strain, Residual strains, Residual stress profiles, Residual stresses, Sprayed coatings, Strain measurement, Strains measurements, Stress analysis, Thermal expansion, Thermal spray coating, Thermal spray coatings, Thermalspray}, pages = {191--202}, } @article{ahmedMechanismsFatigueFailure2002, title = {Mechanisms of fatigue failure in thermal spray coatings}, volume = {11}, issn = {10599630 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0036750046&doi=10.1361%2f105996302770348727&partnerID=40&md5=ef00845199339da2a81b58a3bfd86f4c}, doi = {10.1361/105996302770348727}, abstract = {The aim of this experimental study was to ascertain the fatigue failure modes of thermal spray coatings in rolling/sliding contact. These failure modes outline the design requirements of thermal spray coatings for high-stress tribological applications including impact and point or line contact loading. Recently, a number of scientific studies have addressed the fatigue performance and durability of thermal spray coatings in rolling/sliding contact, but investigations on the mechanisms of these failures are seldom reported. The understanding of such failure mechanisms is, however, critical in optimizing the generic design of these overlay coatings. This study takes a holistic approach to summarize the results of ongoing research on various cermet (WC-Co) and ceramic (Al2O3) coatings deposited by detonation gun (D-Gun), high-velocity oxyfuel (HVOF), and high-velocity plasma spraying (HVPS) techniques, in a range of coating thickness (20-250 μm) on various steel substrates to deliver an overview of the various competing failure modes. Results indicate four distinct modes of fatigue failure in thermal spray cermet and ceramic coatings: abrasion, delamination, bulk failure, and spalling. The influences of coating process, thickness, materials, properties of substrate materials, and prespray conditions on these fatigue failure modes are also discussed. A modified four-ball machine was used to investigate these failure modes under various tribological conditions of contact stress and lubrication regimes in conventional steel and hybrid ceramic contact configurations. Results are discussed in terms of pre- and post-test surface examination of rolling elements using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron probe microscopy analysis (EPMA), and surface interferometry, as well as subsurface observations using x-ray diffraction (XRD), residual stress analysis, and dye-penetrant investigations.}, language = {English}, number = {3}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {Ahmed, R. and Hadfield, M.}, year = {2002}, note = {61 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Ceramic coatings, Cermet and ceramic overlay coatings, Cermets, Defects, Dye-penetrant investigations, Electron probe microanalysis, Failure (mechanical), Failure modes, Fatigue of materials, High-velocity oxyfuel, High-velocity plasma spraying, Interferometry, Plasma spraying, Porosity, Residual stresses, Rolling contact fatigue, Scanning electron microscopy, Spalling, Stress analysis, Surface engineering, Surface examination, Thermal spray coatings, X ray diffraction analysis}, pages = {333--349}, } @article{ahmedMappingMechanicalProperties2023, title = {Mapping the mechanical properties of cobalt-based stellite alloys manufactured via blending}, volume = {0}, issn = {2374-068X}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/2374068X.2023.2220242}, doi = {10.1080/2374068X.2023.2220242}, abstract = {Stellite alloys have good wear resistance and maintain their strength up to 600°C, making them suitable for various industrial applications like cutting tools and combustion engine parts. This investigation was aimed at i) manufacturing new Stellite alloy blends using powder metallurgy and ii) mathematically mapping hardness, yield strength, ductility and impact energy of base and alloy blends. Linear, exponential, polynomial approximations and dimensional analyses were conducted in this semi-empirical mathematical modelling approach. Base alloy compositions similar to Stellite 1, 4, 6, 12, 20 and 190 were used in this investigation to form new alloys via blends. The microstructure was analysed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Mechanical performance of alloys was conducted using tensile, hardness and Charpy impact tests. MATLAB® coding was used for the development of property maps. This investigation indicates that hardness and yield strength can be linked to the wt.\% composition of carbon and tungsten using linear approximation with a maximum variance of 5\% and 20\%, respectively. Elongation and carbide fraction showed a non-linear relationship with alloy composition. Impact energy was linked with elongation through polynomial approximation. A dimensional analysis was developed by interlinking carbide fraction, hardness, yield strength, and elongation to impact energy.}, number = {0}, urldate = {2024-07-13}, journal = {Advances in Materials and Processing Technologies}, author = {Ahmed, R. and Fardan, A. and Davies, S.}, month = jun, year = {2023}, note = {1 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Taylor \& Francis \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/2374068X.2023.2220242}, keywords = {Blending, Hiping, Mathematical model, Powder metallurgy, Stellite alloys, Structure-property relationships}, pages = {1--30}, } @article{ahmedFrictionWearCobaltBase2017, title = {Friction and {Wear} of {Cobalt}-{Base} {Alloys}}, url = {https://dl.asminternational.org/handbooks/edited-volume/50/chapter/628511/Friction-and-Wear-of-Cobalt-Base-Alloys}, doi = {10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006390}, abstract = {Abstract. This article focuses on the tribological behavior of group 1, 2, and 3 cobalt-base alloys, namely, carbide-type wear-resistant alloys and laves-t}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-11-17}, author = {Ahmed, Rehan and de Villiers-Lovelock, Heidi}, month = dec, year = {2017}, note = {7 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {3D printing, PVDF, beta-phase, electric field, thin film}, } @article{ahmedExperimentalMeasurementResidual1997, title = {Experimental measurement of the residual stress field within thermally sprayed rolling elements}, volume = {209}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0031214472&doi=10.1016%2fS0043-1648%2897%2900009-4&partnerID=40&md5=66c3bb29e7c95b47003525ee158e1e45}, doi = {10.1016/S0043-1648(97)00009-4}, abstract = {A non-destructive experimental approach using an X-ray diffraction technique was used to investigate the generation of residual stresses in thermally sprayed rolling elements. The rolling elements were detonation gun coated balls and high velocity oxy-fuel coated cones. A modified four ball machine was used to perform rolling contact fatigue (RCF) tests on tungsten carbide cobalt (WC-Co) coated samples on steel substrate. RCF tests were conducted in conventional steel ball bearing and hybrid ceramic configurations. Residual stress measurements were performed at different sample orientations on different coating thicknesses and various substrate geometries. Residual stress measurements on as-sprayed samples, pre-tested samples, and after the RCF tests were performed during this study. This enabled the measurement of residual stresses generated during the thermal spraying process and due to the RCF tests. Residual stress measurements are also made on the failed areas of the coatings. Residual stress measurement results are presented in the form of principal stress values, using complex stress/strain relationships. These results indicate that residual stresses are critical to the performance of coatings. The generation of residual stresses is not only dependent upon the coating process but also on the coating thickness and substrate geometry. RCF tests induce tensile residual stresses within the contact area and coating microstructure. Residual stress magnitude depends upon the test configuration and time of failure. Compressive residual stresses caused by the coating process are helpful as they improve the RCF life of the coatings. A multiple-cause diagram relating to the generation of residual stresses within the coatings has been presented and stress measurements have been explained with the aid of figures and scanning electron microscopy observations. © 1997 Elsevier Science S.A.}, language = {English}, number = {1-2}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Ahmed, R. and Hadfield, M.}, year = {1997}, note = {37 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier BV}, keywords = {Ball bearings, Ceramic materials, Fatigue of materials, Microstructure, Residual stress, Residual stress measurement, Residual stresses, Rolling contact fatigue, Scanning electron microscopy, Sprayed coatings, Steel, Strain, Thermal spray coating, Thermal spray coatings, X ray diffraction, contact-rolling, measurement techniques, residual stresses}, pages = {84--95}, } @article{ahmedContactFatigueFailure2002, title = {Contact fatigue failure modes of {HVOF} coatings}, volume = {253}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0036668914&doi=10.1016%2fS0043-1648%2802%2900163-1&partnerID=40&md5=f25e2635c1561af779f3c18b230da992}, doi = {10.1016/S0043-1648(02)00163-1}, abstract = {The objective of this experimental study was to investigate the influence of coating thickness and contact stress fields on the performance and fatigue failure modes of thermal spray (WC-12\%Co) HVOF coatings. Results of this study indicate that a non-dimensional coating thickness parameter (Δ = ξ/ψ), where ξ is the coating thickness and ψ the depth of maximum shear stress, can be used as a useful index to optimise coating delamination resistance during Hertzian contact loading. Apart from the detection of a new failure mode (termed spalling), which is a rare failure mode in thermal spray coatings, results indicate that by appropriate control of coating thickness, and tribological conditions, it is possible to achieve a fatigue life in excess of 70 million stress cycles, without failure. This improvement in coating performance was attributed to improved fracture toughness of liquid fuel HVOF (JP5000) coatings. Coating failure was attributed to micro-and macrocracking within the coating microstructure. Thermal spray coatings were deposited by a JP5000 system in three different thicknesses on the surface of 440-C steel substrate cones to vary the depth of shear stress within the Hertzian stress field. Rolling contact fatigue (RCF) tests were conducted using a modified four-ball machine under various tribological conditions of contact stress, configuration and lubrication. Surface observations were made using scanning electron microscope (SEM), surface interferometry and light microscopy, whereas subsurface observations were made using die penetrant investigations. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {3-4}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Ahmed, R.}, year = {2002}, note = {58 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Coating techniques, Failure modes, Fatigue of materials, Fracture toughness, HVOF coatings, Hertzian stress field, Interferometry, Loading, Microcracking, Optical microscopy, Rolling contact fatigue, Scanning electron microscopy, Shear stress, Thermal spray, coating, fatigue, film thickness, performance, rolling contact}, pages = {473--487}, } @article{ahmedComparisonNeutronDiffraction2012, title = {A comparison of neutron diffraction and hole-drilling residual strain measurements in thermally sprayed coatings}, volume = {206}, issn = {02578972 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84861461298&doi=10.1016%2fj.surfcoat.2012.04.018&partnerID=40&md5=c6f6fbd2935f4c37677e833aeec6cab9}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2012.04.018}, abstract = {A critical factor dictating the durability of WC metal matrix composite coatings is the residual stress profile in the coating/substrate system. Modelling and development of future generation coatings require experimental evaluation of the residual stress field. The experimental evaluation of the stress field in the coating/substrate system can be sensitive to the measurement technique. The aim of this investigation was to study this dependency in thermally sprayed multilayer WC-NiCrBSi coatings in the as-sprayed and HIPed conditions. Incremental hole drilling was applied to semi-destructively evaluate the residual stress field in the coating/substrate system. Results were compared to previously reported findings of residual stress using neutron diffraction. The results of this investigation indicate that in a complex multilayer system the two measurement methods provide complementary information about the overall residual stress field in the coating/substrate materials. Residual stress values evaluated by both measurement techniques were similar in the top 300-μm-thick WC-10. wt.\% NiCrBSi coating layer, whereas significant differences were recorded in the intermediate 100-μm-thick WC-40. wt.\% NiCrBSi coating layer. The difference in the measured values for the two measurement techniques is attributed to the nature of the stress measured i.e. macro-stress for hole-drilling as opposed to micro-stress in the WC coating phase for the neutron diffraction technique. Additional factors such as the assumptions of defect-free coating microstructure perfectly bonded to the underlying coating layer and the lower content of WC-phase in the intermediate and diffusion coating layers, along with the formation of secondary phase particles in the HIPed coating microstructure, contributed to the differences between the measured residual stress values for the two techniques. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, number = {19-20}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Ahmed, R. and Fitzpatrick, M.E. and Faisal, N.H.}, year = {2012}, note = {25 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Cladding (coating), Coating layer, Coating microstructures, Critical factors, Defect free coatings, Diffusion coatings, Experimental evaluation, Future generations, HIPing, Hole-drilling, Measurement methods, Measurement techniques, Metal matrix composite coatings, Microstructure, Multi-layer system, Multilayers, Nanofiltration membranes, Neutron diffraction, Neutron diffraction technique, NiCrBSi coatings, Residual stress, Residual stress fields, Residual stress profiles, Residual stresses, Secondary phase particles, Sprayed coatings, Strain measurement, Stress analysis, Stress field, Thermal spray coating, Thermal spray coatings, Thermally sprayed coatings, Tungsten carbide, WC-NiCrBSi}, pages = {4180--4185}, } @article{ahmedComparativeStudyCorrosion2018, title = {Comparative {Study} of {Corrosion} {Performance} of {HVOF}-{Sprayed} {Coatings} {Produced} {Using} {Conventional} and {Suspension} {WC}-{Co} {Feedstock}}, volume = {27}, issn = {1544-1016}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-018-0775-2}, doi = {10.1007/s11666-018-0775-2}, abstract = {Corrosion properties of nanostructured coatings deposited by suspension high-velocity oxy-fuel (S-HVOF) via an aqueous suspension of milled WC-Co powder were compared with conventional HVOF-sprayed coatings. Microstructural evaluations of these coatings included x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy equipped with an energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. The corrosion performance of AISI440C stainless steel substrate and the coatings was evaluated in a 3.5 wt.\% NaCl aqueous solution at {\textasciitilde} 25 °C. The electrochemical properties of the samples were assessed experimentally, employing potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The potentiodynamic polarization results indicated that coatings produced by S-HVOF technique show lower corrosion resistance compared with the coatings produced by HVOF-JK (HVOF Jet Kote) and HVOF-JP (HVOF JP5000) techniques. Results are discussed in terms of corrosion mechanism, Bode and Nyquist plots, as well as equivalent circuit models of the coating–substrate system.}, language = {en}, number = {8}, urldate = {2024-07-01}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {Ahmed, R. and Vourlias, G. and Algoburi, A. and Vogiatzis, C. and Chaliampalias, D. and Skolianos, S. and Berger, L.-M. and Paul, S. and Faisal, N. H. and Toma, F.-L. and Al-Anazi, N. M. and Goosen, M. F. A.}, month = dec, year = {2018}, note = {20 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {HVOF, S-HVOF, WC-Co feedstock, corrosion, nanostructured coatings, suspension spraying}, pages = {1579--1593}, } @article{agnihotriEffectBurnishingHVOF2023, title = {Effect of burnishing on {HVOF} coated boiler steel against hot corrosion in actual boiler environment}, volume = {39}, issn = {02670844 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85166980757&doi=10.1080%2f02670844.2023.2242117&partnerID=40&md5=264625afcdc640f03a267ffb1f6cfa02}, doi = {10.1080/02670844.2023.2242117}, abstract = {Hot corrosion of boiler tubes used in steam-generating systems has been recognized as a severe problem, resulting in tube wall thinning and premature failure. In this study, the effect of burnishing the thermal sprayed coatings against high-temperature corrosion of SA213-T22 boiler steel in actual environmental conditions of coal-fired boiler has been investigated. An experimental study was carried out for ten cycles, where the individual cycle consists of one-hundred hours of exposure trailed by one hour of ambient cooling. The hot corroded specimens are visually inspected at the end of each cycle to check for any variation in colour, luster, spalling tendency, and other physical changes in scale. The tested specimens were characterized through Thermogravimetric Technique, Microhardness Tester, Optical Microscope, Scanning Electron Microscope, and X-Ray Diffractometer to study their hot corrosion performance. The findings of this work suggest that burnishing can be potentially used for providing superior hot corrosion protection to any of the thermal sprayed coated specimens. © 2023 Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining Published by Taylor \& Francis on behalf of the Institute.}, language = {English}, number = {5}, journal = {Surface Engineering}, author = {Agnihotri, A. and Kalsi, S.S. and Kansal, H.}, year = {2023}, note = {1 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Taylor and Francis Ltd.}, keywords = {Boiler corrosion, Boiler environments, Boiler steels, Boiler tubes, Burnishing, Coal fired boilers, Coal-fired boiler, Coal-fired boilers, Corrosion resistant coatings, HVOF, HVOF thermal spraying, High temperature corrosion, Hot corrosion, Hot-corrosion, Mining, Ni coating, Porosity, SA213-T22, Sa213-t22, Scanning electron microscopy, Sprayed coatings, Steel corrosion, Thermal Spray Coatings, Thermal spray coatings, WC-CrC-Ni coatings, WC-CrC-ni coating}, pages = {559--571}, } @article{afzalSurfaceModificationAir2014, title = {Surface modification of air plasma spraying {WC}–12\%{Co} cermet coating by laser melting technique}, volume = {56}, issn = {0030-3992}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S003039921300306X}, doi = {10.1016/j.optlastec.2013.08.017}, abstract = {Tungsten carbide cermet powder with 12\%Co was deposited on stainless steel substrate by air plasma spraying method. Two types of coatings were produced i.e. thick (430µm) and thin (260µm) with varying porosity and splat morphology. The coated samples were treated with CO2 laser under the shroud of inert atmosphere. A series of experimentation was done in this regard, to optimize the laser parameters. The plasma sprayed coated surfaces were then laser treated on the same parameters. After laser melting the treated surfaces were characterized and compared with as-sprayed surfaces. It was observed that the thickness of the sprayed coatings affected the melt depth and the achieved microstructures. It was noted that phases like Co3W3C, Co3W9C4 and W were formed during the laser melting in both samples. The increase in hardness was attributed to the formation of these phases.}, urldate = {2024-07-10}, journal = {Optics \& Laser Technology}, author = {Afzal, M. and Ajmal, M. and Nusair Khan, A. and Hussain, A. and Akhter, R.}, month = mar, year = {2014}, note = {70 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Air plasma spraying, Laser melting, WC–12\%Co coating}, pages = {202--206}, } @phdthesis{wuMicrostructurePerformanceStudies2020, address = {Ottawa, Ontario}, type = {Master of {Applied} {Science}}, title = {Microstructure and {Performance} {Studies} of a {Novel} {Cobalt} {High} {Entropy} {Alloy}}, url = {https://repository.library.carleton.ca/concern/etds/xg94hq37z}, abstract = {A novel high entropy alloy (HEA), designated as HE6, is created by combining the features of HEAs and Stellite alloys in this research. The new alloy has the equiatomic Co-Cr-Fe-Ni composition (22 at.\%) with a large amount of W (19 wt.\%), small amounts of C (0.96 wt.\%) and Mo (3 wt.\%). The bulk specimens of HE6 alloy are fabricated from the alloy powder via spark plasma sintering (SPS) and plasma transferred arc (PTA) welding processes. The microstructures of the SPS and PTA specimens are studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and using X-ray diffraction (XRD). A series of material characterization tests such as hardness, wear and corrosion are performed on the bulk HE6 specimens. As the benchmark of Stellite alloy family, Stellite 6 is investigated along with HE6 for comparison. It is found that HE6 alloy has a microstructure which is similar to that of Stellite alloys where various carbides and intermetallics are embedded in a solid solution matrix, but compared to Stellite 6, the FCC solid solution of HE6 consists of multi-element structures (Co, Cr, Fe and Ni), not single FCC Co structure, and also, the carbides and intermetallics in HE6 alloy are more diverse. The hardness and dry-sliding wear tests show that HE6 alloy does not perform as well as Stellite 6. In the electrochemical and immersion corrosion tests, similar to Stellite alloys, HE6 alloy displays passivation ability by forming protective Cr-rich oxide films in 3.5\% NaCl, 2\% HCl and 10\% H2SO4 solutions, but localized corrosion (pitting) can occur when the oxide films are broken. HE6 alloy shows less resistance to corrosion under the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic polarization tests than Stellite 6, but has lower corrosion rates under immersion test in 5\% HCl and 10\% H2SO4 solutions for the longer testing duration (72 hours), also showing nearly stable corrosion rate with testing time, which indicates better repairing ability of the oxide films.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2025-03-14}, school = {Carleton University}, author = {Wu, Xueyao}, year = {2020}, doi = {10.22215/etd/2020-14374}, } @book{WorldCongressEngineering2007, address = {Hong Kong, China}, title = {World {Congress} on {Engineering} 2007. {Volume} 2}, isbn = {978-988-98671-2-6}, language = {en}, publisher = {Newswood Limited}, year = {2007}, note = {OCLC: 894371453}, } @article{vostrovStructurePyroelectricProperties2023, title = {Structure and pyroelectric properties of {PVDF} ferroelectric films obtained by {3D} printing}, volume = {612}, issn = {0015-0193}, doi = {10.1080/00150193.2023.2211293}, abstract = {This article reports a method to produce polymer films of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) by an additive manufacturing (3D printing). Method Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) allows using PVDF and its copolymers not only in microelectronics as pyroelectric and piezoelectric sensors, as well as creating dynamic memory elements, organic solar cells and used in robotics. The surface morphology of the samples observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) presents in this paper. Pyroelectric measurements performed by the dynamic method show the presence of a noticeable pyroelectric response in PVDF films obtained using additive technologies, bypassing the orientation extraction stage. The calculation of the pyroelectric coefficient gives values corresponding to the values of the pyroelectric coefficient for PVDF samples obtained by traditional methods.}, language = {English}, number = {1}, journal = {FERROELECTRICS}, author = {Vostrov, NV and Solnyshkin, AV and Morsakov, IM and Belov, AN}, month = aug, year = {2023}, keywords = {3D printing, COPOLYMER, FDM, Polyvinylidene fluoride, additive manufacturing, ferroelectric films, pyroelectricity, scanning electron microscopy}, pages = {95--101}, } @article{wangBriefReviewHydrophone2023, title = {A brief review on hydrophone based on {PVDF} piezoelectric film}, volume = {603}, issn = {0015-0193}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00150193.2022.2159227}, doi = {10.1080/00150193.2022.2159227}, abstract = {Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) has been a kind of particularly attractive piezoelectric materials for its excellent piezoelectric property. Due to its light weight, impedance characteristic is very similar to water, and good mechanical flexibility, PVDF piezoelectric film is very suitable for the field of hydrophones. Although the piezoelectric ceramic hydrophone has been widely used, but due to the disadvantage of high inherent frequency and fragile characteristics of the piezoelectric ceramics slice, the development of the piezoelectric hydrophone is limited. The application of PVDF piezoelectric film has solved many problems encountered in the use of piezoelectric ceramics. In this article, the classification of hydrophone is briefly introduced at first, and then the current status of hydrophone research is involved. And then, by analyzing the electrical equivalent model of the PVDF piezoelectric sensitive unit, the signal conditioning circuit of the PVDF piezoelectric hydrophone is summarized as well. After that, the current status of PVDF hydrophone research is discussed. Finally, a summary of all the work listed in this article is given and an outlook of PVDF hydrophone is proposed.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2025-03-02}, journal = {Ferroelectrics}, author = {Wang, Siqi and Wang, Yuhang and Wang, Zhongrui and Wu, Zhijian and Xin, Yi and Zhou, Xiaohua}, month = jan, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/00150193.2022.2159227}, keywords = {Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), hydrophones, piezoelectric film}, pages = {150--156}, } @article{afzalEffectLaserMelting2015, title = {Effect of laser melting on plasma sprayed {WC}-12   wt.\%{Co} coatings}, volume = {266}, issn = {0257-8972}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0257897215001267}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2015.02.004}, abstract = {Tungsten carbide powder with 12\% Co was deposited on AISI 321 stainless steel substrate by air plasma spraying. The coating was produced at 130mm standoff distance. The coated samples were melted using a CO2 laser with an inert gas shroud. Four different laser speeds from 100mm/min to 250mm/min were used to melt the coatings. After laser melting the treated surfaces were characterized and compared with as sprayed surfaces. It was observed that the laser melting process produced defect free surfaces. The results showed that the thicknesses of the melted surfaces and wear resistance varied as a function of laser speed.}, urldate = {2024-07-10}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Afzal, M. and Khan, A. Nusair and Mahmud, T. Ben and Khan, T. I. and Ajmal, M.}, month = mar, year = {2015}, note = {43 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Air plasma spraying, Laser treating, Micro-hardness, Microstructure, Sliding wear, WC-12\%Co coating}, pages = {22--30}, } @article{thiruvengadamTheoryErosion1967, title = {Theory of erosion}, volume = {2}, abstract = {An elementary theory of erosion is derived based on the assumptions of 'accumulation' and 'attenuation' of the energies of impact causing erosion. This theory quantitatively predicts the relative intensity of erosion as a function of relative time and this prediction is in fair agreement with experimental observations. Since the intensity of collision, the distance of shock transmission and the material failure are all statistical events, a generalization of the elementary theory is suggested. Some of the practical results of this theory are the predictions of the cumulative depth of erosion, the determination of erosion strength and the method of correlation with other parameters such as liquid properties and hydrodynamic factors. Modifications of this theory for brittle and viscoelastic materials are also suggested. (Author)}, journal = {Proc. 2nd Meersburg Conf. on Rain Erosion and Allied Phenomena}, author = {Thiruvengadam, Alagu}, month = mar, year = {1967}, pages = {53}, } @article{vishnuUnderwaterAcousticPerformance2025, title = {Underwater acoustic performance of a planar {PVDF} hydrophone: {Simulation} and experimental validation}, volume = {245}, issn = {0263-2241}, shorttitle = {Underwater acoustic performance of a planar {PVDF} hydrophone}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263224124024825}, doi = {10.1016/j.measurement.2024.116597}, abstract = {In this study, finite element analysis is performed to predict the receiving sensitivity of polyurethane encapsulated planar PVDF hydrophones using COMSOL Multiphysics incorporating the nonlinear mechanical properties of the viscoelastic encapsulation material. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) followed by Time −Temperature Superposition (TTS) principle is used to generate the frequency dependant mechanical properties of the encapsulation material at high frequencies and are used for modelling studies to evaluate the effect of various design parameters such as electrode material, its thickness, encapsulation thickness and PVDF sheet thickness. The study reveals better acoustic performance for the PVDF hydrophone with aluminium backing layer. Two different polyurethane materials (PUEZ and PUAN) are used as encapsulants. Though COMSOL model predicts PUEZ and PUAN as suitable encapsulants for PVDF hydrophone, experimental results suggest that PUEZ is a better encapsulant than PUAN. The modelled results of PVDF hydrophone with PUEZ encapsulation shows appreciable agreement with the experimental results.}, urldate = {2025-03-02}, journal = {Measurement}, author = {Vishnu, C. V. and Rajeswari, R. and Manoj, N. R. and Unnikrishnan, K. C. and Mathiazhagan, A. and Shamsudeen, Rahna K.}, month = mar, year = {2025}, keywords = {DMA, FEA, PVDF, Receiving Sensitivity, Underwater Acoustic Sensor}, pages = {116597}, } @misc{UniversalApproachAnalysis, title = {Universal approach to analysis of cavitation and liquid-impingement erosion data - {NASA} {Technical} {Reports} {Server} ({NTRS})}, url = {https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19830007142}, urldate = {2025-02-28}, } @patent{theodoreHotPlateMagnetic1962, title = {Hot plate and magnetic stirrer}, url = {https://patents.google.com/patent/US3028476A/en}, nationality = {US}, assignee = {ARTHUR H THOMAS CO}, number = {US3028476A}, urldate = {2025-01-15}, author = {Theodore, Hug}, month = apr, year = {1962}, keywords = {heating means, hot plate, magnet, magnetic, radiation shield}, } @misc{thingiverse.comNewSkeletonFrame, title = {New {Skeleton} {Frame} for {DIY} {Magnetic} {Stirplate} ({Stir} {Plate}, {Stirrer}) {Kit} {V2} by {Digital} {Homebrew} by digitalhomebrew}, url = {https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:632714}, abstract = {Our new kit has been released and it's now even easier to construct. This undated skeleton frame design accommodates the new circuit board. To pick up a parts kit, head on over to Digital Homebrew.http://www.digitalhomebrew.com/diy-magnetic-stirplate-kit-v2 Click here to see photos and it in action: -http://www.digitalhomebrew.com/diy-magnetic-stirplate-kit-v2 Also check it out on our YouTube Channel to see more: -http://youtu.be/lD7HjcUzjGk?list=UUFqjNegAdbHCzcRs3x-JRlA Share your photos with us, it will be great to see everyones DIY Stiplates. Please see INSTRUCTIONS for further details.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2025-01-15}, journal = {Thingiverse}, author = {Thingiverse.com}, } @misc{TemperatureNeodymiumMagnets, title = {Temperature and {Neodymium} {Magnets} {\textbar} {K}\&{J} {Magnetics} {Blog}}, url = {https://www.kjmagnetics.com/blog/temperature-and-neodymium-magnets}, abstract = {Find out how temperature can impact the strength and performance of neodymium magnets and learn about high temp grades.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2025-01-15}, } @article{thiruvengadamConceptErosionStrength1967, title = {The {Concept} of {Erosion} {Strength}}, url = {https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/astm-ebooks/book/1037/chapter/27772945/The-Concept-of-Erosion-Strength}, doi = {10.1520/STP46044S}, abstract = {In general the problem of erosion of materials can be divided into two categories. One is the understanding of the threshold for each material wherein the}, language = {en}, urldate = {2025-02-28}, author = {Thiruvengadam, A.}, month = jan, year = {1967}, } @misc{SciencemadnessDiscussionBoard, title = {Sciencemadness {Discussion} {Board} - {Building} an open source hot plate stirrer - feature requests! - {Powered} by {XMB} 1.9.11}, url = {https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=71217}, urldate = {2025-01-15}, } @article{saxenaComprehensiveReviewFundamental2021, title = {A comprehensive review on fundamental properties and applications of poly(vinylidene fluoride) ({PVDF})}, volume = {4}, issn = {2522-0136}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s42114-021-00217-0}, doi = {10.1007/s42114-021-00217-0}, abstract = {Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is known as a favorite polymer from the family of fluoropolymers due to its excellent piezoelectric properties, thermal stability, and mechanical strength. It has a good processability, and it also possess chemical resistance property to different materials such as different acids, bases, organic solvents, oil, and fat. The present study reveals an overview of the recent growth and development in the application perspective and modification of PVDF membranes, majorly focus on sensors and actuators, spin-valve devices, magnetoelectric materials, energy harvesting applications, tissue engineering, modeling engineering, and other biomedical engineering and devices. From an electronic point of view, ferroelectric polymers are insulating, polar, and possess a non-conjugated backbone; therefore, they are termed as highly insulating materials. The insulating polymers are most attractive for the study of charge transportation and storage. Such polymers also yield the best electrets for practical application because of their insulating properties and high concentration of deep trapping sites. Thus, the objective of this review is to present the physical, chemical, thermal, and mechanical properties of PVDF. This article also provides an intelligent direction in the progress of PVDF in different fields of science and technology.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2025-03-02}, journal = {Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials}, author = {Saxena, Pooja and Shukla, Prashant}, month = mar, year = {2021}, keywords = {Electroactive, Ferroelectric, Fluoropolymer, Insulating, PVDF, Polymers, Semi-crystalline}, pages = {8--26}, } @misc{RadiationHeatTransfer, title = {Radiation {Heat} {Transfer}}, url = {https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/radiation-heat-transfer-d_431.html}, urldate = {2025-01-15}, } @article{reinFusedDepositionModeling2024, title = {Fused {Deposition} {Modeling} of {Chemically} {Resistant} {Microfluidic} {Chips} in {Polyvinylidene} {Fluoride}}, volume = {15}, issn = {2072-666X}, doi = {10.3390/mi15111391}, abstract = {Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is well suited for microfluidic prototyping due to its low investment cost and a wide range of accessible materials. Nevertheless, most commercial FDM materials exhibit low chemical and thermal stability. This reduces the scope of applications and limits their use in research and development, especially for on-chip chemical synthesis. In this paper, we present FDM fabrication of microfluidic chips with polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) for applications that require high thermal or chemical resistance. Embedded microchannels with a minimum channel width and heights of similar to 200 mu m x 200 mu m were fabricated, and the resistance against common solvents was analyzed. A procedure was developed to increase the optical transmission to result in translucent components by printing on glass. Chips for fluid mixing were printed, as well as microreactors that were packed with a catalytically active phase and used for acetal deprotection with a conversion of more than 99\%. By expanding the use of fluorinated polymers to FDM printing, previously challenging microfluidic applications will be conducted with ease at the lab scale.}, language = {English}, number = {11}, journal = {MICROMACHINES}, author = {Rein, C and Hambitzer, L and Soraya, Z and Zhang, H and Jessen, HJ and Kotz-Helmer, F and Rapp, BE}, month = nov, year = {2024}, keywords = {3D printing, ACETALS, ALGINATE MICROGELS, DEVICES, ENCAPSULATION, additive manufacturing, fused deposition modeling, lab-on-a-chip, microfluidics, polyvinylidene fluoride}, } @misc{PS2100X7MPrecision, title = {{PS} 2100.{X7}.{M} {Precision} {Balance}}, url = {https://radwag.com/en/ps-2100-x7-m-precision-balance,w1,G2M,101-102-132-100}, abstract = {PS 2100.X7.M Precision Balance – Radwag Balances and Scales}, language = {en}, urldate = {2025-04-09}, journal = {Radwag Balances and Scales}, } @article{perssonMechanismsTribologicalPerformance2005, title = {On the {Mechanisms} behind the {Tribological} {Performance} of {Stellites}}, url = {https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-6201}, abstract = {DiVA portal is a finding tool for research publications and student theses written at the following 50 universities and research institutions.}, language = {eng}, urldate = {2025-04-03}, author = {Persson, Daniel H. E.}, year = {2005}, note = {Publisher: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis}, } @article{mohammadnezhadInsightMicrostructureCharacterization, title = {Insight to the {Microstructure} {Characterization} of a {HP} {Austenitic} {Heat} {Resistant} {Steel} after {Long}-term {Service} {Exposure}}, abstract = {Heat-resistant steels of HP series (Fe-25Cr-35Ni) are used in high temperature structural applications. Their composition include Nb as strong carbide former. Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) investigations revealed that, in the as-cast condition, alloys exhibit austenitic matrix with intergranular primary carbides such as MC, M23C6 and/or M7C3. During exposure at a high temperature, phase transformations occurred: chromium carbides of M7C3 type transform into the more stable M23C6 type, intergranular M23C6 carbides precipitate, and Lave phase due to increase of Niobium activity with temperature increase, as thermodynamic simulation confirmed. Therefore, combination of EBSD-EDS technique with thermodynamic calculation is one of the novel and most accurate method to investigation of phase transformation, as the precipitations are identified on the basis of their crystal structure, chemical composition and their thermodynamic features.}, language = {en}, author = {Mohammadnezhad, Mahyar and Javaheri, Vahid and Shamanian, Morteza and Rizaneh, Shahram and Szpunar, Jerzy A}, keywords = {Austenitic heat resistant steels, EBSD, Laves phase, chromium carbide, thermodynamic simulation}, } @article{liuSlidingWearSolidparticle2015, title = {Sliding wear and solid-particle erosion resistance of a novel high-tungsten {Stellite} alloy}, volume = {322-323}, issn = {0043-1648}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043164814003172}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2014.10.012}, abstract = {A high-tungsten Stellite alloy is developed for wear and erosion resistance application in this research, taking the advantage of tungsten in Stellite alloys. The microstructure of this alloy is analyzed using SEM/EDX and XRD. The sliding wear resistance of the alloy is evaluated on a pin-on-disc tribometer and the solid-particle erosion behavior is investigated using a micro-blasting jet machine at two particle impact velocities (84 and 98ms−1) and two impingement angles (30° and 90°). The experimental results of the alloy are compared with those of well-known wear-resistant Stellite 3 and Stellite 6. The worn and eroded surfaces of the specimens are studied using SEM/EDX to explore the wear and erosion mechanisms of this new alloy. The experimental results show that this novel high-tungsten Stellite alloy has superior sliding wear and solid-particle erosion resistance to Stellite 3 and Stellite 6, owing to the formation of large amounts of large-size W-rich carbides in the alloy.}, urldate = {2025-02-18}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Liu, R. and Yao, J. H. and Zhang, Q. L. and Yao, M. X. and Collier, R.}, month = jan, year = {2015}, keywords = {Carbide, Hardness, Sliding wear, Solid-particle erosion, Stellite alloy, Tungsten}, pages = {41--50}, } @article{kujawaCurrentFutureApplications2024, title = {Current and future applications of {PVDF}-carbon nanomaterials in energy and sensing}, volume = {492}, issn = {1385-8947}, doi = {10.1016/j.cej.2024.151856}, abstract = {The review unveils the diverse applications of concerted polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-carbon nanomaterial (CNM) systems, spanning from electromagnetic interference shielding, including elimination of 5G-interference, to piezoelectrics and a variety of sensing modalities (breathing, movement, health monitoring, structural integrity assessments, home monitoring, and seismic acceleration). These materials also excel in biomaterials with applications like tactile skin and COVID-preventing facemasks through sunlight sterilization. Moreover, PVDF-CNMs demonstrate excellence in radar absorption, solar-assisted electricity generation, triboelectric energy harvesting, 3D-4D printing materials, anti-icing covers, anti-stealth materials, and heat-dissipating solids in electronics. Across diverse scientific disciplines, the research merges materials chemistry and engineering, yielding materials with multimodal functionalities. The demand for a comprehensive review stems from the need to synthesize insights from fundamental sciences and technologies, capturing the cutting-edge nature of these materials. The scientific goals revolve around elucidating the link between PVDF and CNMs' structural attributes and physico-chemical properties. Two key objectives guide this exploration: (a) shedding light on the conversion from PVDF alpha- to beta-phase toward its applicability in EMI shielding, piezoelectrics, sensors, and energy harvesters, and (b) highlighting the simplicity in generating PVDF-CNMs, presenting a vast potential for tuning material features like hydrophilicity, mechanical properties, piezoelectric characteristics, catalytic activity, and bioactivity. This pursuit of scientific excellence indicates new avenues, underscoring significance of the ongoing research and inviting the scientific community to explore uncharted territories, fostering a continuous environment of discovery and innovation in the dynamic landscape of PVDF-CNMs.}, language = {English}, journal = {CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL}, author = {Kujawa, J and Boncel, S and Al-Gharabli, S and Koter, S and Kaczmarek-Kedziera, A and Korczeniewski, E and Terzyk, AP}, month = jul, year = {2024}, keywords = {Carbon nanomaterials, ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY, Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, Energy harvesting, FUNCTIONALIZED GRAPHENE, HIGH DIELECTRIC-CONSTANT, INTERFERENCE SHIELDING EFFECTIVENESS, MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES, Material science, NANOTUBE NANOCOMPOSITES, PIEZOELECTRIC PERFORMANCE, POLY(VINYLIDENE FLUORIDE) COMPOSITES, POLYVINYLIDENE FLUORIDE, PVDF, Piezoelectric materials, REDUCED GRAPHENE OXIDE, Sensors, Sustanability, Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG)}, } @article{liuEnhancedDielectricProperties2016, title = {Enhanced dielectric properties of polyvinylidene fluoride with addition of {SnO2} nanoparticles}, volume = {10}, copyright = {© 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH \& Co. KGaA, Weinheim}, issn = {1862-6270}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/pssr.201600193}, doi = {10.1002/pssr.201600193}, abstract = {In this letter, SnO2/polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanocomposites with outstanding dielectric properties were fabricated. The SEM and TEM images showed that SnO2 nanoparticles with size of 5–7 nm dispersed homogeneously in polymer matrix. The significantly improved dielectric constant was well explained by percolation theory. The nanocompo- sites can retain a certain value of breakdown field. The maximum energy density of SnO2/PVDF nanocomposites was 5.4 J/cm3, two times that of the pure polyvinylidene fluoride. These findings suggest that SnO2/PVDF nanocomposites are suitable candidates for energy storage applications. (© 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH \&Co. KGaA, Weinheim)}, language = {en}, number = {10}, urldate = {2025-03-02}, journal = {physica status solidi (RRL) – Rapid Research Letters}, author = {Liu, Zhe and Wang, Fanghui and Zhu, Hong}, year = {2016}, note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/pssr.201600193}, keywords = {SnO2, dielectric properties, energy storage, nanoparticles, polyvinylidene fluoride}, pages = {753--756}, } @phdthesis{kamalCorrosionBehaviourHighCarbon2019, address = {Ottawa, Ontario}, type = {Master of {Applied} {Science}}, title = {Corrosion {Behaviour} of {High}-{Carbon} {High}-{Molybdenum} {Stellite} {Alloys} in {Amine} {Environment}}, url = {https://repository.library.carleton.ca/concern/etds/0v8381554}, language = {en}, urldate = {2025-03-14}, school = {Carleton University}, author = {Kamal, Kafeel}, year = {2019}, doi = {10.22215/etd/2019-13448}, } @article{abreuDifferencesUltrasonicCavitation2024, title = {Differences in ultrasonic cavitation damage between new and used engine coolants with varying time in operation}, volume = {542-543}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85184469728&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2024.205238&partnerID=40&md5=e1af19ff66830cdf17fdb58505a79d62}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2024.205238}, abstract = {This study investigates the cavitation erosion performance of heavy-duty engine coolants before and after operation in trucks using an ultrasonic test rig based on ASTM G32. Fresh coolants with 35\% and 50\% v/v glycol were compared with used coolants. One coolant was obtained from a gasoline-fueled vehicle with a mileage of 27 000 km, and two from diesel-fueled vehicles with mileages of 16 000 and 180 000 km, respectively. Surface tension and boiling point at atmospheric pressure were measured, a chemical analysis was carried out, and suspended particles were quantified by dynamic image analysis. The results showed that the used coolants caused a lower mass loss in ultrasonic cavitation testing than the fresh ones, and that they had higher boiling points, lower pH and a higher number of suspended particles, especially of those smaller than 30μm. Surface tension was higher for the used coolants from Diesel engines. The lower mass loss caused by all three used coolants can be attributed mainly to their high boiling point and high particle count. The presence of particles is believed to promote the heterogeneous nucleation of smaller, more stable bubbles, which may protect the exposed surface by shockwave absorption and microjet deflection. Some dissolved ions in the used coolants may help reduce their aggressivity by inhibiting bubble coalescence, reducing bubble collapse energy, despite increasing surface tension. Surface tension has complex interactions with the solutes, particles and bubble formation and cannot, in isolation, explain the differences in performance of the coolants. © 2024 The Author(s)}, language = {English}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Abreu, M. and Jonsson, S. and Elfsberg, J.}, year = {2024}, note = {2 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12] Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {Cast iron, Cavitation, Engine coolants, Erosion, Heavy-duty truck engines, Suspended particles}, } @misc{HTMAAZach, title = {{HTM}({A}){A} with {Zach}}, url = {https://fab.cba.mit.edu/classes/863.19/CBA/people/zach/final.html}, urldate = {2025-04-09}, } @misc{HomeWikiDstat2017, title = {Home · {Wiki} · dstat / dstat-documentation · {GitLab}}, url = {https://microfluidics.utoronto.ca/gitlab/dstat/dstat-documentation/-/wikis/home}, abstract = {Documentation root for DStat.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2025-04-09}, journal = {GitLab}, month = mar, year = {2017}, } @article{hubbardOpenSourceDigitallyReplicable2020, title = {Open-{Source} {Digitally} {Replicable} {Lab}-{Grade} {Scales}}, volume = {4}, copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/}, issn = {2410-390X}, url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2410-390X/4/3/18}, doi = {10.3390/instruments4030018}, abstract = {This study provides designs for a low-cost, easily replicable open-source lab-grade digital scale that can be used as a precision balance. The design is such that it can be manufactured for use in most labs throughout the world with open-source RepRap-class material extrusion-based 3-D printers for the mechanical components and readily available open-source electronics including the Arduino Nano. Several versions of the design were fabricated and tested for precision and accuracy for a range of load cells. The results showed the open-source scale was found to be repeatable within 0.05 g with multiple load cells, with even better precision (0.005 g) depending on load cell range and style. The scale tracks linearly with proprietary lab-grade scales, meeting the performance specified in the load cell data sheets, indicating that it is accurate across the range of the load cell installed. The smallest load cell tested (100 g) offers precision on the order of a commercial digital mass balance. The scale can be produced at significant cost savings compared to scales of comparable range and precision when serial capability is present. The cost savings increase significantly as the range of the scale increases and are particularly well-suited for resource-constrained medical and scientific facilities.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2025-04-09}, journal = {Instruments}, author = {Hubbard, Benjamin R. and Pearce, Joshua M.}, month = sep, year = {2020}, note = {Number: 3 Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute}, keywords = {3-D printing, additive manufacturing, balance, distributed manufacturing, laboratory equipment, mass, open hardware, open source, open-source hardware, scale}, pages = {18}, } @article{huangEffectsMolybdenumContent2006, title = {Effects of {Molybdenum} {Content} and {Heat} {Treatment} on {Mechanical} and {Tribological} {Properties} of a {Low}-{Carbon} {Stellite}® {Alloy}}, volume = {129}, issn = {0094-4289}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2744429}, doi = {10.1115/1.2744429}, abstract = {The chemical composition of Stellite® 21 alloy was modified by doubling the molybdenum (Mo) content for enhanced corrosion and wear resistance. The specimens were fabricated using a casting technique. Half of the specimens experienced a heat treatment at 1050°C for an hour. The microstructure and phase analyses of the specimens were conducted using electron scanning microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The mechanical properties of the specimens were determined in terms of the ASTM Standard Test Method for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials (E8-96). The mechanical behaviors of individual phases in the specimen materials were investigated using a nano-indentation technique. The wear resistance of the specimens was evaluated on a ball-on-disk tribometer. The experimental results revealed that the increased Mo content had significant effects on the mechanical and tribological properties of the low-carbon Stellite® alloy and the heat treatment also influenced these properties.}, number = {4}, urldate = {2025-03-05}, journal = {Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology}, author = {Huang, Ping and Liu, Rong and Wu, Xijia and Yao, Matthew X.}, month = dec, year = {2006}, pages = {523--529}, } @article{husain3DPrintingPVDF2024, title = {On {3D} {Printing} of {PVDF} {Composite}- {Based} {Sensors} for {Biomedical} {Applications}}, volume = {47}, issn = {0250-541X}, doi = {10.1007/s40009-023-01312-0}, abstract = {Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) composites are commercially used in numerous engineering applications due to their exceptional sensing capabilities. But less has been testified to using such sensors for monitoring bone healing as a typical internet of bodies (IoB) solution. In this study, PVDF composite comprising of 90\%PVDF-8\% hydroxyapatite (Hap) - 2\% chitosan (CS) having melt flow index (MFI) 1.224 g/(10 min), Young's modulus (E) 889 MPa, modulus of toughness (MoT) 2 MPa was 3D printed by fused filament fabrication (FFF) for possible sensing applications in veterinary patients (VP) after implantation. The PVDF composite sensor was tuned for a resonant frequency (RF) of 2.45 GHz as a typical IoB-based solution for the health monitoring of VP. The acceptable return loss (S-11) was found to be - 22.12 dB for PVDF composite-based sensors. Also, the specific absorption rate (SAR) of 0.188 W/kg for the proposed sensors aligns with the medical standard.}, language = {English}, number = {2}, journal = {NATIONAL ACADEMY SCIENCE LETTERS-INDIA}, author = {Husain, M and Singh, R and Pabla, BS}, month = apr, year = {2024}, keywords = {3D printing, CS, FFF, HAp, PVDF composite, Ring resonator}, pages = {147--152}, } @phdthesis{huzaifaDESIGNDEVELOPMENTPVDF2024, type = {Thesis}, title = {{DESIGN} {AND} {DEVELOPMENT} {OF} {PVDF} {HYDROPHONE} {FOR} {UNDERWATER} {APPLICATION}}, url = {http://10.250.8.41:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/47063}, abstract = {In recent years, underwater acoustic measurement has gained significant importance due to the increasing need for detecting and monitoring underwater objects such as marine life and vehicles. Acoustic waves remain the most efficient method for transmitting information across long distances underwater. Consequently, extensive research has been directed towards the development of hydrophones and acoustic sensors that can address the requirements of diverse underwater applications and conditions. These devices are crucial in areas like marine biology, underwater exploration, and naval defense. Efforts are being made by researchers to enhance the precision and dependability of these sensors to ensure optimal performance across various underwater settings. Continuous progress in this technology is enhancing our ability to understand and engage with the underwater realm. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) film stands out among acoustic sensing materials due to its remarkable piezoelectric characteristics and acoustic impedance, which closely matches that of water. PVDF possesses attributes that make it an excellent choice for underwater acoustic sensors. Although PVDF is commonly used in hydrophone applications, its exact sensing mechanism in underwater sound environments is not yet completely understood. This thesis aims to explore the behavior of PVDF film in underwater sound fields and leverage the findings to design both a hydrophone and an acoustic vector sensor using PVDF. Recent progress in underwater acoustic sensors has been driven by the growing need for improved detection and localization in underwater operations, such as acoustic noise monitoring, target identification, and object tracking. Acoustic waves, capable of traveling over long distances underwater, are significantly more effective for communication and sensing in aquatic environments compared to electromagnetic waves. To enhance these abilities, a new Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) has been developed, inspired by the auditory functions of a bionic fish's lateral line organ. This system includes a piezoelectric polymer-based acoustic vector hydrophone made from PVDF, which captures vector information from the underwater acoustic sound field. PVDF is a highly suitable material for underwater applications due to its flat frequency response, excellent mechanical flexibility, and ideal acoustic impedance. This study concentrates on the design and analysis of a PVDF-based hydrophone sensor, with its performance validated using analytical models. The hydrophone has been optimized through simulation and parametric sweeps, showing notable improvements in its functionality. The findings indicate that the vector hydrophone offers a flat frequency response and optimal sensitivity, especially for detecting the direction of low frequency acoustic waves. These characteristics are crucial for various underwater applications, including sonar systems and navigation. The sensor's performance shows a marked improvement over previous models, with sensitivity enhanced by 5 dB, achieving a sensitivity level of -186 dB and a frequency bandwidth ranging from 20 Hz to 1.5 kHz (0 dB = 1V/μPa). These findings highlight the advancements made by the novel PVDF hydrophone, offering improved detection capabilities and accuracy for low-frequency sound waves in underwater environments. This represents a significant step forward in the field of underwater acoustic sensing technology.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2025-03-02}, school = {College of Electrical \& Mechanical Engineering (CEME), NUST}, author = {Huzaifa, Muhammad}, year = {2024}, note = {Accepted: 2024-10-08T10:26:31Z}, } @misc{HANDBOOKCAVITATIONDAMAGE, title = {{HANDBOOK} {OF} {CAVITATION} {DAMAGE}.}, url = {https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/tr/AD0473532}, urldate = {2025-02-24}, } @book{hammittCavitationMultiphaseFlow1980, title = {Cavitation and {Multiphase} {Flow} {Phenomena}}, isbn = {978-0-07-025907-2}, language = {en}, publisher = {McGraw-Hill}, author = {Hammitt, Frederick G.}, year = {1980}, note = {Google-Books-ID: 92AYAQAAIAAJ}, keywords = {Science / Mechanics / Hydrodynamics, Science / Waves \& Wave Mechanics, Technology \& Engineering / Chemical \& Biochemical}, } @article{faisalNeutronDiffractionResidual2018, title = {Neutron {Diffraction} {Residual} {Strain} {Measurements} of {Molybdenum} {Carbide}-{Based} {Solid} {Oxide} {Fuel} {Cell} {Anode} {Layers} with {Metal} {Oxides} on {Hastelloy} {X}}, volume = {58}, issn = {1741-2765}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11340-017-0298-7}, doi = {10.1007/s11340-017-0298-7}, abstract = {Thermal spray deposition processes impart residual stress in layered Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) materials and hence influence the durability and efficiency of the cell. The current study which is the first of its kind in published literature, reports results on using a neutron diffraction technique, to non-destructively evaluate the through thickness strain measurement in plasma sprayed (as-sprayed) anode layer coatings on a Hastelloy®X substrate. Through thickness neutron diffraction residual strain measurements were done on three different anode coatings (Mo-Mo2C/Al2O3, Mo-Mo2C/ZrO2 and Mo-Mo2C/TiO2) using the vertical scan mode. The three anode coatings (developed through optimised process parameters) investigated had porosities as high as 20\%, with thicknesses between 200 μm to 300 μm deposited on 4.76 mm thick Hastelloy®X substrate discs of 20 mm diameter. The results showed that while the through thickness residual strain in all three anodes was dissimilar for the investigated crystallographic planes, on average it was tensile. Other measurements include X-ray diffraction, nanoindentation and SEM microscopy. As the anode layer microstructures are complex (includes bi-layer alternate phases), non-destructive characterisation of residual strain, e.g. using neutron diffraction, provides a useful measure of through thickness strain profile without altering the stress field in the SOFC electrode assembly.}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2025-03-06}, journal = {Experimental Mechanics}, author = {Faisal, N.H. and Ahmed, R. and Prathuru, A.K. and Katikaneni, S.P. and Goosen, M.F.A. and Zhang, S.Y.}, month = apr, year = {2018}, keywords = {Nanoindentation, Neutron scattering, Plasma spray, Residual strain, SOFC}, pages = {585--603}, } @misc{EffectVariationMoS2, title = {Effect of variation of {MoS2} concentration on the piezoelectric performance of {PVDF}-{MoS2} based flexible nanogenerator - {ScienceDirect}}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214785321044394}, urldate = {2025-03-02}, } @misc{ErosionCavitationImpingement, title = {Erosion by {Cavitation} or {Impingement}}, url = {https://www.astm.org/stp408-eb.html}, language = {en}, urldate = {2025-02-25}, } @misc{CuriePointTemperature2024, title = {Curie point {\textbar} {Temperature}, {Magnetism} \& {Ferromagnetism} {\textbar} {Britannica}}, url = {https://www.britannica.com/science/Curie-point}, abstract = {Curie point, temperature at which certain magnetic materials undergo a sharp change in their magnetic properties. In the case of rocks and minerals, remanent magnetism appears below the Curie point—about 570 °C (1,060 °F) for the common magnetic mineral magnetite. This temperature is named for the}, language = {en}, urldate = {2025-01-15}, month = dec, year = {2024}, } @article{abanadesScreeningWatersplittingThermochemical2006, title = {Screening of water-splitting thermochemical cycles potentially attractive for hydrogen production by concentrated solar energy}, volume = {31}, issn = {0360-5442}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544205002410}, doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2005.11.002}, abstract = {Hydrogen, a promising and clean energy carrier, could potentially replace the use of fossil fuels in the transportation sector. Currently, no environmentally attractive, large-scale, low-cost and high-efficiency hydrogen production process is available for commercialization. Solar-driven water-splitting thermochemical cycles may constitute one of the ultimate options for CO2-free production of hydrogen. The method is environmentally friendly since it uses only water and solar energy. First, the potentially attractive thermochemical cycles must be identified based on a set of criteria. To reach this goal, a database that contains 280 referenced cycles was established. Then, the selection and evaluation of the promising cycles was performed in the temperature range of 900–2000°C, suitable to the use of concentrated solar energy. About 30 cycles selected for further investigations are presented in this paper. The principles and basis for a thermodynamic evaluation of the cycles are also given.}, language = {en}, number = {14}, urldate = {2022-01-15}, journal = {Energy}, author = {Abanades, Stéphane and Charvin, Patrice and Flamant, Gilles and Neveu, Pierre}, month = nov, year = {2006}, note = {391 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2025-04-12]}, keywords = {Exergy analysis, Hydrogen, Production, Solar thermal energy, Thermochemical cycles, Water-splitting}, pages = {2805--2822}, } @misc{byOpenSourceAnalyticalBalance2019, title = {Open-{Source} {Analytical} {Balance} {Pits} {Gravity} {Against} {Electromagnetism}}, url = {https://hackaday.com/2019/12/26/open-source-analytical-balance-pits-gravity-against-electromagnetism/}, abstract = {As the open-source movement has brought its influence to more and more fields, we’ve seen an astonishing variety of things once only available at significant expense become accessible to anyo…}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2025-04-09}, journal = {Hackaday}, author = {By}, month = dec, year = {2019}, } @phdthesis{collierExperimentalModelingStudy2019, address = {Ottawa, Ontario}, type = {Master of {Applied} {Science}}, title = {Experimental and {Modeling} {Study} of {Sliding} {Wear} {Performance} for {Selected} {Molybdenum} {Stellite} {Alloys}}, url = {https://repository.library.carleton.ca/concern/etds/xg94hq33v}, abstract = {This thesis presents an experimental and modeling study of wear performance of molybdenumcontaining Stellite alloys. The wear testing conditions are of the pin-on-disc type using a tungsten carbide (WC) ball against the Stellite alloys in dry-sliding mode at ambient temperature. Three variables are explored; they are (i) two rotational speeds (50 rpm and 60 rpm) of the WC ball, (ii) two normal loads (15 N and 25 N) on the system, and (iii) various time durations (1 hr up to 60 hrs). In addition to the standard wear condition of running a continuous test, another factor of interrupting the test at various intervals is introduced. It is found that by removing the alloy specimen to take interval measurements, and then replacing the same specimen back into the system, the wear loss reduces across each of the alloys under all conditions. Phase evaluation for each of the alloys is undertaken using SEM, EDX and XRD analysis techniques. This reveals the complexity of the microstructures in terms of the various carbides and intermetallics that could be present in each alloy. The volume fraction of carbides is the principal attribute of the Stellite alloys. An evaluation of the volume fraction of carbides reveals Stellite 21 to have {\textasciitilde}4\%, Stellite 720 to have {\textasciitilde}70\%, and Stellite 728 to have {\textasciitilde}21\%. An attempt is made to analyze the particle size using ImageJ and elements contained within the debris using SEM/EDX. This proves challenging to accomplish and more work is required in this area. A wear rate model is developed for these alloys under dry-sliding test conditions. It describes well the experimental data trend and shows how hardness is a significant factor in the wear of molybdenum Stellite alloys. The model sheds light into prediction of long-term wear loss.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2025-03-14}, school = {Carleton University}, author = {Collier, Rachel}, year = {2019}, doi = {10.22215/etd/2019-13516}, } @misc{CharacterizationDeterminationErosion, title = {Characterization and {Determination} of {Erosion} {Resistance}}, url = {https://www.astm.org/stp474-eb.html}, abstract = {This publication is a collection of most of the papers presented at the Symposium on Characterization and Determination of Erosion Resistance, organized by Committee G02 on Erosion by Cavitation or Impingement in co-operation with the U. S. Office of Nava}, language = {en}, urldate = {2025-02-25}, } @misc{ComparisonErosioncorrosionBehaviour1995, title = {Comparison of erosion-corrosion behaviour of hot isostatically pressed and welded stellite coatings {\textbar} {Journal} of the {Southern} {African} {Institute} of {Mining} and {Metallurgy}}, url = {https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/AJA0038223X_2313}, language = {English}, urldate = {2025-02-18}, month = nov, year = {1995}, } @incollection{woodAbrasioncorrosionThermalSpray2015, title = {Abrasion-corrosion of thermal spray coatings}, isbn = {978-1-4666-7489-9}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84957103885&doi=10.4018%2f978-1-4666-7489-9.ch004&partnerID=40&md5=65693cf25db0a734f05a9876080fba74}, abstract = {WC-based thermal-spray and High Velocity Oxy-Fuel (HVOF) coatings are extensively used in a wide range of applications ranging from downhole drilling tools to gas turbine engines. WC-based thermal spray coatings offer improved wear resistance as a result of hard phases dispersed in binder-rich regions. However, the presence of hard and soft phases within the coating can also lead to the formation of micro-galvanic couplings in aqueous environments leading to some reduction in combined wear-corrosion resistance. Furthermore, the coating also responds differently to change in mechanical loading conditions. This chapter examines the wear-corrosion performance of thermal spray coatings in a range of wear, electrochemical, and wear-corrosion tests under varying contact conditions to develop models and establish relationships between wear mechanisms, wear rates, and environmental factors such as pH and applied load. © 2015, IGI Global. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Therm. {Sprayed} {Coat}. and their {Tribol}. {Perform}.}, publisher = {IGI Global}, author = {Wood, R.J.K. and Thakare, M.R.}, year = {2015}, doi = {10.4018/978-1-4666-7489-9.ch004}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: Therm. Sprayed Coat. and their Tribol. Perform.}, keywords = {Abrasion corrosion, Aqueous environment, Coatings, Combustion, Contact conditions, Corrosion, Corrosion resistance, Down-hole drilling, Environmental factors, Fuels, Gas turbines, HVOF thermal spraying, Hard coatings, High velocity oxy fuel, Mechanical loading, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray coatings, Tungsten carbide, Wear resistance}, pages = {88--120}, } @inproceedings{parkImprovementWearResistance2007, title = {Improvement in wear resistance of nano {WC}-{Co} coatings fabricated by detonation gun spraying}, volume = {539-543}, isbn = {978-0-87849-428-6}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-38349004795&doi=10.4028%2f0-87849-428-6.1264&partnerID=40&md5=d8947c535fa5cafaeab7fc5198ad556b}, doi = {10.4028/0-87849-428-6.1264}, abstract = {Nano structured WC-Co coatings with carbide size of 100-200nm were fabricated by detonation gun spraying. The fabricated nano coatings showed improved hardness and wear resistance compared to micron WC-Co coatings. Considerable phase decomposition of WC to W2C and amorphous phase in nano coatings was detected, which is known to degrade wear resistance of coatings. In order to improve the wear resistance of the coatings by recovering of dissociated carbide phases, post heat treatment was conducted in Ar environment at temperature range of 400-9000C, Harness, fracture toughness and wear resistance of nano coatings were significantly improved by post heat treatment. The improved properties were elucidated and discussed in terms of microstructure and phase compositions.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Mater {Sci} {Forum}}, publisher = {Trans Tech Publications Ltd}, author = {Park, S.Y. and Kim, M.C. and Park, C.G.}, year = {2007}, note = {Issue: PART 2 Journal Abbreviation: Mater Sci Forum}, keywords = {Coatings, Cobalt, Detonation, Detonation gun spraying, Nano WC-Co coatings, Nanostructures, Phase composition, Spraying, Thermal spray coatings, WC-Co, Wear, Wear resistance}, pages = {1264--1269}, } @book{kimAdvancedExperimentalNumerical2014, address = {Dordrecht}, series = {Fluid {Mechanics} and {Its} {Applications}}, title = {Advanced {Experimental} and {Numerical} {Techniques} for {Cavitation} {Erosion} {Prediction}}, volume = {106}, copyright = {https://www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining}, isbn = {978-94-017-8538-9}, url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-94-017-8539-6}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-06-29}, publisher = {Springer Netherlands}, editor = {Kim, Ki-Han and Chahine, Georges and Franc, Jean-Pierre and Karimi, Ayat}, year = {2014}, doi = {10.1007/978-94-017-8539-6}, keywords = {cavitation, erosion, fluid- and aerodynamics, impact load, mass loss, pitting}, } @inproceedings{sathwaraEffectSprayingParameters2015, title = {The effect of spraying parameters on micro-structural properties of {WC}-12\%{Co} coating deposited on copper substrate by {HVOF} process}, volume = {1675}, isbn = {978-0-7354-1322-1}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85006190195&doi=10.1063%2f1.4929273&partnerID=40&md5=9d6ddc1a0c578d8512756f7d36b6c3a0}, doi = {10.1063/1.4929273}, abstract = {High Velocity Oxy-Fuel (HVOF) thermal sprayed coatingmade from Tungsten Carbide (WC) isconsidered as one of the most durable materials as wear resistance for industrial applications at room temperature. WC coating offers high wear resistance due to its high hardness and tough matrix imparts. The coating properties strongly depend on thermal spray processing parameters, surface preparation and surface finish. In this investigation, the effect of variousHVOF process parameters was studied on WC coating properties. The WC-12\%Co coating was produced on Copper substrate. Prior to coating, theCopper substrate surface was prepared by grit blasting. WC-12\%Co coatings were deposited on Coppersubstrates with varying process parameters such as Oxygen gas pressure, Air pressure, and spraying distance. Microstructure of coating was examined using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and characterization of phasespresentin the coating was examined by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). Microhardness of all coatingswas measured by VickerMicrohardness tester. At low Oxygen Pressure(10.00 bar), high Air pressure (7bar) and short nozzle to substrate distance of 170mm, best coating adhesion and porosity less structure isachieved on Coppersubstrate. © 2015 AIP Publishing LLC.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {{AIP} {Conf}. {Proc}.}, publisher = {American Institute of Physics Inc.}, author = {Sathwara, N. and Jariwala, C. and Chauhan, N. and Raole, P.M. and Basa, D.K.}, editor = {{Verma S.S.} and {Sinha M.M.}}, year = {2015}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: AIP Conf. Proc.}, keywords = {High velocity Oxy-Fuel (HVOF) thermal spray coating, Scanning Electron Microscope, Tungsten Carbide-12\%Cobalt (WC-12\%Co) coating, Vicker's Microhardness, X-ray Diffraction}, } @inproceedings{ahmedResidualStrainMeasurement2006, title = {Residual strain measurement in thermal spray cermet coatings via neutron diffraction}, volume = {2006}, isbn = {978-0-7918-3789-4}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33751293179&partnerID=40&md5=b68df109fd97d058c256913a185acb26}, abstract = {The impact and fatigue resistance of overlay coatings is significantly influenced by the residual strain (or stress) field induced during coating deposition, post-treatment and in-service loading. Optimization of residual stress field is therefore critical to the life and performance of components. Non-destructive measurement of these stress fields in relatively thinner (300 to 400 micron) thermal spray coatings however poses a challenge because conventional techniques such as deep hole drilling, x-ray diffraction, synchrotron diffraction, and changes in beam curvature either makes these technique destructive, and/or provides only a very near-surface strain measurement. This particularly complicates the strain analysis in cermet coatings, e.g. WC-Co deposited by the thermal spraying process, where the low penetration depth of x- and synchrotron- diffraction rays can only provide a through thickness measurement of stress profile via the destructive layer removal technique. Recent investigations have therefore concentrated on the use of neutron diffraction technique for such analysis, and this paper reports some of the early findings of the comparison of through thickness strain measurements in relatively thin (400 μm) as-sprayed and post-treated WC-12\%Co coatings via neutron diffraction technique. Since neutrons are not charged, they do not interact with the electron cloud surrounding the atom (unlike x-ray), hence diffraction results from the interaction with the atomic nucleus. Neutrons therefore have greater penetration depth in most engineering materials and therefore provide a non-destructive through thickness strain measurement. Results of strain measurement are discussed with the structure property relationship and contact fatigue performance, and indicate that post-treatment of these coatings results in harmonization of the strain field within the coating, and at the coating substrate interface. This significantly influences the contact fatigue performance by improving both the cohesive and adhesive strength of these coatings. Copyright © 2006 by ASME.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Proc. {STLE}/{ASME} {Int}. {Joint} {Tribology} {Conf}.}, author = {Ahmed, R. and Yu, H. and Edwards, L. and Stewart, S. and Santisteban, J.}, year = {2006}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: Proc. STLE/ASME Int. Joint Tribology Conf.}, keywords = {Ceramic coatings, Cermets, Fatigue of materials, Neutron diffraction, Optimization, Penetration depths, Residual stress, Residual stresses, Rolling contact fatigue, Sprayed coatings, Strain measurement, Thermal spray coatings, X ray diffraction}, } @incollection{woodAbrasioncorrosionThermalSpray2017, title = {Abrasion-corrosion of thermal spray coatings}, volume = {3-3}, isbn = {978-1-5225-1799-3}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85021382522&doi=10.4018%2f978-1-5225-1798-6.ch050&partnerID=40&md5=f6ab6c3a0943ed948c587f853816acde}, abstract = {WC-based thermal-spray and High Velocity Oxy-Fuel (HVOF) coatings are extensively used in a wide range of applications ranging from downhole drilling tools to gas turbine engines. WC-based thermal spray coatings offer improved wear resistance as a result of hard phases dispersed in binder-rich regions. However, the presence of hard and soft phases within the coating can also lead to the formation of micro-galvanic couplings in aqueous environments leading to some reduction in combined wearcorrosion resistance. Furthermore, the coating also responds differently to change in mechanical loading conditions. This chapter examines the wear-corrosion performance of thermal spray coatings in a range of wear, electrochemical, and wear-corrosion tests under varying contact conditions to develop models and establish relationships between wear mechanisms, wear rates, and environmental factors such as pH and applied load. © 2017, IGI Global. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Mater. {Sci}. and {Eng}.: {Concepts}, {Methodol}., {Tools}, and {Appl}.}, publisher = {IGI Global}, author = {Wood, R.J.K. and Thakare, M.R.}, year = {2017}, doi = {10.4018/978-1-5225-1798-6.ch050}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: Mater. Sci. and Eng.: Concepts, Methodol., Tools, and Appl.}, keywords = {Abrasion corrosion, Aqueous environment, Coatings, Combustion, Contact conditions, Corrosion, Down-hole drilling, Environmental factors, Fuels, Gas turbines, HVOF thermal spraying, Hard coatings, High velocity oxy fuel, Mechanical loading, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray coatings, Tungsten carbide, Wear resistance}, pages = {1265--1292}, } @article{liuMicrostructuresHardnessWear2015, title = {Microstructures and {Hardness}/{Wear} {Performance} of {High}-{Carbon} {Stellite} {Alloys} {Containing} {Molybdenum}}, volume = {46}, issn = {1543-1940}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-015-3132-9}, doi = {10.1007/s11661-015-3132-9}, abstract = {Conventional high-carbon Stellite alloys contain a certain amount of tungsten which mainly serves to provide strengthening to the solid solution matrix. These alloys are designed for combating severe wear. High-carbon molybdenum-containing Stellite alloys are newly developed 700 series of Stellite family, with molybdenum replacing tungsten, which are particularly employed in severe wear condition with corrosion also involved. Three high-carbon Stellite alloys, designated as Stellite 706, Stellite 712, and Stellite 720, with different carbon and molybdenum contents, are studied experimentally in this research, focusing on microstructure and phases, hardness, and wear resistance, using SEM/EDX/XRD techniques, a Rockwell hardness tester, and a pin-on-disk tribometer. It is found that both carbon and molybdenum contents influence the microstructures of these alloys significantly. The former determines the volume fraction of carbides in the alloys, and the latter governs the amount of molybdenum-rich carbides precipitated in the alloys. The hardness and wear resistance of these alloys are increased with the carbide volume fraction. However, with the same or similar carbon content, high-carbon CoCrMo Stellite alloys exhibit worse wear resistance than high-carbon CoCrW Stellite alloys.}, language = {en}, number = {12}, urldate = {2025-04-03}, journal = {Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A}, author = {Liu, Rong and Yao, J. H. and Zhang, Q. L. and Yao, M. X. and Collier, Rachel}, month = dec, year = {2015}, keywords = {Adhesive Wear, Carbide, Wear Loss, Wear Resistance, Wear Track}, pages = {5504--5513}, } @article{oprisDevelopmentStelliteAlloy2007a, title = {Development of {Stellite} alloy composites with sintering/{HIPing} technique for wear-resistant applications}, volume = {28}, issn = {0261-3069}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261306905002281}, doi = {10.1016/j.matdes.2005.08.004}, abstract = {Cobalt-based superalloys, Stellite 694 and Stellite 712, composites were developed with the reinforcement of titanium-carbide particles for wear-resistant applications. The specimens were fabricated using the powder metallurgy technique, combined with hot isostatic pressing. Calorimetric effects of the alloy powders were investigated using the differential scanning calorimetry technique, which provided the theoretical basis of designing the sintering cycles. The phases formed in the microstructures were analyzed using the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrum (EDS) techniques. The wear test was conducted on a ball-on-disc tribometer. It was demonstrated that the wear resistance of the alloys had been increased significantly by the titanium-carbide reinforcement and the hot isostatic pressing process had enhanced the wear resistance of the materials.}, number = {2}, urldate = {2025-03-31}, journal = {Materials \& Design}, author = {Opris, C. D. and Liu, R. and Yao, M. X. and Wu, X. J.}, month = jan, year = {2007}, keywords = {Composites, Particulates and powders, Powder metallurgy}, pages = {581--591}, } @article{pacquentinTemperatureInfluenceRepair2025, title = {Temperature influence on the repair of a hardfacing coating using laser metal deposition and assessment of the repair innocuity}, volume = {11}, issn = {2666-3309}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666330925000056}, doi = {10.1016/j.jajp.2025.100284}, abstract = {Additive manufacturing (AM) is a proven time- and cost-effective method for repairing parts locally damaged after e.g. repetitive friction wear or corrosion. Repairing a hardfacing coating using AM technologies presents however several simultaneous challenges arising from the complex geometry and a high probability of crack formation due to process-induced stress. We address the repair of a cobalt-based Stellite™ 6 hardfacing coating on an AISI 316L substrate performed using Laser Powder Directed Energy Deposition (LP-DED) and investigate the influence of key process features and parameters. We describe our process which successfully prevents crack formation both during and after the repair, highlighting the design of the preliminary part machining phase, induction heating of an extended part volume during the laser repair phase and the optimal scanning strategy. Local characterization using non-destructive testing, Vickers hardness measurements and microstructural examinations by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) show an excellent metallurgical quality of the repair and its interface with the original part. In addition, we introduce an innovative process qualification test assessing the repair quality and innocuity, which is based on the global response to induced cracks and probes the absence of crack attraction by the repair (ACAR11ACAR stands for absence of crack attraction by the repair.). Here this ACAR test reveals a slight difference in mechanical behavior between the repair and the original coating which motivates further work to eventually make the repair imperceptible.}, urldate = {2025-03-31}, journal = {Journal of Advanced Joining Processes}, author = {Pacquentin, Wilfried and Wident, Pierre and Varlet, Jérôme and Cailloux, Thomas and Maskrot, Hicham}, month = jun, year = {2025}, keywords = {Additive manufacturing, Direct laser deposition, Hardfacing coating, Mechanical characterization, Repair, Repair innocuity assessment}, pages = {100284}, } @article{kattireExperimentalCharacterizationLaser2018, title = {Experimental characterization of laser cladding of {Stellite} 21 on {H13} tool steel}, volume = {53}, language = {en}, author = {Kattire, Prakash and Bhawar, Valmik and Thakare, Sandeep and Singh, Rajkumar}, year = {2018}, } @article{brownlieCorrosiveWearBehaviour, title = {Corrosive wear behaviour of various stainless steel alloys and a {Stellite} 6 weld cladding}, abstract = {This study has comprised an investigation the corrosive wear behaviour of UNS S31600, a low hardness (280Hv) UNS S42000, a high hardness (480Hv) UNS S42000 and a single layer Stellite 6 (UNS R30006) weld cladding on a low alloy carbon steel (UNS G43400). Erosion-corrosion testing was conducted using a submerged jet of 3.5\% NaCl aqueous solution with spherical silica sand particles. The sand concentration was 2.4g/l, the velocity of the jet was 18m/s and the testing temperature range was 16°C-27°C. Both normal incidence (90°) and low angle (20°) tests were performed. Mass losses, wear scar depths and a volumetric analysis technique were used to assess the damage in the direct impinged zone (DIZ) and the outer area (OA) of the specimens. For all materials, it was found that mass loss was higher at 20° tests than that of 90°. However, when comparing wear scar depths the opposite trend was found. The results are discussed in terms of comparative material behaviour, the influence of material hardness and the corrosive wear mechanisms in different regions formed during slurry jet impingement.}, language = {en}, author = {Brownlie, F and Hodgkiess, T and Pearson, A and Galloway, A M}, } @article{khouzaniSparkPlasmaSintering, title = {Spark plasma sintering of {Stellite}®-6 superalloy}, abstract = {This paper aims at studying microstructure and mechanical properties of spark plasma sintered (SPSed) Stellite®-6 cobalt-based superalloy. SPS is a sintering technique, based on a relatively fast resistance heating using a pulsed current. Fast sintering process, associated with minimum grain growth, results in excellent mechanical properties. Samples were sintered at temperatures ranging from 950 to 1100°C. Microstructure of samples were studied using scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscope (EDS), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), and optical microscope. Hardness as well as room and high temperature compression tests were used to evaluate the effects of sintering temperature and duration on the mechanical properties of SPSed samples. Results show that optimum mechanical properties can be obtained after sintering at 1050ºC for 10 min. The correlation between sintering parameters, microstructure, and mechanical properties are discussed.}, language = {en}, author = {Khouzani, M Kiani}, } @techreport{weetonINVESTIGATIONLAMELLARSTRUCTURES1953, title = {{AN} {INVESTIGATION} {OF} {LAMELLAR} {STRUCTURES} {AND} {MINOR} {PHASES} {IN} {ELEVEN} {COBALT}- {BASE} {ALLOYS} {BEFORE} {AND} {AFTER} {HEAT} {TREATMENT}}, url = {https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4414638}, abstract = {{\textbar} OSTI.GOV}, language = {English}, number = {NACA-TN-3109}, urldate = {2025-03-31}, institution = {Lewis Flight Propulsion Lab., NACA}, author = {Weeton, J. W. and Signorelli, R. A.}, month = dec, year = {1953}, } @article{praniewiczINTEGRATEDHARDFACINGSTELLITE6, title = {{INTEGRATED} {HARDFACING} {OF} {STELLITE}-6 {USING} {HYBRID} {MANUFACTURING} {PROCESS}}, abstract = {Hybrid manufacturing systems provide a platform for integrated additive, subtractive and inspection methods on a single machine setup. The present work explores use of hybrid manufacturing for hardfacing of performance components for improving wear resistance. In this work, Stellite-6 was applied to a 410 stainless steel substrate using a hybrid manufacturing system incorporating multi-axis directed energy deposition and machining. Experimental testing was conducted to determine the effects of hybrid manufacturing parameters on internal porosity, surface porosity and microstructure in the cladded material, as well as on the roughness of the final machined surface. Correlation between porosity measurements made by x-ray tomography and surface dye-penetrant testing is presented and determination of ideal process parameters for hardfacing of components using hybrid manufacturing systems is briefly discussed.}, language = {en}, author = {Praniewicz, M and Feldhausen, T and Kersten, S and Berez, J and Jost, E and Kurfess, T and Saldana, C}, } @book{davis2000nickel, series = {{ASM} specialty handbook}, title = {Nickel, cobalt, and their alloys}, isbn = {978-0-87170-685-0}, url = {https://books.google.ae/books?id=IePhmnbmRWkC}, publisher = {ASM International}, author = {Davis, J.R. and Committee, A.S.M.I.H.}, year = {2000}, note = {tex.lccn: 00059348}, } @inproceedings{stellerPhenomenologicalModelsCavitation2000a, title = {Phenomenological models of cavitation erosion progress}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270879024_Phenomenological_models_of_cavitation_erosion_progress}, doi = {10.13140/2.1.5127.4567}, abstract = {PDF {\textbar} Numerical procedures determining parameters of the erosion curves according to the phe-nomenological models of J.Noskievič, K.Steller and L.Sitnik... {\textbar} Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate}, language = {en}, urldate = {2025-02-24}, booktitle = {{ResearchGate}}, author = {Steller, Janusz and Kaczmarzyk, Piotr}, month = jun, year = {2000}, } @article{mohamedLocalizedCorrosionBehaviour1999, title = {Localized corrosion behaviour of powder metallurgy processed cobalt-base alloy {Stellite}-6 in chloride environments}, volume = {90}, issn = {0044-3093}, abstract = {In the present investigation, electrochemical corrosion techniques (cyclic potentiodynamic and potentiostatic) were used to study the localized corrosion (pitting/crevice) behaviour of a cobalt-base alloy, Stellite-6. This alloy was produced by two different powder metallurgy (P/M) processing routes, namely, hot isostatic pressing (HIP) and wet powder pouring (WPP). The behaviour of the wrought alloy was also investigated for comparison. Corrosion tests were performed in neutral 3\% NaCl solution at ambient temperature. The results showed that the HIP material possessed the highest resistance to localized corrosion. This was explained in relation to the processing parameters and the microstructure of the alloy. The results of runs conducted in neutral test solutions showed that the critical crevice temperature, CCT, is certainly above the test temperature (room temperature). However, lowering the test solution pH (to 3 and 1.5) led to the onset of crevice corrosion. It was clear that the severity of the attack depends on the electrochemical technique applied as well as on the pH of the test solution. The electrochemical findings were further supplemented by surface examinations (SEM and EDX) of the corroded specimens.}, language = {English}, number = {3}, journal = {Zeitschrift fuer Metallkunde/Materials Research and Advanced Techniques}, author = {Mohamed, K.E. and Gad, M.M.A. and Nassef, A.E. and El-Sayed, A.W.A.}, year = {1999}, pages = {195--201}, } @article{shinEffectMolybdenumMicrostructure2003, title = {Effect of molybdenum on the microstructure and wear resistance of cobalt-base {Stellite} hardfacing alloys}, volume = {166}, issn = {0257-8972}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0257897202008538}, doi = {10.1016/S0257-8972(02)00853-8}, abstract = {The Stellite 6 hardfacing alloys with different Mo contents have been deposited on AISI 1045-carbon steel using a Plasma Transferred Arc (PTA) welding machine. The effect of Mo on the microstructures and wear resistance properties of the Stellite 6 hardfacing alloys were investigated using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis and X-ray diffraction. With an increase in Mo contents, the M23C6 and M6C type carbides were formed instead of Cr-rich M7C3 and M23C6 type carbides observed in the interdenritic region of the Mo-free Stellite 6 hardfacing alloy. The size of Cr-rich carbides in interdendritic region decreased, but that of M6C type carbide increased as well as the refinement of Co-rich dendrites. The volume fraction of Cr-rich carbides slightly increased, but that of M6C type carbide abruptly increased. This microstructural change was responsible for the improvement of the mechanical properties such as hardness and wear resistance of the Mo-modified Stellite 6 hardfacing alloy.}, number = {2}, urldate = {2025-03-05}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Shin, Jong-Choul and Doh, Jung-Man and Yoon, Jin-Kook and Lee, Dok-Yol and Kim, Jae-Soo}, month = mar, year = {2003}, keywords = {Co-base Stellite alloys, Microstructure and wear resistance, Molybdenum, PTA}, pages = {117--126}, } @article{CavitationErosionBehaviourSteelPlateScroll, title = {Cavitation {Erosion} {Behaviour} {Of} {The} {Steel} {Plate} {Of} {A} {Scroll} {Expander} {System}}, url = {https://www.witpress.com/elibrary/wit-transactions-on-engineering-sciences/76/23767}, abstract = {A steel plate is one of the critical components of a scroll expander system that usually experiences cavitation in service. An experimental study is...}, urldate = {2025-02-28}, } @article{thiruvengadamMechanicalPropertiesMetals1966, title = {Mechanical {Properties} of {Metals} and {Their} {Cavitation}-{Damage} {Resistance}}, volume = {10}, issn = {0022-4502}, url = {https://doi.org/10.5957/jsr.1966.10.1.1}, doi = {10.5957/jsr.1966.10.1.1}, abstract = {Detailed investigations with a magnetostriction apparatus were carried out to determine the cavitation-damage resistance of eleven metals in distilled water at 80 F. The cavitation-damage resistance is defined as the reciprocal of the rate of volume loss for a given metal. Among the mechanical properties investigated (ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, ultimate elongation, Brinell hardness, modulus of elasticity and strain energy) the most significant property which characterizes the energy-absorbing capacity of the metals, under the repeated, indenting loads due to the energy of cavitation bubble collapse in the steady-state zone, was found to be the fracture strain energy of the metals. The strain energy is defined as the area of the stress-strain diagram up to fracture. The correlation between the strain energy and the reciprocal of the rate of volume loss leads directly to the estimation of the intensity of cavitation damage; this intensity varies as the square of the displacement amplitude of the specimen. All these conclusions are limited to the steady-state zone of damage.}, number = {01}, urldate = {2025-02-28}, journal = {Journal of Ship Research}, author = {Thiruvengadam, A. and Waring, Sophia}, month = mar, year = {1966}, pages = {1--9}, } @article{girenStochasticModelCavitation2006, title = {Stochastic model of cavitation erosion of low-plasticity metallic materials}, volume = {nr 118}, issn = {0079-3205}, url = {http://yadda.icm.edu.pl/baztech/element/bwmeta1.element.baztech-article-BWM2-0056-0024}, language = {EN}, urldate = {2025-02-24}, journal = {Transactions of the Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery}, author = {Gireń, B. G.}, year = {2006}, pages = {101--126}, } @misc{ExperimentalStudyRegarding, title = {Experimental {Study} {Regarding} the {Cavitation} and {Corrosion} {Resistance} of {Stellite} 6 and {Self}-{Fluxing} {Remelted} {Coatings}}, url = {https://www.sv-jme.eu/article/experimental-study-regarding-the-cavitation-and-corrosion-resistance-of-stellite-6-and-self-fluxing-remelted-coatings/}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2025-02-04}, journal = {Journal of Mechanical Engineering}, year = {2015}, } @misc{HttpsIopscienceioporgArticle, title = {https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1143/{JJAP}.44.4647/pdf}, url = {https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1143/JJAP.44.4647/pdf}, urldate = {2025-02-04}, } @misc{ReleasesHornbyaEDS_phase_mapper, title = {Releases · hornbya/{EDS}\_phase\_mapper}, url = {https://github.com/hornbya/EDS_phase_mapper/releases}, abstract = {ImageJ macro for phase segmentation of SEM-EDS element map stacks - hornbya/EDS\_phase\_mapper}, language = {en}, urldate = {2025-02-06}, journal = {GitHub}, } @article{satoMeasurementsCavitationInception1994, title = {Measurements of {Cavitation} {Inception}}, volume = {37}, doi = {10.1299/jsmeb.37.306}, abstract = {Some factors concerning the method of cavitation inception measurement are experimentally investigated. They are definition of cavitation inception, effect of air content, effect of methods of pressure change in cavitation testing and its rate of change. The test body is a circular cylinder in the flow range of subcritical Reynolds numbers, where cavitation bubbles occur in the separated shear layer behind the cylinder with a large scatter of incipient cavitation numbers. In the present work, one of the most effective definitions is proposed for cavitation inception and the following results are obtained using the proposed definition : (1) the inception values are greatly reduced in water with low air content of less than a critical value, (2) the inception point is affected by the pressure change rate under the condition of variable flow velocity. The uncertainty in cavitation inception measurement is also shown from a large number of measurements.}, number = {2}, journal = {JSME International Journal Series B}, author = {Sato, Keiichi and Kakutani, Kazuto}, year = {1994}, keywords = {Cavitation, Cavitation Inception, Circular Cylinder, Measurement Uncertainty, Test Method}, pages = {306--312}, } @incollection{hattoriRecentInvestigationsCavitation2014, address = {Dordrecht}, title = {Recent {Investigations} on {Cavitation} {Erosion} at the {University} of {Fukui}}, isbn = {978-94-017-8539-6}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8539-6_11}, abstract = {This paper reviews the recent research achievements by the author on the construction of a cavitation erosion database, and on the data analysis of carbon steel, stainless steel, cast iron and nonferrous alloys. His studies on cavitation erosion mechanisms, temperature effects on cavitation erosion in liquid metals are also reviewed. Finally, an erosion prediction method based on impact load measurements is discussed. It was found that the erosion resistance of carbon steels, stainless steels, cast iron, aluminum alloys, copper alloys and titanium alloys can be estimated accurately from the material hardness for each series of materials and alloys. A cavitation erosion model is proposed for SUS304 and cobalt alloy ST6 based on observations via scanning electron microscopy. The temperature effect showed a similar tendency for both vibratory and cavitating liquid jet tests after defining a relative temperature (a percentage temperature between freezing and boiling points). Erosion rates in various liquids including liquid metals can be evaluated by a combination of material density and sound velocity for the test liquid and the specimen material. Impact load measurements were used to establish a prediction method for the incubation period.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2025-02-08}, booktitle = {Advanced {Experimental} and {Numerical} {Techniques} for {Cavitation} {Erosion} {Prediction}}, publisher = {Springer Netherlands}, author = {Hattori, Shuji}, editor = {Kim, Ki-Han and Chahine, Georges and Franc, Jean-Pierre and Karimi, Ayat}, year = {2014}, doi = {10.1007/978-94-017-8539-6_11}, keywords = {Carbon Steel, Cast Iron, Ductile Cast Iron, Duplex Stainless Steel, Erosion Resistance}, pages = {257--282}, } @article{nowakAcousticStreamingBubble2015, title = {Acoustic streaming and bubble translation at a cavitating ultrasonic horn}, volume = {1685}, issn = {0094-243X}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4934382}, doi = {10.1063/1.4934382}, abstract = {Acoustic cavitation at a 20 kHz ultrasonic horn is investigated by means of high-speed imaging and particle image velocimetry. In one experimental set-up, bubble dynamics is visualized synchronously with the acoustic streaming liquid flow to reveal their connection. By switching an elevated static pressure, cavitation can be turned off and on for otherwise identical conditions. If cavitation is present, an average increase of liquid streaming velocities by a factor of 30 is found as compared to the non-cavitating case, and high flow velocities are well confined to the bubbly regions. Further results show that individual bubble trajectories do not always coincide with the liquid flow direction, but can even run in opposite direction. This is highlighted in a second set-up where the periodic back-and-forth translation of a single bubble near the horn tip in phosphoric acid is analyzed. It is concluded that translation of larger cavitation bubbles is mainly determined by acoustic forces, even in the presence of moderate bulk flow speeds.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2025-02-04}, journal = {AIP Conference Proceedings}, author = {Nowak, Till and Cairós, Carlos and Batyrshin, Eduard and Mettin, Robert}, month = oct, year = {2015}, pages = {020002}, } @article{okadaRelationshipAcousticCavitation2018, title = {Relationship between acoustic cavitation bubble behavior and output signal from tough hydrophone using high-speed camera in high-frequency and low-frequency acoustic fields}, volume = {57}, issn = {0021-4922, 1347-4065}, url = {https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.7567/JJAP.57.07LE15}, doi = {10.7567/JJAP.57.07LE15}, language = {en}, number = {7S1}, urldate = {2025-02-04}, journal = {Japanese Journal of Applied Physics}, author = {Okada, Nagaya and Shiiba, Michihisa and Yamauchi, Shinobu and Sato, Toshio and Takeuchi, Shinichi}, month = jul, year = {2018}, pages = {07LE15}, } @inproceedings{mutascuCavitationResistantLayers2019, title = {Cavitation resistant layers from stellite alloy deposited by {TIG} welding on duplex stainless steel}, isbn = {978-808729492-5 (ISBN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85079409319&partnerID=40&md5=26d7a9e7e32812c005a930b443611bce}, abstract = {The cobalt based alloy, Stellite, was deposited through the TIG welding process on the surface of a Duplex stainless steel to improve cavitation erosion resistance of engineering components that work in aggressive environments. Cavitation tests were performed using ultrasonic vibratory equipment which complies with requirements of the ASTM G32 - 2010 standard. The microstructure of the deposited layers consisted of complex carbides in a Co-Cr solid solution strengthened alloyed matrix with a dendritic structure which ensures high hardness and a significant increase in cavitation erosion resistance compared to the base metal. © 2019 TANGER Ltd., Ostrava.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {{METAL} - {Int}. {Conf}. {Metall}. {Mater}., {Conf}. {Proc}.}, publisher = {TANGER Ltd.}, author = {Mutaşcu, D. and Mitelea, I. and Bordeaşu, I. and Buzdugan, D. and Franţ, F.}, year = {2019}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: METAL - Int. Conf. Metall. Mater., Conf. Proc.}, keywords = {Aggressive environment, Alloy Stellite, Binary alloys, Carbides, Cavitation, Cavitation erosion resistance, Chromium alloys, Cobalt alloys, Cobalt based alloy, Complex carbide, Dendritic structures, Deposited layer, Duplex stainless steel, Engineering components, Erosion, Gas welding, Inert gas welding, Metallurgy, Metals, Microstructure, Stellite, TIG welding process, Welding}, pages = {776--780}, } @article{tengMultivariateStatisticalAnalysis2020, title = {Multivariate {Statistical} {Analysis} on a {SEM}/{EDS} {Phase} {Map} of {Rare} {Earth} {Minerals}}, volume = {2020}, copyright = {Copyright © 2020 Chaoyi Teng and Raynald Gauvin.}, issn = {1932-8745}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1155/2020/2134516}, doi = {10.1155/2020/2134516}, abstract = {The scanning electron microscope/X-ray energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM/EDS) system is widely applied to rare earth minerals (REMs) to qualitatively describe their mineralogy and quantitatively determine their composition. The performance of multivariate statistical analysis on the EDS raw dataset can enhance the efficiency and the accuracy of phase identification. In this work, the principal component analysis (PCA) and the blind source separation (BSS) algorithms were performed on an EDS map of a REM sample, assisting to achieve an efficient phase map analysis. The PCA significantly denoised the phase map and was used as a preprocessing step for the following BSS. The BSS separated the mixed EDS signals into a set of physically interpretable components, bringing convenience to the phase separation and identification. Through the comparison between the independent component analysis (ICA) and the nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) algorithms, the NMF was confirmed to be more suitable for the EDS mapping analysis.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2025-02-06}, journal = {Scanning}, author = {Teng, Chaoyi and Gauvin, Raynald}, year = {2020}, note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1155/2020/2134516}, pages = {2134516}, } @article{sunComparativeStudyCavitationResistance2021, title = {Comparative {Study} on {Cavitation}-{Resistance} and {Mechanism} of {Stellite}-6 {Coatings} {Prepared} with {Supersonic} {Laser} {Deposition} and {Laser} {Cladding}}, volume = {48}, issn = {02587025 (ISSN)}, shorttitle = {{超音速激光沉积与激光熔覆Stellite}-6涂层的抗气蚀性能及其机制对比研究}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85113345112&doi=10.3788%2fCJL202148.1002118&partnerID=40&md5=a417011bf20556d608cf0dc568ec708b}, doi = {10.3788/CJL202148.1002118}, abstract = {Objective: As the core part of energy conversion of industrial steam turbine, the blade plays an important role in the safe operation of a steam turbine. However, the last stage blade usually suffers from cavitation, leading to severe vibration, blade fracture, and other malignant events. Since cavitation usually starts from the blade surface, it is an economic and effective method to prepare anti-cavitation coating on the blade surface by coating technology, which has attracted significant attention. Cobalt-based alloy Stellite-6 is widely considered as one of the most ideal materials for cavitation-resistant coating of steam turbine blades due to its good corrosion resistance, wear resistance, and high-temperature resistance. Traditional coating technologies, such as laser cladding (LC) and thermal spraying, have adverse thermally-induced effects, such as phase transformation, dilution, and decomposition. Supersonic laser deposition (SLD) technology is a material deposition technology combining laser and cold spraying. It can realize the deposition of high-strength materials (e.g., Stellite-6) while avoiding the adverse effects caused by massive heat input. In this study, SLD and LC are employed to prepare Stellite-6 coating. The cavitation-resistant properties of the two kinds of Stellite-6 coatings are evaluated. The underlying mechanisms are clarified based on microstructure, dilution ratio, elastic modulus, and hardness. This study is expected to provide process support and theoretical guidance for the fabrication and performance optimization of cavitation-resistant coating for steam turbine blades. Methods: Stellite-6 coating is prepared on 17-4 PH stainless steel through SLD and LC processes. The cavitation-resistant properties of the two kinds of coatings are tested using an ultrasonic cavitation method according to ASTM G32. The cavitation sample is assembled with the bottom of the ultrasonic horn through a thread connection. The test medium is NaCl (the mass fraction is 3.5\%) solution and the constant temperature is 25 ℃. During the test, the coating side of the cavitation sample is immersed in the medium solution for 20 mm, the ultrasonic vibration frequency is 20 kHz, and the peak-peak amplitude is 50 μm. The duration of the cavitation test is 14 h. After every 1 h of cavitation, the sample is taken out, cleaned with alcohol, and dried. Then, the sample is weighed with an electronic scale (accuracy of 0.001 mg) three times to take the average value. Mass loss is recorded before continuing the experiment. The cavitation-resistance is characterized by cavitation mass loss and cavitation rate. Results and Discussions: As shown in Table 1, in the first 2 h, Stellite-6 coatings prepared by LC and SLD processes have similar cavitation mass loss and cavitation rate, which corresponds to the incubation stage of the cavitation process, and the cavitation rate is slow (less than 1 mg/h). In the following stage, the cavitation mass loss of the LC sample increased rapidly, and the cavitation rate increased rapidly and remained above 2 mg/h. However, the cavitation mass loss of SLD sample increased slowly, and the cavitation rate remained at about 0.7 mg/h during the whole cavitation process and increased to more than 1 mg/h only when the cavitation time is 14 h. The LC coating has a typical coarse cladding dendrite structure (Fig. 7 (b)), while the SLD coating retained the fine dendrite structure inside the deposited powder particles (Fig. 7 (d)), which is related to the laser energy input during the two processes. The laser energy density is calculated to be 72.79 J/mm2 and 35.03 J/mm2 for LC and SLD processes, respectively. The fine dendrite structure of the original powder particles remained in the SLD coating due to lower heat input. It is reported that grain refinement is essential for improving the cavitation-resistance of materials. Thus, the finer dendrite structure in SLD coating is responsible for its better cavitation-resistance than LC coating. As shown in Fig. 8 (a), the LC coating had severe element dilution of Fe from the substrate while Fe element is almost not detected in SLD coating (Fig. 8 (b)). The Fe element from the substrate changes the original chemical composition of the Stellite-6 alloy and affects its cavitation-resistance. The higher dilution degree of the LC coating is responsible for its inferior cavitation-resistance compared to that of the SLD coating. SLD is a material deposition process based on plastic deformation of powder and substrate. During the coating preparation process, the material will undergo work-hardening; thus, its hardness is higher than that of LC coating (Fig.9), which is essential for cavitation-resistance. To investigate the cavitation mechanism of the Stellite-6 coating prepared through LC and SLD, the surface morphology of the coating after different cavitation time is analyzed. The phase/grain boundary is the preferred position of cavitation in the LC coating, indicating a uniform surface morphology (Fig.10). The pores between particles are the initial position of cavitation in the SLD coating, indicating a non-uniform cavitation process (Fig.11). Conclusions: In this study, the cavitation-resistant properties of Stellite-6 coatings prepared by SLD and LC processes are compared. The reasons for the advantages and disadvantages of the two coatings are clarified from the perspective of micro characteristics. Through the analysis of cavitation surface morphology, the differences in cavitation mechanism between the two coatings are elucidated. Due to the lower laser input energy density in the SLD process, the SLD coating has a finer dendrite structure and a lower element dilution ratio than the LC coating. Besides, SLD is a powder deposition process based on material plastic deformation, which induces a work-hardening effect. Thus, SLD coating has a higher hardness/elastic modulus ratio than LC coating. These factors lead to better cavitation-resistance of SLD coating than LC coating. LC coating is formed through the material melting/re-solidification process, resulting in a typical dendrite structure. The phase/grain boundary is the preferred position of cavitation in the LC coating, which shows a uniform surface morphology. Since SLD relies on mechanical bonding instead of metallurgical bonding to fabricate coatings, there will be pores between particles due to poor bonding. These pores are the initial position of cavitation in SLD coating, showing a non-uniform cavitation process. © 2021, Chinese Lasers Press. All right reserved.}, language = {Chinese}, number = {10}, journal = {Zhongguo Jiguang/Chinese Journal of Lasers}, author = {Sun, J. and Yan, Y. and Li, B. and Shi, Q. and Xu, T. and Zhang, Q. and Yao, J.}, year = {2021}, note = {Publisher: Science Press}, keywords = {17-4 PH stainless steel, Cavitation, Cavitation mechanisms, Chemical bonds, Chemical compositions, Cobalt alloys, Corrosion resistance, Corrosion resistant alloys, Corrosion resistant coatings, Dendrites (metallography), Dilution, Economic and social effects, Electronic scales, Energy conversion, Grain refinement, Hardness, High temperature corrosion, High temperature resistance, High-strength materials, Iron, Laser cladding, Laser technique, Metallurgical bonding, Morphology, Performance optimizations, Plastic coatings, Plastic deformation, Sodium chloride, Steam, Steam turbines, Stellite, Stellite-6 coating, Strain hardening, Substrates, Supersonic laser deposition, Surface morphology, Thermal spraying, Turbine components, Turbomachine blades, Ultrasonic cavitation, Ultrasonic effects, Wear resistance}, } @article{oliveiraInfluenceLowTemperature2021, series = {23rd {International} {Conference} on {Wear} of {Materials}}, title = {Influence of low temperature plasma carbonitriding on cavitation erosion resistance of the {Stellite} 250 alloy – {A} preliminary evaluation}, volume = {476}, issn = {0043-1648}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043164821000429}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2021.203653}, abstract = {Superalloys are a potential material class for selection in some tribological systems, particularly those subjected to wear. When subject to cavitation erosion, the cobalt-based alloys are often applied. Surface treatments have been employed to improve the tribological resistance without loss of corrosion performance for several class of materials. In this context, the thermochemical treatment of low temperature plasma carbonitriding was carried out in a superalloy of the Co-Cr-Fe system in order to improve cavitation erosion resistance. The carbonitriding treatments were performed at temperature of 380 °C over a period of 3, 9 and 15 h. The gas mixture was composed of 72.5\% H2, 25\% N2 and 2.5\% CH4. After the thermochemical treatment, phases formation was identified by X-ray diffraction and the glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy was used for mass concentration depth profiling of carbon and nitrogen. Cavitation erosion resistance of specimens were evaluated by a vibratory test. Mass losses were periodically measured as a function of exposure time during test. Specimens were evaluated in terms of mean depth of erosion, incubation time and mass loss. In addition, the cavitation erosion mechanism was investigated by scanning electron microscopy observation of damaged surfaces. S-phase formation was observed for all treatments. Results showed that low temperature plasma carbonitriding and the formation of expanded phase are effective to increase cavitation erosion resistance of the studied cobalt-based alloy when treatment was carried out during 3 and 9 h.}, urldate = {2025-02-04}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Oliveira, D. B. and Franco, A. R. and Bozzi, A. C.}, month = jul, year = {2021}, keywords = {Cavitation erosion, Cobalt superalloy, Plasma carbonitriding, S-phase, Wear mechanisms}, pages = {203653}, } @article{szalaEffectNitrogenIon2021, title = {Effect of nitrogen ion implantation on the cavitation erosion resistance and cobalt-based solid solution phase transformations of {HIPed} stellite 6}, volume = {14}, issn = {19961944 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85105941706&doi=10.3390%2fma14092324&partnerID=40&md5=4c846be7d06977d42697c88c326e5923}, doi = {10.3390/ma14092324}, abstract = {From the wide range of engineering materials traditional Stellite 6 (cobalt alloy) exhibits excellent resistance to cavitation erosion (CE). Nonetheless, the influence of ion implantation of cobalt alloys on the CE behaviour has not been completely clarified by the literature. Thus, this work investigates the effect of nitrogen ion implantation (NII) of HIPed Stellite 6 on the improvement of resistance to CE. Finally, the cobalt-rich matrix phase transformations due to both NII and cavitation load were studied. The CE resistance of stellites ion-implanted by 120 keV N+ ions two fluences: 5*1016 cm-2 and 1*1017 cm-2 were comparatively analysed with the unimplanted stellite and AISI 304 stainless steel. CE tests were conducted according to ASTM G32 with stationary specimen method. Erosion rate curves and mean depth of erosion confirm that the nitrogen-implanted HIPed Stellite 6 two times exceeds the resistance to CE than unimplanted stellite, and has almost ten times higher CE reference than stainless steel. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirms that NII of HIPed Stellite 6 favours transformation of the "(hcp) to (fcc) structure. Unimplanted stellite "-rich matrix is less prone to plastic deformation than and consequently, increase of phase effectively holds carbides in cobalt matrix and prevents Cr7C3 debonding. This phenomenon elongates three times the CE incubation stage, slows erosion rate and mitigates the material loss. Metastable structure formed by ion implantation consumes the cavitation load for work-hardening and ! " martensitic transformation. In further CE stages, phases transform as for unimplanted alloy namely, the cavitation-inducted recovery process, removal of strain, dislocations resulting in increase of phase. The CE mechanism was investigated using a surface profilometer, atomic force microscopy, SEM-EDS and XRD. HIPed Stellite 6 wear behaviour relies on the plastic deformation of cobalt matrix, starting at Cr7C3/matrix interfaces. Once the Cr7C3 particles lose from the matrix restrain, they debond from matrix and are removed from the material. Carbides detachment creates cavitation pits which initiate cracks propagation through cobalt matrix, that leads to loss of matrix phase and as a result the CE proceeds with a detachment of massive chunk of materials. © 2021 by the authors.}, language = {English}, number = {9}, journal = {Materials}, author = {Szala, M. and Chocyk, D. and Skic, A. and Kamiński, M. and Macek, W. and Turek, M.}, year = {2021}, note = {Publisher: MDPI AG}, keywords = {AISI-304 stainless steel, Atomic force microscopy, Carbides, Cavitation, Cavitation erosion, Cavitation erosion resistance, Chromium compounds, Cobalt alloy, Cobalt alloys, Cracks propagation, Damage mechanism, Engineering materials, Erosion, Failure analysis, Ion implantation, Ions, Linear transformations, Martensitic transformations, Mean depth of erosions, Metastable structures, Nitrogen, Nitrogen ion implantations, Phase transformation, Plastic deformation, Stellite, Stellite 6, Strain hardening, Surface profilometers, Wear, X ray diffraction}, } @article{taufiqurrakhmanEffectProteinStructure2021, title = {The {Effect} of {Protein} {Structure} and {Concentration} on {Tribocorrosion} and {Film} {Formation} on {CoCrMo} {Alloys}}, volume = {7}, issn = {2198-4239}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s40735-021-00585-6}, doi = {10.1007/s40735-021-00585-6}, abstract = {The formation of tribochemical reaction layers, better known as tribofilms, on cobalt-chromium-molybdenum (CoCrMo) alloys commonly used in orthopaedic applications has been hypothesized to reduce degradation owing to wear and corrosion. However, the mechanisms and pathways influencing tribofilm formation remain largely unknown. This study aims to develop a clearer understanding of the role of protein structures and its concentration on tribocorrosion and surface tribofilms formed on CoCrMo alloys during boundary regime sliding. A reciprocating tribometer with a three-electrode electrochemical cell was employed to simulate and monitor the tribocorrosion of CoCrMo in situ. As-received Foetal Bovine Serum (as-FBS) and pre-heated FBS at 70 °C for 1 h (de-FBS) were diluted with saline (0.9\% NaCl) at different concentrations (25\% and 75\% v/v) and utilized as electrolytes during the tribocorrosion tests. The result shows that the denatured protein structure in electrolyte tends to reduce the volume losses due to wear and corrosion on the CoCrMo samples with an appreciation of the protein tribofilms. On the other hand, an increased protein concentration increased the total volume loss due to corrosive processes. A novel finding revealed in this study is that the tribocorrosion mechanism of the CoCrMo surface is dependent on the protein structure, concentration and sliding duration due to the change in surface condition.}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-11-17}, journal = {Journal of Bio- and Tribo-Corrosion}, author = {Taufiqurrakhman, Mohamad and Neville, Anne and Bryant, Michael G.}, month = sep, year = {2021}, keywords = {CoCrMo alloys, Hip implant, Serum protein, Tribocorrosion}, pages = {147}, } @article{liuEffectCorrosionCavitation2022, title = {Effect of corrosion on cavitation erosion behavior of {HVOF} sprayed cobalt-based coatings}, volume = {9}, url = {https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2053-1591/ac78c9/meta}, doi = {10/gtckf8}, number = {6}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Materials Research Express}, author = {Liu, Ji and Chen, Tongzhou and Yuan, Chengqing and Bai, Xiuqin}, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: IOP Publishing}, keywords = {HVOF, cavitation erosion, cobalt-based coating, corrosion}, pages = {066402}, } @article{liuMicrostructureCavitationErosion2022, title = {Microstructure and cavitation erosion resistance of arc ion plating {NiCrAlY} coating on the {304L} stainless steel}, volume = {173}, issn = {0301-679X}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301679X22001918}, doi = {10.1016/j.triboint.2022.107618}, abstract = {To improve the ultrasonic cavitation erosion resistance of the 304L stainless steel, the NiCrAlY coating on the 304L substrate was fabricated by the arc ion plating (AIP) with three different parameters. The three types of coatings exhibited superior cavitation erosion resistance compared to the common cavitation erosion protective coating systems and 304L. Some micro-pores within the coating obtained by lower bias will be acted as the source of crack formation, but enhance the elastic recovery ability. Higher bias during coating fabrication hardens the coatings while does not significantly decrease the elastic recovery, thus maximally improves the performance. The cavitation erosion mechanism of the coatings will be discussed in terms of their microstructure and mechanical properties.}, urldate = {2025-02-08}, journal = {Tribology International}, author = {Liu, Zhengliang and Khan, Azim and Shen, Mingli and Zhu, Shenglong and Zeng, Chaoliu and Wang, Fuhui and Fu, Chao}, month = sep, year = {2022}, keywords = {Cavitation erosion, Mechanical property, Microstructure, NiCrAlY}, pages = {107618}, } @article{s.rOptimizationPredictionHardness2022, title = {Optimization and prediction of hardness, wear and surface roughness on age hardened stellite 6 alloys}, volume = {9}, copyright = {© K. S.R. et al., Published by EDP Sciences 2022}, issn = {2265-4224}, url = {https://mfr.edp-open.org/articles/mfreview/abs/2022/01/mfreview210048/mfreview210048.html}, doi = {10.1051/mfreview/2022008}, abstract = {Growing demand for Stellite 6 alloys due to its attractive properties such as superior strength, toughness, wear resistance, fracture resistant characteristics, and their exceptional resistance to corrosion has made them applicable in industrial as well as commercial applications, such as aerospace industries, nuclear waste storage, automobile industries and surgical implantation. However, in spite of these applications, automotive part manufacturers mainly (Bearing Materials) are looking for a comprehensive study, such as mechanics of friction and the relationship between friction and wear. Hence in this paper, an attempt has been made to study the tribological behavior such as wear characterization and surface roughness of age hardened Stellite 6 alloys. The main objective of the research is to determine the favorable tribological conditions for improving wear resistant properties and surface roughness on age hardened Stellite 6 alloys. Hence two body wear study and surface roughness study during Wire Electric Discharge Machining (WEDM) of age hardened Stellite 6 alloys based on Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Taguchi's Design of Experiment (TDOE), Response Surface Methodology(RSM) and Desirability Functional Analysis (DFA) have been used to achieve this goal. From the study it is observed that optimum values for improving hardness, wear and surface roughness values can be easily achieved with less time and cost by adopting the said techniques. •From microstructural observation, as the peak current increases there is larger amount of dendritic carbides and cracking of carbides due to high plastic deformation resulting in thermal softening of Stellite 6 alloy during wire electric discharge machining resulting in better surface roughness values. The second-order model for hardness, wear and surface roughness using response surface methodology can be adopted for predicting for hardness, wear and surface roughness in any experimental domain.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-11-17}, journal = {Manufacturing Review}, author = {S.r, Karthik and Londe, Neelakanta V. and Shetty, Raviraj and Nayak, Rajesh and Hedge, Adithya}, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: EDP Sciences}, pages = {10}, } @article{zhangAnticavitationErosionResistance2022, title = {Anti-cavitation and {Erosion} {Resistance} of {Stellite} 6 {Coating} by {Ultra}-high {Speed} {Laser} {Cladding}}, volume = {51}, doi = {10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2022.04.016}, abstract = {The work aims to improve the anti-cavitation and erosion resistance of ZG06Cr13Ni4Mo martensitic stainless steel commonly used in hydraulic machinery. The Stellite 6 coating was prepared on the ZG06Cr13Ni4Mo martensitic stainless steel substrate using ultra-high-speed laser cladding. X-ray diffractometer (XRD) was used to analyze the coating phase, scanning electron microscope (SEM), the energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) to study the structural characteristics of the coating, the HV-1000 microhardness tester to test the coating hardness distribution, and the ultrasonic vibration cavitation test equipment to study the anti-cavitation of the coating, as well as the erosion resistance of the coating studied by the jet erosion wear tester and the cavitation and erosion morphology of the sample surface analyzed by SEM. An Stellite 6 coating with a thickness of about 400 μm was prepared and mainly composed of the γ-Co dendritic solid solution with FCC structure and the Cr23C6 eutectic carbide. The coating was dense, and its contents of Co and Cr were 55.6wt.\% and 27.6wt.\% respectively, which perfectly retain the chemical composition of the powder. The microhardness of Stellite 6 coating was 570HV0.1, 2.3 times that of stainless steel, and the depth of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) was only 70 μm. The weight loss increased linearly with test duration increased, after 24-hour ultrasonic vibration cavitation test, the weight loss of the coating was 1.1 mg, and 8.0 mg for that of stainless steel. After the 30° erosion test for 180 s, the weight loss of the Stellite 6 coating and the stainless steel were 9.1 mg and 13.5 mg, respectively. Thus, the Stellite 6 coating prepared by ultra-high-speed laser cladding retains the chemical composition of the Stellite 6 powder and with a dense structure, low dilution rate and a narrow heat-affected zone. Besides, the high hardness coating significantly improves the cavitation and erosion resistance of the ZG06Cr13Ni4Mo martensitic stainless steel commonly used in hydraulic machinery. © 2022, Chongqing Wujiu Periodicals Press. All rights reserved.}, number = {4}, journal = {Surface Technology}, author = {Zhang, L. and Liu, G. and Zeng, D. and Li, Y. and Liu, F.-G. and Zhang, L. and Xie, C.-N.}, year = {2022}, keywords = {Stellite 6 coating, cavitation, erosion, microstructure, ultra-high laser cladding}, pages = {167--175}, } @article{collierTribologicalPerformanceMolybdenum2020, title = {Tribological {Performance} of {Molybdenum} {Stellite} {Alloys} under {Dry}-{Sliding} {Wear}}, volume = {29}, issn = {1544-1024}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-020-04650-y}, doi = {10.1007/s11665-020-04650-y}, abstract = {Elements tungsten and molybdenum are the key constituents of Stellite alloys as solutes to strengthen the solid solution matrix. Meanwhile, they also promote formation of W-rich and Mo-rich carbides when present in large quantities in high-carbon Stellite alloys. Extensive studies on tungsten Stellite alloys, in particular, Stellite® 6, have been reported in the literature; however, molybdenum Stellite alloys, especially, the influence of Mo content on the performance of the alloys, have been rarely investigated. In this research, the tribological performance of three molybdenum Stellite alloys with varying C and Mo contents is studied using pin-on-disk dry-sliding wear test at ambient temperature, focusing on the effect of test duration and interrupted test on the wear behavior of the alloys. The worn surfaces are examined using SEM/EDS, and the analyses of the surface morphologies help explore the wear mechanisms of these alloys in dry-sliding condition. A wear model is developed for molybdenum Stellite alloys, based on the Archard equation in check with the wear test data, using hardness as a controlling factor.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-11-17}, journal = {Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance}, author = {Collier, Rachel and Zhang, Xiaozhou and Liu, Rong and Wu, Xijia and Yao, Matthew}, month = feb, year = {2020}, keywords = {archard equation, carbide, hardness, molybdenum, stellite alloy, wear}, pages = {1384--1399}, } @article{crookCobaltbaseAlloysResist1994, title = {Cobalt-base alloys resist wear, corrosion, and heat}, volume = {145}, issn = {0882-7958}, number = {4}, journal = {Cobalt-base alloys resist wear, corrosion, and heat}, author = {Crook, P}, year = {1994}, note = {Place: Materials Park, OH Publisher: ASM International}, pages = {27--30}, } @article{clemowSolutionTreatmentBehavior1979, title = {Solution treatment behavior of {Co}-{Cr}-{Mo} alloy}, volume = {13}, copyright = {Copyright © 1979 John Wiley \& Sons, Inc.}, issn = {1097-4636}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jbm.820130208}, doi = {10.1002/jbm.820130208}, abstract = {Current practice in the manufacture of Co-Cr-Mo alloy total hip prostheses is the use of a solution treatment to increase the ductility of the as-cast alloy. This study is concerned with the reactions encountered during solution treatment at temperatures between 1165–1270°C. These reactions, including incipient melting, a carbide transformation from M23C6 to M6C and sigma-phase formation, have bene examined using both qualitative and quantitative metallographci techniques, and are shown to influence the production of a single phase microstructure. As a res8lt, an optimum temperature for solution treatment of 1220°C has been determined. It is futher proposed that a reduction in the carbon content of this alloy would improve its solution treatment behavior.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-11-17}, journal = {Journal of Biomedical Materials Research}, author = {Clemow, A. J. T. and Daniell, B. L.}, year = {1979}, note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jbm.820130208}, pages = {265--279}, } @article{benjaminMechanicalAlloying1976, title = {Mechanical {Alloying}}, volume = {234}, issn = {0036-8733}, url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/24950349}, number = {5}, urldate = {2024-11-17}, journal = {Scientific American}, author = {Benjamin, J. S.}, year = {1976}, note = {Publisher: Scientific American, a division of Nature America, Inc.}, pages = {40--49}, } @article{bousbaaEffectSandBlasting2003, title = {Effect {Of} {Sand} {Blasting} {On} {Soda} {Lime} {Glass} {Properties}}, volume = {16}, abstract = {The present work is based on a simulation in laboratory of the erosion of a soda lime glass caused by sand blasting during sandstorms. It deals with the effects of sand blasting duration (from 0 to 60 min) and impact angle (from 0 to 90°) on the material and its properties. The principal erosion characteristics and properties of the material studied are the mass loss, the erosion rate, the surface roughness, the optical transmission and the mechanical strength. The influence of the optical transmission degradation on the relative efficiency of solar panels protected by eroded glass was also examined. The sand used has mostly a rounded shape and presents a grain size distribution between 300 and 500 µm and hardness greater than that of the glass tested. The evolution of the roughness and the optical transmission with variable duration present an important variation at the beginning and tends towards a constant level after about 20 minutes. The mass loss is function of the sand blasting duration and the impact angle. It is maximal for an impact angle of 90°. Fracture strength (up to 300 min) indicates that there is an important drop in strength values (about 13\%) after 30 minutes with a significant dispersion. The strength values tend then to level out with a reduced dispersion after 60 minutes. Weibull distribution function was used to characterize statistically the variation of the mechanical strength by comparing samples in the as received state and eroded by sand blasting during 30 and 60 minutes. The as received glass Weibull plot shows a large dispersion expressed by a low Weibull modulus (m = 5.41) and a relatively higher average strength value (σmoy = 76 MPa). A lesser dispersion and a lower average strength value were obtained for the glass eroded during 30 minutes (m = 8.2 and σmoy = 66 MPa). The average strength remains almost constant while the dispersion becomes much reduced for the glass sand blasted during 60 minutes (m = 10.4 and σmoy = 64 MPa). The variation of the relative efficiency of glass protected solar panels versus sand blasting duration (seen up to 300 min) shows a slow regular decrease until 0.91 for a 90° impact angle and until 0.95 for 30°. Finally, the microscopic observations of the damaged surfaces showed traces of lateral cracking formation, cracks interaction from different impacts and also craters after material removal.}, language = {en}, author = {Bousbaa, C and Madjoubi, M A and Hamidouche, Z and Bouaouadja, N}, year = {2003}, } @misc{FORGENovelCoatings, title = {{FORGE}: {Novel} coatings for sustainable industrial future}, shorttitle = {{FORGE}}, url = {https://www.twi-global.com/media-and-events/press-releases/2020/forge-novel-coatings-for-sustainable-industrial-future}, abstract = {Building on its core expertise in coatings, material properties and performance, TWI is now set to contribute to project for development of coating materials for a sustainable industrial future.}, language = {en-GB}, urldate = {2024-11-17}, } @article{liuEffectsTemperatureHardness2015, title = {Effects of {Temperature} on the {Hardness} and {Wear} {Resistance} of {High}-{Tungsten} {Stellite} {Alloys}}, volume = {46}, issn = {1543-1940}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-014-2664-8}, doi = {10.1007/s11661-014-2664-8}, abstract = {In this research, two new Stellite alloys containing high tungsten are developed for wear resistance application owing to the distinct beneficial effects of tungsten in Stellite alloys. The microstructures of these alloys are analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) with an EDAX energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy system and X-ray diffraction spectrum. The micro-hardness and wear resistance of the alloys at room temperature and at elevated temperatures are investigated utilizing a Microhardness Tester Unit, with a Hot Stage, and a Hot Pin-on-Disk Tribometer, respectively. The wear test results of these alloys are compared with those of commercial wear-resistant Stellite 3 and Stellite 12. The worn surfaces of the specimens are analyzed using SEM/EDX to explore the wear mechanisms of these alloys with temperature change. The variations of hardness and wear resistance of these alloys with temperature are studied and discussed.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-11-17}, journal = {Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A}, author = {Liu, Rong and Wu, X. J. and Kapoor, Samit and Yao, M. X. and Collier, Rachel}, month = feb, year = {2015}, keywords = {Carbide, Wear Loss, Wear Resistance, Wear Surface, Wear Track}, pages = {587--599}, } @article{tanDrySlidingTribological2023, title = {Dry sliding tribological properties and wear mechanisms of {Mo}–{Si}–{B}–{xTi} alloys at the temperature range of 25–1000 °{C}}, volume = {177}, issn = {0301-679X}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301679X22004686}, doi = {10.1016/j.triboint.2022.107897}, abstract = {The search for Mo-Si-B based alloys exhibit excellent high-temperature wear resistance is highly demanding for their structural applications. For this target, the Mo-Si-B-xTi (x = 10, 20 and 30 wt\%) alloys were fabricated and their dry sliding tribological properties at 25–1000 °C in air were systemically investigated. It indicates that the tribological properties of the MoSiBTi alloys are greatly determined by the test temperature and Ti content that correlates to oxidization process and oxidation products. Compared with other alloys, the Ti30 alloy shows an excellent wear resistance at 600–1000 °C due to the formation of dense tribo-oxides layer and improved oxidation resistance. Meantime, the friction coefficient at 800 °C is as low as 0.31 because of the formed self-lubricating tribolayer.}, urldate = {2024-11-17}, journal = {Tribology International}, author = {Tan, Hui and Sun, Qichun and Chen, Juanjuan and Zhu, Shengyu and Cheng, Jun and Yang, Jun}, month = jan, year = {2023}, keywords = {Dry sliding, Mo-Si-B based alloy, Self-lubricating, Ti additive, Tribolayer}, pages = {107897}, } @article{santaSlurryCavitationErosion2009, series = {17th {International} {Conference} on {Wear} of {Materials}}, title = {Slurry and cavitation erosion resistance of thermal spray coatings}, volume = {267}, issn = {0043-1648}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043164809001471}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2009.01.018}, abstract = {The slurry and cavitation erosion resistance of six thermal spray coatings were studied in laboratory and compared to that of an uncoated martensitic stainless steel. Nickel, chromium oxide and tungsten carbide coatings were applied by oxy fuel powder (OFP) process and chromium and tungsten carbide coatings were obtained by high velocity oxy fuel (HVOF) process. The microstructure of the coatings was analyzed by light optical microscopy (LOM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), as well as by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The cavitation erosion resistance of the coatings was measured in a vibratory apparatus according to ASTM G32 standard and the slurry erosion tests were carried out in a modified centrifugal pump in which the samples were conveniently placed to guarantee grazing incidence conditions, as well as in a high velocity jet erosion testing machine. The results showed that the slurry erosion resistance of the steel can be improved up to 16 times by the application of the thermally sprayed coatings. On the other hand, none of the coated specimens showed better cavitation resistance than the uncoated steel in the experiments. The main mass removal mechanisms observed in all the coatings submitted to slurry erosion were micro-cutting and micro-ploughing as well as detachment of hard particles. In cavitation erosion, OFP coatings showed brittle fracture and microcracking, and in nickel-based coatings some ductile deformation was also observed. In HVOF coatings, detachment of small particles led to coalescence of pores in WC/Co coatings while in CrC coatings the main wear mechanism was brittle fracture of particles.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-01-15}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Santa, J. F. and Espitia, L. A. and Blanco, J. A. and Romo, S. A. and Toro, A.}, month = jun, year = {2009}, keywords = {Brittle fracture, Brittleness, Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation erosion, Cavitation erosion resistance, Cavitation resistance, Centrifugal pumps, Centrifugation, Chromium, Chromium oxides, Coalescence, Ductile deformations, Ductile fracture, Erosion, Erosion testing, Grazing incidence, HVOF coatings, Hard coatings, Hard particles, High velocity jet, High velocity oxy fuel, Hydraulic machinery, Light, Light optical microscopies, Martensite, Martensitic stainless steels, Mass removal, Metal recovery, Micro-cutting, Nickel alloys, Nickel oxide, Nickel-based coatings, Optical microscopy, Oxy-fuel, Papermaking machinery, Powder coatings, Pumps, SEM, Scanning electron microscopy, Slurry erosion, Small particles, Sprayed coatings, Stainless steel, Stripping (removal), Thermal spray coatings, Thermal spraying, Thermally sprayed coatings, Tribology, Tungsten, Tungsten carbide, Tungsten carbide coating, Wear mechanisms, Wear of materials, X ray diffraction}, pages = {160--167}, } @article{tianEffectsModulationRatios2021, title = {Effects of {Modulation} {Ratios} on the {Structures} and {Properties} of {Cr}/{CrN}/{Cr}/{CrAlN} {Multilayer}}, volume = {50}, issn = {10013660 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85146273483&doi=10.16490%2fj.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2021.12.031&partnerID=40&md5=c2b9b6f3dbcefaffd331139644c8e2f9}, doi = {10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2021.12.031}, abstract = {In order to study the effect of modulation ratio on the structure and properties of Cr/CrN/Cr/CrAlN multilayers. Cr/CrN/Cr/CrAlN multilayers with different modulation ratios were prepared on TC4 titanium alloy by arc ion plating. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to observe the surface and section morphologies of the film, and Image-Pro software was used to quantitatively analyze the large particles on the surface. The crystal structure of the film was characterized by X-ray diffraction. The microhardness of the film was measured by Vickers hardness tester, and the binding force (critical load) between the film and matrix was measured by scratch tester. The residual stress of the film was measured and calculated by the substrate bending method. According to ASTM G76-05 standard, AS600-sandblasting tester was used to test the anti-erosion performance. The depth of offset pits was measured by 3D surface profilometer. The results showed that LCr/CrN:LCr/CrAlN modulation ratio was closely correlated with the surface quality of the films. With the increase of Cr/CrN ratio, the surface quality of the films became better and the preferred orientation changed from (111) plane to (200) plane. The hardness of multilayer films decreased with the increase of Cr/CrN ratio, while the bonding force, residual stress and toughness increased first and then decreased, and reached the best when the ratio of LCr/CrN:LCr/CrAlN was 1:2. The sand erosion resistance of multilayer film was also consistent with the main mechanical properties, and it was the best when LCr/CrN:LCr/CrAlN was 1:2. The erosion resistance of multilayer film was 3 times higher than that of TC4 substrate. The fracture surface of the multilayer film revealed a typically brittle feature. When the modulation ratio LCr/CrN:LCr/CrAlN=1:2, the film has the best anti-erosion performance. © 2021, Chongqing Wujiu Periodicals Press. All rights reserved.}, language = {Chinese}, number = {12}, journal = {Surface Technology}, author = {Tian, T. and Lin, S.-S. and Wang, D. and Bai, S. and Qu, S.-J. and Guo, C.-Q. and Dai, M.-J.}, year = {2021}, note = {Publisher: Chongqing Wujiu Periodicals Press}, keywords = {Arc ion plating, Arc ion plating technology, Brittle fracture, Cr/CrN/Cr/CrAlN multilayer coating, Cr/CrN/cr/CrAlN multilayer coating, Crystal structure, Erosion, Modulation ratio, Multi-layer-coating, Multilayers, Multilayers films, Performance, Residual stresses, Resistance to erosion, Scanning electron microscopy, Structures and properties, Surface properties, Titanium (alloys), Titanium alloys, Vickers hardness, arc ion plating technology, modulation ratio, resistance to erosion, titanium alloy}, pages = {320--328}, } @article{santaSlurryErosionThermal2007, title = {Slurry erosion of thermal spray coatings and stainless steels for hydraulic machinery}, volume = {263}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34748907920&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2006.12.061&partnerID=40&md5=a760cc7c92a50902ad79d8ecd993027a}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2006.12.061}, abstract = {The slurry erosion of two coatings applied by oxy fuel powder (OFP) and wire arc spraying (WAS) processes onto sand-blasted AISI 304 steel was studied, and the results were compared to those obtained with AISI 431 and ASTM A743 grade CA6NM stainless steels, which are commonly used for hydraulic turbines and accessories. The adherence of the coatings to the substrate was measured according to ASTM C 633 standard, while the microstructure and worn surfaces were characterized by optical and scanning electron microscopy. Slurry erosion tests were carried out in a modified centrifugal pump, in which the samples were placed conveniently to ensure grazing incidence of the particles. The slurry was composed of distilled water and quartz sand particles with an average diameter between 212 and 300 μm (AFS 50/70) and the solids content was 10 wt\% in all the tests. The mean impact velocity of the slurry was 5.5 m/s and the erosion resistance was determined from the volume loss results. The coated surfaces showed higher erosion resistance than the uncoated stainless steels, with the lower volume losses measured for the E-C 29123 deposit. SEM analysis of the worn surfaces revealed intense plastic deformation in both coated and bare stainless steels, with little evidence of brittle fracture in the microstructure. The measured adhesive strength of the coatings was considered acceptable for the processes employed. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {1-6 SPEC. ISS.}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Santa, J.F. and Baena, J.C. and Toro, A.}, year = {2007}, keywords = {Adhesive strength, Centrifugal pumps, Erosion, Hydraulic machinery, Hydraulic turbines, Microstructure, Oxy fuel powder, Plastic deformation, Quartz, Scanning electron microscopy, Slurries, Slurry erosion, Spray coatings, Stainless steel, Thermal spray coatings, Thermal spraying}, pages = {258--264}, } @article{ritapureInfluenceSiCSolid2022, title = {Influence of {SiC} on solid particle erosion and mechanical behaviour of {Al}–{25Zn} alloy based novel metal matrix composites fabricated through stir casting technique}, volume = {8}, issn = {2374068X (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85113640274&doi=10.1080%2f2374068X.2021.1970987&partnerID=40&md5=5eaf266d4c6981439da83a631c9eaaa4}, doi = {10.1080/2374068X.2021.1970987}, abstract = {This investigation studied the influence of SiC reinforcement (0, 10, 15 and 20 wt.\%) on solid particle erosion and mechanical behaviour of novel Al–25Zn alloy metal matrix composites fabricated by the stir casting technique. The erosion wear experiments were conducted following the ASTM G-76 standard for various impact velocity, impingement angle, and erodent temperature as per Taguchi L16 orthogonal array using air jet erosion test rig with erodent silica sand particles of irregular shapes with size approximately 150 µm. The attempt has been made to establish linear and nonlinear correlations between input parameters and erosion rates. The artificial neural network and the Taguchi approach were used to identify the optimal parameter combination for the minimum erosion rate. The results show a significant alteration in properties with reinforcement of SiC content. The analysis of variance, signal to noise ratio, and morphology of eroded surfaces indicates that impact velocity is the most dominating parameter for the erosion rate among studied parameters. The erosion rate increased with the rise in impact velocity, whereas the highest erosion rate is observed with 30° impingement angle. For identical test conditions, optimum mechanical and erosion characteristics are noticed for the composite with 15\% SiC. © 2021 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor \& Francis Group.}, language = {English}, number = {3}, journal = {Advances in Materials and Processing Technologies}, author = {Ritapure, P.P. and Kharde, Y.R. and Yadav, R.G. and Pawar, S.Y.}, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: Taylor and Francis Ltd.}, keywords = {Al–25Zn, composites, erosion wear, mechanical property, stir casting, surface morphology}, pages = {3425--3439}, } @article{renThreebodyAbrasionBehavior2014, title = {Three-body abrasion behavior of ultrafine {WC}-{Co} hardmetal {RX8UF} with carborundum, corundum and silica sands in water-based slurries}, volume = {80}, issn = {0301679X (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84907322444&doi=10.1016%2fj.triboint.2014.07.008&partnerID=40&md5=6ffbd9ea092c503f143ca2c8bbea877d}, doi = {10.1016/j.triboint.2014.07.008}, abstract = {The wear behavior of ultrafine WC-Co hardmetal RX8UF under water-based slurries with different concentrations of carborundum, corundum and silica sands was investigated through a modified ASTM B611 test system. Under the same conditions, the wear loss and rate of the specimen increased with the increase in abrasive hardness and concentration. The morphology examination on the worn surfaces revealed that when the specimen was worn with SiC the predominant wear mechanism was plastic groove and fracture of WC grains, but with Al 2O3 or SiO2 it would be the extrusion of binder followed by pullout of WC grains. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.}, language = {English}, journal = {Tribology International}, author = {Ren, X. and Peng, Z. and Hu, Y. and Rong, H. and Wang, C. and Fu, Z. and Qi, L. and Miao, H.}, year = {2014}, note = {Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {Abrasion, Abrasive hardness, Alumina, Aluminum oxide, Corundum, Erosion, Hard metals, Lunar surface analysis, Morphology, Plastic grooves, Silica, Silica sand, Silicon, Silicon carbide, Surface analysis, Three body abrasion, Three-body abrasion, Ultra-fine WC, Ultrafine WC-Co hardmetal, Water-based slurry, Wear behavior, Wear behaviors, Wear mechanisms}, pages = {179--190}, } @article{punComparativeStudyLeverage2018, title = {A comparative study for the leverage of micro and nano {SiC} fillers on thermo-mechanical and erosion wear peculiarity of woven glass fibre-based vinyl ester composites}, volume = {12}, issn = {1749785X (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85058791295&doi=10.1504%2fIJSURFSE.2018.096774&partnerID=40&md5=1f4322438bb1ff2baf3f18764f6a2f1f}, doi = {10.1504/IJSURFSE.2018.096774}, abstract = {The impact of micro and nano silicon carbide (SiC) filler addition on thermo-mechanical behaviour and erosion wear is investigated. Woven glass-vinyl ester composites are developed, filled with 5 wt\% and 10 wt\% of micro and nano SiC fillers, respectively. Filler less composites are also prepared for comparative study. Thermo-mechanical characterisation of composites is done as per ASTM standards. Erosion wear test is performed on composites for various angles of impact (30°, 45°, 60°, 75° and 90°) and impact velocities (30, 55 and 80 m/s). Silica sand as an erodent particle with size of 300, 450 and 600 μm is used for the experimental work. Taguchi statistical method is used for design of experiments to optimise the process parameters. Results reflect that nanocomposites filled with 10 wt\% of nano SiC filler performed best amongst the whole lot. VIKOR method is also implemented for fabricated composites to optimise their performance. Copyright © 2018 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.}, language = {English}, number = {5-6}, journal = {International Journal of Surface Science and Engineering}, author = {Pun, A.K.}, year = {2018}, note = {Publisher: Inderscience Publishers}, keywords = {ASTM standards, Decision making, Design of experiments, Erosion, Erosion wear, Esters, Fillers, Glass fibers, Micro, Nano size SiC fillers, Nano-size, Silica, Silica sand, Silicon carbide, Taguchi design of experiment, VIKOR method, Vinyl ester resin, Wear of materials, Woven glass, Woven glass fibre}, pages = {467--495}, } @article{lauerAdvancementsAbrasionResistance2014, title = {Advancements in the abrasion resistance of internal plastic coatings}, volume = {53}, issn = {00941492 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84893813924&partnerID=40&md5=9f77cc2baea42acf712ffaf8a1e82bc8}, abstract = {Advancements have been made in both filler materials as well as resin chemistries that have been shown to increase the abrasion resistance of Internal tubular coating systems by as much as 50 times. ASTM D9684 has also been utilized to quantify the abrasion resistance of various oilfield coatings. In this test, silicon carbide (SiC) is used to test the erosion/small-body impact resistance of the coating system. The abrasive is allowed to free-fall onto the coated surface of a metal coupon that has been secured at a 45-degree angle. Rod or beam pumping wells offer a unique challenge to providing adequate corrosion protection because of the dynamics of the system. These abrasion-resistant systems have proven themselves to perform well when subjected to mechanical intervention such as wireline and coiled tubing, abrasive solids flow such as fracking or the production of sand, and abrasive wear in conjunction with impact forces typically seen in rod-pumping applications.}, language = {English}, number = {1}, journal = {Materials Performance}, author = {Lauer, R.S.}, year = {2014}, keywords = {Abrasives, Beam pumping, Coated surface, Coating system, Filler materials, Hydraulic fracturing, Impact force, Metal coupons, Oil fields, Plastic coatings, Resin chemistry, Silicon carbide, Silicon carbides (SiC), Wear resistance}, pages = {52--55}, } @article{horszczarukHydroabrasiveErosionHigh2009, title = {Hydro-abrasive erosion of high performance fiber-reinforced concrete}, volume = {267}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-65749092109&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2008.11.010&partnerID=40&md5=9d9e367316799cd38f63072f17e28ced}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2008.11.010}, abstract = {High strength concretes are often used for increasing the erosion resistance of the hydraulic structures. Searching for possibilities of improving the resistance of the cement matrix to the aggressive environment action, like erosion or cavitation, is very often connected to introduction of various fibers into the matrix. This paper reports about an investigation of the erosion resistance of two types of high strength concrete used in hydraulic constructions, namely a high performance concrete (HPC) and high performance fiber-reinforced concrete (HPFRC). The HPFRC were made of three types of the fibers: steel fibers of 30 and 50 mm length and polypropylene fibers of 19 mm length. All the concretes were made using Portland cement (water to cement ratio was constant, w/c = 0.3), river sand, basalt aggregate, superplasticizer and silica fume. The hydro-abrasion-erosion resistance of concrete was evaluated according to ASTM C 1138 - underwater method. The analysis of the surface microstructure was performed using SEM photographs of fracture surfaces of the abraded HPFRC and by measurement of depth of wear damage by means of WMP ECLIPSE machine. In general, the erosion wear has depended on the contact zone: cement paste - aggregate and cement paste - fiber. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {1-4}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Horszczaruk, E.K.}, year = {2009}, keywords = {Abrasion, Abrasion resistance, Abrasive erosion, Aggressive environment, Basalt aggregates, Building materials, Cement manufacture, Cement matrix, Cement paste, Concrete buildings, Concretes, Contact zone, Erosion, Erosion resistance, Erosion wear, Fiber-reinforced concrete, Fibers, Fracture surfaces, High performance concrete, High strength concretes, High-performance fibers, Hydraulic construction, Hydraulic machinery, Hydraulics, Oil well cementing, Photography, Polypropylene fiber, Portland cement, Reinforced concrete, River sands, SEM, Silica, Silica fume, Steel fibers, Strength of materials, Superplasticizer, Surface microstructures, Tribology, Water-to-cement ratios, Wear damage, Wear of concrete, Wear resistance, matrix}, pages = {110--115}, } @article{ghasemiErosioncorrosionBehavior316ss2011, title = {Erosion-corrosion behavior of 316-ss in seawater simulated environment at various impingement angles}, volume = {6}, issn = {18230334 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84856387096&partnerID=40&md5=3100866a0bbdf283cbafa64e6d6f7f68}, abstract = {The effect of sand erosion on corrosion behavior of 316-stainless steel in a simulated seawater environment was studied in a jet slurry apparatus. 10 wt.\% SiO 2 particles with average size of 250-500 μm were used as the erodent in a 3.5 wt.\% NaCl solution. The tests were carried out in accordance with ASTM G 119 at three slurry impinging angles of 25°, 55°, and 90° at an impinging velocity of 6 m/s. Pure erosion, pure corrosion and erosion-corrosion tests were performed and the synergistic effect was calculated. Positive synergistic effect was observed at all examined impinging angles. The results showed that the highest pure erosion and erosion-corrosion rate was occurred at an impingement angle of 25°. The results also showed that corrosion increased the erosion rate by about 57, 37 and 57 percent at the impingement angles of 25, 55 and 90 degree, respectively. Scanning electron micrographs of the eroded surfaces showed higher plastic deformation and cutting at the impinging angle of 25°.}, language = {English}, number = {3}, journal = {International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering}, author = {Ghasemi, H.M. and Karimi, M. and Pasha, A. and Abedini, M.}, year = {2011}, keywords = {316 stainless steel, Erosion-corrosion, Impinging angle, Synergistic effect}, pages = {400--404}, } @article{esmaeiliInvestigationAbrasionWear2020, title = {An investigation of abrasion and wear characteristics of steel slag and granite ballasts}, volume = {173}, issn = {1747650X (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85077996831&doi=10.1680%2fjcoma.17.00044&partnerID=40&md5=591af1f5357d285988bb50af1b53f53c}, doi = {10.1680/jcoma.17.00044}, abstract = {One of the main concerns when using steel slag ballast is its high abrasion and wear in comparison with common stone ballast, which can intensify damage to construction and maintenance machinery. In the present study the abrasion and wear characteristics of both steel slag ballast and granite ballast were experimentally investigated and compared. First, the Los Angeles and micro-Deval tests were carried out, and subsequently micro-Vicker tests were employed to measure hardness. The ratios of the results for steel slag ballast to granite ballast in the above-mentioned tests are 2·5, 0·75 and 0·79, respectively. Furthermore, using X-ray fluorescence and X-ray powder diffraction analyses, the compositions and phases that cause such abrasion behaviour were diagnosed. The wear properties of both materials in contact with a welded tamping tine and cemented carbide of ballast scraper chain finger specimens were determined by employing the dry sand/rubber wheel (DSRW) test (ASTM G 65). Results show that the welded specimen showed a higher wear rate compared with a tungsten carbide specimen within the sliding distance, whereas for granite ballast the wear rate decreased markedly. The wear mechanisms were diagnosed by scanning electron microscope observations on the worn surfaces of the specimens during the wear processes. © ICE Publishing: All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {1}, journal = {Proceedings of Institution of Civil Engineers: Construction Materials}, author = {Esmaeili, M. and Yousefian, K. and Asgharzadeh Ghahroudi, P.}, year = {2020}, note = {Publisher: ICE Publishing}, keywords = {Abrasion, Ballast (railroad track), Cemented carbides, Erosion, Granite, Machinery, Maintenance machinery, Micro-deval tests, Railway track, Scanning electron microscopy, Slags, Sliding distances, Tungsten carbide, Wear characteristics, Wear mechanisms, Welding, X ray fluorescence, X ray powder diffraction, X rays, railway tracks, recycling \& reuse of materials, strength \& testing of materials}, pages = {41--52}, } @phdthesis{stoicaSlidingWearPosttreated2005, type = {thesis}, title = {Sliding wear of post-treated thermal spray cermet coatings}, copyright = {All items in ROS are protected by the Creative Commons copyright license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/scotland/), with all rights reserved.}, url = {https://www.ros.hw.ac.uk/handle/10399/220}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-10-14}, school = {Heriot-Watt University}, author = {Stoica, Virgiliu}, year = {2005}, note = {Accepted: 2008-10-22T14:30:12Z Artwork Medium: Not currently available online. A paper copy may be available – please contact the Library for help. Interview Medium: Not currently available online. A paper copy may be available – please contact the Library for help.}, } @article{liMicrostructuralEvolutionMechanical2022, title = {Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of diffusion bonding {WC}-{Co} cemented carbide to steel using {Co} and composite {Ni}/{Co} interlayers}, volume = {103}, issn = {0263-4368}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263436821002687}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2021.105736}, abstract = {This study focuses on diffusion bonding of WC-Co cemented carbide to a steel using Co and composite Ni/Co interlayers. The typical microstructure and microstructural evolution with variable bonding temperatures were investigated, and mechanical properties of the joint were evaluated. The results illustrated that increasing temperature promoted interdiffusion of interfacial atoms, leading to the elimination of interfacial voids and the enhancement of Fe-Co-Cr interdiffusion zone on steel side. As the temperature increased, so did the thickness of Co6W6C formed near the WC-Co substrate (using Co interlayer). On the other hand, the Co6W6C was inhibited due to the addition of Ni foil, and replaced by the WC and (Ni, Co) solid solution resulting in satisfactory shear strength of the diffusion-bonded joint, where referring to using composite Ni/Co interlayer. The maximum shear strength of 418 MPa was achieved when the joint was diffusion-bonded at 1100 °C for 60 min using composite Ni/Co interlayer. In addition, ductile fracture occurred in the joint indicating propagation of cracks in the Ni-Co interdiffusion zone, and passing through the WC-Co substrate. Added up, this study provided experimental support for reliable joining cemented carbides to Fe- or Co-based alloys.}, urldate = {2024-10-14}, journal = {International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials}, author = {Li, Shiwei and Li, Zhaoxi and Chen, Yipeng and Zu, Yundi and Xiong, Jiangtao and Zhang, Fusheng and Li, Jinglong}, month = feb, year = {2022}, keywords = {Cemented carbide, Composite interlayer, Diffusion bonding, Mechanical properties, Microstructure}, pages = {105736}, } @article{wangFormingMechanismGrowth2022, title = {Forming mechanism and growth of {Kirkendall} voids of {Sn}/{Cu} joints for electronic packaging: {A} recent review}, volume = {6}, issn = {2666-3309}, shorttitle = {Forming mechanism and growth of {Kirkendall} voids of {Sn}/{Cu} joints for electronic packaging}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666330922000292}, doi = {10.1016/j.jajp.2022.100125}, abstract = {For the common Cu-Sn interconnection system in microelectronics packaging, a significant concern is the sporadic interfacial void formation within the Cu–Sn interface and intermetallic compound (IMC) layer during the service. The existence of these voids affects the electrical and mechanical properties of the joint and thus deteriorates reliability. Most scholars simply attribute the Kirkendall voids problem to the Kirkendall effect caused by the difference in Cu/Sn inter-diffusion coefficients. However, Kirkendall voids are formed for a combination of many reasons. The plating additives, current density, surface roughness, coating thickness, and substrate types affect the formation of Kirkendall voids. We believe that among the many factors affecting the formation of voids, the unbalanced diffusion of elements (Kirkendall effect) is the root cause, and impurities and Cu microstructure are the dominant factors. The addition of alloying elements to the solder affects the formation of voids by changing the unbalanced diffusion of elements. This paper releases the possible mechanism of Kirkendall voids and gives the perspective summary from three steps of void formation, and the available suppression method is given based on the final solution.}, urldate = {2024-10-14}, journal = {Journal of Advanced Joining Processes}, author = {Wang, Jianing and Chen, Jieshi and Zhang, Lixia and Zhang, Zhiyuan and Han, Yuzhu and Hu, Xiaowu and Lu, Hao and Zhang, Shuye}, month = nov, year = {2022}, keywords = {Alloying elements, Cu microstructure, Impurities, Kirkendall voids, Lead-free solder joints, Reliability}, pages = {100125}, } @article{kumarCavitationcorrosionAnalysisHVOFsprayed2024, title = {Cavitation-corrosion analysis of {HVOF}-sprayed {WC}-{Co}-{Cr}-graphene nanoplatelets coatings with {LST} pre-treatment}, volume = {120}, issn = {0263-4368}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263436824000581}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106610}, abstract = {The maritime sector, vital for global economic growth, encounters challenges due to the corrosive aquatic environment, particularly concerning cavitation erosion (CE). CE is a leading cause of turbo-machinery failure, causing critical damage to essential components like propellers and naval hulls. Recent research focuses on materials with improved CE resistance, emphasizing advanced coatings. Tungsten carbide (WC) cermet coatings, often containing cobalt (Co) and chromium (Cr), show promise in enhancing wear resistance and reducing cavitation erosion. With an aim to increase CE resistance, this paper investigates the application of a WC-10Co-4Cr + graphene nanoplatelet (GNPs) coating on an IS-2062 steel substrate using the High-Velocity Oxygen Fuel (HVOF) technique in conjunction with laser surface texturing as a pre-coating preparation technique. Also, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is utilized to study and optimize the coating's erosion behaviour, offering valuable insights for practical applications in challenging maritime environments. The analysis revealed that WC-10Co-4Cr + 2\% GNPs has the highest cavitation resistance, when compared to other coating configurations. Further, the HVOF-coated specimens exhibited significantly improved corrosion resistance, as evident from lower corrosion current densities (ICorr) ranging from 9.36 × 10−6 to 19.31 × 10−6 A/cm2 compared to the pristine substrate (ICorr = 66.32 × 10−6 A/cm2). Effect of GNPs was envisioned to be investigated, and the results reveled that the WC-10Co-4Cr + 2\% GNPs coated surface demonstrated the most notable reduction in corrosion rate (9.36 mm/y), highlighting its superior performance, attributed to GNPs reinforcement and a Cr binder that minimized porosity and mitigated micro-cavities and pitting corrosion.}, urldate = {2024-10-13}, journal = {International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials}, author = {Kumar, Vijay and Singh, Vikrant and Verma, Rajeev and Bansal, Anuj and Ghosh, Gourhari}, month = apr, year = {2024}, keywords = {Cavitation erosion, Graphene nanoplatelets, HVOF, IS-2062 steel, RSM, WC-10Co-4Cr}, pages = {106610}, } @article{ryooAnisotropicGrainGrowth2000, title = {Anisotropic grain growth based on the atomic adsorption model in {WC}-25 pct {Co} alloy}, volume = {31}, issn = {1543-1940}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-000-0220-1}, doi = {10.1007/s11661-000-0220-1}, abstract = {The process of triangular prism formation and abnormal grain growth of WC was modeled using pseudo-Monte-Carlo simulation based on atomic adsorption and the coalescence mechanism. Grains of WC evolved into a triangular prism shape due to \{10\% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-\% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn\% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr\% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9vqpe0x\% c9q8qqaqFn0dXdir-xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq-dir-f0-yqaqVe0xe9Fve9\% Fve9qapdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGabGymayaara\% aaaa!39F1!\$\${\textbackslash}bar 1\$\$0\} and \{1\% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-\% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn\% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr\% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9vqpe0x\% c9q8qqaqFn0dXdir-xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq-dir-f0-yqaqVe0xe9Fve9\% Fve9qapdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaacbaGab8Nmay\% aaraaaaa!39F2!\$\${\textbackslash}bar 2\$\$10\} planes of fast growth rate. Coalescence of \{10\% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-\% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn\% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr\% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9vqpe0x\% c9q8qqaqFn0dXdir-xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq-dir-f0-yqaqVe0xe9Fve9\% Fve9qapdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGabGymayaara\% aaaa!39F1!\$\${\textbackslash}bar 1\$\$0\} and \{1\% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-\% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn\% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr\% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9vqpe0x\% c9q8qqaqFn0dXdir-xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq-dir-f0-yqaqVe0xe9Fve9\% Fve9qapdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGabGymayaara\% aaaa!39F1!\$\${\textbackslash}bar 1\$\$00\} planes subsequent to the anisotropic evolution was the main reason for the abnormal grain growth. The probability of coalescence computed by the Monte-Carlo method agreed well with a theoretical prediction. Experimental evaluation of the computational model was made in sintered WC-25 wt pct Co alloy. The experimental alloy was made with WC powder of different particle size, 0.8 µm and −325 mesh, respectively, and with two different sintering conditions: solid-phase sintering and liquid-phase sintering. The sample made from the coarse powder (−325 mesh) showed the same morphological characteristics as those of the original milled state, whereas the sample made from the fine powder (0.8 µm) assumed a triangular prism shape quickly during solid-phase sintering. The anisotropic growth process of the latter sample could be explained by using the adsorption and coalescence model.}, language = {en}, number = {8}, urldate = {2024-10-14}, journal = {Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A}, author = {Ryoo, H. S. and Hwang, S. K. and Kim, B. K. and Chung, H. S.}, month = aug, year = {2000}, keywords = {Anisotropic Growth, Coarse Powder, Material Transaction, Misorientation Angle, Prism Plane}, pages = {1925--1935}, } @misc{AISI440Stainless, title = {{AISI} 440 {Stainless} {Steel}}, url = {https://www.matweb.com/search/datasheet.aspx?matguid=704ebd5797b944898f5cf39260fecce0&ckck=1}, language = {English}, urldate = {2024-10-14}, journal = {AISI 440 Stainless Steel}, } @article{limaCoatingFractureToughness2004, title = {Coating fracture toughness determined by {Vickers} indentation: an important parameter in cavitation erosion resistance of {WC}–{Co} thermally sprayed coatings}, volume = {177-178}, copyright = {https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/}, issn = {02578972}, shorttitle = {Coating fracture toughness determined by {Vickers} indentation}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0257897203009174}, doi = {10.1016/S0257-8972(03)00917-4}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-10-12}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Lima, M.M and Godoy, C and Modenesi, P.J and Avelar-Batista, J.C and Davison, A and Matthews, A}, month = jan, year = {2004}, keywords = {Cavitation erosion, Duplex coating, Thermal spraying, Vickers indentation fracture toughness}, pages = {489--496}, } @phdthesis{gillResidualStressesPlasma1993, type = {{PhdThesis}}, title = {Residual stresses in plasma sprayed deposits.}, shorttitle = {Residual {Stress} in {Plasma} {Sprayed} {Deposits}}, language = {English}, school = {University of Cambridge}, author = {Gill, Stephen Charles}, year = {1993}, } @article{wangWearCorrosionPerformance2013, title = {Wear and corrosion performance of {WC}-{10Co4Cr} coatings deposited by different {HVOF} and {HVAF} spraying processes}, volume = {218}, issn = {0257-8972}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S025789721201287X}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2012.12.041}, abstract = {This study compares three types of WC-10Co4Cr coatings deposited with high-velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) and high-velocity air fuel (HVAF) spraying processes. The experimental results indicated that the decarburisation of the WC in the WC-10Co4Cr coating was dramatically influenced by the spraying equipment, and the non-WC phase content in the as-sprayed coatings greatly influenced their performances. The HVAF-sprayed WC-10Co-4Cr coating revealed the lowest degree of decarburisation, achieving the best properties in terms of hardness, fracture toughness, abrasive and sliding wear as well as electrochemical corrosion resistance when compared to the two HVOF-sprayed WC-10Co-4Cr coatings.}, urldate = {2024-10-12}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Wang, Qun and Zhang, Shiying and Cheng, Yingliang and Xiang, Jing and Zhao, Xinqi and Yang, Guibin}, month = mar, year = {2013}, keywords = {Abrasive wear, Electrochemical corrosion, HVAF, Sliding wear, WC-CoCr coating}, pages = {127--136}, } @misc{CityThatWent, title = {The city that went green to keep cool}, url = {https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20230922-how-medellin-is-beating-the-heat-with-green-corridors}, abstract = {Medellín's green corridors have been lauded for their cooling and environmental benefits. How well is the project working and what can other cities learn from it?}, language = {en-GB}, urldate = {2024-09-26}, } @misc{TetheredDroneCan, title = {Tethered drone can detect cracks in walls and concrete}, url = {https://www.dti.dk/services/tethered-drone-can-detect-cracks-in-walls-and-concrete/39267}, abstract = {With a setup that is small enough to fit in the trunk of a small car, a drone solution developed by the Danish Technological Institute can inspect walls and concrete.}, urldate = {2024-09-26}, } @misc{USAgingInfrastructure2022, title = {{US}: {Aging} infrastructure sags under the pressure of climate change {\textbar} {PreventionWeb}}, shorttitle = {{US}}, url = {https://www.preventionweb.net/news/intense-heat-waves-and-flooding-are-battering-electricity-and-water-systems-americas-aging}, abstract = {The United States is consistently falling short on funding infrastructure maintenance. A report by former Federal Reserve Board Chairman Paul Volcker’s Volcker Alliance in 2019 estimated the U.S. has a US\$1 trillion backlog of needed repairs.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-09-26}, month = sep, year = {2022}, } @misc{krellaFractionalApproachModelling2011, title = {On fractional approach in modelling cavitation erosion processes}, abstract = {For at least 4 decades now the non-uniform distribution of local force pulses exerted on a solid surface by pressure waves and liquid micro-jets, generated in result of the collapse of cavitation bubbles in the impinged surface vicinity, has been considered the main reason of various peculiarities observed in course of cavitation erosion processes. The single cavitation shock wave or micro-jet pulse acting on a solid surface may be described by several more or less precisely defined global parameters, including maximum local pressure amplitude, pulse duration, solid/liquid interaction area, total force pulse amplitude and impulse. Due to various reasons, including measurement technique constraints, the total force amplitude as meas-ured using a pressure sensor is the most widely used parameter. In fact, even this parameter is hardly measurable directly as the resonance frequency of commercially available sensors and transducers is typi-cally in the range of hundreds of kilohertz whereas cavitation pulse duration may be as short as tens of nanoseconds. Despite this obvious shortcoming, the amplitude distribution of electrical signals coming from the measurement system is generally named amplitude distribution of cavitation pulses and consid-ered the main characteristics of cavitation impingement intensity. Analysing fractional distribution of cavitation pulse amplitudes can be really helpful in explaining deviations from simplified cavitation ero-sion scaling laws and limited applicability of classic mechanical parameter combinations as cavitation resistance parameters. Fractional analysis of cavitation pulses can help also in acquiring better insight into erosion mechanism of some inhomogeneous materials. In this contribution we present application of fractional analysis on the aforementioned two levels of gene-rality. The first application concerns our efforts to achieve better compatibility in cavitation resistance basing on tests conducted at different test rigs. Incompatibility between assessments based on various techniques is generally considered a major obstacle in reliable prediction of cavitation erosion threat under field conditions. The severity of this problem was confirmed 12 years ago in the Preliminary Report of the International Cavitation Erosion Test project, co-ordinated by one of the authors. The document revealed additionally high dependence of the relationship between volume losses of different materials on cavita-tion intensity and, most probably, on cavitation pulses amplitude distribution. The backbone of our concept is differential superposition of monofractional volume loss curves described by some analytical formulae and plotted versus cumulative energy delivered to the material surface by impinging cavitation pulses. Material resistance to erosive load is represented by a set of parameters defin-ing the monofractional curves of mean depth of erosion. The methodology proposed allows to derive the monofractional curves basing on tests conducted on the same material under different test conditions and to retrieve the impingement structure basing on erosion curves of some reference materials. Some details of experimental techniques applied to determine the cavitation pulses distribution in a double barricade cavitation tunnel and the basics of numerical algorithms applied in the data processing software will be presented together with results of the first validation tests. The prospects and limitations of the approach proposed will be discussed as well. As our final aim is to develop a mature method, ready for implementation in international laboratory practice, the intention of the authors is to propose a relevant interlaboratory project after tests in our lab are finished with a positive result. The present workshop is expected to provide an excellent platform to discuss the issue. The second application is explaining the mechanism of cavitation degradation of hard thin films deposited by means of the PVD method on a steel substrate. Following the adopted approach, cavitation pulses are divided into three fractions. The first fraction is the fraction of cavitation pulses always capable to cause plastic deformation. The deg-radation due to this fraction may be compared to a low-cycle fatigue process. Pressure pulses hitting the solid surface are featured by short duration and high amplitudes. Due to high strain rate, delivered and generated heat has not enough time to transfer, so the process in the impact spot is an adiabatic one. The deformation process is accompanied by a stepwise increase in entropy. Violent cumulation of energy in the impact spot can cause a local change in material properties, e.g. local thermal softening. In case of cavitation erosion this phenomena is intensified by heat delivered from the collapse of cavitation bubbles. After implosion, the impinged surface is rapidly cooled by water. Thus, in addition to the mechanical stress cycles also thermal cycles occur. As a result, thermal fatigue should be included in the analysis of the degradation process. The second fraction is that of cavitation pulses causing the elastic or elastic-plastic deformation. This re-sults in a degradation process comparable with a high-cycle fatigue. Degradation occurs after millions of impacts. Heat generated by millions of pulses with wide range of impact pressure is locally transferred after a while depending on thermal conduction coefficient of a given material. An increase in material temperature influences the local material expansion and facilitates dislocation movement. The third fraction is the group of cavitation pulses which act with low dynamic force of few kPa and can cause only elastic deformation. The deformation process shows an isothermal character. Huge number of low-amplitude pulses slowly increases the dislocation density. Heat transferred to the deeper layers of a given material facilitates the dislocation movement and elastic deformation. The presented description shows cavitation erosion as a complex process of mechanical and thermal fa-tigue under variable - amplitude loading. The stress development in the material shows both the mechani-cal and the thermal component. Hence, crack length growth is also related to the thermal properties of the material. Consequently, mechanical and thermal properties of the material should be included in the deg-radation process analysis. In case of coating/substrate systems the degradation is complicated due to coating and substrate interfer-ence. Consequently, degradation of hard coatings under cavitation action is related to substrate properties, especially properties affecting the coating-substrate mismatch and coating delamination threat. Pulses of all fractions hit the coating independently and simultaneously causing its gradual degradation. The final result of coating degradation is the cumulation of degradation due to each fraction.}, author = {Krella, Alicja and Steller, Janusz}, month = mar, year = {2011}, } @misc{stellerFractionalApproachModelling2022, title = {On fractional approach to modelling the erosive cavitation load under laboratory and field conditions. {Selected} problems}, abstract = {The purpose of this contribution is to report on further progress in development of the fractional approach to assess quantitatively structural material resistance to cavitation and predict material performance in the field basing on laboratory erosion tests. The research follows previous stud-ies on fractional erosion resistance concept as a remedy to incompatible assessments based on laboratory tests conducted under different cavitation conditions. The significance of this meth-odological problem was reconfirmed at the turn of the previous and this century by results of the International Cavitation Erosion Test project. In this paper the mentioned fractional resistance concept is outlined in context of over 120 years long history of cavitation erosion research. Some key challenges and ideas are included in a brief historical overview. The essence of the fractional resistance concept is considering the realistic erosive load to be represented by a load histogram consisting of several (amplitude) fractions. The methodology derived uses cumulative volume loss curves determined under realistic polyfractional load conditions in order to derive erosion curves corresponding to virtual single fractional loads occurring separately at the refer-ence test rig. The procedure requires determining the impinged surface load at the reference rig which can be done by means of miniature piezoelectric pressure transducers of high resonance frequency. The main disadvantage of this technique is insufficiently high temporal and spatial transducer signal pulse resolution. Alternative options include using soft reference material in order to assess cavitation aggressiveness basing on pit size distribution in the early stage of ero-sion or calculating the load by means of available CFD techniques. The main advantage of the last approach is perspective of predicting the structural material volume loss in the field basing on laboratory erosion test results. Following the approach proposed in previous decade by For-tes-Patella and other authors, cavitation load can be calculated as the flux of energy transferred via liquid by bubbles collapsing in direct neighbourhood of the impinged surface. The approach requires always calculating the unsteady cavitating flow which generates pressure fluctuations directly responsible for the mentioned sequence of events. For this purpose cavitation modelling packages of commercially available software are often used. The present paper reports on some results of preliminary calculations conducted by means of the academic version of ANSYS Flu-ent package for the double-barricade tunnel flow system as used in our experimental studies. It is apparent that with standard water quality conditions the Schnerr-Sauer model provides results reproducing reality much better than that of Zwart-Gerber-Belamri. Nevertheless, the frequency of pressure pulses is still much lower than that in the nature. The amplitude of pressure pulses and the energy flux delivered to the streamlined surface have been not assessed as the software applied does not include still the necessary post-processing package. This will be developed in the nearest future together with efforts to bring pressure fluctuation frequency closer to the ex-perimental data.}, author = {Steller, Janusz and Krzemianowski, Zbigniew}, month = aug, year = {2022}, } @article{dularNumericalModellingCavitation2009, title = {Numerical modelling of cavitation erosion}, volume = {61}, issn = {1097-0363}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/fld.2003}, doi = {10.1002/fld.2003}, abstract = {The goal of the work is to investigate the possibility of cavitation erosion prediction using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools only. For that purpose, a numerical process based on a coupling between CFD and an erosion model is presented and tested in several configurations of cavitating flow on a two-dimensional hydrofoil. The CFD code, which is based on the homogeneous approach, was previously validated on numerous experiments. In the present work, the predictions of velocity and pressure evolutions in the vicinity of the hydrofoil are compared with experimentally measured data. A close agreement is systematically obtained. The erosion model is based on the physical description of phenomena from cavitation cloud implosion, pressure wave emission and its attenuation, micro-jet formation and finally to the pit formation. The coupling between CFD and the erosion model is based on the use of local pressure, void fraction and velocity values to determine the magnitude of damage at a certain point. The results are compared with the experimentally measured damage on the hydrofoil. In the experiments a thin copper foil applied to the surface of the hydrofoil was used as an erosion sensor. A pit-count method was applied to evaluate the damage. The comparison shows that it is possible to use solely CFD tools to predict time evolution of cavitation erosion, including final extent and magnitude, with a very good accuracy. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.}, language = {en}, number = {12}, urldate = {2024-08-01}, journal = {International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids}, author = {Dular, Matevž and Coutier-Delgosha, Olivier}, year = {2009}, note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/fld.2003}, keywords = {cavitation, computational fluid dynamics, erosion, erosion model, pit count, piv}, pages = {1388--1410}, } @misc{SciHubTwoAspects, title = {Sci-{Hub} {\textbar} {Two} {Aspects} of {Cavitation} {Damage} in the {Incubation} {Zone}: {Scaling} by {Energy} {Considerations} and {Leading} {Edge} {Damage}. {Journal} of {Fluids} {Engineering}, 102(4), 481 {\textbar} 10.1115/1.3240729}, url = {https://sci-hub.st/https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3240729}, urldate = {2024-08-01}, } @misc{safonovNewMethodsAssessing2024, title = {New methods for assessing cavitation load and resistance of structural materials and protective coatings for the nuclear power industry. {Part} {I}. {Monofractional} approach}, abstract = {Although anticipated already by L.Euler (Theorie plus complette des machines qui sont mises en mouvement par la reaction de l’eau,1756), it was only at the beginning of the last century when cavitation was identified as one of the main constraints in further development of the high speed hydraulic turbomachinery and other equipment. The sig-nificance of the problem was even better recognised when it came to development of edge-cutting technologies in the aerospace and nuclear industries in the mid of previous century. It is just to be mentioned that the nuclear industry boom of 1960’ies and 70’ies was accompanied by quite a number of studies dealing with cavitation not only in water, but also in sodium, mercury and other liquid metals used as nuclear reactor cooling media. Keeping the highest safety standards of nuclear cooling systems is generally consid-ered essential as most of nuclear incidents have been linked so far with the cooling system failures. Therefore, avoiding cavitation is generally required. In case cavitation cannot be completely avoided, it is essential that the phenomenon exerts no harmful effects on the streamlined surfaces. The goal can be achieved by selection of cavitation resistant struc-tural materials or applying highly resistant protective coatings. In both cases reliable as-sessment of the surface layer resistance to cavitation load expected in the flow system is of paramount significance. An example of load control is Framatome's ultra-high pressure cavitation peening process, which provides an innovative solution for treating light water reactor surfaces, preventing stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and mitigating aging. This applies to key components of the primary circuit system - reactor head nozzle penetrations (RVG), instrument penetrations (PIB) and primary circuit body nozzles . In the simplest approach, the cavitation load can be characterized by the cavitation intensity factor, defined as the energy flux density delivered to the surface by cavitation pressure pulses. The coefficient is usually calculated using amplitude histograms of the resulting electrical pulses transmitted by piezoelectric transducers. In the case of some relatively soft materials (Armco-iron, lead or zinc), the efficiency of energy absorption is weakly dependent on the pulse amplitude and volume loss curves plotted against the de-livered energy, as determined by the above procedure. Such materials can be used to roughly estimate the total energy flux transferred by cavitation pulses to a solid surface, using the above erosion curves as calibration curves. This approach was used by the au-thors to determine the load distribution of an Armco cast iron specimen tested on a rotat-ing disk rig, based on erosion calibration curves obtained from cavitation tunneling tests. Erosion profiles were extracted from 3D X-ray tomograms of Armco iron samples after rotating disk testing. Then, using these profiles, the load distribution over the surface was determined. Also, based on these results, the dependence of the fraction of the removed TiN protective coating on titanium (applied by the Arc-PVD method at NSC KIPT) on time was obtained under various local loads when tested at a cavitation station with a ro-tating disk (IMP PAN).}, author = {Safonov, Vladimir and Steller, Janusz and Kuprin, A.}, month = apr, year = {2024}, } @misc{stellerNewMethodsAssessing2024, title = {New methods for assessing cavitation load and resistance of structural materials and protective coatings for the nuclear power industry. {Part} {II}. {Polyfractional} approach}, abstract = {While there exists a general consensus on the fundamental role of the total energy absorbed by the cavitation impinged surface on its erosion progress, there exists also a widespread understanding that the qualitative features of this energy are of essential sig-nificance. As already mentioned in the previous part of this contribution, some of them can be represented by the distribution of the delivered energy flux density fractions estab-lished according to single cavitation pulse amplitude or energy. The cavitation erosion model developed by one of the authors assumes the volume loss curve following from a single fractional load to be described by a three-parameter analytical curve with delivered energy as a parameter (Steller, 2020). The polyfractional erosion curve is always plotted vs test duration and a differential superposition of monofractional curves is to be applied for this purpose. The mentioned superposition rule is the basis for deriving the kinetic equation of polyfractional erosion process. In case an analytically reversible function is used to model the monofractional erosion curve the superposition rule can be expressed in form of an ordinary differential equation of the first order which can be easily solved by some classic techniques, e.g. Runge-Kutta method of the fourth order. The adjectives “general” and “special” are used for kinetic equations with unspecified and specified modelling function, respectively. The methodology requires conducting a number of tests under different, but strictly specified, load conditions in order to derive a set of parameters (cavitation resistance ma-trix) describing material performance under monofractional loads. On the other hand, test-ing a number of reference materials with previously established resistance matrices allows to avoid detailed cavitation pulse or pit analysis when establishing the cavitation load vec-tor. In case protecting coating performance is assessed instead of that of a structural ma-terial, it is highly desirable to replace the volume or mass loss curve by the degree of coat-ing destruction. In case of thin coatings (destroyed mainly by adhesion failure to with-stand the shear forces) the authors recommend to define the destruction degree as a ratio of erosively uncovered base material surface area to the total surface exposed. In case of thick coatings (destroyed mainly by stepwise erosion penetration through the protective layer) the ratio of the mean depth of erosion (MDE) to the coating thickness is recom-mended instead. In both cases the authors recommended to use Weibull probability func-tion as a monofractional erosion modelling function. Further details of this approach will be discussed in the full version of our contribution}, author = {Steller, Janusz and Safonov, Vladimir}, month = apr, year = {2024}, } @article{patellaMassLossSimulation2013, title = {Mass loss simulation in cavitation erosion: {Fatigue} criterion approach}, volume = {300}, shorttitle = {Mass loss simulation in cavitation erosion}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043164813001403}, number = {1-2}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Patella, Regiane Fortes and Choffat, Thierry and Reboud, Jean-Luc and Archer, Antoine}, year = {2013}, note = {Publisher: Elsevier}, keywords = {Cavitation erosion, Damage modeling, Damage testing, Elastoplastic constitutive equation, Fluid/material coupling, Profilometry}, pages = {205--215}, } @misc{GoalIndustryInnovation, title = {Goal 9: {Industry}, innovation and infrastructure {\textbar} {United} {Nations} {Development} {Programme}}, shorttitle = {Goal 9}, url = {https://www.undp.org/sustainable-development-goals/industry-innovation-and-infrastructure}, abstract = {Investment in infrastructure and innovation are crucial drivers of economic growth and development. With over half the world population now living in cities, mass transport and renewable energy are becoming ever more important, as are the growth of new industries and information and communication technologies. Technological progress is also key to finding lasting solutions to both economic and environmental challenges, such as providing new jobs and promoting energy efficiency. Promoting sustainable industries, and investing in scientific research and innovation, are all important ways to facilitate sustainable development. More than 4 billion people still do not have access to the Internet, and 90 percent are from the developing world. Bridging this digital divide is crucial to ensure equal access to information and knowledge, as well as foster innovation and entrepreneurship.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-09-26}, journal = {UNDP}, } @misc{stellerICET_DataBasezip2020, title = {{ICET}\_DataBase.zip}, abstract = {The file represents a zipped MS Excel database of tabulated ICET results as sent to the co-ordinator by project contributors. The files are furnished with macros enabling easy viewing of all the volume loss and mean depth of erosion curves. The database was developed by Mr Afonso Sugiyama, Brasilian student staying with us in August 1999.}, author = {Steller, Janusz and Gireń, Bolesław}, month = oct, year = {2020}, } @techreport{CuttingCostCavitation, title = {Cutting the {Cost} of {Cavitation}}, url = {https://www.gallois.be/ggmagazine_2014/gg_02_03_2014_54.pdf}, urldate = {2024-10-12}, institution = {Royal Belgian Institute of Marine Engineers}, } @article{floresCorrosionErosionCorrosionProcesses2012, title = {Corrosion and {Erosion}-{Corrosion} {Processes} of {Metal}-{Matrix} {Composites} in {Slurry} {Conditions}}, volume = {21}, issn = {1544-1024}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-011-9926-z}, doi = {10.1007/s11665-011-9926-z}, abstract = {The corrosion and erosion-corrosion (EC) processes of four metal-matrix composites (MMCs) in a simulated cooling water environment have been assessed in this article. The MMCs consisted of two Ni-base and two Fe-base matrices alloyed with different concentrations of chromium, molybdenum, boron, silicon, and carbon; the matrices were reinforced with tungsten carbide (WC) particles. The corrosion behavior has been investigated using a combination of potentiostatic polarization and post-tests surface analysis. The EC processes were studied by in situ electrochemical techniques measuring the current density and corrosion potential response at different slurry temperatures and sand content. At static conditions it was found that as the temperature increased, there was a transition from a homogeneous corrosion of the matrix to an interfacial corrosion mechanism. The Ni-base MMCs showed a better corrosion resistance and interestingly a highly alloyed matrix did not significantly improved MMC’s corrosion resistance. In the in situ EC tests, the Fe-base MMCs showed a constant increase in the current density at all sand contents. Whereas, significant changes were not observed in the Ni-base MMCs below 0.5 g/L. Although sand content had an effect on the monitored current density (the current increased as the sand content increased) this effect was less pronounced above 3 g/L.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-10-12}, journal = {Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance}, author = {Flores, J. F. and Neville, A. and Kapur, N. and Gnanavelu, A.}, month = mar, year = {2012}, keywords = {corrosion testing, erosion-corrosion, metal-matrix composites, slurry transportation}, pages = {395--405}, } @misc{safonovCorrelationMechanicalProperties2020, title = {Correlation between mechanical properties and cavitation erosion damage}, author = {Safonov, Vladimir and Zykova, Anna and Steller, Janusz and Seramak, Tomasz}, month = dec, year = {2020}, } @article{fieldCavitationImpactedDrops2012, title = {Cavitation in impacted drops and jets and the effect on erosion damage thresholds}, volume = {290-291}, issn = {0043-1648}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043164812000968}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2012.03.006}, abstract = {It is well known that metals and alloys erode at lower impact threshold velocities than expected. This was studied by Thomas and Brunton (1970) [1] who reported “discrepancy factors” in the range 4–10. These authors suggested that liquid impact was a more searching impact than solid impact since it was able to exploit weaknesses in the metal. Further, as erosion develops the sideways liquid flow can add shear stresses to surface steps and hydraulically load liquid trapped in cracks and crevices. In 1970, Brunton and Camus [2], [3] showed that during the impact process cavities could form inside the liquid drops, and that some collapsed onto the solid surface. This provided a second potential mechanism to explain the low damage threshold with the cavity collapse adding to the “water hammer” pressures. However, Brunton and Camus were cautious in offering this as a potential mechanism. In this paper, we argue that the Brunton and Camus experiments were in a relatively low velocity regime (20–70ms−1), compared with those in turbine erosion and rain erosion of aircraft components. This paper presents high-speed photographic sequences of cavity formation and shock propagation in impacted liquids using a range of techniques. Finally, a new method is described in which a metal projectile is fired at a liquid jet. This produces large amounts of cavitation. Our conclusion is that the cavity collapse process can explain the observed lower threshold velocities.}, urldate = {2024-08-04}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Field, J. E. and Camus, J. -J. and Tinguely, M. and Obreschkow, D. and Farhat, M.}, month = jun, year = {2012}, keywords = {Cavitation, Erosion, High-speed photography}, pages = {154--160}, } @misc{CloudburstManagementPlan2022, title = {Cloudburst {Management} {Plan} - {Copenhagen}}, url = {https://interlace-hub.com/cloudburst-management-plan-copenhagen}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-09-26}, journal = {Interlace Hub}, month = aug, year = {2022}, } @incollection{katzAcousticCavitationProcess2018, title = {Acoustic {Cavitation} as {Process} {Intensifier}: {A} {Phenomenological} {Study}}, isbn = {978-0-7918-6185-1}, shorttitle = {Acoustic {Cavitation} as {Process} {Intensifier}}, url = {https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ebooks/book/228/chapter/2931033/acoustic-cavitation-as-process-intensifier-a}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-08-04}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 10th {International} {Symposium} on {Cavitation} ({CAV2018})}, publisher = {ASME Press}, editor = {Katz, Joseph}, year = {2018}, doi = {10.1115/1.861851_ch8}, pages = {33--38}, } @misc{ReviewCavitationErosion, title = {A {Review} of {Cavitation} {Erosion} on {Pumps} and {Valves} in {Nuclear} {Power} {Plants}}, url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/5/1007}, urldate = {2024-10-12}, } @article{kuzavovNewModelErosion2019, title = {A {New} {Model} of {Erosion} {Destruction}}, volume = {64}, issn = {1562-6903}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1134/S1028335819120097}, doi = {10.1134/S1028335819120097}, abstract = {A new physical (experimental) model of cavitation destruction of the materials studied is proposed. In the modern model of the cavitation effect, the destruction of materials is associated with the impacts of cumulative jets, which are formed during the asymmetric slamming of cavitation bubbles near the solid surface, and the shock waves that occur during their compression. In the new model, erosion damage is explained by the formation of cavitation tubes (с-tubes) with a spiral high-frequency structure in the materials under consideration, and these tubes were previously unknown in the literature. The destruction of materials is associated with the focusing of acoustic energy along the axis of the spiral structures. When the energy is focused, there is a significant increase in the pressure and temperature along the axis of the spiral structures, which leads to the destruction of the materials under study.}, language = {en}, number = {12}, urldate = {2024-08-01}, journal = {Doklady Physics}, author = {Kuzavov, V. T.}, month = dec, year = {2019}, pages = {479--481}, } @article{berchicheCavitationErosionModel, title = {A {Cavitation} {Erosion} {Model} for {Ductile} {Materials}}, abstract = {An analytical model is proposed for the prediction of cavitation erosion of ductile materials. It is based upon a physical analysis of the work-hardening process due to the successive bubble collapses. The material is characterized by its classical stress-strain relationship and its metallurgical behaviour is analysed from microhardness measurements on cross sections of eroded samples. The flow aggressiveness is determined from pitting tests, using the material properties to go back to the impact loads. The histogram of impact loads is applied numerically a large number of times on the material surface and the evolution of the mass loss with the exposure time is computed. The approach is supported by experimental tests.}, language = {en}, author = {Berchiche, N and Franc, J P and Michel, J M}, } @article{nevilleErosionCavitationCorrosion2001, series = {13th {International} {Conference} on {Wear} of {Materials}}, title = {Erosion– and cavitation–corrosion of titanium and its alloys}, volume = {250}, issn = {0043-1648}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043164801007098}, doi = {10.1016/S0043-1648(01)00709-8}, abstract = {The economic and effective operation of machinery and plant involved in fluids handling is increasingly dependent on the utilisation of materials that combine high corrosion resistance and good wear resistance. This paper studies two wear–corrosion situations: (1) erosion–corrosion, where the wear is due to impacting solids in a liquid medium and (2) cavitation–corrosion, where the wear is due to impacting liquid micro-jets formed by imploding air bubbles. The characteristics of a commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti) and three alloys in erosion–corrosion and cavitation–corrosion conditions have been studied. The erosion–corrosion characteristics of each material was assessed using an impinging-jet apparatus. The tests were performed at an angle of impingement of 90°C at a particle velocity of 17m/s and in a saline solution of 3.5\% NaCl at 18°C. A series of experiments was conducted to determine the mass loss by combined erosion–corrosion before independently determining the electrochemical corrosion contribution to mass loss. It has been shown that exposure to liquid–solid erosion causes disruption of the passive film on Ti and active corrosion occurs. In contrast, the materials exhibited passive behaviour in static conditions and when exposed to a cavitating liquid only CP-Ti became active. The role of corrosion in these wear–corrosion environments on CP-Ti and Ti-alloys is discussed in this paper.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-10-12}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Neville, A. and McDougall, B. A. B.}, month = oct, year = {2001}, keywords = {Cavitation, Corrosion, Erosion, Titanium, Titanium alloys}, pages = {726--735}, } @article{hongUltrasonicCavitationErosion2015, title = {Ultrasonic cavitation erosion of high-velocity oxygen-fuel ({HVOF}) sprayed near-nanostructured {WC}–{10Co}–{4Cr} coating in {NaCl} solution}, volume = {26}, issn = {1350-4177}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350417715000243}, doi = {10.1016/j.ultsonch.2015.01.012}, abstract = {The high-velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF) spraying process was used to prepare near-nanostructured WC–10Co–4Cr coating. The cavitation erosion behavior and mechanism of the coating in 3.5wt.\% NaCl solution were analyzed in detail. The results showed that the amorphous phase and WC grain were present in the coating. The cavitation erosion resistance of the coating was about 1.27 times that of the stainless steel 1Cr18Ni9Ti under the same testing conditions. The effects of erosion time on the microstructural evolution were discussed. It was revealed that cracks initiated at the edge of pre-existing pores and propagated along the carbide–binder interface, leading to the pull-out of carbide particle and the formation of pits and craters on the surface. The main failure mechanism of the coating was erosion of the binder phases, brittle detachment of hard phases and formation of pitting corrosion products.}, urldate = {2024-10-12}, journal = {Ultrasonics Sonochemistry}, author = {Hong, Sheng and Wu, Yuping and Zhang, Jianfeng and Zheng, Yugui and Qin, Yujiao and Lin, Jinran}, month = sep, year = {2015}, keywords = {Cavitation, Coating, HVOF, Near-nanostructured, WC–10Co–4Cr}, pages = {87--92}, } @article{wangCavitationSandSlurry2015, title = {Cavitation and {Sand} {Slurry} {Erosion} {Resistances} of {WC}-{10Co}-{4Cr} {Coatings}}, volume = {24}, issn = {1544-1024}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-015-1496-z}, doi = {10.1007/s11665-015-1496-z}, abstract = {Two WC-10Co-4Cr coatings were deposited by high-velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) and high-velocity air fuel (HVAF) spray processes, respectively, and their basic mechanical properties, cavitation and sand slurry erosion resistances were investigated. The results show that the HVAF-sprayed WC-10Co-4Cr coating exhibited a lower degree of decarburization and better properties in terms of hardness, fracture toughness, porosity, cavitation and sand slurry erosion resistances than those of the HVOF-sprayed WC-10Co-4Cr coatings, respectively. Therefore, HVAF-sprayed WC-10Co-4Cr coatings may be better employed for the protection of hydro-turbine component surfaces against cavitation and sand slurry erosion.}, language = {en}, number = {6}, urldate = {2024-10-12}, journal = {Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance}, author = {Wang, Qun and Tang, Zhaoxi and Cha, Limei}, month = jun, year = {2015}, keywords = {HVAF, HVOF, WC-10Co-4Cr, cavitation, sand slurry erosion}, pages = {2435--2443}, } @article{weiEffect35NaCl2023, title = {Effect of 3.5 \% {NaCl} solution with different {Na2S} concentrations on ultrasonic cavitation erosion behaviors of {HVOF} sprayed {WC}-{Ni} coatings}, volume = {101}, issn = {1350-4177}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350417723004194}, doi = {10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106707}, abstract = {In this article, the WC-10Ni coatings were fabricated by HVOF spray, then the ultrasonic cavitation erosion performances of the coatings in distilled water and 3.5 wt\% NaCl solution with various Na2S concentrations (0, 20 and 200 ppm) were investigated. The results of the cumulative volume loss of the coating in different mediums showed that the coating exhibited enhanced cavitation erosion resistance with the increase of Na2S concentrations in medium. The reason for the improvement on the cavitation erosion performance was the growth of corrosion product films containing sulphide. In comparison with the coating after cavitation erosion in medium without Na2S, no large craters and deep grooves were observed on the eroded coating surface in medium with Na2S. The ultrasonic cavitation damage of the coating manifests as the spall of the metal binder phase (Ni) and exposure of the hard phase (WC).}, urldate = {2024-10-12}, journal = {Ultrasonics Sonochemistry}, author = {Wei, Ziyu and Shi, Xinlu and Cui, Dandong and Wei, Zheng and Hong, Sheng}, month = dec, year = {2023}, keywords = {Cavitation erosion, Coating, HVOF, Sulphide, WC-Ni}, pages = {106707}, } @article{vazCavitationResistanceFeMnCrSi2024, title = {Cavitation resistance of {FeMnCrSi} coatings processed by different thermal spray processes}, volume = {5}, issn = {2773-207X}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773207X23001082}, doi = {10.1016/j.hybadv.2023.100125}, abstract = {Cavitation-resistant FeMnCrSi coatings were developed in the past years as a cost-effective alternative to Co-containing alloys to increase the lifespan of hydraulic machinery. The effect of different chemical compositions, surface finishing, and post-processing treatments was investigated for various processing techniques, namely: Arc Spraying Process (ASP), High-Velocity Oxy-Fuel (HVOF), High-Velocity Air-Fuel (HVAF), Plasma Transferred Arc (PTA), and Cold Gas Spray (CGS). This works consists of a compilation and review of original and literature results, and discusses the microstructure changes imparted by each type of processing and their impact on the coating properties and cavitation resistance. Low heat input high-velocity processes (HVOF, HVAF, CGS) developed a reduced degree of oxidation and porosity, accounting for a cavitation resistance higher than that of the coatings that ASP processed. In addition, ASP coatings showed reduced cohesive strength, with the oxidized inter-splat interface being a preferential site for crack propagation.}, urldate = {2024-10-12}, journal = {Hybrid Advances}, author = {Vaz, Rodolpho F. and Silveira, Luciana L. and Cruz, Juliane R. and Pukasiewicz, Anderson G. M.}, month = apr, year = {2024}, keywords = {Cavitation, Cladding, Coating, FeMnCrSi, Thermal spraying, Wear}, pages = {100125}, } @article{houCavitationErosionMechanisms2020, title = {Cavitation erosion mechanisms in {Co}-based coatings exposed to seawater}, volume = {60}, issn = {1350-4177}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350417719306327}, doi = {10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.104799}, abstract = {The cavitation erosion (CE) of most materials in seawater is more serious than in fresh water due to the onset of corrosion; however, in a previous study we reported results that contradict this widely accepted trend. In this research our objective is to provide fundamental insight into the mechanisms that may be responsible for these earlier results. To accomplish this objective, two types of Co-based coatings, prepared by high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) spraying system, were used to further investigate the underlying corrosion-mitigating CE mechanism in seawater. Accordingly, the influence of spraying parameters on microstructure, composition and mechanical properties of the coatings was analyzed on the basis of SEM, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, Vicker’s hardness and nano-indentation results. Electrochemical corrosion tests were used to evaluate the corrosion behavior of the Co-based coatings. Their CE performances in seawater and deionized water were comparatively studied by a vibratory apparatus. Results demonstrated that a higher flame temperature facilitated the oxides formation with associated improvements in compactness, hardness and toughness of the coatings. The presence of alumina in combination with the oxides formed in-situ facilitated the formation of an oxidation film on surfaces, and effectively enhanced the charge transfer resistance of the coating, thereby significantly improving the corrosion resistance in seawater. Metallic Co was not only more easily oxidized but also more readily corroded than the alloyed Co. Compactness was identified as an important factor affecting CE resistance of coatings in deionized water, because defects facilitate the nucleation and eventual collapse of bubbles. Moreover, bubble collapse produced a transient high temperature spike in excess of 600 °C that also caused Co and Cr elements to oxidize. Because the CE tests were carried out in seawater, additional Co3O4 and Cr2O3 were generated owing to corrosion that more effectively increased the surface compactness and mechanical properties of the coatings. This behavior was particular notable for coatings with metallic Co and Cr, which should be why seawater corrosion could weaken the CE of Co-based coatings.}, urldate = {2024-06-29}, journal = {Ultrasonics Sonochemistry}, author = {Hou, Guoliang and Ren, Yi and Zhang, Xiaoliang and Dong, Fengxia and An, Yulong and Zhao, Xiaoqin and Zhou, Huidi and Chen, Jianmin}, month = jan, year = {2020}, keywords = {Cavitation erosion, Co-based coating, Corrosion, Mechanical properties, Oxidation}, pages = {104799}, } @article{yuTriboMechanicalEvaluationsCobaltBased2007, title = {Tribo-{Mechanical} {Evaluations} of {Cobalt}-{Based} ({Stellite} 4) {Alloys} {Manufactured} via {HIPing} and {Casting}}, abstract = {Cobalt-based alloys are known for their excellent wear resistance, particularly under high temperature and corrosive environments. However the cast cobalt-based alloys have relatively high brittleness, and low toughness, due to their coarse carbide structure. This paper aims to comprehend if carbide refinement, caused by changing the processing route from sand casting to powder consolidated Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIPing), can improve the tribo-mechanical properties of cobalt-based alloys. The alloy selected for this investigation had a nominal wt.\% composition of Co-30Cr-14W-1C, which is similar to the composition of the commercially available Stellite®4 alloy. The Hot Isostatic Pressed (HIPed) alloy had a much finer microstructure than the cast alloy, which showed a typical hypoeutectic dendritic microstructure. Both alloys had similar hardness. Although the cast alloy showed slightly better abrasive and sliding wear resistance than the HIPed alloy due to their coarser eutectic carbides, the HIPed alloy had a significant advantage on the impact toughness and contact fatigue performance. The results of this comparative investigation indicated that the HIPed alloy had an attractive combination of tribo-mechanical properties, i.e. improved impact and fatigue resistance, whilst preserving the high hardness and good wear resistance associated with the cast alloy, making it suitable for relatively higher stress applications.}, language = {en}, author = {Yu, H and Ahmed, R and Lovelock, H de Villiers and Davies, S}, year = {2007}, } @article{wangThermodynamicAnalysisTopologically2019, title = {Thermodynamic analysis of the topologically close packed σ phase in the {CoCr} system}, volume = {105}, issn = {0966-9795}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0966979518306885}, doi = {10.1016/j.intermet.2018.11.004}, abstract = {Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that it is essential to consider the magnetic contribution to the total energy for the end-members of the σ phase. A more straightforward method to use the DFT results in a CALPHAD (Calculation of phase diagrams) description has been applied in the present work. It was found that only the results from DFT calculations considering spin-polarization are necessary to obtain a reliable description of the σ phase. The benefits of this method are: the DFT calculation work can be reduced and the CALPHAD description of the magnetic contribution is more reliable. A revised thermodynamic description of the CoCr system is presented which gives improved agreement with experimental phase boundary data for the σ phase.}, urldate = {2024-07-09}, journal = {Intermetallics}, author = {Wang, Peisheng and Peters, Matthew C. and Kattner, Ursula R. and Choudhary, Kamal and Olson, Gregory B.}, month = feb, year = {2019}, keywords = {CALPHAD, CoCr, DFT, Magnetism, TCP phase, σ phase}, pages = {13--20}, } @misc{roebuckMetallographicMeasurementWC2000, type = {Report/{Guide}}, title = {The metallographic measurement of {WC} grain size.}, url = {https://eprintspublications.npl.co.uk/1915/}, abstract = {This guide details recent developments in understanding the measurement issues for characterising the microstructures of hardmetals, particularly those ultrafine grain size. Analysis methods for modelling grain size distributions are also covered.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-07-11}, author = {Roebuck, B. and Bennett, E. G.}, month = jan, year = {2000}, note = {Place: Teddington}, } @article{panzieraStudyEffectsLaser2020, title = {Study of the effects of the laser remelting process on the microstructure and properties of the {WC}–{10Co}–{4Cr} coating sprayed by {HVOF}}, volume = {42}, issn = {1806-3691}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-020-2201-1}, doi = {10.1007/s40430-020-2201-1}, abstract = {The laser remelting technique is considered a promising and effective method for improving the surface of thermally sprayed coatings, eliminating microstructural defects such as pores and cracks, increasing the life of parts and equipment by increasing microhardness and increasing anchoring force between coating and substrate. In the present work, tungsten carbide alloy (WC–12Co–4Cr) coatings were deposited on properly prepared SAE 1016 substrates using the high velocity oxy-fuel technique. An ytterbium fiber laser was used to remelt the surface of the coating by accurately varying the scanning speed and laser beam power to achieve a pore and crack-free coating and better metallurgical anchorage to the substrate through the optimization of the studied parameters. The samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and microhardness. The results show that it is possible to obtain higher hardness coatings after the laser remelting process, free of pores or pronounced imperfections and metallurgically bonded to the substrate. We also found a processing range for the ytterbium laser remelting of the WC–12Co–4Cr coating aiming at high productivity and microstructural optimization of the coating for different thicknesses.}, language = {en}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-07-10}, journal = {Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering}, author = {Panziera, Renato Camponogara and de Oliveira, Ana Claudia Costa and Pereira, Milton and Ratszunei, Francisco}, month = feb, year = {2020}, keywords = {HVOF, Laser, Pores, Remelting, Tungsten carbide}, pages = {119}, } @article{wayneStructurePropertyRelationships1992, title = {Structure/property relationships in sintered and thermally sprayed {WC}-{Co}}, volume = {1}, issn = {1544-1016}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02647158}, doi = {10.1007/BF02647158}, abstract = {Thermally sprayed WC-Co is widely used as a wear-resistant coating for a variety of applications. Although it is well established that thermal spray processes significantly affect chemistry, microstructure, and the phase distribution of WC-Co coatings, little is known about how these changes influence wear resistance. In this study, the microstructure and wear behavior of sintered and thermally sprayed WC-Co materials are examined. Powders of WC-12 wt\% Co and WC-17 wt\% Co were pressed and sintered, as well as thermally sprayed by high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF), air plasma spray (APS), and vacuum plasma spray (VPS) techniques. Results indicated considerable differences in the resulting microstructures, mechanical properties, and wear resistance. The thermally sprayed coatings showed anisotropic fracture toughness, whereas the sintered materials did not. It was also shown that a combined mechanical property/microstructure parameter, based on considerations of indentation fracture mechanisms, can be used in most cases to describe abrasive and erosive wear resistance of thermally sprayed WC-Co materials as follows: Wear resistance a\% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-\% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn\% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr\% 4rNCHbGeaGqiFj0de9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rrpm0dbba9-u0ddr-df9\% qqFn0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-xfr-x\% b9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaqcLbsacqaHXoqyju\% aGdaqadaGcbaqcLbsacaWGlbqcfa4aa0baaSqaaGqaaKqzGeGaiaiG\% aaab--xsaiacaciaaqW--neaaSqaaKqbaoacaciaaWX-liaameacac\% iaaWX-jugibiacaciaaWX-iodaaWqaiaiGaaah-NqzGeGaiaiGaaah\% --hoaaaaaaGaamisaKqbaoacaciaaWR-CaaaleqcaciaaWR-bGaGac\% aa86Fcfa4aiaiGaaae-VGaaWqaiaiGaaae-NqzGeGaiaiGaaae-Jym\% aaadbGaGacaaq8FcLbsacGaGacaaq8-FYaaaaaaaaOGaayjkaiaawM\% caaKqbaoaabmaakeaajuaGdaWcaaGcbaqcLbsacGaGacaaKdWGwbqc\% fa4aiaiGaaa5a0baaSqaiaiGaaa5aKqzGeGaamOzaaWcbGaGacaaKd\% qcLbsacGaGS-3qaiacaY+FVbaaaaGcbaqcLbsacGaG48xmaiacaIZF\% TaGaiaiodAfajuaGdGaG40baaSqaiaioieGajugibiacaciaaWO-+z\% gaaSqaiaiojugibiacaciaaaX--neacGaGacaaq8-FVbaaaaaaaOGa\% ayjkaiaawMcaaaaa!8ABD!\$\${\textbackslash}alpha {\textbackslash}left( \{K\_\{IC\}{\textasciicircum}\{\{{\textbackslash}raise0.7ex{\textbackslash}hbox\{\$3\$\} {\textbackslash}!{\textbackslash}mathord\{{\textbackslash}left/ \{{\textbackslash}vphantom \{3 8\}\}{\textbackslash}right.{\textbackslash}kern-{\textbackslash}nulldelimiterspace\}{\textbackslash}!{\textbackslash}lower0.7ex{\textbackslash}hbox\{\$8\$\}\}\} H{\textasciicircum}\{\{{\textbackslash}raise0.7ex{\textbackslash}hbox\{\$1\$\} {\textbackslash}!{\textbackslash}mathord\{{\textbackslash}left/ \{{\textbackslash}vphantom \{1 2\}\}{\textbackslash}right.{\textbackslash}kern-{\textbackslash}nulldelimiterspace\}{\textbackslash}!{\textbackslash}lower0.7ex{\textbackslash}hbox\{\$2\$\}\}\} \} {\textbackslash}right){\textbackslash}left( \{{\textbackslash}frac\{\{V\_f{\textasciicircum}\{Co\} \}\}\{\{1 - V\_f{\textasciicircum}\{Co\} \}\}\} {\textbackslash}right)\$\$whereKicis the indentation fracture toughness,H is hardness, andVCofis the volume fraction of cobalt. This relationship provides a means for assessing wear resistance of WC-Co coatings intended for industrial applications requiring abrasion and/or erosion resistance.}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-07-10}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {Wayne, S. F. and Sampath, S.}, month = dec, year = {1992}, keywords = {WC-Co, abrasion, erosion, hardness, indentation fracture toughness, wear}, pages = {307--315}, } @misc{StandardTestMethod2021, title = {Standard {Test} {Method} for {Cavitation} {Erosion} {Using} {Vibratory} {Apparatus}}, url = {https://www.astm.org/g0032-16r21e01.html}, doi = {10.1520/G0032-16R21E01}, publisher = {ASTM}, month = jun, year = {2021}, } @incollection{mashlPowderMetallurgyProcessing2015, title = {Powder {Metallurgy} {Processing} by {Hot} {Isostatic} {Pressing}}, isbn = {978-1-62708-175-7}, url = {http://dl.asminternational.org/handbooks/book/22/chapter/308521/Powder-Metallurgy-Processing-by-Hot-Isostatic}, abstract = {Abstract This article discusses metal powder processing via hot isostatic pressing (HIP) and HIP cladding when metal powders are being employed in the cladding process. It traces the history of the process and details the equipment, pressing cycle, and densification mechanisms for HIP. The article describes the available process routes for fabricating products using HIP and the steps involved in the production of a part via direct HIP of encapsulated gas-atomized spherical powder. It concludes with information on the microstructures of 316L stainless steel HIP powder metallurgy valve body and a list of the mechanical properties of several powder metallurgy alloys.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-06-30}, booktitle = {Powder {Metallurgy}}, publisher = {ASM International}, author = {Mashl, Stephen J.}, editor = {Samal, P. and Newkirk, J.}, month = sep, year = {2015}, doi = {10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006042}, pages = {260--270}, } @article{muruganOptimizingHVOFSpray2014, title = {Optimizing {HVOF} spray process parameters to attain minimum porosity and maximum hardness in {WC}–{10Co}–{4Cr} coatings}, volume = {247}, issn = {0257-8972}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0257897214002394}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2014.03.022}, abstract = {Many thermal and thermo-chemical surface treatment techniques are being used to modify the surface of the material with desired properties for various applications in service. Nowadays, high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spray is being widely used in industrial applications due to its ability to produce a high-quality coating with required hardness and low oxide content due to its high velocity impact inherent in the process. Porosity and hardness are two important coating properties for wear and corrosion related applications, and they play a significant role in the service life of the components. In HVOF spraying, the parameters such as oxygen flow rate, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) flow rate, powder feed rate and spray distance have greater influence on the final properties of the coatings. The present work aims to select the optimum HVOF spray parameters to attain minimum porosity and maximum hardness in WC–10Co–4Cr coating sprayed on naval brass substrate material. Statistical tools such as design of experiments (DOE), analysis of variance and response surface methodology (RSM) were used to meet the stated objectives. From the results, it was observed that the oxygen flow rate has greater influence on coating porosity and hardness followed by LPG flow rate, powder feed rate and spray distance, respectively.}, urldate = {2024-07-10}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Murugan, K. and Ragupathy, A. and Balasubramanian, V. and Sridhar, K.}, month = may, year = {2014}, keywords = {Hardness, High velocity oxy-fuel spraying, Naval brass, Porosity}, pages = {90--102}, } @misc{NumericalStudyCollapse, title = {Numerical {Study} of the {Collapse} of {Multiple} {Bubbles} and the {Energy} {Conversion} during {Bubble} {Collapse}}, url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/11/2/247}, urldate = {2024-06-29}, } @phdthesis{qiuNetshapeHotIsostatic2010, type = {d\_ph}, title = {Net-shape hot isostatic pressing of a nickel-based powder superalloy}, url = {https://etheses.bham.ac.uk/id/eprint/1255/}, abstract = {Microstructural analysis and mechanical property assessment have been carried out on hot isostatically pressed (HIPped) and heat treated samples of RR 1000 powder to assess Net Shape HIPping as a process-route for aero engine components. HIPping led to (Hf,Zr)-rich oxides and carbides on prior particle boundaries (PPBs) which could be coarsened, but not eliminated by changing the HIP procedure. HIPping above the γ′ solvus resulted in coarser grains with serrated boundaries and in the formation of irregular-shaped secondary γ′ and fan-type γ-γ′ structures. Factors which influence the growth and morphology of γ′ particles are considered and it is shown that particle impingement dominates in the formation of irregular γ′ during continuous cooling from supersolvus. Solution treatment near the HIPping temperature led to thermally induced pores (TIP) but lower temperatures avoided TIP and changed the γ′ size, distribution and morphology giving a large volume fraction of finer cuboidal secondary γ′ and medium-sized spherical tertiary γ′.}, language = {English}, urldate = {2024-06-30}, school = {University of Birmingham}, author = {Qiu, Chunlei}, month = dec, year = {2010}, } @techreport{roebuckMeasurementWCGrain1999, address = {Middlesex, United Kingdom}, title = {Measurement of {WC} grain size distribution.}, url = {https://eprintspublications.npl.co.uk/1056/1/CMMT141.pdf}, language = {English}, urldate = {2024-07-12}, institution = {Centre for Materials Measurement and Technology, National Physical Laboratory}, author = {Roebuck, B and McCormick, NJ and Day, A and Bennett, E. G.}, month = jan, year = {1999}, } @incollection{reedIntroduction2006, address = {Cambridge}, title = {Introduction}, isbn = {978-0-521-07011-9}, url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/superalloys/introduction/98A997732C415E4842D62553CF145EBA}, abstract = {Background: materials for high-temperature applicationsCharacteristics of high-temperature materialsCertain classes of material possess a remarkable ability to maintain their properties at elevated temperatures. These are the high-temperature materials. Their uses are many and varied, but good examples include the components for turbines, rockets and heat exchangers. For these applications, the performance characteristics are limited by the operating conditions which can be tolerated by the materials used. For example, the thrust and fuel economy displayed by the modern aeroengine is strongly dependent upon, and limited by, the high-temperature strength of the nickel-based superalloys used for its hottest sections.What are the desirable characteristics of a high-temperature material? The first is an ability to withstand loading at an operating temperature close to its melting point. If the operating temperature is denoted Toper and the melting point Tm, a criterion based upon the homologous temperature τ defined as Toper/Tm is sensible; this should be greater than about 0.6. Thus, a superalloy operating at 1000°C in the vicinity of the melting temperature of nickel, 1455 °C, working at a τ of (1000 + 273)/(1455 + 273) {\textasciitilde} 0.75, is classified as a high-temperature material. But so is ice moving in a glacier field at –10 °C, since τ is 263/273 {\textasciitilde} 0.96, although its temperature is substantially lower. A second characteristic is a substantial resistance to mechanical degradation over extended periods of time.}, urldate = {2024-07-12}, booktitle = {The {Superalloys}: {Fundamentals} and {Applications}}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, editor = {Reed, Roger C.}, year = {2006}, doi = {10.1017/CBO9780511541285.003}, pages = {1--32}, } @article{cocksIntergranularFracturePowerlaw1980, title = {Intergranular fracture during power-law creep under multiaxial stresses}, volume = {14}, issn = {0306-3453}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1179/030634580790441187}, doi = {10.1179/030634580790441187}, abstract = {Approximate methods are used to calculate the growth of grain-boundary cavities by power-law creep, under multi axial stress states. The time to fracture at constant stress is given by t f =t n+ɑ/n+1)εss1n(1/(n+1)f i ) where t n is the nucleation time (the time at which the voids first appear), εss is the steady-state creep rate, n is the creep exponent and f i is the original area fraction of cavities. The quantity α is defined by: ɑ=1/sinh-2(n-½)/(n½)P/σe where p is the hydrostatic pressure and σe the von Mises equivalent stress. Differential equations are given which allow the times and the strains to failure under variable loading histories to be calculated.}, number = {8-9}, urldate = {2024-07-12}, journal = {Metal Science}, author = {Cocks, A. C. F. and Ashby, M. F.}, month = aug, year = {1980}, note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis \_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1179/030634580790441187}, pages = {395--402}, } @inproceedings{hallInfluenceMicrostructureHard2015, title = {Influence of microstructure and hard phase content on the mechanisms of deformation and wear of {HIP}'ed {Stellite}® 190 {Composites}}, isbn = {978-1-899072-47-7}, abstract = {Influence of microstructure and hard phase (TiC and WxC) content on the wear resistance of three HIP:ed Stellite® 190 grades was investigated. Scratch testing using diamond, granite and quartz stylus revealed mainly plastic deformation by diamond, minor wear by granite due to significant deterioration of the stylus. The most severe abrasive wear was observed for the quartz stylus which wears the Stellite matrix heavily, while the large TiC and WxC reinforcing hard particles blunts the quartz stylus making it less abrasively aggressive. In all cases the TiC particles were more severely cracked and crushed than the WxC particles. In extension that could lead to faster deterioration of the TiC reinforced Stellite. However, no interfacial failure was observed between the Stellite matrix and the hard phase particles in any case.}, language = {English}, author = {Hall, J. and Berglund, T. and Bexell, U. and Olsson, M.}, year = {2015}, } @article{tarragoImplementationEffectiveTimesaving2016, title = {Implementation of an effective time-saving two-stage methodology for microstructural characterization of cemented carbides}, volume = {55}, issn = {0263-4368}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263436815301670}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2015.10.006}, abstract = {Linear intercept on scanning electron microscopy micrographs is the most commonly used measurement method to determine carbide grain size and contiguity in WC–Co cemented carbides (hardmetals). However, it involves manual time-consuming measurements and is critically dependent on the quality of the micrographs as well as on the identification and definition of grain boundaries. In this study a two-stage methodology for microstructural characterization of hardmetals is presented. First, a digital semi-automatic image analysis procedure for grain size determination of the carbide phase is presented. It involves an experimental assessment of grain size on processed images corresponding to a series of WC–Co and WC–Ni cemented carbide grades with different microstructural characteristics. Obtained results are then compared to the values obtained by means of the linear intercept technique. A good correlation between the mean grain sizes determined following both measurement techniques was attained. Based on experimental findings, a series of empirical relations were found to correlate grain size distributions obtained following both methods. Second, an empirical relation for estimating carbide contiguity in WC–Co cemented carbides is proposed. This relation considers simultaneously the influence of the binder content and the experimentally determined mean grain size on contiguity. The proposed equation for contiguity estimation is based on extensive data collection from open literature. An excellent agreement was attained between contiguity values estimated from such equation and those obtained using the linear intercept technique. This validates the two-stage procedure as an effective time-saving methodology for microstructural characterization of WC–Co cemented carbides.}, urldate = {2024-07-12}, journal = {International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials}, author = {Tarragó, J. M. and Coureaux, D. and Torres, Y. and Wu, F. and Al-Dawery, I. and Llanes, L.}, month = feb, year = {2016}, keywords = {Carbide contiguity, Carbide grain size, Cemented carbides, Image analysis, Microstructure}, pages = {80--86}, } @incollection{mashlHotIsostaticPressing2008, title = {Hot {Isostatic} {Pressing} of {Castings}}, isbn = {978-1-62708-187-0}, url = {http://dl.asminternational.org/handbooks/book/27/chapter/362172/Hot-Isostatic-Pressing-of-Castings}, abstract = {Abstract Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) is used to eliminate porosity in castings. This article provides the history and an overview of the HIP system. It illustrates the reasons for using HIP and discusses the criteria for selecting HIP process parameters. The main mechanisms by which pores are eliminated during HIP are reviewed. The article describes the effect of HIP on the mechanical properties, shape, and structure of castings as well as the effect of inclusions on as-HIPed properties. It examines the problems encountered in HIP and their solution. The article concludes with information on the economics of HIP system.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-06-30}, booktitle = {Casting}, publisher = {ASM International}, author = {Mashl, Stephen J.}, editor = {Viswanathan, Srinath and Apelian, Diran and Donahue, Raymond J. and DasGupta, Babu and Gywn, Michael and Jorstad, John L. and Monroe, Raymond W. and Sahoo, Mahi and Prucha, Thomas E. and Twarog, Daniel}, month = dec, year = {2008}, doi = {10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005293}, pages = {408--416}, } @misc{GrainSizeMeasurement, title = {Grain size measurement methods for {WC}/{Co} hardmetals. {\textbar} {NPL} {Publications}}, url = {https://eprintspublications.npl.co.uk/1537/}, urldate = {2024-07-12}, } @article{franchiEnhancedEDXImages2018, title = {Enhanced {EDX} images by fusion of multimodal {SEM} images using pansharpening techniques}, volume = {269}, copyright = {© 2017 The Authors Journal of Microscopy © 2017 Royal Microscopical Society}, issn = {1365-2818}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jmi.12612}, doi = {10.1111/jmi.12612}, abstract = {The goal of this paper is to explore the potential interest of image fusion in the context of multimodal scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging. In particular, we aim at merging the backscattered electron images that usually have a high spatial resolution but do not provide enough discriminative information to physically classify the nature of the sample, with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) images that have discriminative information but a lower spatial resolution. The produced images are named enhanced EDX. To achieve this goal, we have compared the results obtained with classical pansharpening techniques for image fusion with an original approach tailored for multimodal SEM fusion of information. Quantitative assessment is obtained by means of two SEM images and a simulated dataset produced by a software based on PENELOPE.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-07-09}, journal = {Journal of Microscopy}, author = {Franchi, G. and Angulo, J. and Moreaud, M. and Sorbier, L.}, year = {2018}, note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/jmi.12612}, keywords = {Fusion of images, Multimodalities, Multivariate image processing, SEM images}, pages = {94--112}, } @article{coralloEffectAspectRatio2015, title = {Effect of aspect ratio on the near-wake flow structure of an {Ahmed} body}, volume = {147}, issn = {0167-6105}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167610515002226}, doi = {10.1016/j.jweia.2015.09.006}, abstract = {Through numerical simulations, the interaction between the longitudinal c-pillar vortices and the flow over the rear slant surface is established for an Ahmed-body geometry as its aspect ratio is varied. In turn this affects the flow structure and topology of the near wake, and has a significant effect on the drag. In particular, aspect ratio was found to influence the critical angle at which flow fully separates on the rear slant surface due to the interaction of the c-pillar vortices with the rear slant flow. This appears to be a consequence of the influence that downwash generated by the c-pillar vortices has on promoting rear slant flow reattachment. By isolating the pressure drag associated with individual surfaces, it is shown that the drag discontinuity is almost entirely due to a sudden change in the pressure field on the rear slant surface. On increasing the aspect ratio, once the flow becomes fully separated, c-pillar vortex strength and position change considerably, inferring a mutual relationship between flow reattachment and c-pillar vortex generation mechanisms for the Ahmed-body geometry.}, urldate = {2024-07-08}, journal = {Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics}, author = {Corallo, M. and Sheridan, J. and Thompson, M. C.}, month = dec, year = {2015}, keywords = {Ahmed body, Aspect ratio, C-Pillar vortex}, pages = {95--103}, } @article{dzhurinskiyEffectDifferentPost2024, title = {Effect of {Different} {Post} {Processing} {Techniques} on {Microstructure} and {Mechanical} {Properties} of {Atmospheric} {Plasma} {Sprayed} {WC}-{17Co} {Coatings}}, volume = {13}, issn = {2192-9270}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s13632-024-01052-7}, doi = {10.1007/s13632-024-01052-7}, abstract = {Atmospheric plasma sprayed coatings demonstrate high fracture toughness and microhardness properties. Thus, they are effective in minimizing erosion-induced damage in the machinery industry. In this study, WC-17Co coatings were deposited on SS-316L stainless steel substrate using the atmospheric plasma technique with a TriplexPro-210 gun. To enhance their microstructural and mechanical properties, several post-heat treatment operations were carried out using different types of thermal energy sources, such as laser, plasma, and inert atmosphere annealing. Microstructural and phase analysis of the coatings was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Moreover, a thorough mechanical characterization was conducted to evaluate microhardness, contact elastic modulus, and fracture toughness. The study found that the post-heat processing operations improved the hardness and fracture toughness values of the coating layers compared to as-sprayed WC-17Co coating layers. The increase in mechanical properties is attributed to the reduction in microstructural defects. This research has significant implications in industries where coatings play vital roles in safeguarding and improving the performance of parts.}, language = {en}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-07-10}, journal = {Metallography, Microstructure, and Analysis}, author = {Dzhurinskiy, Dmitry and Babu, Abhishek and Dautov, Stanislav and Dubinin, Oleg}, month = apr, year = {2024}, keywords = {Atmospheric plasma spray, Laser re-melting, Plasma annealing, Post-heat treatment, TriplexPro-210}, pages = {204--219}, } @inproceedings{coonDragReductionTractorTrailer2004, address = {Berlin, Heidelberg}, title = {Drag {Reduction} of a {Tractor}-{Trailer} {Using} {Planar} {Boat} {Tail} {Plates}}, isbn = {978-3-540-44419-0}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-540-44419-0_24}, abstract = {The use of planar-sided boat tail plates for aft-end drag reduction on a tractor-trailer was studied numerically, experimentally and on a full scale prototype. Parametric wind tunnel tests utilized a 1:15 scale Peterbilt 379 tractor and 48 foot (14.6 m) trailer with cavity plate concepts mounted perpendicular to the trailer base. Yaw angles up to 9 degrees were examined. Qualitative numerical results confirmed a pressure increase on the aft face of the trailer. Model drag increments, obtained at zero yaw and a width-based Reynolds number of 230,000, based on trailer width, indicated reductions in the drag coefficient, based on frontal area, of up to 0.075 or about 9\% of the baseline model trailer drag. Removal of the top plate degraded the performance of all devices. Performance also decreased with yaw angle for all plates mounted perpendicular to the trailer base, contrary to devices with angled plates. Devices with shorter angled plates indicated better performance with the top open rather than an open bottom. Drag reduction was more sensitive to plate inset from the trailer edge than to plate length and a zero inset of the bottom plate maximized performance. Two full scale prototypes were road tested, the first utilized rigid composite sides with a flexible top and bottom and the second was an all rigid-sided aluminum design. The former exhibited cross-country road fuel savings of about 0.5 miles per gallon (0.2 kilometers/liter), approximately 9\%, over a 10,000 mile (16,093 km) trip, while the latter returned inconclusive results. Estimated fuel savings for a typical 120,000 miles (193,121 km) per year traveled were approximately 1500 gallons (5677 liters) per truck.}, language = {en}, booktitle = {The {Aerodynamics} of {Heavy} {Vehicles}: {Trucks}, {Buses}, and {Trains}}, publisher = {Springer}, author = {Coon, J. D. and Visser, K. D.}, editor = {McCallen, Rose and Browand, Fred and Ross, James}, year = {2004}, pages = {249--265}, } @article{fangCriticalAssessmentTwoDimensional2022, title = {Critical {Assessment} of {Two}-{Dimensional} {Methods} for the {Microstructural} {Characterization} of {Cemented} {Carbides}}, volume = {12}, copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/}, issn = {2075-4701}, url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/12/11/1882}, doi = {10.3390/met12111882}, abstract = {Cemented carbides, or hard metals, are ceramic–metal composites usually consisting of tungsten carbide particles bound by a cobalt-based alloy. They are the backbone materials for the tooling industry, as a direct consequence of the outstanding range of property combinations, depending on their effective microstructural assemblage, i.e., the physical dimensions and relative content of their constitutive phases. Hence, reliable microstructural characterization becomes key for hard metal grade selection and quality control. This work aimed to assess the practical two-dimensional characterization methods for the most important one- and two-phase properties of cemented carbides, i.e., the carbide grain size, phase fraction, carbide contiguity, and binder mean free path. Three different methods—point, line, and area analysis—were implemented to characterize four microstructurally distinct grades. The images were acquired by optical and scanning electron microscopy, with the latter through both secondary and backscattered electrons. Results were critically discussed by comparing the obtained values of properties and the different characterization methodology. Inspection technique combinations were finally ranked based on accuracy, accessibility, and operability considerations. The line method was used to analyze all the properties, the area method, for the one-phase properties, and the point method, for only the phase fraction. It was found that the combination of optical microscopy and the line analysis method was suitable for a direct inspection and rapid estimation for carbides above fine grain size. The most precise results were achieved using line analysis of the images obtained by the backscattered electrons of the scanning electron microscope.}, language = {en}, number = {11}, urldate = {2024-07-11}, journal = {Metals}, author = {Fang, Shiqi and Salán, Núria and Pauly, Christoph and Llanes, Luis and Mücklich, Frank}, month = nov, year = {2022}, note = {Number: 11 Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute}, keywords = {EBSD, SEM, binder mean free path, carbide contiguity, carbide grain size, cemented carbides, optical microscopy, phase fraction, two-dimensional microstructural characterization}, pages = {1882}, } @incollection{friedlanderChapterLocalizedInstabilities2003, title = {Chapter 8 - {Localized} {Instabilities} in {Fluids}}, volume = {2}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1874579203800101}, abstract = {We study the effects of localized instabilities on the behavior of inviscid fluids. We place geometric optics techniques independently developed by Friedlander–Vishik and Lifschitz–Hameiri in the framework of the general stability/instability problem of fluid dynamics. We show that, broadly put, all laminar flows are unstable with respect to localized perturbations.}, urldate = {2024-07-08}, booktitle = {Handbook of {Mathematical} {Fluid} {Dynamics}}, publisher = {North-Holland}, author = {Friedlander, Susan and Lipton-Lifschitz, Alexander}, editor = {Friedlander, S. and Serre, D.}, month = jan, year = {2003}, doi = {10.1016/S1874-5792(03)80010-1}, keywords = {All animals are equal but some animals are more equal than others, George Orwell, “Animal Farm”}, pages = {289--354}, } @misc{brennenCavitationBubbleDynamics2013, title = {Cavitation and {Bubble} {Dynamics}}, url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cavitation-and-bubble-dynamics/2D7842E28C6BE1BFB67A62DDD05B416D}, abstract = {Cavitation and Bubble Dynamics deals with the fundamental physical processes of bubble dynamics and the phenomenon of cavitation. It is ideal for graduate students and research engineers and scientists, and a basic knowledge of fluid flow and heat transfer is assumed. The analytical methods presented are developed from basic principles. The book begins with a chapter on nucleation and describes both the theory and observations in flowing and non-flowing systems. Three chapters provide a systematic treatment of the dynamics and growth, collapse, or oscillation of individual bubbles in otherwise quiescent fluids. The following chapters summarise the motion of bubbles in liquids, describe some of the phenomena that occur in homogeneous bubbly flows, with emphasis on cloud cavitation, and summarise some of the experimental observations of cavitating flows. The last chapter provides a review of free streamline methods used to treat separated cavity flows with large attached cavities.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-06-30}, journal = {Cambridge Core}, author = {Brennen, Christopher Earls}, month = oct, year = {2013}, doi = {10.1017/CBO9781107338760}, note = {ISBN: 9781107644762 9781107338760 Publisher: Cambridge University Press}, } @misc{CavitationBubbleDynamics, title = {Cavitation and {Bubble} {Dynamics}}, url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cavitation-and-bubble-dynamics/2D7842E28C6BE1BFB67A62DDD05B416D}, urldate = {2024-06-30}, } @misc{AhmedBodyFractional, title = {ahmed body fractional factorial study - {Google} {Search}}, url = {https://www.google.com/search?q=ahmed+body+fractional+factorial+study&client=firefox-b-d&sca_esv=6b108b0d4810a952&ei=dAeMZuneGICMxc8PxbCx6Aw&start=10&sa=N&sstk=AagrsuhhX2RErBWZqHW_muqyDq2OMOufxXRjl25IoYwGK4IW6YjixX_dA3lc_RC45J17NvUSlEnIBvTp1-PToY9N5qG-K602M2enOQ&ved=2ahUKEwjp6P_l4peHAxUARvEDHUVYDM0Q8NMDegQIAxAW&biw=1536&bih=704&dpr=1.25}, urldate = {2024-07-08}, } @article{byrneAdvantagesHotIsostatic, title = {Advantages of hot isostatic pressing ({HIP}) production routes for process manifolds}, abstract = {This paper considers conventional methods of manufacture of high pressure manifolds constructed in duplex and super duplex stainless steels. Details of manufacture of hot isostatically pressed manifold sections are presented. Improvements include the minimisation of welded joints and procedure qualifications and easier NDE interpretation. Fabrication and weld procedure qualification details are outlined and mechanical properties and corrosion resistance is discussed. Fracture toughness data is aIso presented. In conclusion the HIP manufacturing route for high pressure manifolds is compared with conventional methods of manufacture and significant technical and commercial advantages accrued by the HPP routes outlined.}, language = {en}, author = {Byrne, G}, } @article{verdonStudyHighVelocity1998, title = {A study of high velocity oxy-fuel thermally sprayed tungsten carbide based coatings. {Part} 1: {Microstructures}}, volume = {246}, issn = {0921-5093}, shorttitle = {A study of high velocity oxy-fuel thermally sprayed tungsten carbide based coatings. {Part} 1}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921509397007594}, doi = {10.1016/S0921-5093(97)00759-4}, abstract = {The microstructures of two tungsten carbide–cobalt (WC–Co) coatings, deposited using high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) thermal spraying method in different conditions, are studied. They are compared with that of the WC–Co powder grains injected in the flame, in an attempt to understand the transformations that occur during deposition. For this purpose, various imaging and analytical techniques in electron microscopy are used, in addition to global characterization methods such as X-ray diffraction and fluorescence. These methods reveal that the coatings are made of distinct islands, elongated along the substrate direction, which exhibit a nano-crystalline matrix containing tungsten, cobalt and carbon. The fraction of WC grains in the coating is smaller than that in the powder and fluctuates throughout the coating. A net loss in carbon is evidenced in the coatings as compared to the powder grains. New phases, W2C and W, appear in specific locations in the microstructure in relation with the local composition of the matrix. Very little metallic cobalt is retained. The extent of the transformation is related to the spraying conditions. Some processes that account for the change in microstructure and composition during spraying are proposed.}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-07-10}, journal = {Materials Science and Engineering: A}, author = {Verdon, C and Karimi, A and Martin, J. -L}, month = may, year = {1998}, keywords = {Coatings, Microstructure, TEM, Thermal spraying, Tungsten carbide}, pages = {11--24}, } @article{boualiSIMPLEROBUSTDESTRIPING2010, title = {A {SIMPLE} {AND} {ROBUST} {DESTRIPING} {ALGORITHM} {FOR} {IMAGING} {SPECTROMETERS}: {APPLICATION} {TO} {MODIS} {DATA}}, abstract = {Images provided by several imaging spectrometers are often contaminated with stripes. This artifact compromises the visual quality and radiometric integrity of measured data. Although a large number of destriping algorithms have been recently suggested, most of them provide results that display residual stripes if not strong distortion from the original signal. To overcome this issue, we introduce a robust methodology using a gradient-based iterative destriping algorithm (GBIDA). Statistical assumptions used in previous methods such as histogram matching are replaced with a more realistic geometrical consideration on the images spatial gradient. An iterative scheme is then used in order to isolate the striping effect from the original image prior to processing. Application of this method on MODIS level 1B images heavily affected with detector-to-detector stripes, mirror-side stripes and random stripes displays excellent qualitative and quantitative results; the visual quality of the images is greatly improved without introduction of any blurring effect. This new destriping technique is easy to implement and can be applied to denoise data derived from many imaging spectrometers.}, language = {en}, journal = {San Diego}, author = {Bouali, Marouan}, year = {2010}, } @article{castroComparisonMicrostructuralMechanical2018, title = {A {Comparison} of {Microstructural}, {Mechanical} and {Tribological} {Properties} of {WC}-{10Co4Cr} - {HVOF} {Coating} and {Hard} {Chrome} to {Use} in {Hydraulic} {Cylinders}}, volume = {8}, copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/}, issn = {2162-8424}, url = {http://article.sapub.org/In order to obtain a wear and oxidation resistant surface, hydraulic cylinders are commonly coated with electrodeposited hard chromium. However, due to the wear, this type of coating exhibits a gradual increase of the bearing area for the sealing elements, interfering in the lubrication of the hydraulic rod, causing damage to the sealing elements and, consequently, oil leakage. Currently, the High Velocity Oxygen Fuel (HVOF) process appears as an alternative coating technique to Hard Chrome Plating, using composites (metal-ceramic), which provide low wear rates and a low friction. This work aims to compare the mechanical and tribological properties of hard chrome plated and WC-CoCr HVOF coated AISI 1045 steel for the use as hydraulic rods. The selected coatings thickness was in the order of 100-170 μm aiming to meet best wear test conditions, to facilitate the analysis of the microstructure, and to obtain better results regarding the hardness of each coating. Roughness measurements, hardness, bending and wear tests, including the measurements of friction coefficients were carried out for the coatings. Additionally, a microstructural analysis was performed by optical and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) supported by Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). The results indicated superior properties of the WC-CoCr HVOF coated steel in comparison to the chrome hard plated one, especially regarding roughness, friction and wear.}, abstract = {In order to obtain a wear and oxidation resistant surface, hydraulic cylinders are commonly coated with electrodeposited hard chromium. However, due to the wear, this type of coating exhibits a gradual increase of the bearing area for the sealing elements, interfering in the lubrication of the hydraulic rod, causing damage to the sealing elements and, consequently, oil leakage. Currently, the High Velocity Oxygen Fuel (HVOF) process appears as an alternative coating technique to Hard Chrome Plating, using composites (metal-ceramic), which provide low wear rates and a low friction. This work aims to compare the mechanical and tribological properties of hard chrome plated and WC-CoCr HVOF coated AISI 1045 steel for the use as hydraulic rods. The selected coatings thickness was in the order of 100-170 μm aiming to meet best wear test conditions, to facilitate the analysis of the microstructure, and to obtain better results regarding the hardness of each coating. Roughness measurements, hardness, bending and wear tests, including the measurements of friction coefficients were carried out for the coatings. Additionally, a microstructural analysis was performed by optical and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) supported by Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). The results indicated superior properties of the WC-CoCr HVOF coated steel in comparison to the chrome hard plated one, especially regarding roughness, friction and wear.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-07-10}, journal = {American Journal of Materials Science}, author = {Castro, Richard de Medeiros and Rocha, Alexandre da Silva and Curi, Elvys Isaías Mercado and Peruch, Fábio}, year = {2018}, note = {Publisher: Scientific \& Academic Publishing}, pages = {15--26}, } @article{liuComparativeStudyWear2017, title = {A comparative study on wear and corrosion behaviour of {HVOF}- and {HVAF}-sprayed {WC}–{10Co}–{4Cr} coatings}, volume = {33}, issn = {0267-0844}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/02670844.2016.1218194}, doi = {10.1080/02670844.2016.1218194}, abstract = {In this work, WC–10Co–4Cr coatings were separately deposited on 300M steel by high-velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) and high-velocity air fuel (HVAF) spraying processes. Microstructure, porosity, micro-hardness, bonding strength, wear and corrosion resistance of the coatings after different processing were investigated and compared. The result shows that dense and homogeneous microstructure existed in both two WC–10Co–4Cr coatings. Owing to lower temperature flames and higher particle velocity in the HVAF process, the HVAF-sprayed WC–10Co–4Cr coating exhibited less decarburisation, lower porosity (0.74\%), higher micro-hardness (1162 HV0.3) and bonding strength (74.68 MPa) than HVOF-sprayed WC–10Co–4Cr coating. In addition, wear and corrosion resistance of these two coatings were evaluated by sliding wear test and electrochemical corrosion test. The HVAF-sprayed WC–10Co–4Cr coating also exhibited excellent wear resistance and superior corrosion property than HVOF-sprayed WC–10Co–4Cr coating.}, language = {en}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-07-10}, journal = {Surface Engineering}, author = {Liu, Y. and Liu, W. and Ma, Y. and Meng, S. and Liu, C. and Long, L. and Tang, S.}, month = jan, year = {2017}, note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications}, pages = {63--71}, } @misc{ASTM_E112, title = {Standard {Test} {Methods} for {Determining} {Average} {Grain} {Size}}, url = {https://www.astm.org/e0112-10.html}, abstract = {Significance and Use These test methods cover procedures for estimating and rules for expressing the average grain size of all metals consisting entirely, or principally, of a single phase. The test methods may also be used for any structures having app}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-07-13}, } @article{makelaExperimentalStudyFlow, title = {Experimental study of the flow around the {Ahmed} body {Estudio} experimental del flujo alrededor del cuerpo de {Ahmed}}, abstract = {The Ahmed body is a very widely studied bluff body. It is very important in the Aerodynamics Community due to the large number of published references. One can validate a wind tunnel comparing the same results with those obtained in another facility. Though it is a very simple structure, the Ahmed body is often used for the wind tunnel validation. In this paper the drag coefficient of the Ahmed body and the wake behavior were obtained experimentally. To that end, we used a force sensor and flow visualization methods. The drag coefficient was computed varying the Reynolds number and a novel experimental setup was proposed, so the drag coefficient was also measured as a function of the yaw angle. The results were compared with other experimental results at the same Reynolds number (see Meile et al. (2011), Hammas et al. (2010) and Bello (2013)), finding a reasonable good agreement even for the novel setup. The drag coefficient increased significantly with the yaw angle. The flow structure behavior followed the one described by Ahmed (1984), among Franck and D’Elia (2004), and flow visualizations were also compared with the streamline visualizations from Bello’s work, finding again a good agreement.}, language = {en}, author = {Makela, Tomi Petteri}, } @article{lienhartFlowTurbulenceStructures, title = {Flow and {Turbulence} {Structures} in the {Wake} of a {Simplified} {Car} {Model} ({Ahmed} {Model})}, abstract = {The aim of the "Models for Vehicle Aerodynamics" (MOVA) Project is to develop, refine, and validate the latest generation of turbulence models for selected examples encountered in vehicle aerodynamics. The validation of turbulence models requires the availability of detailed experimental data. These quantitative data should cover the most critical flow regions around a bluff car-shaped body and they should give physical quantities that can directly be correlated to the results of numerical simulations. Such experimental data were measured in the LSTM low speed wind tunnel using a 2-component laser-Doppler anemometer (LDA) mounted on a traversing system and a simplified model of a car (Ahmed model). Measurements were made for two rear vehicle body slant angles (25° and 35°) at a bulk air velocity of 40 m/s. This paper serves as a synopsis of the major results of this experimental investigation.}, language = {en}, author = {Lienhart, H and Stoots, C and Becker, S}, } @article{ahmedSalientFeaturesTime1984, title = {Some {Salient} {Features} of the {Time} -{Averaged} {Ground} {Vehicle} {Wake}}, volume = {93}, issn = {0096-736X}, url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/44434262}, abstract = {For a basic ground vehicle type of bluff body, the time averaged wake structure is analysed. At a model length based Reynolds number of 4 . 29 million, detailed pressure measurements, wake survey and force measurements were done in a wind tunnel. Some flow visualisation results were also obtained. Geometric parameter varied was base slant angle. A drag breakdown revealed that almost 85 \% of body drag is pressure drag. Most of this drag is generated at the rear end. Wake flow exhibits a triple deck system of horseshoe vortices. Strength, existence and merging of these vortices depend upon the base slant angle. Characteristic features of the wake flow for the low drag and high drag configurations is described. Relevance of these phenomena to real ground vehicle flow is addressed.}, urldate = {2024-07-08}, journal = {SAE Transactions}, author = {Ahmed, S. R. and Ramm, G. and Faltin, G.}, year = {1984}, note = {Publisher: SAE International}, pages = {473--503}, } @inproceedings{chunWearCorrosionResistances2013a, title = {Wear and corrosion resistances of {Inconel718}, {HVOF} coating of {WC}-metal powder and laser heat-treated coating}, volume = {419}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84886702418&doi=10.4028%2fwww.scientific.net%2fAMM.419.381&partnerID=40&md5=0a77bb534ce4bd8891c6d50e703740bd}, doi = {10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.419.381}, abstract = {For the Improvement of wear and corrosion resistances of Inconel718 (In718) surface, high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) thermal spray coating of micron-sized WC-Cr-C-Ni powder was coated onto Inconel718 surface and laser heat-treatment of the coating was carried out. Porous coating of porosity 2.2±0.4\% was prepared by HVOF coating, and it was improved by laser heattreatment, reducing the porosity to 0.35±0.08\%. Micro-hardness of laser heat-treated coating increased more than four times compared to the surface of In718. Friction coefficient decreased by HVOF coating and laser heat-treatment. Wear resistance improved, decreasing the wear depth by the coating and laser heating. The interface between coating and In718 was compacted, and elements diffused from both coating and inconel718 substrate to interface, forming metal rich buffer zone (interface) and enhancing the adhesion of coating. Corrosion resistance improved by coating in sea water 3.5\% NaCl solution and in 1M HCl acid, but it worsened in 1M NaOH base. For the improvement of wear and corrosion resistances of Inconel718, HVOF WC-metal power coating and laser heat-treatment are recommended. © (2013) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.}, author = {Chun, H.G. and Joo, Y.K. and Yoon, J.H. and Cho, T.Y. and Fang, W. and Zhang, S.H.}, year = {2013}, keywords = {3.5\% nacl solutions, Chromate coatings, Coating, Coatings, Corrosion, Corrosion resistance, Forming metals, Friction coefficients, HVOF coatings, HVOF thermal spraying, Hardness, Heat-treated coatings, High velocity oxygen fuel thermal sprays, Interfaces (materials), Porosity, Porous coatings, Powder metals, Sprayed coatings, Tungsten carbide, Wear, Wear and corrosion resistance, Wear of materials}, pages = {381--387}, } @article{vishnoiCharacterizationErbiumOxide2023a, title = {Characterization of erbium oxide doped {HP}-{HVOF} deposited carbide ceramic coating on martensitic steel}, volume = {237}, issn = {0954-4062, 2041-2983}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/09544062231164299}, doi = {10.1177/09544062231164299}, abstract = {Rare earth elements (REEs) are known as the ‘‘vitamin or nutrients’’ of metals. The addition of rare earth in a limited quantity can enhance the properties of materials. This article elucidates the effect of doping of rare earth oxide (0.9 wt.\% Er2O3) on the mechanical and surface behavior of tungsten carbide (WC-10Co-4Cr) based coatings developed using high pressure high velocity oxygen fuel (HP-HVOF) thermal sprayed techniques on martensitic stainless steel (SS410). With the addition of rare earth oxides, the result shows that the hardness of the deposited coating (HV1261.17) is far higher than the substrate (HV193.47). The modulus of elasticity and flexural strength is enhanced for the coated sample as compared to the substrate. The porosity level of the coating is found to be less than 1\% and the static water contact angle for coated surface (’125.1°) shows the coated sample is hydrophobic in nature. The surface characterization was done using the scanning electron microscope attached with energy dispersive X-ray analysis which has identified the presence of various elements on the surface including rare earth. The surface of coated samples has various phases of rare earth oxides such as monoclinic and cubic rare earth oxides. Moreover, its compounds such as Co3W3C were confirmed by X-ray diffraction measurements. After comparing previous literature with current results can conclude that the addition of rare earth oxides (0.9 wt.\% Er2O3) on carbide coatings enhanced the various properties of materials.}, language = {en}, number = {23}, urldate = {2024-06-24}, journal = {Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science}, author = {Vishnoi, Mohit and Murtaza, Qasim and Kumar, Paras}, month = dec, year = {2023}, keywords = {Carbide ceramics, Coated sample, Erbium compounds, HP-HVOF, HVOF thermal spraying, High pressure, High pressure high velocity oxygen fuel, High velocity oxygen fuels, Property, Rare earth oxide, Rare earths, Rare-earths, SS410, Scanning electron microscopy, Sprayed coatings, Ss410, Thermal spray coatings, Tungsten carbide, X ray diffraction analysis, erbium oxide, rare earth, wettability}, pages = {5743--5754}, } @misc{abouhashishApplicabilityASHRAEClearsky, title = {Applicability of {ASHRAE} clear-sky model based on solar-radiation measurements in {Saudi} {Arabia}: {AIP} {Conference} {Proceedings}: {Vol} 1850, {No} 1}, url = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.4984509}, urldate = {2022-01-16}, author = {Abouhashish, Mohamed}, } @misc{dincerSustainableHydrogenProduction, title = {Sustainable {Hydrogen} {Production} - 1st {Edition}}, url = {https://www.elsevier.com/books/sustainable-hydrogen-production/dincer/978-0-12-801563-6}, urldate = {2022-01-16}, author = {Dincer, Ibrahim and Zamfirescu, Calin}, } @misc{derooijSolarConcentratorsWhat, title = {Solar {Concentrators}: what are the different technologies?}, shorttitle = {Solar {Concentrators}}, url = {https://sinovoltaics.com/learning-center/technologies/solar-concentrators-different-technologies/}, abstract = {Solar concentrators are devices that work on the basic principle of focusing the sun. Fresnel lenses, parabolic mirrors, reflectors and more explained.}, language = {en\_EN}, urldate = {2022-01-16}, author = {De Rooij, Dricus}, } @misc{belyakovSustainablePowerGeneration, title = {Sustainable {Power} {Generation} - 1st {Edition}}, url = {https://www.elsevier.com/books/sustainable-power-generation/belyakov/978-0-12-817012-0}, urldate = {2022-01-16}, author = {Belyakov, Nikolay}, } @misc{jaganmohanCSPInstallationCost, title = {{CSP} installation cost globally 2020}, url = {https://www.statista.com/statistics/799359/global-concentrated-solar-power-installation-cost-per-kilowatt/}, abstract = {Between 2010 and 2020, the average installation cost for concentrated solar power (CSP) worldwide ranged between 4,700 and 10,600 U.S.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2022-01-16}, journal = {Statista}, author = {Jaganmohan, M}, } @article{jiangInfluenceAppliedPotential, title = {Influence of {Applied} {Potential} on {Cavitation} {Erosion}-{Behavior} of {Type} {316L}. {Stainless} {Steel}}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Yugui-Zheng/publication/250395126_Influence_of_Applied_Potential_on_Cavitation_Erosion_Behavior_of_Type_316L_Stainless_Steel_in_Sulfuric_Acid_Solution/links/00b4953a8c7fdd63c6000000/Influence-of-Applied-Potential-on-Cavitation-Erosion-Behavior-of-Type-316L-Stainless-Steel-in-Sulfuric-Acid-Solution.pdf}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, author = {Jiang, S. L. and Zheng, Y. G. and Luo, S. Z. and Yao, Z. M.}, } @misc{AdvancesConcentratingSolar, title = {Advances in {Concentrating} {Solar} {Thermal} {Research} and {Technology} - 1st {Edition}}, url = {https://www.elsevier.com/books/advances-in-concentrating-solar-thermal-research-and-technology/blanco/978-0-08-100516-3}, urldate = {2022-01-16}, } @misc{proctorParabolicTroughReflectors, title = {Parabolic trough reflectors: {Does} glass still have the cutting edge? {\textbar} {Reuters} {Events} {\textbar} {Renewables}}, url = {https://www.reutersevents.com/renewables/csp-today/technology/parabolic-trough-reflectors-does-glass-still-have-cutting-edge}, urldate = {2022-01-16}, journal = {Parabolic trough reflectors: Does glass still have the cutting edge?.}, author = {Proctor, T}, } @misc{laneWhatSolarTracker, title = {What is a solar tracker and is it worth the investment?}, url = {https://www.solarreviews.com/content/blog/are-solar-axis-trackers-worth-the-additional-investment}, abstract = {Solar trackers allow your solar panels to follow the sun so they can produce more solar power. But are they worth the extra cost?}, language = {en}, urldate = {2022-01-16}, journal = {Solar Reviews}, author = {Lane, C}, } @misc{ReasonsWhyConcentrated, title = {3 reasons why {Concentrated} {Solar} {Power} is so important to the power industry – {HELIOSCSP}}, url = {https://helioscsp.com/3-reasons-why-concentrated-solar-power-is-so-important-to-the-power-industry/}, urldate = {2022-01-16}, } @misc{ReviewSolarThermal, title = {A review on solar thermal syngas production via redox pair-based water/carbon dioxide splitting thermochemical cycles - {ScienceDirect}}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032114008120?via%3Dihub}, urldate = {2022-01-15}, } @misc{ComparisonThermalSolar, title = {Comparison of thermal solar collector technologies and their applications}, url = {http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1909-36672013000200004}, urldate = {2022-01-16}, } @misc{AdvancesSolarHeating, title = {Advances in {Solar} {Heating} and {Cooling} - 1st {Edition}}, url = {https://www.elsevier.com/books/advances-in-solar-heating-and-cooling/wang/978-0-08-100301-5}, urldate = {2022-01-16}, } @misc{ConcentratingSolarPower, title = {Concentrating {Solar} {Power} {Could} {Provide} the {Flexibility} and {Reliability} the {U}.{S}. {Electric} {Grid} {Needs}}, url = {https://www.energy.gov/eere/articles/concentrating-solar-power-could-provide-flexibility-and-reliability-us-electric-grid}, abstract = {Developments in concentrating solar thermal power could improve grid flexibility by unlocking new choices to better meet grid operator needs.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2022-01-16}, journal = {Energy.gov}, } @misc{AirDensitySpecific, title = {Air - {Density}, {Specific} {Weight} and {Thermal} {Expansion} {Coefficient} vs. {Temperature} and {Pressure}}, url = {https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/air-density-specific-weight-d_600.html}, urldate = {2022-01-16}, } @misc{CavitationErosionBehavior, title = {Cavitation erosion behavior of microwave-processed {Ni}–{40Cr3C2} composite clads: {A} parametric investigation using ultrasonic apparatus}, shorttitle = {Cavitation erosion behavior of microwave-processed {Ni}–{40Cr3C2} composite clads}, url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/epub/10.1177/1464420720961122}, language = {en}, urldate = {2024-01-15}, doi = {10.1177/1464420720961122}, } @misc{ConsultingAgreementTemplate, title = {Consulting {Agreement} {Template} - {PDF} {Templates}}, url = {https://www.jotform.com/pdf-templates/consulting-agreement-template}, abstract = {Create professional consulting contracts for clients with this free Consulting Agreement Template. Instantly download, print, and share them as PDFs.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2022-01-16}, journal = {Jotform}, } @misc{JotformEndYear, title = {Jotform {End} of {Year} {Sale}. {Subscribe} now \& save 50\%}, url = {https://www.jotform.com/pricing/?utm_source=2021-eoy-pricing-og&utm_medium=website&utm_content=2021-eoy-Sale&utm_campaign=eoy2021}, abstract = {Get yourself a gift this New Year. Subscribe now and receive 50\% off all Jotform plans.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2022-01-16}, } @misc{HotItemCsp, title = {[{Hot} {Item}] {Csp} {Parabolic} {Dish} {Type} {Solar} {Thermal} {Concentrator}}, url = {https://gaiasolar.en.made-in-china.com/product/TXKxDYHPgOVa/China-Csp-Parabolic-Dish-Type-Solar-Thermal-Concentrator.html}, abstract = {Certification: ISO Concentrating: Yes Working Temperature Range: High Temperature Type: Parabolic Dish Type Application: Water Heater, Solar Thermal, Air Conditioning System, Power Generate Pipe Material: Metal}, language = {en}, urldate = {2022-01-16}, journal = {Made-in-China.com}, } @misc{GreenhouseGasEmissions, title = {Greenhouse {Gas} {Emissions} - {Aluminium} {Sector}}, url = {https://international-aluminium.org/statistics/greenhouse-gas-emissions-aluminium-sector/}, abstract = {System Boundary Full life cycle (cradle-to-gate) greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (as CO2e); Aluminium Sector = All processes from mine (primary […]}, language = {en-GB}, urldate = {2022-01-16}, journal = {International Aluminium Institute}, } @misc{NewWorldBank, title = {New {World} {Bank} {Tool} {Helps} {Map} {Solar} {Potential}}, url = {https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2017/01/17/new-world-bank-tool-helps-map-solar-potential}, urldate = {2022-01-16}, } @misc{ParabolicDishConcentrating, title = {Parabolic dish concentrating solar power ({CSP}) systems - {ScienceDirect}}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781845697693500091?via%3Dihub}, urldate = {2022-01-15}, } @misc{ParabolicDishOverview, title = {Parabolic {Dish} - an overview {\textbar} {ScienceDirect} {Topics}}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/parabolic-dish}, urldate = {2022-01-13}, } @misc{WangGeEds, title = {Wang, {R}. {Z}. \& {Ge}, {T}. {S}. eds., 2016. {Nontracking} solar collection technologies for solar heating and cooling systems. {In}: {Advances} in {Solar} {Heating} and {Cooling}. s.l.:{Woodhead} {Publishing}, pp. 63-80. - {Google} {Search}}, url = {https://www.google.com/search?channel=fs&client=ubuntu&q=Wang%2C+R.+Z.+%26+Ge%2C+T.+S.+eds.%2C+2016.+Nontracking+solar+collection+technologies+for+solar+heating+and+cooling+systems.+In%3A+Advances+in+Solar+Heating+and+Cooling.+s.l.%3AWoodhead+Publishing%2C+pp.+63-80.}, urldate = {2022-01-16}, } @misc{SolarConcentratorsWhat, title = {Solar {Concentrators}: what are the different technologies?}, shorttitle = {Solar {Concentrators}}, url = {https://sinovoltaics.com/learning-center/technologies/solar-concentrators-different-technologies/}, abstract = {Solar concentrators are devices that work on the basic principle of focusing the sun. Fresnel lenses, parabolic mirrors, reflectors and more explained.}, language = {en\_EN}, urldate = {2022-01-16}, } @misc{SolarDishesScienceDirect, title = {Solar {Dishes} - {ScienceDirect}}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128040041000063?via%3Dihub}, urldate = {2022-01-15}, } @article{flamantExperimentalAspectsThermochemical1980, title = {Experimental aspects of the thermochemical conversion of solar energy; {Decarbonation} of {CaCO3}}, volume = {24}, issn = {0038-092X}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0038092X80903011}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-092X(80)90301-1}, abstract = {High temperature endothermic reactions as well as heating of chemically inert materials were performed with small solar furnaces (power: 2 kW) in specially designed reactors. These reactors—fluid bed and rotary kiln—allow continuous processing at high temperature. The treatment temperatures of fluidized inert materials (Silica, Chamotte, Ilmenite) may vary from 600° to 1300°C according to their nature and their radiative properties and also to the gas velocity, the particle diameters and the bed weight. Temperature homogeneity can be reached in a rather large volume. Thermal conversion efficiency can reach 0.35 with Ilmenite at 1250°C even though the experiment is conducted at a laboratory scale. A strong thermal gradient exists in materials treated in the rotary kiln, for example there can be temperature distribution from 1500°C at the opening of the furnace to 300°C at the bottom. Because of the cavity effect temperature is only slightly dependent on the thermal radiative properties of materials. Thermal conversion efficiency for this set-up is of the order of 0.1–0.3. The study of decarbonation of CaCO3 showed that conversion of solar energy to thermochemical energy is a viable proposition: conversion yields of 0.1 are reached for total decomposition and over 0.15 for partial (75\%) decomposition. It is seen from these laboratory scale experiments that great improvements can be made. Résumé On a expérimenté à l'aide de petits fours solaires de 2 kW aussi bien le chauffage de matériaux inertes (sable par exemple) que la réalisation d'une réaction fortement endothermique dans des réacteurs adaptés. Il s'agit de réacteurs permettant un fonctionnement continu à haute température: réacteur à lit fluidisé et réacteur à lit brassé. La température de traitement de matériaux inertes fluidisés (silice, chamotte, ilmenite) peut varier de 600 à 1300°C suivant leur nature, leurs propriétés radiatives ainsi que la vitesse du gaz, le diamètre des particules et la masse du lit. On obtient un traitement à une température sensiblement homogène dans un grand volume du réacteur. Le rendement de conversion thermique peut atteindre 0,35 avec l'ilmenite à 1250°C bien qu'il ne s'agisse que d'une expérience de laboratoire. Dans le four cyclindrique tournant les matériaux sont soumis à un gradient thermique important. Par exemple la température peut varier de 1500°C à l'entrée jusqu'à 300°C au foud du four. La température dépend beaucoup moins que precédemment des propriétés radiatives des matériaux à cause de l'effet de cavité. L'efficacité de conversion thermique pour ce montage de laboratoire est de l'ordre de 0,1–0,3. L'étude de la décarbonatation de CaCO3 montre que l'on peut obtenir des rendements de conversion énergétique sous forme chimique déjà intéressants: de l'ordre de 10\% pour une décomposition totale et de l'ordre de 15\% pour un taux de décomposition d'environ 75\%. Ces résultats apparaissent pouvoir être beaucoup améliorés. Resumen Se experimentó mediante pequenos hornos solares de 2 kW, tanto el calentamiento de materiales inertes (arena por ejemplo) como la realización de una reacción altamente endotérmica en reactores adaptados. Se trata de reactores que permiten un funcionamiento continuo a alta temperatura: reactor de lecho fluidizado y reactor de lecho agitado. La temperature de tratamiento de materiales inertes fluidizados (sílice, chamota, ilmenita) puede variar desde 600° à 1300°C según la naturaleza, las propiedades de radiación así come la velocidad del gas, el diámetro de las partículas y la masa del lecho. Se obtiene un tratamiento a una temperatura sensiblemente homogénea en un gran volumen del reactor. El rendimiento de conversión térmica puede alcanzar 0,35 con ilmenita à 1250°C, aunque sólo se trate de una experiencia de laboratorio. En el horno cilíndrico rotatorio los materiales son sometidos a un gradiente tŕemico importante. Por ejemplo la temperatura puede variar desde 1500°C a la entrada hasta los 300°C en el fondo del horno. La temperatura depende mucho menos que el caso anterior de las propiedades de radiación de los materiales debido al efecto de cavidad. La eficacia de conversión térmica para este montaje de laboratorio es del orden de 0,1–0,3. El estudio de la descarbonatación de CaCO3 muestra que es posible obtener rendimientos de conversión energética en forma química ya interesantes, del orden del 10\% para una descomposición total y del orden del 15\% para una tasa de descomposición de alrededor de 75\%. Estos resultados pareciera que pueden ser mejorados bastante todivía.}, number = {4}, journal = {Solar Energy}, author = {Flamant, Gilles and Hernandez, Daniel and Bonet, Claude and Traverse, Jean-Pierre}, year = {1980}, pages = {385--395}, } @inproceedings{basuMEASUREMENTCAVITATIONRESISTANCE1984, title = {{MEASUREMENT} {OF} {CAVITATION} {RESISTANCE} {OF} {ORGANIC} {MARINE} {COATINGS}.}, isbn = {0521264200 (ISBN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0021593421&partnerID=40&md5=801c75d90405b64df6f6c6c2c9f14060}, abstract = {This paper describes in detail the development of a new measurement technique for cavitation resistance using a combination of the accelerated cavitation test method (ASTM G32-72 modified to test coated plates) and an acoustic emission monitoring system. The new technique is based on theoretical models which correlate acoustic emission signal properties to measurable cavitation parameters. The experimental procedure which involves the monitoring of acoustic signals generated during cavitation is described.}, language = {English}, publisher = {Cambridge Univ Press}, author = {Basu, S. and Sinnar, A.M. and Bohlander, G.S.}, year = {1984}, keywords = {ACOUSTIC EMISSION TECHNIQUE, CAVITATION CORROSION, EPOXY COATINGS, HYDRODYNAMIC FORCES, NAVAL VESSELS, POLYURETHANE COATINGS, PROTECTIVE COATINGS - Testing, SHIPS - Protective Coatings}, pages = {85--98}, } @article{nerzMicrostructuralEvaluationTungsten1992, title = {Microstructural evaluation of tungsten carbide-cobalt coatings}, volume = {1}, issn = {15441016 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-51249167537&doi=10.1007%2fBF02659015&partnerID=40&md5=c36330505a7dea99abd55cf7a5c97595}, doi = {10.1007/BF02659015}, abstract = {Tungsten carbide-12 wt.\% cobalt coatings were deposited using optimized high-energy plasma (HEP) and high-velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) thermal spray techniques. The coatings were evaluated using transmission electron microscopy, differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, and subjected to wear tests to relate the coating structure to wear performance. Coatings were evaluated in the assprayed condition, as well as after heat treatments in inert atmosphere. The results indicate that a substantial amount of amorphous matrix material is created during the thermal spray process. Carbon and tungsten, liberated through the dissociation of the WC, combine with cobalt present in the starting powder to form amorphous material on solidification. Differential thermal analysis revealed an exothermic reaction for both the HVOF and HEP coatings at approximately 853 and 860 °C, respectively, which did not occur for the powder. Post-coating heat treatment in an inert atmosphere resulted in the recrystallization of the amorphous material into Co6W6C and Co2W4C, which was dependent on the time and temperature of the heat treatment. Wear testing showed improvement in the wear performance for coatings that were subjected to the heat treatment. This was related to the recrystallization of the amorphous matrix into eta phase carbides. © 1992 ASM International.}, language = {English}, number = {2}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {Nerz, J. and Kushner, B. and Rotolico, A.}, year = {1992}, note = {Publisher: Springer-Verlag}, keywords = {amorphous matrix, differential thermal analysis (DTA), thermal spray coatings, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), tungsten carbide-cobalt, x-ray diffraction (XRD)}, pages = {147--152}, } @article{potzlLaserRemeltingHVOF1994, title = {Laser remelting of {HVOF} coatings}, volume = {163-6}, issn = {02555476 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0028565548&doi=10.4028%2fwww.scientific.net%2fmsf.163-165.595&partnerID=40&md5=be0321bf52cbdd2a539db787f9c65e6b}, doi = {10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.163-165.595}, abstract = {The hard metals Cr3C2-Ni and WC-Co were sprayed on different substrate materials using the HVOF process. Surface hardness and mechanical and thermal properties of the composite material can be controlled by varying the HVOF process parameters, e.g. oxygen/fuel gas mixture, spraying distance and powder feed rate. After this, the thermal spray coatings are subjected to a thermal secondary treatment using a CO2 high-power laser. The following secondary treatments were examined: partial melt-down of spray coating melt-down of spray coating The first results were summarized.}, language = {English}, number = {pt 2}, journal = {Materials Science Forum}, author = {Potzl, R.}, year = {1994}, note = {Publisher: Trans Tech Publ}, keywords = {Carbon dioxide, Chromium compounds, Coatings, Composite materials, Hardness, Heat treatment, High velocity oxyd fuel spraying, High velocity oxygen fuel coatings, Laser applications, Laser remelting, Mechanical properties, Remelting, Spraying, Substrates, Surface hardness, Thermal secondary treatment, Thermal spray coatings, Thermodynamic properties, Tungsten compounds}, pages = {595--602}, } @article{morHighVelocityThermal1996, title = {High velocity thermal spray coatings: {Influence} of spray parameters}, volume = {88}, shorttitle = {Caratterizzazione di riporti thermal spray ottenuti con sistema {HVOF} al variare dei parametri di processo}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0030141791&partnerID=40&md5=299ec957ccbddc1f65e98055ff656425}, number = {5}, journal = {Metallurgia Italiana}, author = {Mor, F. and La Vecchia, G.M. and Stehle, D.}, year = {1996}, keywords = {Hardness, High velocity oxygen fuel systems, Metallographic microstructure, Porosity, Pressure effects, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spraying, Tungsten carbide, Wear resistance, X ray diffraction analysis}, pages = {363--369}, } @article{nolanRevealingTruePorosity1997, title = {Revealing true porosity in {WC}-{Co} thermal spray coatings}, volume = {6}, issn = {10599630 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0031386340&doi=10.1007%2fs11666-997-0024-6&partnerID=40&md5=a26c10d0ca1583bf2ee97b87361c48c0}, doi = {10.1007/s11666-997-0024-6}, abstract = {The principles underlying composite material behavior during metallographic preparation of coating cross-sections are generally not well understood. This study of the effect of extended fine polishing on apparent porosity shows that adequate polishing times, using a fine abrasive (3 μm) and low force, are required to remove prior deformation in the section surface and to reveal the true porosity of the underlying composite material. Insufficient polishing times can result in considerable underestimation of porosity. A model is described which proposes that the deformation induced in the material during grinding and polishing, even at low applied force, results in smearing of material into voids that exist in the plane of the section.}, language = {English}, number = {4}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {Nolan, D.J. and Samandi, M.}, year = {1997}, note = {Publisher: ASM International}, keywords = {Cobalt, Composite coatings, Composite materials, Deformation, HVOF coatings, Mathematical models, Metallography, Polishing, Porosity, Sprayed coatings, Thermal sprayed coatings, Tungsten carbide, WC-Co composites}, pages = {422--424}, } @article{nagasakaTribologicalPropertiesTitanium1997, title = {Tribological properties of titanium nitride films prepared by dynamic ion beam mixing method}, volume = {121}, issn = {0168583X (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0031546259&doi=10.1016%2fS0168-583X%2896%2900593-9&partnerID=40&md5=87df9fc69e12cef9a72abb64d858bb2d}, doi = {10.1016/S0168-583X(96)00593-9}, abstract = {Titanium nitride (TiN) films have been developed by a dynamic ion beam mixing (DM) process, which combines Ti vapor deposition with simultaneous nitrogen ion beam irradiation. Tribological properties of DM TiN film on martensitic stainless steel have been investigated concerning their application to dry gas seal materials for compressors and turbines. The microhardness, adhesion force, wear resistance and frictional coefficient properties of DM TiN film were investigated and compared to conventional hard materials such as arc ion plating (IP) TiN film, chromium carbide (Cr3C2) thermal spray coating and tungsten carbide (WC) hard alloy. The results show wear resistance and friction in TiN films prepared by the DM process to be superior to that in conventional hard materials.}, language = {English}, number = {1-4}, journal = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms}, author = {Nagasaka, H. and Chayahara, A. and Fujii, K.}, year = {1997}, note = {Publisher: Elsevier}, keywords = {Adhesion, Films, Friction, Hardness, Ion beam effects, Ion bombardment, Nitrogen, Radiation effects, Titanium nitride, Tribology, Vapor deposition, Wear resistance}, pages = {279--282}, } @article{bodgerEvaluationTungstenCarbide1997, title = {The {Evaluation} of {Tungsten} {Carbide} {Thermal} {Spray} {Coatings} as {Replacements} for {Electrodeposited} {Chrome} {Plating} on {Aircraft} {Landing} {Gear}}, volume = {84}, issn = {03603164 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0031236321&partnerID=40&md5=034979ed122f06782e9e3edb6a917570}, abstract = {Tungsten carbide (WC) thermal spray coatings applied by the high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) process are considered the leading candidates for replacement of hard chrome plating. This article describes the decision-making process followed to establish the acceptability of WC thermal spray coatings for aircraft landing gear applications. Descriptions of both the laboratory testing phase and the inservice evaluation phase are given.}, language = {English}, number = {9}, journal = {Plating and Surface Finishing}, author = {Bodger, B.E. and McGrann, R.T.R. and Somerville, D.A.}, year = {1997}, keywords = {Chromium plating, Decision making, Electrodeposited chrome plating, High velocity oxy fuel process, Landing gear (aircraft), Materials testing, Sprayed coatings, Tungsten carbide, Tungsten carbide thermal spray coatings}, pages = {28--31}, } @inproceedings{kwokCavitationErosionCorrosion1997, title = {Cavitation erosion and corrosion behaviour of laser surface melted {316L} stainless steel}, url = {https://pubs.aip.org/liacp/proceedings-abstract/ICALEO/1997/F98/377433}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, booktitle = {International {Congress} on {Applications} of {Lasers} \& {Electro}-{Optics}}, publisher = {AIP Publishing}, author = {Kwok, C. T. and Cheng, F. T. and Man, Hau Chung}, year = {1997}, pages = {F98--F107}, } @article{chaseNISTJANAFThemochemicalTables1998, title = {{NIST}-{JANAF} {Themochemical} {Tables}, {Fourth} {Edition}}, author = {Chase, M. W.}, year = {1998}, pages = {1--1951}, } @inproceedings{bergerStudyOxidationBehaviour1998, title = {A study of oxidation behaviour of {WC}-{Co}, {Cr3C2}-{NiCr} and {TiC}-{Ni}-based materials in thermal spray processes}, volume = {1}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-1442305797&partnerID=40&md5=ff6e9c3ded5750842e8c484cb7667315}, abstract = {In this paper the oxidation behaviour of WC, Cr3C2, and TiC and their composites with binder metals is compared on the basis of literature data and some oxidation experiments. It was found that the oxidation mechanisms in air, which are more or less equal to service conditions of coatings, seem to be totally different from those in the spray process in the case of WC, but similar in the case of TiC and Cr3C2. Oxide layer scale adhesion strengths and, possibly, the high volatility of WO3 seem to be responsible for this difference. It can also be assumed, that the problem of oxidation of TiC-based materials and Cr 3C2-NiCr is that of local oxidation on the surface of the spray powder particles during the spray process. Cr3C 2-NiCr and TiC-based materials are characterized by a high oxidation resistance in air. Plain WC-Co oxidizes readily in the temperature range 400-600°C, but alloying with Cr, as for instance in WC-CoCr and WC-(W,Cr)2-Ni spray powders increases the oxidation resistance.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Proc. {Int}. {Therm}. {Spray} {Conf}.}, author = {Berger, L.-M. and Vuoristo, P. and Mantyla, T. and Gruner, W.}, year = {1998}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: Proc. Int. Therm. Spray Conf.}, keywords = {Adhesion, Binders, Composite materials, Decomposition, Inorganic coatings, Oxidation resistance, Protective coatings, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray coatings, Volatility}, pages = {75--82}, } @inproceedings{arsenaultSlurryDryErosion1998, title = {Slurry and dry erosion of high velocity oxy-fuel thermal sprayed coatings}, volume = {1}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-1442299302&partnerID=40&md5=63c5f74fa296c54f9a59b068f693e11d}, abstract = {Improvement of the high velocity oxy-fuel deposition (HVOF) process in the last decade has lead to coatings with significant improved microstructures for better protection against wear and corrosion. HVOF coatings of cermet and metallic materials provide protection against erosion and are therefore good alternatives to the use of high-priced material. This paper presents the results of a study undertaken within the core research program of the National Research Council of Canada technology group in surface engineering, "SURFTEC", in which the performance of ten HVOF erosion-resistant coatings were evaluated under both dry and slurry erosion. Ten different types of HVOF coatings were studied including: six grades of WC with either Co or a Ni based matrix, one grade of Cr3C2 in a Ni-Cr matrix, and three grades of metallic alloy: Ni alloy, Co alloy and a SS 316-L. Coatings performance was evaluated with respect to the volume ratio and composition of metallic binder in carbide coatings, type of carbide, coating microstructure, impinging angle and the size of the erodent particles. All coatings were produced using the HVOF JP-5000 system controlled by the Hawcs-II controller. Slurry jet erosion tests were conducted using a 10 \%w/w alumina particle/water slurry. Two alumina particle sizes, 320 and 80 grit (nominal grain diameters 35 μm and 200 μm, respectively) were used. The nominal impact velocity of the slurry was 15 m/s and the nozzle-specimen distance 100 mm. Dry erosion tests were conducted using 50 μm diameter alumina particles projected onto coated flat test coupons through a carbide nozzle of diameter 1.14 mm with a particle velocity of 84 m/s at a feed rate of 2±1 g/min. Jet impingement angles of 90° and 20° were used for both dry and slurry erosion tests. The volume loss of material under various erosion conditions was related to the coating properties and microstructure. Results indicate that the coating behavior is dependent on the erodent particle size, the erosion impinging angle to some extent and for slurry erosion, to the corrosion resistance of the cermet matrix.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Proc. {Int}. {Therm}. {Spray} {Conf}.}, author = {Arsenault, B. and Immarigeon, J.P. and Parameswaran, V.R. and Hawthorne, H. and Legoux, J.G.}, year = {1998}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: Proc. Int. Therm. Spray Conf.}, keywords = {Abrasives, Ceramic coatings, Corrosion resistance, Degradation, Erosion, High velocity oxyfuel deposition (HVOF), Metal testing, Microstructure, Slurries, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray coatings, Tungsten carbide, Wear resistance}, pages = {231--236}, } @inproceedings{devillierslovelockEffectPowderType1998, title = {Effect of powder type and composition on the erosion and abrasion of {HP}/{HVOF} deposited {WC}-{Co} coatings}, volume = {1}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-1542315337&partnerID=40&md5=db30201f15708b048bd4496416959e3a}, abstract = {WC-Co and WC-CoCr coatings were deposited with the JP-5000 liquid fuel HP/HVOF system using various thermal spray powder types. The microstructure, microhardness, deposition rate and wear resistance of the coatings were characterized. The results show that these coatings provide significantly more protection from dry three-body abrasion than from dry sand erosion, when compared to mild steel. They also provide more advantage at low angles of erosion than at high angles of erosion. Furthermore, the coating composition was found to have a significant effect on the wear rates, with WC-CoCr providing the best wear resistance even after taking the higher cost of the powder into account. The powder manufacturing route had only a secondary effect on the wear rates, except in the case of fused and crushed powder, which produced an inferior coating.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Proc. {Int}. {Therm}. {Spray} {Conf}.}, author = {De Villiers Lovelock, H.L. and Van Wyk, P.}, year = {1998}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: Proc. Int. Therm. Spray Conf.}, keywords = {Abrasion, Cobalt compounds, Erosion, Erosion resistance, Materials testing, Microhardness, Microstructure, Morphology, Polishing, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray coatings, Tungsten carbide, Wear resistance}, pages = {193--198}, } @inproceedings{mcgrannEvaluationResidualStresses1998, title = {Evaluation of residual stresses and fatigue life of tungsten carbide thermal spray coated aircraft landing gear materials}, volume = {1}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-1442305661&partnerID=40&md5=be381e115ddfba57a53b9da9183dca98}, abstract = {Tungsten carbide thermal spray coatings have been used for more than twenty years in the commercial aircraft industry in applications such as turbine blade and flap-track wear surfaces. Additionally, the evaluation of tungsten carbide (WC) coatings to replace chrome plating in other aircraft applications has been underway for several years. For example, WC coatings applied by the high velocity, oxy-fuel (HVOF) process are being evaluated for use on aircraft landing gear parts. One factor that affects the suitability of WC coatings is the fatigue life of the coated part. This study compares the fatigue life of electrodeposited chrome plated specimens to the fatigue life of WC HVOF-sprayed specimens on aircraft landing gear alloys. Fatigue tests were run on cantilever flat beam specimens coated on one side and subjected to bending fatigue loads. Residual stress levels for the coatings were determined using the Modified Layer Removal Method on rectangular residual stress specimens processed with the flat beam specimens. Also, the Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio of the coating were determined using the Cantilever Beam Bending Method performed on beam specimens that were processed with the fatigue specimens and the residual stress specimens. Results indicate that certain levels of residual stress in the coating can enhance the fatigue life of the parts. The fatigue lives in bending tests of several WC coated specimens are compared with the fatigue life of chrome plated specimens.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Proc. {Int}. {Therm}. {Spray} {Conf}.}, author = {McGrann, R.T.R. and Shadley, J.R. and Rybicki, E.F. and Bodger, B.E. and Emery, W.A. and Somerville, D.A. and Greving, D.J.}, year = {1998}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: Proc. Int. Therm. Spray Conf.}, keywords = {Aircraft landing, Cantilever beams, Corrosion, Elastic moduli, Fatigue of materials, Fatigue testing, Gears, Modified layer removal method (MLRM), Poisson ratio, Residual stresses, Sprayed coatings, Stress levels, Thermal expansion, Tungsten carbide}, pages = {557--562}, } @article{nolanMicrostructuralStabilityThermal1998, title = {Microstructural stability of thermal srayed {WC}-{Co} composite coatings in oxidising atmospheres at 450°{C}}, volume = {14}, issn = {02670844 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0031678298&doi=10.1179%2fsur.1998.14.2.124&partnerID=40&md5=8642a1492f132f36f023e51a867fd237}, doi = {10.1179/sur.1998.14.2.124}, abstract = {The present work stems from a development programme considering the use of WC-Co thermal spray coatings in galvanising applications. In such applications, service conditions include exposure to air at 450°C. It is generally accepted that WC-Co composites do not oxidise significantly in air at temperatures below 500°C. However, the present results show significant oxidation of such coatings at 450°C in air and in contact with a molten galvanising alloy. There appear to be two simultaneous oxidation reactions occurring, with WO3 forming from the tungsten carbide and tungsten phases and CoWO4 derived from the β-Co and cobalt containing carbide phases.}, language = {English}, number = {2}, journal = {Surface Engineering}, author = {Nolan, D. and Mercer, P. and Samandi, M.}, year = {1998}, note = {Publisher: IOM Communications Ltd.}, keywords = {Air, Cermets, Cobalt, Galvanizing, Liquid metals, Microstructure, Oxidation, Sprayed coatings, Thermal effects, Thermal spraying, Tungsten carbide}, pages = {124--128}, } @inproceedings{hodgkiessAnalysisEnvironmentalFactors1998, title = {An analysis of environmental factors affecting corrosion behavior of thermal spray cermet coatings}, volume = {1}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-1442354646&partnerID=40&md5=84ffae57b1730fe24e3d55afee1fdb13}, abstract = {Primarily thermal-spray coatings have been developed to combat excessive degradation of components due to mechanical wear. However, these coatings are increasingly being required to function in aqueous environments where corrosive attack is possible. The durability of thermal spray coatings in terms of corrosion resistance is the focus of this paper. Two types of coatings have been studied; High-Velocity Oxy-Fuel (HVOF) and thermal spray-fused. The HVOF coating was WC-Co-Cr and the spray-fused coatings were WC-Co based and Ni-Cr-Si-B. Samples have been exposed to aqueous environments at a range of different temperatures and of varying salinity (500ppm and 35,000ppm Total Dissolved Solids) in order to simulate freshwater and seawater environments. The detailed material loss and degradation mechanisms have been investigated using electrochemical-monitoring techniques supported by precise post-test microscopical examination using light microscopy, scanning electron and atomic force microscopy and x-ray microanalysis. The study has demonstrated that there is a strong dependence on coating durability for all the coatings as a function of temperature but salinity has a lesser effect. However there are interesting differences in the extent and detailed mechanisms of such effects between the different coatings.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Proc. {Int}. {Therm}. {Spray} {Conf}.}, author = {Hodgkiess, T. and Neville, A.}, year = {1998}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: Proc. Int. Therm. Spray Conf.}, keywords = {Atomic force microscopy, Cermets, Corrosion resistance, Degradation, Durability, Electrochemical monitoring, Electrochemistry, Optical microscopy, Protective coatings, Saline water, Scanning electron microscopy, Sprayed coatings, Thermal effects, Thermal spray cermet coatings}, pages = {63--68}, } @inproceedings{sodaRefractoryCarbideCoatings1998, title = {Refractory carbide coatings sprayed by electrothermal explosion of conductive-ceramic powders}, volume = {2}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-1442330274&partnerID=40&md5=590c6b4a891e6354f04dfe3d47319215}, abstract = {Thermal Spray Coatings were prepared by the electrothermal explosions of ceramic powders caused by high-voltage electrical breakdown and large-current Joule heating. The powders of tantalum carbide, tungsten carbide and titanium carbide were sprayed without any additives. Even these hard-sintered materials could be densely deposited to form their coatings on metal substrates. The deposits ranged several tens μm in thickness. The Vickers microhardness of the coatings was much closer to those of the ceramics. This new spray technique employed a powder container which was especially designed in order to heat effectively the powder up to its melting point. The increase of tensile strength of the powder container enhanced the heating of the ceramic particles and jetting of them from the container. Thus the mixing of the sprayed ceramics with the substrate surfaces was obtained in the range of a few tens μm. However, the decarburization of the TaC and TiC powders were caused under the spraying, followed by the change of lattice constants. The deposition of WC coating resulted in phase change due to the decarburization.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Proc. {Int}. {Therm}. {Spray} {Conf}.}, author = {Soda, T. and Jamura, H. and Sawaoka, A.B.}, year = {1998}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: Proc. Int. Therm. Spray Conf.}, keywords = {Carbides, Ceramic materials, Corrosion, Decarburization, Decomposition, Electric breakdown, Electrothermal explosion, Friction, Heating, Joule heating, Lattice constants, Melting, Microhardness, Microstructure, Oxidation, Phase change, Sprayed coatings, Spraying, Tensile strength, X ray diffraction analysis}, pages = {1351--1356}, } @inproceedings{ThermalSprayMeeting1998, title = {Thermal {Spray} - {Meeting} the {Challenges} of the 21st {Century}: {Proceedings} of the 15th {International} {Thermal} {Spray} {Conference} {Volume} 1}, volume = {1}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-1442329922&partnerID=40&md5=a21a3340e36d48a947f03e369873765d}, abstract = {The proceedings contains 147 papers from Thermal Spray - Meeting the challenges of the 21st century: Proceedings of the 15th international thermal spray conference volume 1. Topics discussed include: a review on protection from corrosion, oxidation and hot corrosion by thermal spray coatings; formation of highly corrosion resistant alloys using laser surface alloying; oxidation properties of NiAl intermetallic coatings prepared by high velocity oxy-fuel thermal spraying; elevated temperature erosion resistance of several experimental amorphous thermal spray coatings; and effects of powder composition on the erosion, corrosion and erosion-corrosion properties of HVOF sprayed WC based coatings.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Proc. {Int}. {Therm}. {Spray} {Conf}.}, year = {1998}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: Proc. Int. Therm. Spray Conf.}, keywords = {Agglomeration, Anodic polarization, Cathodic disbondment tests, Cathodic protection, Chemical attack, Chemical stability, Corrosion potential, Corrosion resistance, Decarburization, Depolarization, EiRev, Flame spraying, Hot coatings, Laser surface alloying, Metallography, Optical microscopy, Organic polymers, Plasma spraying, Polycondensation, Polymer coatings, Potentiodynamic polarization tests, Scanning electron microscopy, Sprayed coatings, Steel corrosion, Thermal barrier coatings, Thermal expansion, Thermal spray coatings}, } @article{funkenAPPLICATIONCONCENTRATEDSOLAR1999, title = {{APPLICATION} {OF} {CONCENTRATED} {SOLAR} {RADIATION} {TO} {HIGH} {TEMPERATURE} {DETOXIFICATION} {AND} {RECYCLING} {PROCESSES} {OF} {HAZARDOUS} {WASTES}}, volume = {65}, issn = {0038-092X}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0038092X98000899}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-092X(98)00089-9}, abstract = {In many cases, hazardous wastes are subject to thermal treatment at elevated temperatures. Some types of wastes do not have a sufficient calorific value to cover the heat demand of the high temperature process. For thermal treatment of e.g. filter residues, dusts, sulfuric acid, aluminium dross, foundry sand, or waste water, supplementary energy supply is needed. The specific energy demand ranges from 0.5 to 2.5 kWh/kg (2–10 MJ/kg). An important aim of process optimisation is the reduction of (fossil) energy consumption and exhaust gas flow. Concentrated solar energy promises advantages when applied to high energy consuming waste treatment processes with regard to substitute fossil or electric energy consumption, to reduce CO2 emissions, and exhaust gas flow. In parallel to conceptional studies, a solar-heated rotary kiln mini-plant has been designed and constructed for tests in the DLR solar furnace. The tests will give indications of boundary conditions for solar thermal treatment or conversion of selected hazardous materials.}, number = {1}, journal = {Solar Energy}, author = {Funken, Karl-Heinz and Pohlmann, Bettina and Lüpfert, Eckhard and Dominik, Rainer}, year = {1999}, pages = {25--31}, } @article{haueterProductionZincThermal1999, title = {The production of zinc by thermal dissociation of zinc oxide—solar chemical reactor design}, volume = {67}, issn = {0038-092X}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0038092X00000372}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-092X(00)00037-2}, abstract = {We describe the design, fabrication, and preliminary test of a novel solar chemical reactor for conducting the thermal dissociation of ZnO into zinc and oxygen at above 2000 K. The reactor configuration features a windowed rotating cavity-receiver lined with ZnO particles that are held by centrifugal force. With this arrangement, ZnO is directly exposed to high-flux solar irradiation and serves simultaneously the functions of radiant absorber, thermal insulator, and chemical reactant. The reactor design respects the constraints imposed by both the chemistry of the decomposition reaction and the transitory nature of solar energy. A 10 kW prototype reactor, made from conventional reliable materials, was tested at PSI’s high-flux solar furnace and exposed to peak solar radiation fluxes exceeding 3500 kW m−2. The reactor system proved to have low thermal inertia and resistance to thermal shocks.}, number = {1}, journal = {Solar Energy}, author = {Haueter, P. and Moeller, S. and Palumbo, R. and Steinfeld, A.}, year = {1999}, pages = {161--167}, } @article{ericksonAluminaCoatingsPlasma1999, title = {Alumina coatings by plasma spraying of monosize sapphire particles}, volume = {8}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0032657925&doi=10.1361%2f105996399770350377&partnerID=40&md5=b35b48715c8be6c9a62d7ed00e20692a}, doi = {10.1361/105996399770350377}, abstract = {A series of plasma sprayed coatings of controlled microstructure was obtained by spraying three monosize sapphire powders using an axial injection torch in which the plasma gas composition and nozzle diameter were the only processing parameters varied. The effects of changes in these parameters on the coating splat morphology, porosity, angular crack distribution, and hardness are reported. The uniform, dense microstructure and the high hardness of 14 GPa (a level usually only associated with chromia thermal spray coatings) of the best alumina coatings resulted from using tightly controlled processing conditions and monodispersed precursor powders. The microstructural quality of plasma sprayed coatings and, hence, the coating properties can be improved significantly by minimizing variations in processing and raw material parameters.}, number = {3}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {Erickson, L.C. and Troczynski, T. and Hawthorne, H.M. and Tai, H. and Ross, D.}, year = {1999}, keywords = {Alumina, Ceramic coatings, Crack propagation, Hardness, Microstructure, Morphology, Plasma sprayed coatings, Plasma spraying, Porosity, Powder coatings, Protective coatings, Sapphire, Sprayed coatings, Wear of materials}, pages = {421--426}, } @inproceedings{ahmedVariationResidualStress2000, title = {Variation in {Residual} {Stress} {Field} {During} {Fatigue} {Failure} of {Thermal} {Spray} {Coatings}}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-1442304896&partnerID=40&md5=b171aee716f95740677bb5079779c4cf}, abstract = {A non-destructive experimental approach was adapted to investigate the variations in residual stress fields within thermal spray coatings. WC-Co coatings produced by a HVOF technique were considered for concentrated rolling sliding contacts in this study. These coatings were produced in various thicknesses on various substrates. Residual stress measurements were made using an x-ray diffraction technique, along and across the rolling direction. A modified four-ball machine was used to conduct rolling contact fatigue tests under various tribological conditions of contact stress, lubrication and contact configuration. Residual stress measurements were made before and after the tribological tests. Failed rolling elements were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microscopy and surface interferometry. Results indicate that the magnitude of compressive residual stress attenuates during fatigue failure. The magnitude of attenuated residual stress was dependent upon the type of tribological failure. This attenuation of residual stress was attributed to the microcracking of coating under the influence of contact stress.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Proc. {Int}. {Therm}. {Spray} {Conf}.}, author = {Ahmed, R. and Hadfield, M. and Tobe, S.}, year = {2000}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: Proc. Int. Therm. Spray Conf.}, keywords = {Coatings, Failure (mechanical), Fatigue of materials, Fatigue testing, Lubrication, Microcracking, Plasma spraying, Residual stresses, Rolling, Rolling contact fatigue (RCF), Scanning electron microscopy, Thermal spray coatings, Tribology, X ray diffraction analysis}, pages = {399--406}, } @inproceedings{coyleStructureAdhesionNi2000, title = {Structure and {Adhesion} of {Ni} and {Ni}-{WC} {Plasma} {Spray} {Coatings}}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-1442353816&partnerID=40&md5=71369f7f71b9e2340ba9d30cbe4e703d}, abstract = {The peel adhesion test (PAT) for characterizing the adherence of thermal spray coatings was examined. The technique offered the capability of providing a sensitive and reproducible measure of the effects of surface treatments and other deposition parameters on coating adhesion. The thin foil imposed some limitation on the ability of the technique to directly represent the behavior of a bulk substrate. This was evidenced from the response resulting from deformation of the foil due to severe grit blasting.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Proc. {Int}. {Therm}. {Spray} {Conf}.}, author = {Coyle, T.W. and Bahrami, A.}, year = {2000}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: Proc. Int. Therm. Spray Conf.}, keywords = {Adhesion, Bonding, Ceramic coatings, Corrosion resistance, Epoxy resins, Failure stresses, Friction, Grit blasting treatment, Interfaces (materials), Plasma spraying, Plastic deformation, Scanning electron microscopy, Sprayed coatings, Surface roughness, Surface treatment, Wear resistance}, pages = {251--254}, } @article{factorVickersMicroindentationWC122000a, title = {Vickers microindentation of {WC}-12\%{Co} thermal spray coating {Part} 1: {Statistical} analysis of microhardness data}, volume = {132}, issn = {02578972 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0034292438&doi=10.1016%2fS0257-8972%2800%2900738-6&partnerID=40&md5=d896a66aa2a1039a3b15eb21cb8cab89}, doi = {10.1016/S0257-8972(00)00738-6}, abstract = {A high quality WC-12\%Co coating was polished to various surface finishes and then tested for microhardness on both the polished cross-section and the plane surface of the coating. The indentation data obtained was analyzed using both Gaussian and Weibull statistical models. We demonstrated that, though the microindentation technique is a useful laboratory procedure that can be used for coating optimization, research and quality control purposes, poor understanding often leads to worthless data and, thus, to erroneous conclusions. The necessity for rigorous statistical procedures of data analysis is shown. For this coating, it was indicated that microhardness was less sensitive to the surface finish than appears at first, and that the testing direction is of little significance despite the obvious anisotropy of the coating structure. No significant variation of hardness with depth was shown. In part 2 of this two-part paper, we have demonstrated that in microhardness testing in the load-hardness regime that is almost universally used for these materials, poor between-operator reproducibility can lead to a variation of as much as 20\% in the average microhardness values obtained. Alternative procedures that might be of value in determining coating hardness data are discussed. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.; A high quality WC-12\%Co coating was polished to various surface finishes and then tested for microhardness on both the polished cross-section and the plane surface of the coating. The indentation data obtained was analyzed using both Gaussian and Weibull statistical models. We demonstrated that, though the microindentation technique is a useful laboratory procedure that can be used for coating optimization, research and quality control purposes, poor understanding often leads to worthless data and, thus, to erroneous conclusions. The necessity for rigorous statistical procedures of data analysis is shown. For this coating, it was indicated that microhardness was less sensitive to the surface finish than appears at first, and that the testing direction is of little significance despite the obvious anisotropy of the coating structure. No significant variation of hardness with depth was shown. In part 2 of this two-part paper, we have demonstrated that in microhardness testing in the load-hardness regime that is almost universally used for these materials, poor between-operator reproducibility can lead to a variation of as much as 20\% in the average microhardness values obtained. Alternative procedures that might be of value in determining coating hardness data are discussed.}, language = {English}, number = {2-3}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Factor, M. and Roman, I.}, year = {2000}, note = {Publisher: Elsevier Sequoia SA}, keywords = {Cobalt, Microhardness, Optimization, Sprayed coatings, Statistical methods, Statistics, Surface properties, Tungsten carbide, Vickers, Vickers hardness testing, Vickers microindentation, WC-12\%Co, Weibull distribution, coating, hardness, spray, tungsten carbide, wear resistance}, pages = {181--193}, } @inproceedings{factorCriticalEvaluationEmployment2000, title = {A {Critical} {Evaluation} of the {Employment} of {Microhardness} {Techniques} for {Characterizing} and {Optimizing} {Thermal} {Spray} {Coatings}}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-1542345472&partnerID=40&md5=a14643a0952202fbfc779aa64874e027}, abstract = {Frequent reporting of microhardness data for thermal spray coatings testifies to the widespread use of this technique for coatings characterization. However, inadequate reporting of microhardness procedures makes comparisons between published coatings hardness statistics difficult and it appears that both microhardness in general and it's significance to characterizing thermal spray coatings in particular are poorly understood. This paper demonstrates that though microindentation technique is a useful laboratory procedure that can be used for coatings optimization, research and quality control purposes, poor understanding often leads to worthless data and thus to erroneous conclusions. A high quality WC-12\%Co coating supplied by Sulzer Metco® was hardness tested on both die polished cross-section and plane surface of the coating. Contributions to the variance in results obtained and sources of significant errors are discussed and conclusions are drawn regarding the methodology and suitability of hardness testing for characterizing thermal spray coatings. The limits in repeatability and reproducibility of Vickers' microhardness data for hard metal thermal spray coatings are discussed. The necessity for rigorous statistical procedures of data analysis is demonstrated. It is suggested that the technique is inherently unsuitable for characterizing hard thermal spray coatings due to poor intrinsic reproducibility.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Proc. {Int}. {Therm}. {Spray} {Conf}.}, author = {Factor, M. and Roman, I.}, year = {2000}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: Proc. Int. Therm. Spray Conf.}, keywords = {Brittleness, Carbides, Data reduction, Indentation, Microhardness, Microindentation, Quality control, Sprayed coatings, Statistical methods, Thermal spray coatings, Vickers hardness testing}, pages = {1345--1354}, } @inproceedings{ahmedInfluenceCoatingThickness2001, title = {Influence of {Coating} {Thickness} and {Contact} {Stress} on the {Fatigue} {Failure} of {HVOF} {Coatings}}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0002990804&partnerID=40&md5=403e53c5e3b6d7e0affe4815de063425}, abstract = {Fatigue and delamination resistance of overlay coatings is critical to their performance in tribological applications involving Hertzian loading. This study addresses the influence of coating thickness and contact stress fields on the fatigue/delamination resistance of thermal spray (WC-12\%Co) coatings, deposited by a JP-5000 system. These coatings were deposited in three different thicknesses on the surface of 440-C steel substrate cones. Fatigue tests were conducted using a modified four-ball machine under various tribological conditions of contact stress and configuration. Results are discussed in terms of Hertzian contact stress fields, coating thickness and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) observations to comprehend the performance and ascertain the fatigue failure modes of coated rolling elements. These results indicate that by appropriate control of coating thickness and tribological conditions, it is possible to achieve a fatigue life in excess of 70 million stress cycles without failure. Further studies in this field can thus trigger an area of new novel applications of thermal spray coatings.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Proc. {Int}. {Therm}. {Spray} {Conf}.}, author = {Ahmed, R. and Hadfield, M.}, year = {2001}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: Proc. Int. Therm. Spray Conf.}, keywords = {Coating techniques, Corrosion resistance, Delamination, Delamination resistance, Fatigue of materials, Friction, Gas fuels, Scanning electron microscopy, Sprayed coatings, Stress analysis, Thermal spray coatings, Tribology}, pages = {1009--1015}, } @inproceedings{savarimuthuSlidingWearBehavior2000, title = {Sliding {Wear} {Behavior} as a {Criterion} for {Replacement} of {Chromium} {Electroplate} by {Tungsten} {Carbide} ({WC}) {Thermal} {Spray} {Coatings} in {Aircraft} {Applications}}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-1442304726&partnerID=40&md5=d8dc1b7a90ce274696b977697b72c1f4}, abstract = {Tungsten Carbide (WC) thermal spray coatings have had increased acceptance in commercial aircraft applications driven by the desire to replace chromium electroplate due to environmental and economic considerations [1]. In order to confidently replace chromium electroplate by WC thermal spray coatings, evaluation of wear and fatigue characteristics of the WC thermal spray coatings is necessary. For WC thermal spray coatings to replace chromium electroplate in aircraft applications, the coatings must demonstrate wear and fatigue characteristics as good as or better than those of chrome plating. Previous research in this area has shown that the fatigue life of the WC thermal spray coatings can be improved by inducing compressive stresses in the coating. This paper compares the wear characteristics of several types of WC thermal spray coatings with those of chromium electroplate in sliding wear tests following the "block-on-ring" procedures described in ASTM G77 standard. Wear results are interpreted in terms of coating residual stresses and in terms of X-ray diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Proc. {Int}. {Therm}. {Spray} {Conf}.}, author = {Savarimuthu, A.C. and Megat, I. and Taber, H.F. and Shadley, J.R. and Rybicki, E.F. and Emery, W.A. and Nuse, J.D. and Somerville, D.A.}, year = {2000}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: Proc. Int. Therm. Spray Conf.}, keywords = {Chromium, Chromium electroplates, Compressive stress, Elastic moduli, Fatigue of materials, Microhardness, Poisson ratio, Residual stresses, Scanning electron microscopy, Sprayed coatings, Tensile stress, Thermal spray coatings, Tungsten carbide, Wear of materials, X ray diffraction analysis}, pages = {1095--1104}, } @article{wuComparisonCavitationErosion2000, title = {A comparison of the cavitation erosion resistance of {TiNi} alloys, {SUS304} stainless steel and {Ni}-based self-fluxing alloy}, volume = {244}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0034253160&doi=10.1016%2fS0043-1648%2800%2900443-9&partnerID=40&md5=5344e8a58584eacf79ee213647355187}, doi = {10.1016/S0043-1648(00)00443-9}, abstract = {Cavitation erosion of TiNi shape memory alloys, SUS304 stainless steel (SS) and Ni-based self-fluxing alloys has been investigated in freshwater and 3.5 wt.\% NaCl solution according to the ASTM G32-85 standard method. After 300 min of cavitation erosion, the cumulative weight loss of SUS304 SS is 45 times, whereas that of Ni-based self-fluxing alloy is 15 times the value of TiNi alloys. TiNi alloys and SUS304 SS exhibit a working-hardening behavior in the early cavitation stage, and thereafter maintain constant hardness during further cavitation. However, the Ni-based self-fluxing alloy exhibits no hardening phenomenon during cavitation test. The thermoelastic martensitic transformations of TiNi alloys have important effects on their erosion characteristics. The variants accommodation, pseudoelasticity of SIM and high work-hardening rate can improve the erosion resistance of TiNi alloys. Cavitation erosion of all these alloys in freshwater is similar to that in 3.5 wt.\% NaCl solution under the same testing conditions.}, language = {English}, number = {1-2}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Wu, S.K. and Lin, H.C. and Yeh, C.H.}, year = {2000}, keywords = {Binary alloys, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation erosion, Hardness, Infrared joining, Infrared joining process, Martensitic transformations, Shape memory effect, Stainless steel, Strain hardening, Thermoelastic martensitic transformation, Thermoelastic martensitic transformations, TiNi alloys, Titanium alloys, Wear resistance, cavitation, erosion, nickel alloy, stainless steel, titanium alloy}, pages = {85--93}, } @inproceedings{blatchfordImprovementsHVOFSprayed2001, title = {Improvements in {HVOF} sprayed cermet coatings produced from {SHS} powders}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-1542315335&partnerID=40&md5=775c4e673b807a211d828c7886242607}, abstract = {It has been shown that high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) thermal spray coatings with good wear resistance can be produced from Ni(Cr)-TiC powders manufactured by self-propagating high temperature synthesis (SHS) reactions. In the present work the process was expanded to include additions of Mo and W with the objective of modifying the carbide phase in an attempt to increase the wear resistance further. The effect of changing the matrix, i.e. substituting Fe for Ni, and changing the ceramic phase from TiC to TiB2 was also examined. The feedstock powder and resultant coatings are characterised in terms of x-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy while the coating properties are measured by microhardness and dry sand rubber wheel (DSRW) abrasive wear testing. The results show that Fe(Cr)-TiB2 and Ni(Cr)-(W, Ti)C coatings have wear rates comparable to that of conventional Cr3C2-NiCr coatings produced from sintered and crushed powder, but further improvements are needed to achieve the wear resistance of WC-Co coatings.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Proc. {Int}. {Therm}. {Spray} {Conf}.}, author = {Blatchford, M.T. and Jones, M. and Horlock, A.J. and McCartney, D.G. and Shipway, P.H. and Wood, J.V.}, year = {2001}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: Proc. Int. Therm. Spray Conf.}, keywords = {Cermets, Cladding (coating), Coatings, Cost effectiveness, High temperature synthesis (HTS), High velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF), Molybdenum, Oxidation, Scanning electron microscopy, Synthesis (chemical), Titanium compounds, Tungsten, Wear resistance, X ray diffraction analysis}, pages = {221--230}, } @article{midorikawaDevelopmentSurfacemodifyingTechnologies2001, title = {Development of surface-modifying technologies by thermal spraying of process rolls in steel production process}, issn = {03889475 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0035520382&partnerID=40&md5=510b86763f6b55291f358bb9b7397d6c}, abstract = {Research and development of surface modification for process rolls have been carried out to improve the quality and productivity of steel strip sheets, as well as to prolong the span of service life of the rolls. To apply to bridle rolls that control strip tension in processing lines, thermal spray coating techniques of providing wear resistance, slip resistance and corrosion resistance have been developed. These coatings are WC-cermet coating, provided with roughness-control technology, and multi-coating, sprayed with WC-powder including undercoat with sealing technology. As for the conductor rolls that have conductive function at the plating section, self-fluxing alloy coating added with WC-cermet, which can prevent WC particles from peeling by the flattening of the particles, was developed. This WC self-fluxing alloy coating has excellent corrosion-resistance and wear-resistance. Through the investigation of Mn build-up mechanism to acquire ways to reduce and prevent the Mn build-up, thermally sprayed coating with eminent Mn build-up resistance has been developed for hearth rolls that convey steel strip sheets in a continuous annealing furnace. These activities have made the process rolls more reliable and their span of service-life longer.}, language = {English}, number = {45}, journal = {Kawasaki Steel Technical Report}, author = {Midorikawa, S. and Yamada, T. and Nakazato, K.}, year = {2001}, note = {Publisher: Kawasaki Steel Corporation}, keywords = {Annealing, Cermet coating, Corrosion resistance, Hearth annealing furnace, Rolling, Roughness control strategy, Sealing (finishing), Service life, Slip resistance, Spraying, Steel sheet, Steelmaking, Steelmaking furnaces, Surface roughness, Surface treatment, Tensile stress, Thermal spray coating techniques, Wear resistance}, pages = {57--63}, } @article{sanzTribologicalBehaviorCoatings2001, title = {Tribological behavior of coatings for continuous casting of steel}, volume = {146-147}, issn = {02578972 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0035465621&doi=10.1016%2fS0257-8972%2801%2901475-X&partnerID=40&md5=2c1747283a10e0adac1f4e98581092cc}, doi = {10.1016/S0257-8972(01)01475-X}, abstract = {There are a large number of steel making processes in which great demands are made on the surface behavior of several components that come into direct contact with steel under various conditions. Continuous casting is mainly a heat-extraction process. The mold must rapidly transfer heat from the steel to the cooling water. In continuous casting, steel solidification starts when it comes in contact with the mold liner's interior surface. The key job of every mold consists in cooling the molten steel in a controlled way. The mold is a major element in the overall economics of a continuous casting plant which explains the number of innovative approaches to increase the working life (length of time during which the mold shows acceptable dimensional stability to meet the quality standards) or to satisfy the new demands to be met by the mold liners. Coating the mold inner is a firmly established practice, in particular with electrolytic surface modification treatments, to cope with the various operating needs including low wettability, high hardness, good wear resistance and low cost. Several pin-on-disk tests were carried out to determine the friction and wear behavior of different coatings. The friction partner for all coatings was a K30 (WC-Co 9\%) chip, the sliding speed was 10 cm/s at a temperature of 250°C and a load of 5 N. The sliding time was 200 h (720 000 revolutions for a radius of friction 16 mm). Additional tests for shorter times allowed verification of the morphological evolution of the wear track. All coatings were also evaluated using a scratch test. This test introduces stresses at the interface between the coating and the substrate as the sample is displaced at constant speed. The critical load (Lc) recorded from the scratch test translates the complex intrinsic properties of a specific coating into a very reproductible figure of great practical significance. This paper presents a tribological characterization of conventional electrolytic coatings, bare copper alloys and some new surface solutions for continuous steel casting molds. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Sanz, A.}, year = {2001}, keywords = {Chemically modified layers, Continuous casting, Cooling, Electrolytic coatings, Electrolytic deposits, Hardness, Heat transfer, Mold inner coatings, Molds, Molten materials, Pin-on-disk tests, Protective coatings, Scratch tests, Solidification, Steelmaking, Stresses, Surface treatment, Thermal spray coatings, Tribology, Wear resistance, Wetting, casting, coating, tribology, wear resistance}, pages = {55--64}, } @inproceedings{varisMechanicalPropertiesThermal2001, title = {Mechanical {Properties} of {Thermal} {Spray} {Coatings}}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-1442304482&partnerID=40&md5=ffaae6484d0e660416699efb86d82c9d}, abstract = {Under load and stress thermal spray coatings have unique behaviour as compared to the bulk materials. The aim of this study was to define the mechanical properties of thermal spray coatings and consider the effect of external stress on coatings under test conditions. Five HVOF or Plasma spray coatings: NiCr, WC-CoCr, Al2O3-TiO2, Al 2O3) and Cr2O3 were studied. Mechanical properties, such as elastic modulus (E), and tensile strength (σ) were measured. Behaviour of some coatings in different loading conditions (tension and compressive) was studied.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Proc. {Int}. {Therm}. {Spray} {Conf}.}, publisher = {ASM International}, author = {Varis, T. and Rajamäki, E. and Korpiola, K.}, year = {2001}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: Proc. Int. Therm. Spray Conf.}, keywords = {Alumina, Chromium compounds, Elastic moduli, Mathematical models, Porosity, Sprayed coatings, Strain, Thermal spray coatings, Thermal stress, Titanium oxides}, pages = {993--997}, } @article{factorUseMicrohardnessSimple2002, title = {Use of microhardness as a simple means of estimating relative wear resistance of carbide thermal spray coatings: {Part} 2, wear resistance of cemented carbide coatings}, volume = {11}, issn = {10599630 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0036965268&doi=10.1361%2f105996302770348619&partnerID=40&md5=1a7d12cebeed5d19d5b361ec6e45528d}, doi = {10.1361/105996302770348619}, abstract = {A selection of WC-Co and Cr3C2-25\%NiCr coatings produced by plasma spray and high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) deposition techniques were subjected to various wear tests designed to simulate abrasions, cavitation, sliding, and particle erosion type wear mechanisms. All of the coatings were at least 200 μm thick and were deposited onto stainless steel substrates. In Part 1 of this contribution, the microstructures of the coatings were characterized and their mechanical properties were assessed using microindentation procedures. In this second part of the article, the behavior of the coatings when subjected to the various wear tests is reported and the utility of microhardness testing as an indication of relative wear resistance is discussed. It is shown that correctly performed, appropriate microhardness measurements are a good indication of abrasion resistance and sliding wear resistance, and also correlate well with cavitation resistance in Cr3C2-NiCr, The measurements were less useful for predicting erosion resistance for both Cr3C2-NiCr and WC-Co, however, and for abrasion resistance when WC-Co was ground against SiC. Here the contribution of micro-mechanism involving fracturing and brittle failure is greater than indicated by the coating microhardness, which is essentially a measurement of resistance to plastic deformation under equilibrium conditions.}, language = {English}, number = {4}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {Factor, M. and Roman, I.}, year = {2002}, keywords = {Brittleness, Carbide thermal spray coatings, Carbides, Cemented carbide coatings, Coatings, Cr3C2-NiCr, Deposition, Hardness testing, Indentation, Microhardness, Microindentation procedures, Particle erosion, Plasma spraying, Plastic deformation, Sprayed coatings, Stainless steel, Thermal effects, W ear, WC-Co, Wear mechanisms, Wear resistance}, pages = {482--495}, } @inproceedings{archerPredictiveModelCavitation2002, title = {A predictive model for cavitation erosion downstream orifices}, volume = {36150}, url = {https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/FEDSM/proceedings-abstract/FEDSM2002/403/298167}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, booktitle = {Fluids {Engineering} {Division} {Summer} {Meeting}}, author = {Archer, Antoine}, year = {2002}, pages = {403--409}, } @article{natishanAtmosphericCorrosionStudy2002, title = {Atmospheric corrosion study of electrodeposited hard chromium and high-velocity oxygen-fuel thermal spray coatings}, volume = {58}, issn = {00109312 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0036472586&doi=10.5006%2f1.3277311&partnerID=40&md5=6a96ab28acdc47542d281a603e3c4959}, doi = {10.5006/1.3277311}, abstract = {The corrosion behavior of several coating/substrate combinations was determined during a 3-year atmospheric exposure. The coatings were electrodeposited hard chromium (EHC) and two high-velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF) thermal-sprayed coatings, tungsten-carbide/cobalt (WC/Co) and Tribaloy 400 (T400). The substrates were Type 4340 (UNS G43400) steel and 7075 aluminum (UNS A97075). On the 4340 steel substrate, the HVOF WC/Co coating had the best performance. However, some general corrosion of the WC/Co coating was observed. On the 7075 aluminum, the EHC coating performance depended on how the coating was applied on the two samples on which the WC/Co was applied to the face and edges, WC/Co performed better than the EHC coating. In the case where the coating was not applied to the edges, the EHC coating performed better. The present results are compared to earlier results of HVOF and EHC coatings that underwent ASTM B117 testing.}, language = {English}, number = {2}, journal = {Corrosion}, author = {Natishan, P.M. and Lawrence, S.H. and Foster, R.L. and Sartwell, B.D.}, year = {2002}, note = {Publisher: National Assoc. of Corrosion Engineers International}, keywords = {4340 steel, 7075 aluminum, Aluminum, Atmospheric exposure, Chromium, Coatings, Cobalt, Corrosion, Electrodeposited hard chromium coatings, Electrodeposition, High-velocity oxygen-fuel thermal-sprayed coatings, Steel, Tungsten, coating, corrosion control, spray}, pages = {119--123}, } @article{kuluSelectionCriteriaWear2002, title = {Selection criteria for wear resistant powder coatings under extreme erosive wear conditions}, volume = {11}, issn = {10599630 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0036959680&doi=10.1361%2f105996302770348646&partnerID=40&md5=28f2c273f0e08702855dbafc10c928fc}, doi = {10.1361/105996302770348646}, abstract = {Wear-resistant thermal spray coatings for sliding wear are hard but brittle (such as carbide and oxide based coatings), which makes them useless under impact loading conditions and sensitive to fatigue. Under extreme conditions of erosive wear (impact loading, high hardness of abrasives, and high velocity of abradant particles), composite coatings ensure optimal properties of hardness and toughness. The article describes tungsten carbide-cobalt (WC-Co) systems and self-fluxing alloys, containing tungsten carbide based hardmetal particles [NiCrSiB-(WC-Co)] deposited by the detonation gun, continuous detonation spraying, and spray fusion processes. Different powder compositions and processes were studied, and the effect of the coating structure and wear parameters on the wear resistance of coatings are evaluated. The dependence of the wear resistance of sprayed and fused coatings on their hardness is discussed, and hardness criteria for coating selection are proposed. The so-called "double cemented" structure of WC-Co based hardmetal or metal matrix composite coatings, as compared with a simple cobalt matrix containing particles of WC, was found optimal. Structural criteria for coating selection are provided. To assist the end user in selecting an optimal deposition method and materials, coating selection diagrams of wear resistance versus hardness are given. This paper also discusses the cost-effectiveness of coatings in the application areas that are more sensitive to cost, and composite coatings based on recycled materials are offered.}, language = {English}, number = {4}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {Kulu, P. and Pihl, T.}, year = {2002}, keywords = {Abrasion-erosion, Cobalt, Composite materials, Cost effectiveness, Detonation, Detonation gun, Detonation spraying, Double cemented structure, Erosive wear, Hardmetals, Hardness, Powder coatings, Powders, Self fluxing alloys, Spray fusion, Spray fusion process, Sprayed coatings, Spraying, Thermal spray, Toughness, Tungsten carbide, Wear, Wear of materials, Wear resistance, Wear resistant powder coatings}, pages = {517--522}, } @article{huangStudyCavitationResistance2002, title = {A study on the cavitation resistance of ion-nitrided steel}, volume = {252}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0036503591&doi=10.1016%2fS0043-1648%2801%2900897-3&partnerID=40&md5=c452f45b2a970c2f1677bd75a0652873}, doi = {10.1016/S0043-1648(01)00897-3}, abstract = {Cavitation is a common deterioration process of a material resulting from high-speed fluid attack. Surface treatments are usually preferably considered to promote cavitation resistance because economic reason and longer durability consideration. The cavitation behaviors of ion-nitrided carbon steel, the response of nitriding layer to various cavitation environments, in particular, were studied. An ASTM G32-85 standard method was conducted to proceed cavitation test in fresh water, 3.5 wt.\% NaCl and 3.5 wt.\% HCl aqueous electrolytes, respectively. Experimental results show that nitriding of steel would reduce the cavitation rate of the S48C steel in fresh water due to the hard nitrided surface which could resist mechanical damage. Electrochemical corrosion plays a part in the case of 3.5 wt.\% NaCl and 3.5 wt.\% HCl electrolytes. Ion-nitrided specimens in the former electrolyte, therefore, become less protective than in fresh water with, however, lower cavitation rate than blank steel. Ion-nitrided specimen in the later electrolyte subjecting primarily to electrochemical attack to the nitriding layer, which has high corrosion current, shows inferior cavitation resistance than blank substrate. Therefore, the method of surface modification should be properly determined depending on what electrolyte would be used. Ion nitriding of carbon steel in our case is suitable for fresh water and 3.5 wt.\% NaCl electrolyte, but not for 3.5 wt.\% HCl electrolyte. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {5-6}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Huang, W.H. and Chen, K.C. and He, J.L.}, year = {2002}, keywords = {Carbon steel, Cavitation, Cavitation erosion, Cavitation resistance, Corrosion, Corrosion resistance, Deterioration, Electrochemical corrosion, Electrolytes, Ion nitriding, Ion-nitrided steel, Substrates, Surface treatment, cavitation damage, corrosion resistance, nitriding, steel}, pages = {459--466}, } @inproceedings{possamaiStudyElectroplatedHard2003, title = {Study of electroplated hard chrome alternatives by hypersonic thermal spray coatings ({HVOF})}, shorttitle = {Estudo de alternativas ao cromo duro através de revestimentos depositados por aspersão térmica hipersônica ({HVOF})}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-1842473691&partnerID=40&md5=9d0d08badfcbcadae41327860d566e6c}, abstract = {Electroplated chrome plating is extensively used in industry for wear and corrosion protection of mechanical components due to their high hardness and chemical resistance. However, its processing generates gaseous and liquid effluent that contains hexavalent chromium (Cr +6), which needs a physico-chemical treatment before its discard. Moreover, the chromium electroplating is an inefficient process that requires a high consumption of electrical energy and extended time to complete the process. The hypersonic thermal spray is the most promise alternative available. This process is capable to form high quality coatings from a powder material. Several materials can be sprayed, as metals, ceramic, polymers and composites. In this work composite coatings of WC-12Co, WC-20Cr-7Ni, Cr 2C 3-25NiCr and two metallic alloys, Ni-50Cr and NiCrBSiFeW was sprayed through hypersonic thermal spray. The sprayed coatings were characterized and compared with electroplated hard chromium in corrosion environment (salt spray) and unlubricated adhesive wear (according with ASTM G67). Microhardness measurements and optical microscopy were used for coating evaluation.}, language = {Portuguese}, booktitle = {58th {Congresso} {Anual} de {ABM}}, author = {Possamai, L. and Takimi, A.S. and Bergmann, C.P.}, year = {2003}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: 58th Congresso Anual de ABM}, keywords = {Chemical resistance, Chromate coatings, Chromium, Corrosion protection, Electroplating, Environment, Hvof, Microhardness, Optical microscopy, Palavras-Chave: electroplating, Sprayed coatings, Spraying, Thermal spray coatings, Wear resistance, hvof}, pages = {670--679}, } @inproceedings{ahmedInfluencePosttreatmentTribomechanical2004, title = {Influence of post-treatment on the tribo-mechanical properties of cermet coatings}, isbn = {0871708094 (ISBN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-10444277309&partnerID=40&md5=54b9e91020125a9f2ac317083f340fe2}, abstract = {Whilst innovative advancements in thermal spray technology, especially in terms of characterization of starting powders, coating processes and optimisation of coating process parameters have resulted in coatings of improved quality, there is an ever increasing demand to push the frontiers of coating applications. Post-treatment of thermal spray coatings either by HIPing (Hot Isostatic Pressing) or vacuum heating can thus offer one such opportunity by presenting a combination of coating and substrate properties not achievable by individual processes. Hence the aim of this study was to investigate the potential of two integrated process technologies of thermal spraying and HIPing. Tribo-mechanical properties of WC-Co coatings deposited by the HVOF process in the as-sprayed and post-treated conditions were thus investigated in this study. Results are discussed in terms of coating microstructure, sliding wear resistance, elastic modulus, hardness, residual strain and rolling contact fatigue resistance. These results indicate that significant improvements in coating performance can be achieved by appropriate design of post-treated components.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Proc. {Int}. {Therm}. {Spray} {Conf}.}, author = {Ahmed, R. and Stewart, S. and Stoica, V. and Itsukaichi, T.}, year = {2004}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: Proc. Int. Therm. Spray Conf.}, keywords = {Abrasive wear, Cermet coatings, Cermets, Coatings, High velocity oxide fuels (HVOF), Hot isostatic pressing, Microstructure, Microstrucutre defects, Plasma spraying, Surface treatment, Tribology, Wear resistance}, pages = {912--917}, } @article{sahraouiAlternativeChromiumCharacteristics2004, title = {Alternative to chromium: {Characteristics} and wear behavior of {HVOF} coatings for gas turbine shafts repair (heavy-duty)}, volume = {152}, issn = {09240136 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-4344577360&doi=10.1016%2fj.jmatprotec.2004.02.061&partnerID=40&md5=4e7586aa52fe59cd3cd3a5575c806358}, doi = {10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2004.02.061}, abstract = {Hard chromium plating is usually used to restore to original dimensions the worn surfaces of gas turbine shafts. However, such a technology presents harmful effects on the environment and the public health and it exhibits, moreover some intrinsic technical limitations. HVOF (high-velocity oxy-fuel) thermal spraying process appears as more environmentally friendly than chromium plating process but exhibits also lower potential production costs when compared to hard chromium deposits. In such a way, HVOF process appears as an alternative to hard chromium plating for shafts repair, by reducing the frequency of maintenance operation and repair and by deferring the need to fabricate or to buy replacement parts for used engines of previous generation. The purpose of this study was to investigate and to compare microstructural properties, wear resistance, and potentials of HVOF sprayed Tribaloy©-400 (T-400), Cr3C2-25\%NiCr and WC-12\%Co coatings for a possible replacement of hard chromium plating in gas turbine shafts repair. It was shown that thermal spray coatings exhibit the adequate properties compared to electrodeposited hard chromium coatings. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {1}, journal = {Journal of Materials Processing Technology}, author = {Sahraoui, T. and Fenineche, N.-E. and Montavon, G. and Coddet, C.}, year = {2004}, keywords = {Carbides, Chromite deposits, Chromium plating, Coating, Coefficient of friction, Electrodeposition, Friction, Gas turbines, Hard chromium, High velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF), Microstructure, Repair, Shafts (machine components), Spraying, Thermal spraying, Wear, Wear of materials}, pages = {43--55}, } @article{stoicaSlidingWearEvaluation2004a, title = {Sliding wear evaluation of hot isostatically pressed thermal spray cermet coatings}, volume = {13}, issn = {10599630 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-1842579182&doi=10.1361%2f10599630418077&partnerID=40&md5=25094604dfdedcfd05a82ae1e96246e0}, doi = {10.1361/10599630418077}, abstract = {The principal aim of this study was to compare the sliding wear performance of as-sprayed and Hot Isostatically Pressed (HIPed) thermal spray cermet (WC-12Co) coatings. Results indicate that HIPing technique can be successfully applied to post-treat thermal spray cermet coatings for improved sliding wear performance, not only in terms of coating wear, but also in terms of the total volume loss for test couples. WC-12Co coatings sprayed by a HVOF system were deposited on SUJ-2 bearing steel substrate and then encapsulated and HIPed at 850 °C for one hour. A high frequency reciprocating ball on plate rig was used to measure the sliding wear resistance of these coatings in dry conditions under steel and ceramic contact configurations at two different loads. Results are discussed in terms of coating microstructure, microhardness, fracture toughness and residual stress evaluations. Microstructural investigations indicate fundamental changes in grain morphology, whereas x-ray diffraction revealed beneficial transformations in phase composition of these coatings during the HIPing post treatment. The effects of these microstructural changes on the physical properties and wear resistance are discussed.}, language = {English}, number = {1}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {Stoica, V. and Ahmed, R. and Golshan, M. and Tobe, S.}, year = {2004}, note = {Publisher: ASM International}, keywords = {Ceramic coatings, Cermets, Fracture toughness, Grain morphology, Hot isostatic pressing, Mechanical properties, Microhardness, Microstructure, Morphology, Residual stress, Residual stresses, Sliding wear, Sliding wear resistance, Sprayed coatings, Steel, Substrates, Thermal spray coating, Thermal spray coatings, WC-Co, Wear mechanisms, Wear of materials, Wear resistance}, pages = {93--107}, } @inproceedings{ucokImprovingWearResistance2004, title = {Improving wear resistance of alloy {Ti}-{6Al}-{4V}}, isbn = {0873395603 (ISBN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-3042701260&partnerID=40&md5=f27b7df9021398810f506fc1bae91298}, abstract = {The objective of this paper is to summarize the results of titanium surface engineering studies conducted at Concurrent Technologies Corporation (CTC) on alloy Ti-6A1-4V to enable the alloy to better compete for military ground vehicle applications. Titanium's high specific strength and excellent corrosion resistance make it very attractive for replacing steel components to reduce the weight of combat vehicles, thereby improving vehicle mobility and facilitating air transport. However, the inferior wear resistance of Ti alloys compared to steels may be a limiting factor for certain high wear applications, especially when titanium competes with surface-hardened steel. In this study, the surfaces of Ti-6Al-4V substrates were engineered using plasma nitriding, electro-spark alloying, electroless plating and thermal spray coating. The engineered surfaces were evaluated by wear testing, hardness measurements and metallography. Composite diamond and WC-Co coatings were found to have the highest wear resistance under the test conditions employed.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Cost {Affordable} {Titanium} {Sypm}. {Prof}.}, author = {Ucok, I. and Gungor, M. and Klug, K.L. and Pickens, J.R.}, year = {2004}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: Cost Affordable Titanium Sypm. Prof.}, keywords = {Composite diamond, Composite materials, Diamond like carbon films, Electroless plating, Friction, Ground vehicles, Materials science, Optimization, Plasma nitriding, Protective coatings, Steel, Strength of materials, Surface engineering, Surface treatment, Ti-6Al-4V, Titanium alloys, Track Component, Vehicle mobility, Wear Resistance, Wear Resistant Coatings, Wear resistance}, pages = {59--66}, } @article{chiuCavitationErosionResistance2005, title = {Cavitation erosion resistance of {AISI} {316L} stainless steel laser surface-modified with {NiTi}}, volume = {392}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921509304012225}, number = {1-2}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Materials Science and Engineering: A}, author = {Chiu, K. Y. and Cheng, F. T. and Man, Hau Chung}, year = {2005}, note = {Publisher: Elsevier}, pages = {348--358}, } @article{limaElasticModulusMeasurements2005, title = {Elastic modulus measurements via laser-ultrasonic and knoop indentation techniques in thermally sprayed coatings}, volume = {14}, issn = {10599630 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-15744372519&doi=10.1361%2f10599630522701&partnerID=40&md5=a4f3aa4f271dc49cf61578baa7d2b076}, doi = {10.1361/10599630522701}, abstract = {Nondestructive techniques for evaluating and characterizing coatings were extensively demanded by the thermal spray community; nonetheless, few results have been produced in practice due to difficulties in analyzing the complex structure of thermal spray coatings. Of particular interest is knowledge of the elastic modulus values and Poisson's ratios, which are very important when seeking to understand and/or model the mechanical behavior or to develop life prediction models of thermal spray coatings used in various applications (e.g., wear, fatigue, and high temperatures). In the current study, two techniques, laser-ultrasonics and Knoop indentation, were used to determine the elastic modulus of thermal spray coatings. Laser-ultrasonics is a noncontact and nondestructive evaluation method that uses lasers to generate and detect ultrasound. Ultrasonic velocities in a material are directly related to its elastic modulus value. The Knoop indentation technique, which has been widely used as a method for determining elastic modulus values, was used to compare and validate the measurements of the laser-ultrasonic technique. The determination of elastic modulus values via the Knoop indentation technique is based on the measurement of elastic recovery of the dimensions of the Knoop indentation impression. The approach used in the current study was to focus on evaluating the elastic modulus of very uniform, dense, and near-isotropic titania and WC-Co thermal spray coatings using these two techniques. Four different coatings were evaluated: Two titania coatings produced by air plasma spray (APS) and high- velocity oxyfuel (HVOF) and two types of WC-Co coatings, conventional and multimodal (nanostructured and microsized particles), deposited by HVOF. © ASM International.}, language = {English}, number = {1}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {Lima, R.S. and Kruger, S.E. and Lamouche, G. and Marple, B.R.}, year = {2005}, keywords = {Elastic moduli, Elastic modulus, Indentation, Knoop indentation, Laser applications, Laser-ultrasonics, Mechanical variables measurement, Nondestructive examination, Poisson ratio, Sprayed coatings, Thermally sprayed coatings, Titania, Ultrasonic velocity measurement, WC-Co}, pages = {52--60}, } @article{osawaInfluenceSubstrateProperties2005, title = {Influence of substrate properties on the impact resistance of {WC} cermet coatings}, volume = {14}, issn = {10599630 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-30644457418&doi=10.1361%2f105996305X76513&partnerID=40&md5=c6716cd867838b67a40bba9fbebb3ccd}, doi = {10.1361/105996305X76513}, abstract = {This research delivers a generic understanding of the design and integrated performance of the coating-substrate systems under impact loading, and comprehends the understanding of underpinning failure mechanisms. Repeated severe impacts to the coatings often result in poor performance by cracking and delamination from the coating-substrate interface. The durability of coatings thus depends on the choice of coating and substrate materials, coating deposition process, and service conditions. The design of thermal spray coatings thus requires an optimization of these parameters. This investigation provides insight into the role of coating and substrate properties on the impact resistance of coated materials, and maps the relationship between the impact resistance of WC cermet coatings on a variety of substrates. Results indicate that the delamination resistance of the coating during impact loading not only depends upon the hardness and roughness of the substrate material, but, more importantly, substrates with a higher work-hardening coefficient indicate a higher delamination resistance. © ASM International.}, language = {English}, number = {4}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {Osawa, S. and Itsukaichi, T. and Ahmed, R.}, year = {2005}, keywords = {Adhesion, Adhesion of TS coatings, Cermet coatings, Cermets, Coating deposition process, Crack propagation, Delamination, Durability, Failure (mechanical), Hardness, High-velocity oxyfuel coatings, Impact loading, Impact resistance, Optimization, Production/preparation technology, Scanning electron microscopy, Sprayed coatings, Substrates, Surface roughness, Thermal spray coatings}, pages = {495--501}, } @article{turunenDiagnosticToolsHVOF2005, title = {Diagnostic tools for {HVOF} process optimization}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33750243767&partnerID=40&md5=6cb773877d0c1cb35c55d7f6fc4efa19}, abstract = {In the thermal spray process the coating is built up from lamellas formed by rapid solidification of the melted or semi-melted droplets attached to the substrate. A typical structure for the coating is a pancake-like lamellar structure, where the flattening stage and adhesion between the lamellas, together with the coating material itself, define the main properties of the coating. Thermal spray coatings are often applied for better corrosion and wear resistance. Therefore, low porosity and good adhesion are desired properties for the coating. High velocity processes - especially HVOF (High velocity oxy-fuel) spraying - are the most potential methods for producing a good adherent coating with low porosity. From a scientific point of view, particle velocity and particle temperature, together with substrate temperature, are the main parameters affecting the deposit formation. They determine the deposit build-up process and deposit properties. Particle velocity and temperature affect the deposit efficiency as well as the microstructure. The aim of this work was to show the workability of diagnostic tools in the HVOF process. The focus was on first order process mapping, including on-line diagnostics and single splat studies. Nanocrystalline alumina composites and quasicrystals were selected, two materials that are complex to spray. With both materials the melting state of the particles must be well optimized in order to produce dense, well-adhered coating without unwanted changes in coating phase structure. The main focus was on the HVOF spraying of alumina. The target was to obtain a systematic understanding of the influence of the process conditions on the microstructure development in HVOF alumina coatings. Conventional limits of gas ratios and flows were exceeded to obtain a wide velocity-temperature range. The study aimed to produce information for a first order process map, and was carried out at a much deeper level than previously reported. Propylene and hydrogen as fuel gases were compared, and other variables, such as total gas flow rate, fuel gas/oxygen ratio, and standoff distance were also varied. The obtained data was applied for nanostructured alumina composite coatings, and the effect of the process conditions was compared on the obtained coating microstructure and properties. On-line diagnostic measurements, in which particle temperatures and velocities in the flame can be measured, were performed. The main work was carried out for alumina by using a DPV-2000 system. Two clear regions of different temperature and velocity arise from the use of different fuel gases. Single splat studies correlated well with the obtained coating properties, and a first order process map for alumina was created showing the window for the spray parameters producing best coating quality plotted against coating hardness and abrasive wear resistance. It was shown that diagnostic results can be correlated with the coating microstructure and coating properties in HVOF spraying. It was also demonstrated that the coating properties and coating quality can be improved by optimizing and carefully selecting the spray parameters. Copyright © VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland 2005.}, number = {583}, journal = {VTT Publications}, author = {Turunen, E.}, year = {2005}, keywords = {Alumina, HVOF, High velocity oxi-fuels, Nanofractions, Process optimizatic diagnostics, Quasicrystals, Single splat studies, Surface coatings, Thermal spraying}, pages = {3--66}, } @article{voorwaldEvaluationWC17CoWC10Co4Cr2005, title = {Evaluation of {WC}-{17Co} and {WC}-{10Co}-{4Cr} thermal spray coatings by {HVOF} on the fatigue and corrosion strength of {AISI} 4340 steel}, volume = {190}, issn = {02578972 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-10244227975&doi=10.1016%2fj.surfcoat.2004.08.181&partnerID=40&md5=4dbf6bc3aa5b9936918bc078344fb0b0}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2004.08.181}, abstract = {It is known that chromium electroplating is related to the reduction in the fatigue strength of base metal. However, chromium results in protection against wear and corrosion combined with chemical resistance and good lubricity. Environmental requirements are an important point to be considered in the search for possible alternatives to hard chrome plating. Aircraft landing gear manufactures are considering WC thermal spray coating applied by the high-velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF) process an alternative candidate, which shows performance at least comparable to results, obtained for hard chrome plating. The aim of this study is to compare the influence of WC-17Co and WC-10Co-4Cr coatings applied by HVOF process and hard chromium electroplating on the fatigue strength of AISI 4340 steel, with and without shot peening. S-N curves were obtained in axial fatigue test for base material, chromium plated and tungsten carbide coated specimens. Tungsten carbide thermal spray coating results in higher fatigue strength when compared to hard chromium electroplated. Shot peening prior to thermal spraying showed to be an excellent alternative to increase fatigue strength of AISI 4340 steel. Experimental data showed higher axial fatigue and corrosion resistance in salt fog exposure for samples WC-10Co-4Cr HVOF coated when compared with WC-17Co. Fracture surface analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated the existence of a uniform coverage of nearly all substrates. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {2-3}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Voorwald, H.J.C. and Souza, R.C. and Pigatin, W.L. and Cioffi, M.O.H.}, year = {2005}, keywords = {AISI 4340 steel, Chemical resistance, Chromium plating, Corrosion, Corrosion resistance, Fatigue, Fatigue of materials, Gas fuels, High velocity oxy-fuels (HVOF), Plasma spraying, Scanning electron microscopy, Shot peening, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray, Thermal spray coatings, chromium, corrosion resistance, electroplating, fatigue analysis}, pages = {155--164}, } @inproceedings{lippRollingContactFatigue2006, title = {Rolling contact fatigue of the hardmetal coating {WC}-17\%{Co}}, volume = {1}, isbn = {978-000000000-2 (ISBN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84902121514&partnerID=40&md5=2d81ebe90fd527b88f23ec6a6b52447a}, abstract = {Surface engineering plays a key role for increasing load capacity, performance and reliability of mechanical components. Thermal spray coatings can serve as a surface modification technology for increasing the endurable Hertzian pressures and decreasing the coefficient of friction between the contact partners. In this study two WC-17\%Co coatings with 0.1 mm and 0.6 mm thickness, deposited by HVOF-spraying (high velocity oxy-fuel spraying) onto case hardened steel substrates were systematically studied in a rolling contact fatigue test. The rolling contact fatigue behavior of hardmetal coated components will be discussed studying the surface and subsurface stress distribution. Calculations of the subsurface stresses have indicated to an increase of stress at the substrat-coating interface. © Euro PM 2006 - Powder Metallurgy Congress and Exhibition. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Euro {PM} - {Powder} {Metall}. {Congr}. {Exhib}.}, publisher = {European Powder Metallurgy Association (EPMA)}, author = {Lipp, K. and Berger, L.-M. and May, U. and Wiener, M.}, year = {2006}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: Euro PM - Powder Metall. Congr. Exhib.}, keywords = {Coefficient of frictions, Fatigue of materials, Fatigue testing, Friction, Fuels, HVOF thermal spraying, High velocity oxy-fuel spraying, Mechanical components, Performance and reliabilities, Powder metallurgy, Rolling contact fatigue, Rolling contact fatigue test, Sprayed coatings, Surface engineering, Thermal spray coatings}, pages = {233--240}, } @article{linCavitationErosionBehavior2006, title = {The cavitation erosion behavior of electroless {Ni}-{P}-{SiC} composite coating}, volume = {261}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33750941179&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2006.03.054&partnerID=40&md5=51171d226f65bd7656c7b02ae7f1654c}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2006.03.054}, abstract = {Although electroless Ni-P-SiC is a well known industrial coating used for wear resistance, there appears to be little information pertaining to its effectiveness to resist cavitation erosion. In this study, electroless Ni-P composite coatings are formed on AISI 1045 steel through the addition of nano- and micro-scale SiC particles to the plating bath. The influence of a post-heat treatment on both the conventional electroless Ni-P and composite coatings is examined. The cavitation erosion test is carried out on stationary specimens in accordance with the ASTM G32-98 standard. It is found that the best cavitation erosion resistance, in either distilled water or a 3.5 wt.\% NaCl solution, is achieved through both the incorporation of nano-SiC particles and the application of a post-heat treatment. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {11-12}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Lin, C.J. and Chen, K.C. and He, J.L.}, year = {2006}, keywords = {Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation erosion, Composite coating, Composite coatings, Electroless, Electroless plating, Erosion resistance, Heat treatment, Ni-P-nano-SiC, Plating bath, Steel, Wear resistance}, pages = {1390--1396}, } @article{leiCavitationErosionBehavior2006, title = {Cavitation erosion behavior of an austenitic stainless steel}, volume = {27}, issn = {16717775 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33746239545&partnerID=40&md5=eccb1e89d96927779b99b65cccb87b7e}, abstract = {A new kind of austenitic stainless steel has been investigated for its cavitation erosion behavior. Cavitation erosion tests were done on an ultrasonic vibratory apparatus according to ASTM G32/92. During the cavitation erosion tests, the specimens were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the cavitation erosion rate of the specimen was measured. At first the γ-austenite to ε-martensite phase transformation absorbed a great deal of impact energy. After the phase transformation reached the saturated period, impact energy was absorbed by the distortion and fracture of the ε-martensite plates. The two factors contribute to a long incubation period of the specimen. Finally lots of small fragments made by the fracture of the martensite plates peeled off. Thus the incubation period of cavitation erosion ended.}, language = {Chinese}, number = {3}, journal = {Jiangsu Daxue Xuebao (Ziran Kexue Ban) / Journal of Jiangsu University (Natural Science Edition)}, author = {Lei, Y.-C. and Feng, L.-H. and Zhao, X.-J.}, year = {2006}, keywords = {Austenite, Austenitic stainless steel, Cavitation, Cavitation erosion, Cavitation-erosion, Erosion, Impact energy, Incubation period, Martensite, Phase transformation, Phase transitions, Remelting, Stainless steel, Surface remelting, Surface welding}, pages = {241--244}, } @article{fengCavitationBehaviorCobase2006, title = {Cavitation behavior of a {Co}-base alloy}, volume = {27}, issn = {1005748X (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34248520638&partnerID=40&md5=85d7e8fe00b71f5cbb15f38d4bcd2c3e}, abstract = {A new kind of Co base alloy was investigated for its cavitation behavior. Cavitation tests were performed using an ultrasonic vibratory apparatus according to ASTM G32/92. At first the phase transformation from γaustenite to ε-martensite absorbed a great deal of impact energy. After the phase transformation got to the saturated period, impact energy was absorbed by the distortion and fracture of the ε-martensite plates. The two factors contributed to a long incubation period of the specimen. Finally lots of small fragments made by the fracture of the martensite plates were peeled off and at the same time the incubation period of cavitation was over.}, language = {Chinese}, number = {11}, journal = {Corrosion and Protection}, author = {Feng, L.-H. and Lei, Y.-C. and Zhao, X.-J.}, year = {2006}, keywords = {Cavitation, Co-base alloy, Cobalt alloys, Martensite, Phase transformation, Phase transitions, Ultrasonic applications}, pages = {558--560}, } @article{meierSolarChemicalReactor2006, title = {Solar chemical reactor technology for industrial production of lime}, volume = {80}, issn = {0038-092X}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0038092X05002240}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2005.05.017}, abstract = {We developed the solar chemical reactor technology to effect the endothermic calcination reaction CaCO3(s)→CaO(s)+CO2(g) at 1200–1400K. The indirect heating 10kWth multi-tube rotary kiln prototype processed 1–5mm limestone particles, producing high purity lime that is not contaminated with combustion by-products. The quality of the solar produced quicklime meets highest industrial standards in terms of reactivity (low, medium, and high) and degree of calcination (exceeding 98\%). The reactor’s efficiency, defined as the enthalpy of the calcination reaction at ambient temperature (3184kJkg−1) divided by the solar energy input, reached 30–35\% for quicklime production rates up to 4kgh−1. The solar lime reactor prototype operated reliably for more than 100h at solar flux inputs of about 2000kWm−2, withstanding the thermal shocks that occur in solar high temperature applications. By substituting concentrated solar energy for fossil fuels as the source of process heat, one can reduce by 20\% the CO2 emissions in a state-of-the-art lime plant and by 40\% in a conventional cement plant. The cost of solar lime produced in a 20MWth industrial solar calcination plant is estimated in the range 131–158 \$/t, i.e. about 2–3 times the current selling price of conventional lime.}, number = {10}, journal = {Solar Energy}, author = {Meier, Anton and Bonaldi, Enrico and Cella, Gian Mario and Lipinski, Wojciech and Wuillemin, Daniel}, year = {2006}, keywords = {CO mitigation, Rotary kiln, Solar calcination, Solar energy, Solar lime}, pages = {1355--1362}, } @inproceedings{peetsaluCharacteristicsWCCoComposite2006, title = {Characteristics of {WC}-{Co} composite thermal spray coating microstructure}, volume = {1}, isbn = {978-000000000-2 (ISBN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85074989824&partnerID=40&md5=81fbba2679a3f8b5150651ddea84a672}, abstract = {The article focuses on the micro- and macrostructure analysis of WC-Co composite thermal spray coating. The microstructure was investigated by computer analysis based on SEM pictures. Since in computer analysis the recognition of WC particles is complicated, it was carried out automatically and manually. The described phases (size, size distribution, shape for the hard phase and phase percentages) were given various numeric values. The article focuses on the accuracy of different computer-aided numerical values and their sensitivity to changes in microstructure. The values (size distributions) obtained for different coatings of microstructure and porosity are compared. The coatings' wear resistance are analysed by means of the structure analysis. © Euro PM 2006 - Powder Metallurgy Congress and Exhibition. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Euro {PM} - {Powder} {Metall}. {Congr}. {Exhib}.}, publisher = {European Powder Metallurgy Association (EPMA)}, author = {Peetsalu, P. and Pirso, J. and Zimakov, S. and Mikli, V. and Traksmaa, R. and Kulu, P.}, year = {2006}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: Euro PM - Powder Metall. Congr. Exhib.}, keywords = {Computer aided analysis, Computer analysis, Computer-aided microstructure analysis, Grain size, Grain size and distribution, Macrostructures, Microstructure, Microstructure analysis, Morphology, Numerical values, Particle size analysis, Phase analysis, Powder metallurgy, Size distribution, Sprayed coatings, Structure analysis, Thermal spray coatings, WC-Co microstructure, Wear resistance}, pages = {253--257}, } @article{chiuHydrogenEffectCavitation2007, title = {Hydrogen effect on the cavitation erosion resistance of {AISI} {316L} stainless steel laser surface-modified with {NiTi}}, volume = {61}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167577X0600509X}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Materials Letters}, author = {Chiu, K. Y. and Cheng, F. T. and Man, Hau Chung}, year = {2007}, note = {Publisher: Elsevier}, pages = {239--243}, } @article{davidDeterminationFatigueResistance2007, title = {Determination of the fatigue resistance of {HVOF} thermal spray {WC}-{CoCr} coatings by means of impact testing}, volume = {35}, issn = {00903973 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-47149101981&partnerID=40&md5=1a3d979301811b23b42c7d7833fadb9b}, abstract = {Impact testing is an efficient experimental procedure that enables the determination of the fatigue resistance of mono- and multi-layer coatings deposited on various substrates, which was not possible with the common testing methods previously available. In this paper an advanced impact tester, able to assess the fatigue failure resistance of coatings working under cyclic loading conditions, is presented. The fatigue failure of the tested coatings was determined by means of scanning electron, optical microscopy, and EDX analysis. The test results are recorded in diagrams containing the impact load versus the number of successive impacts that the examined coatings can withstand. From the experimental results it was concluded that a hard, wear resistant HVOF thermal spray WC-CoCr coating deposited on P91 steel substrate presents a high fatigue resistance. Copyright © 2007 by ASTM International.}, language = {English}, number = {6}, journal = {Journal of Testing and Evaluation}, author = {David, C. and Anthymidis, K. and Agrianidis, P. and Tsipas, D.}, year = {2007}, keywords = {ASTM International (CO), Cladding (coating), Coatings, Cyclic loading conditions, Electron microprobe analysis (EPMA), Experimental procedure, Failure analysis, Fatigue failures, Fatigue of materials, Fatigue resistance, Fatigue resistances, Fatigue testing, Fatigue-resistance, Graphic methods, HVOF thermal spray coating, HVOF thermal spray coatings, HVOF thermal spraying, Health, Imaging techniques, Impact loads, Impact resistance, Impact testers, Impact testing, Iron, Mono- and multilayer, Monolayer coatings, Multi layer coatings, Multi-layer-coating, Optical (PET) (OPET), Optical microscopy, P91 steel, Pesticides, Quality assurance, Reliability, Sprayed coatings, Spraying, Substrates, Test results, Testing methods, Thermal spray coatings, Thermal spraying, Thermalspray, WC-CoCr coating, Wear resistance, Wear-resistant}, pages = {630--633}, } @article{decamargoCoatingResidualStress2007, title = {Coating residual stress effects on fatigue performance of 7050-{T7451} aluminum alloy}, volume = {201}, issn = {02578972 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34548265197&doi=10.1016%2fj.surfcoat.2007.03.032&partnerID=40&md5=aa38a4c4f05ce97e600780b34a939957}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.03.032}, abstract = {The tendency of the aircraft industry is to enhance customer value by improving performance and reducing environmental impact. In view of availability, aluminum alloys have a historically tendency to faster insertion due to their lower manufacturing and operated production infrastructure. In landing gear components, wear and corrosion control of many components is accomplished by surface treatments of chrome electroplating on steel or anodizing of aluminum. One of the most interesting environmentally safer and cleaner alternatives for the replacement of hard chrome plating or anodizing is tungsten carbide thermal spray coating, applied by the high velocity oxy fuel (HVOF) process. However, it was observed that residual stresses originating from these coatings reduce the fatigue strength of a component. An effective process as shot peening treatment, considered to improve the fatigue strength, pushes the crack sources beneath the surface in most of medium and high cycle cases, due to the compressive residual stress field induced. The objective of this research is to evaluate a tungsten carbide cobalt (WC-Co) coating applied by the high velocity oxy fuel (HVOF) process, used to replace anodizing. Anodic films were grown on 7050-T7451 aluminum alloy by sulfuric acid anodizing, chromic acid anodizing and hard anodizing. The influence on axial fatigue strength of anodic films grown on the aluminum alloy surface is to degrade the stress-life performance of the base material. Three groups of specimens were prepared and tested in axial fatigue to obtain S-N curves: base material, base material coated by HVOF and base material shot peened and coated. Experimental results revealed increase in the fatigue strength of Al 7050-T7451 alloy associated with the WC 17\% Co coating. On the other hand, a reduction in fatigue life occurred in the shot peened and coated condition. Scanning electron microscopy technique and optical microscopy were used to observe crack origin sites, thickness and coating/substrate adhesion. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {24}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {de Camargo, J.A.M. and Cornelis, H.J. and Cioffi, V.M.O.H. and Costa, M.Y.P.}, year = {2007}, keywords = {Aerospace industry, Al7050-T7451, Aluminum alloys, Anodic oxidation, Anodization, Chromic acid anodizing, Corrosion, Electroplating, Fatigue, Fatigue of materials, Hard anodizing, Landing gear (aircraft), Optical microscopy, Residual stresses, Scanning electron microscopy, Shot peening, Sulfuric acid anodizing, Tungsten carbide cobalt}, pages = {9448--9455}, } @article{nourEffectSurfaceFinish2007, title = {The effect of surface finish and cavitating liquid on the cavitation erosion of alumina and silicon carbide ceramics}, volume = {51}, issn = {08625468 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34248186428&partnerID=40&md5=04d5c337a1052600d6ffc466b72af1f9}, abstract = {The cavitation erosion of alumina (F 99.7, Friatec) and sintered silicon carbide (SSiC, EKasic F) with different surface finish was investigated at 25°Cfor up to 6h in distilled water as a cavitating liquid according to ASTM G32-92. The wear progress was followed by measuring the cumulative mass and volume losses. The eroded surfaces were examined for their damaged microstructure using SEM. The wear resistance of the tested ceramics, in terms of the incubation time and mass and volume losses, was improved when decreasing surface roughness. SSiC showed higher wear resistance in comparison with alumina. The results were discussed in terms of the hardness, fracture toughness, grain size, surface roughness and microstructure. In addition, the influence of oils as cavitating liquids on the erosion of tested ceramics was studied. The results indicated that water is highly erosive medium when compared with the used oils as a result of higher water vapour pressure, lower viscosity and higher density.}, language = {English}, number = {1}, journal = {Ceramics - Silikaty}, author = {Nour, W.M.N. and Dulias, U. and Schneider, J. and Gahr, K.-H.Z.}, year = {2007}, keywords = {Alumina, Cavitating liquids, Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Ceramic materials, Ceramics, Cumulative mass, Fracture toughness, Grain size and shape, Hardness, Microstructure, Scanning electron microscopy, Silicon carbide, Structural material, Structural materials, Surface finish, Surface roughness, Wear resistance}, pages = {30--39}, } @article{wankInvestigationsThermalSpray2007, title = {Investigations on thermal spray coatings resistance against abrasion dominated tribological load in comparison to hard chromium coatings}, volume = {38}, issn = {15214052 (ISSN)}, shorttitle = {Untersuchungen zur {Beständigkeit} thermisch gespritzter {Schichten} im {Vergleich} zu {Hartchromschichten} bei {Durch} {Abrasion} {Dominierter} {Tribologischer} {Beanspruchung}}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33847784428&doi=10.1002%2fmawe.200600121&partnerID=40&md5=d0e441be341acbe30cd198e6c1809b9c}, doi = {10.1002/mawe.200600121}, abstract = {HVOF iron and nickel based hard alloy as well as WC/Co(Cr) and Cr 3C2/Ni20Cr coatings are compared to APS Al 2O3/TiO2 and Cr2O3, powder flame sprayed and fused composite coatings consisting of NiCrBSi and WC/Co and electrolytically deposited hard chromium coatings concerning their wear behavior for tribological load by lose abrasive particles (ASTM G65 and ASTM G75). Thereby the influence of newly developed HVOF torch combustion chambers with reduced critical diameter and divergent expansion nozzles that both permit increased combustion gas and therefore also particle velocities on microstructure and wear resistance of the produced coatings is studied. While there is no improvement of wear resistance for hard alloy coatings compared to mild steel substrates for the specific tribological boundary conditions of these tests, especially the carbide reinforced coatings permit improvement by more than one order of magnitude in ASTM G65 tests and even more than two orders of magnitude in ASTM G75 tests. Also, for both types of tribological load HVOF coatings with WC as reinforcing phase are clearly superior to electrolytically deposited hard chromium coatings. Both use of the combustion chamber with reduced critical diameter and the expansion nozzles with divergent contour result in improved wear resistance of the thereby produced coatings. The specific wear mechanisms are deduced based on SEM examination of worn specimen surfaces. © 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH \& Co. KGaA.}, language = {German}, number = {2}, journal = {Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik}, author = {Wank, A. and Schwenk, A. and Wielage, B. and Grund, T. and Friesen, E. and Pokhmurska, H.}, year = {2007}, keywords = {Abrasion, Abrasive particles, Chromium, Coatings, Flame spraying, HVOF (high velocity oxy fuel spraying), Hard alloy coatings, Hard chromium, Hard metals, Hardmetal, High velocity oxy fuel spraying, Nozzles, Reinforcing phase, Scanning electron microscopy, Thermal spraying, Tribology, Wear, Wear of materials, Wear resistance}, pages = {144--148}, } @article{charvinDynamicModelingVolumetric2008, title = {Dynamic modeling of a volumetric solar reactor for volatile metal oxide reduction}, volume = {86}, issn = {0263-8762}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263876208001597}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2008.05.009}, abstract = {The study deals with a dynamic modeling of a solar thermochemical reactor operating continuously to simulate its behavior during transient periods. This reactor is devoted to the thermal reduction of volatile metal oxides which are involved in water-splitting cycles for hydrogen production. Unsteady mass and energy balances are solved to determine the evolution of the reactor temperature and of the outlet gas composition versus time. The kinetics of the chemical reaction is considered in the specific case of zinc oxide dissociation for which reliable data are available. For the chosen reactor design, the thermal inertia of the reactor materials has a weak influence on zinc production during short solar flux interruptions. Energy losses by conduction through reactor walls are the highest at small scale (ranging between 30\% and 40\% at 1kW scale), whereas radiative losses through the aperture become predominant at large scale (50MW scale) and greatly depend on the solar concentration ratio. Then, simulations show that a minimum concentration ratio of 2500 is necessary to reach a sufficient temperature (above 2000K) allowing efficient ZnO dissociation.}, number = {11}, journal = {Chemical Engineering Research and Design}, author = {Charvin, Patrice and Abanades, Stéphane and Neveu, Pierre and Lemont, Florent and Flamant, Gilles}, year = {2008}, keywords = {Dynamic modeling, Solar energy, Thermochemical cycle, Water-splitting, Zinc oxide}, pages = {1216--1222}, } @article{wigrenQualityConsiderationsEvaluation2007, title = {Quality considerations for the evaluation of thermal spray coatings}, volume = {16}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-37349005510&doi=10.1007%2fs11666-007-9054-3&partnerID=40&md5=10760aec07d147a72a0774fe4943933c}, doi = {10.1007/s11666-007-9054-3}, abstract = {Revealing the true structural and mechanical properties is of utmost importance for the optimized use of thermal sprayed coatings. Only the true properties can be expected to correlate to the spray parameters. During the recent decade, the gas turbine industry has experienced a focus on the laboratory procedures being the weakest link in a frozen and robust process. This article will show several results indicating that the laboratory procedures are more essential to the evaluation results than the spray parameters themselves. With new and robust laboratory techniques, the true properties of thermal spray coatings are revealed, causing a major problem with respect to the quality standards developed 30-40 years ago. In many cases, these old specifications need updates, which is a difficult task from a cost, time, and quality perspective for OEM's. Coatings that have been successfully used for almost half a century no longer conform to the specification they were optimized to, because of these new appropriate laboratory techniques and procedures. What is actually meant when stating the following? (1) The coating has 5\% porosity; (2) No cracks are allowed; (3) Tensile bond is 50 Mpa; (4) Hardness is 1000 HV; and (5) Coating thickness is 100 μm. This article also initiates a discussion on the measurement inaccuracies, for testing of thermally sprayed coatings, with respect to the commonly used general international standards (such as QS9000, ISO17025, AS9003, and ISO10012), as well as with respect to recommendations from the Six Sigma methodology. © ASM International 2007.}, number = {4}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {Wigren, J. and Täng, K.}, year = {2007}, keywords = {Adhesion of TS coatings, Cracks, General international standards, Hardness, Hardness and visco-elastic properties, Porosity, Porosity of coatings, Six sigma methodology, Sprayed coatings, Standards, Tensile strength, Thermal spraying, Viscoelasticity}, pages = {533--540}, } @article{espallargasCr3C2NiCrWCNiThermal2008, title = {{Cr3C2}-{NiCr} and {WC}-{Ni} thermal spray coatings as alternatives to hard chromium for erosion-corrosion resistance}, volume = {202}, issn = {02578972 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-37049020298&doi=10.1016%2fj.surfcoat.2007.06.048&partnerID=40&md5=012cdc14e45f29bff253ef5328459155}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.06.048}, abstract = {Cr3C2-NiCr and WC-Ni coatings are widely used for wear applications at high and room temperature, respectively. Due to the high corrosion resistance of NiCr binder, Cr3C2-NiCr coatings are also used in corrosive environments. The application of WC-Ni coatings in corrosive media is not recommended due to the poor corrosion resistance of the (pure Ni) metallic matrix. It is well known that the addition of Cr to the metallic binder improves the corrosion properties. Erosion-corrosion performance of thermal spray coatings is widely influenced by ceramic phase composition, the size of ceramic particles and also the composition of the metallic binder. In the present work, two types of HVOF thermal spray coatings (Cr3C2-NiCr and WC-Ni) obtained with different spray conditions were studied and compared with conventional micro-cracked hard chromium coatings. Both as-sprayed and polished samples were tested under two erosion-corrosion conditions with different erosivity. Tungsten carbide coatings showed better performance under the most erosive condition, while chromium carbide coatings were superior under less erosive conditions. Some of the tungsten carbide coatings and hard chromium showed similar erosion-corrosion behaviour under more and less erosive conditions. The erosion-corrosion and electrochemical results showed that surface polishing improved the erosion-corrosion properties of the thermally sprayed coatings. The corrosion behaviour of the different coatings has been compared using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and polarization curves. Total material loss due to erosion-corrosion was determined by weight loss measurements. An estimation of the corrosion contribution to the total weight loss was also given. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {8}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Espallargas, N. and Berget, J. and Guilemany, J.M. and Benedetti, A.V. and Suegama, P.H.}, year = {2008}, keywords = {Corrosion resistance, Cr3C2-NiCr, Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), Electrochemistry, Erosion, Erosion-corrosion, Erosion-corrosion resistance, HVOF, Hard chromium, Hard chromium coatings, Nickel alloys, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray, Thermal spray coatings, Thermal spraying, WC-Ni}, pages = {1405--1417}, } @article{froningThermalSprayTechniques2008, title = {Thermal spray techniques for deep bore applications}, volume = {87}, issn = {00432296 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-49449113850&partnerID=40&md5=ca32b04b1e2977bdb389ec0e16c011f7}, abstract = {High-velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) thermal spray combined with an off-angle technique is playing an effective role to apply the high-structure coatings, especially to tubes for deep bore applications. The off-angle HVOF technique responses directly to meet the challenges for the companies to achieve the correct balance between coating quality and cost and also has eliminated the application limitations with the thermal spray coating as a line-of-sight process. The technique effectively works to consistently maintain a proper thickness and structure on virtually all surfaces that leads to improved life expectancy of the components. The technique also significantly solves the problems of processors' limited ability to coat inside diameters greater in length than the size of the ID. Standard measured responses for the coatings, such as microhardness and Almen deflection have indicated beneficial aspects of the extreme off-angle HVOF WC/CoCr coatings over 90-deg coatings in several significant ways.}, language = {English}, number = {8}, journal = {Welding Journal (Miami, Fla)}, author = {Froning, M. and Ruggiero, P.F. and Bajan, R.}, year = {2008}, keywords = {Applications., Beneficial aspects, Cladding (coating), Coating quality, Coatings, HVOF technique, High-velocity oxygen fuel, Life expectancies, Line-Of-Sight, Metallizing, Nonmetals, Off-angle, Oxygen, Pesticides, Spray coatings, Spray techniques, Sprayed coatings, Spraying, Standards, Thermal spraying}, pages = {34--35}, } @article{hattoriFormationProgressionCavitation2008, title = {Formation and progression of cavitation erosion surface for long exposure}, volume = {265}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-54149093319&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2008.03.012&partnerID=40&md5=12ad8b8e18d699f1cfc266ab8786051a}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2008.03.012}, abstract = {Cavitation erosion often causes the leakage of water in piping systems of industrial plants. Cavitation erosion tests were carried out for S15C carbon steel equivalent to pipe steel STPG370 in a stationary specimen test method using a vibratory apparatus specified by ASTM G32-03. Another test was performed using a cavitating liquid jet method according to ASTM G134-95 to simulate the flow condition. It was found that the maximum depth of erosion (MaxDE) increases with exposure time with a power of about 0.5 which is different from the ordinary power of 1.0. The distribution of the maximum depth of erosion pits was obtained by the extreme value analysis (Gumbel distribution) at every exposure time. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {11-12}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Hattori, S. and Ogiso, T. and Minami, Y. and Yamada, I.}, year = {2008}, keywords = {Carbon steel, Cavitating liquid jetted, Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation erosion, Cavitation erosions, Erosion, Exposure times, Extreme values, Flow conditions, Gumbel distributions, Hydrodynamics, Industrial plants, Iron, Iron and steel, Maximum depths, Nonferrous metal, Nonferrous metals, Offshore oil well production, Pipe steels, Soil mechanics, Specimen tests, Steel}, pages = {1619--1625}, } @techreport{redaSolarPositionAlgorithm2008, title = {Solar {Position} {Algorithm} for {Solar} {Radiation} {Applications} ({Revised})}, url = {https://www.osti.gov/biblio/15003974/}, abstract = {This report is a step-by-step procedure for implementing an algorithm to calculate the solar zenith and azimuth angles in the period from the year -2000 to 6000, with uncertainties of ?0.0003/. It is written in a step-by-step format to simplify otherwise complicated steps, with a focus on the sun instead of the planets and stars in general. The algorithm is written in such a way to accommodate solar radiation applications.}, language = {English}, number = {NREL/TP-560-34302}, urldate = {2022-01-16}, institution = {National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)}, author = {Reda, I. and Andreas, A.}, month = jan, year = {2008}, doi = {10.2172/15003974}, } @article{costaEffectWC10Co42009, title = {Effect of {WC}-10\%{Co}-4\%{Cr} coating on the {Ti}-{6Al}-{4V} alloy fatigue strength}, volume = {507}, issn = {09215093 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-61749104278&doi=10.1016%2fj.msea.2008.11.068&partnerID=40&md5=c9b16f42ca716f46f5a33d202ed64b6a}, doi = {10.1016/j.msea.2008.11.068}, abstract = {High strength/weight ratio and effective corrosion resistance are primary reasons to use titanium alloys replacing steel and aluminum in some aeronautical components. However, titanium alloys have poor tribological properties, which reduce devices performance under friction; making surface treatments a requirement to improve wear. Thermal spray coatings have attractive characteristics as high hardness and strong coating/substrate adhesion. Compared with thermal spray processes, the High Velocity Oxygen Fuel (HVOF) presents less porosity and oxide contents due to the lower flame temperature used in the process operation. Electroplated coatings used to improved abrasive wear and corrosion properties, affects negatively the fatigue strength, providing lower results than those for uncoated parts. To increase fatigue strength of coated materials, techniques as compressive residual stresses induced by shot peening are used. In this study the influence of WC-10\%Co-4\%Cr coating deposited by HVOF on the fatigue strength of Ti-6Al-4V alloy was evaluated. Comparison of fatigue strength of coated specimens and base material shows also a decrease when parts are coated. It was observed that the influence is more significant in high cycle fatigue tests. The shot peening prior to the thermal spray coating is an efficient surface treatment to improve fatigue resistance of coated Ti-6Al-4V. Scanning electron microscopy technique (SEM) was used to observe crack origin sites and thickness in all the coatings. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {1-2}, journal = {Materials Science and Engineering: A}, author = {Costa, M.Y.P. and Venditti, M.L.R. and Voorwald, H.J.C. and Cioffi, M.O.H. and Cruz, T.G.}, year = {2009}, note = {Publisher: Elsevier BV}, keywords = {Aeronautical components, Aluminum alloys, Aluminum coatings, Aluminum corrosion, Chromium alloys, Coated materials, Corrosion fatigue, Corrosion resistance, Corrosion resistant alloys, Corrosion resistant coatings, Corrosive effects, Cr coatings, Fatigue, Fatigue strength, Fatigue testing, HVOF, High strength alloys, High velocity oxygen fuels, High-strength, Residual stresses, Scanning electron microscopy, Shot peening, Shot-peening, Sprayed coatings, Steel corrosion, Strength/weight ratio, Surface treatment, Ternary alloys, Thermal spray coatings, Ti-6Al-4V, Ti-6al-4v, Titanium (alloys), Titanium alloys}, pages = {29--36}, } @inproceedings{matthewsEffectHeatTreatment2009, title = {The effect of heat treatment on the oxidation mechanism of blended powder {Cr3C2}-{NiCr} coatings}, isbn = {978-161503004-0 (ISBN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-76749100735&doi=10.1361%2fcp2009itsc1018&partnerID=40&md5=6ebb7feefb1b4d008325e6ed7b321e86}, doi = {10.1361/cp2009itsc1018}, abstract = {Cr3C2-NiCr thermal spray coatings are extensively applied to combat erosion at high temperatures where the oxidation resistance of the WC based systems is inadequate. Under these conditions oxide layers take on an ever more significant role in determining the composite response. The response of blended powder based carbide coatings for erosion applications has formed the basis for application of cermet based coatings at elevated temperature. In this work the oxidation mechanisms of as-sprayed and heat treated Cr3C2-NiCr blended powder based coatings are characterised. Inter-diffusion between the coating phases with long term exposure increased the Cr content of the matrix phase. This had a significant effect on the oxidation mechanism. The implications of the change in oxidation mechanism and oxide morphology on the coating response to high temperature erosion are discussed. Copyright © 2009 ASM International® All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Proc. {Int}. {Therm}. {Spray} {Conf}.}, author = {Matthews, S. and Hyland, M.}, year = {2009}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: Proc. Int. Therm. Spray Conf.}, keywords = {Carbide coating, Chromate coatings, Chromium, Composite response, Cr content, Diffusion coatings, Elevated temperature, High temperature, High temperature erosion, Inorganic coatings, Inter-diffusion, Long term exposure, Matrix phase, Ni-Cr coatings, Oxidation, Oxidation mechanisms, Oxide layer, Oxide morphologies, Powder coatings, Powder-based, Thermal spray coatings, Tungsten carbide}, pages = {1018--1023}, } @techreport{pawelAssessmentCavitationErosionResistance2009, title = {Assessment of {Cavitation}-{Erosion} {Resistance} of {316LN} {Stainless} {Steel} {Following} a {Nitro}-{Carburizing} {Surface} {Treatment}}, url = {https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/Files/Pub22192.pdf}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, institution = {Technical Memorandum ORNL/TM-2009/287, Oak Ridge National Laboratory}, author = {Pawel, Steven J.}, year = {2009}, } @inproceedings{schroederPropertiesPowdersCoatings2009, title = {Properties of powders, coatings and consolidated components produced from nano- and near-nano crystalline powders}, isbn = {978-161503004-0 (ISBN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-76749146891&doi=10.1361%2fcp2009itsc0403&partnerID=40&md5=c17e93c815f5df03c38a83c433c3e416}, doi = {10.1361/cp2009itsc0403}, abstract = {Thermal sprayed coatings produced from nano- and near-nano grained powders are reported to provide improved properties as compared to those produced using conventional powders. The materials are believed to provide considerable potential for applications in the aerospace, oil \& gas, power, and many other industries. However, little research has been conducted on the nanocrystalline powders used in thermal spray as compared with the same powders used in consolidation. These comparisons may indicate the maximum achievable properties using nanograined materials. Powder consolidation methods including hot isostatic pressing (HIP) and spark plasma sintering (SPS) may provide a useful baseline for understanding the potential of these spray materials. These techniques provide more homogenous microstructures for evaluating the properties as predicted by the Hall-Petch relationship. By examining the nanocrystalline powders in bulk consolidation, we may better understand the potential of these nanocrystalline powders for thermal spray application. A study is proposed for investigating consolidated forms and coatings produced using nanocrystalline materials. Light alloys (aluminum, titanium), a nickel-chromium-boron-silicon and 10 wt.\% tungsten carbide blend (10WC-NiCrBSi), and tungsten carbide-10 wt.\% cobalt-4 wt. \% chromium (WC10Co-4Cr), are cryomilled to produce nanocrystalline grains in powder form. The powders are consolidated using hot isostatic pressing or spark plasma sintering. The results of consolidated forms of nanocrystalline materials are compared to consolidated forms of virgin (micron scale) grains to observe the improvements in properties capable with using nanograined materials. The influence of nano- and near-nano powders in thermal spray coatings are examined. Coatings are produced using nanocrystalline WC-17Co powder (Powdermet PCompP™) and microcrystalline WC-10Co-4Cr powder (Metco SM 5847) and compared. By examining and understanding the influence of nano- and near-nano grains in bulk powder processing techniques, may we better understand the properties of these materials when applied using thermal spray processing. Copyright © 2009 ASM International® All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Proc. {Int}. {Therm}. {Spray} {Conf}.}, author = {Schroeder, S. and Melnyk, C. and Grant, D. and Gansert, R. and Saha, G. and Glenesk, L.}, year = {2009}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: Proc. Int. Therm. Spray Conf.}, keywords = {Boron, Bulk powders, Chromium, Cobalt, Electric sparks, Hall Petch relationship, Hot isostatic pressing, Implants (surgical), Light alloys, Little research, Materials properties, Micron scale, Nano grains, Nano powders, Nanocrystalline alloys, Nanocrystalline grains, Nanocrystalline materials, Nanocrystalline powders, Nanocrystallines, Nanograined materials, NiCrBSi, Powder coatings, Powder consolidations, Powders, Spark plasma sintering, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray, Thermal spray coatings, Thermal spray processing, Thermal sprayed coating, Titanium, Titanium alloys, Tungsten, Tungsten carbide}, pages = {403--408}, } @inproceedings{atehortuaCavitationErosionWelded2010, title = {Cavitation erosion of welded martensitic stainless steel coatings}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84866667026&partnerID=40&md5=662a49149b317db1f24fdd569d2b9882}, abstract = {Cavitation is an issue in hydro-electric plants. Many turbines are made in 13Cr-4Ni stainless steel and must be repaired by welding in the field under very narrow time-frames. In this paper, the cavitation erosion resistance of welded martensitic stainless steels applied by semi-automatic process with a high deposition rate was tested in laboratory. The coatings were applied by GMAW transfer process using pulsed (GMAW-P) and non-pulsed (GMAW-S) welding current, a constant voltage power supply, and an AWS A5.9 ER410NiMo filler metal (1.2mm diameter) under argon-based shielding gas. The cavitation erosion tests were done in a vibratory apparatus according to ASTM G32 standard. The incubation period, the maximum erosion rate and the variation of surface roughness during the tests were reported and the results were compared with those obtained for uncoated 13Cr-4Ni steel. Cavitation erosion resistance of GMAW-P coatings was higher than that of the substrate and GMAWS coatings. After a reference time of 8 hours of testing, the cumulative mass loss of GMAW-P coating (3.93mg) was 3 and 2 times lower than that of reference materials GMAW-S (11.49mg) and 13Cr-4Ni steel (7.8mg), respectively. The maximum erosion rate of GMAW-P coatings (1.14 mgh -1) was lower than the 13Cr-4Ni substrate (2.01 mgh -1) and GMAW-S coatings (1.54mgh -1). The incubation period of the coatings showed the highest value for GMAW-P coatings (5h) with a 33\% of improvement with respect to 13Cr-4Ni substrate (3.75h).}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Proc. - {Int}. {Braz}. {Conf}. {Tribol}.}, author = {Atehortúa, J.D.E. and Colorado, R.C. and Marín, J.F.S. and Barrada, J.E.G. and Toro, A.}, year = {2010}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: Proc. - Int. Braz. Conf. Tribol.}, keywords = {Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation erosion, Cavitation erosion resistance, Chromate coatings, Constant voltage, Electric power systems, Erosion, Erosion rates, Filler metals, Gas metal arc welding, High deposition rates, Incubation period, Incubation periods, Martensitic stainless steel, Mass loss, Materials testing, Ni substrates, Pulsed GMAW coatings, Reference material, Reference time, Roughness parameters, Semi-automatics, Shielding gas, Stainless steel, Steel testing, Surface roughness, Transfer process, Tribology, Welding, Welding current}, pages = {299--309}, } @article{azizpourApplicationHVOFThermal2010, title = {Application of {HVOF} thermal spraying in high speed gas compressor shafts}, volume = {70}, issn = {2010376X (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-78651588569&partnerID=40&md5=8cede77b89150e3b48e047b9be204c11}, abstract = {In this paper, the application of thermal spray coatings in high speed shafts by a revolution up to 23000 RPM has been studied. Gas compressor shafts are worn in contact zone with journal therefore will be undersized. Wear mechanisms of compressor shaft were identified. The predominant wear mechanism is abrasion wear. The worn surface was coated by hard WC-Co cermets using high velocity oxy fuel (HVOF) after preparation. The shafts were in satisfactory service in 8000h period. The metallurgical and Tribological studies has been made on the worn and coated shaft using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction.}, language = {English}, journal = {World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology}, author = {Azizpour, M.J. and Norouzi, S. and Majd, H.M. and Talebi, H. and Ghamari, A.}, year = {2010}, note = {Publisher: WASET - World Academy of Science, Engineering and}, keywords = {Abrasion wear, Compressibility of gases, Compressors, Contact zone, Fuels, Gas compressor shafts, Gas compressors, HVOF, HVOF thermal spraying, High speed, High speed shafts, High velocity oxy fuel, Optical microscopy, Residual stress, Residual stresses, SEM, Scanning electron microscopy, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray, Thermal spray coatings, Thermal spraying, Tribology, Tungsten carbide, WC-Co cermets, Wear mechanism, Wear mechanisms, Wear of materials, Worn surface, X ray diffraction}, pages = {360--362}, } @inproceedings{bergerComparisonRollingContact2010, title = {Comparison of rolling contact fatigue of two {HVOF}-sprayed {Cr3C2}-{NiCr} hardmetal coatings}, volume = {3}, isbn = {978-189907219-4 (ISBN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84902155846&partnerID=40&md5=8bee6a9972d8d64b2a0301edbfce4ef0}, abstract = {Today's high velocity oxy-fuel-sprayed (HVOF) hardmetal coatings possess the quality required for use in contact fatigue applications. In the current work coatings of 600 μm thickness prepared from two commercial Cr3C2-25\%NiCr feedstock powders are studied. The coatings were sprayed with a liquid-fuelled HVOF system on non-hardened steel substrates. Rolling contact fatigue (RCF) results are presented by means of Woehler curves. One coating was found to have a higher and another to have a significantly lower durability than that of the case-hardened and uncoated specimens. The high endurable Hertz pressure for the first coating was found to be comparable with that of WC-based coatings prepared from commercially available standard compositions. This demonstrates the importance of careful feedstock material selection and control of coating quality for obtaining hardmetal coatings suitable for use in contact fatigue applications.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Proc. {World}. {Powder} {Metall}. {Congr}. {Exhibition}}, publisher = {European Powder Metallurgy Association (EPMA)}, author = {Berger, L.-M. and Lipp, K. and Spatzier, J. and Naumann, T.}, year = {2010}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: Proc. World. Powder Metall. Congr. Exhibition}, keywords = {Chromate coatings, Coating quality, Contact fatigues, Feedstock materials, Feedstock powders, Feedstocks, Friction, HVOF thermal spraying, Hardening, Hardmetal coatings, Powder metallurgy, Rolling contact fatigue, Sprayed coatings, Standard composition, Thermal spray coatings}, } @inproceedings{rakhesImprovementCorrosionPerformance2010, title = {Improvement of corrosion performance of {HVOF} {MMC} coatings by laser surface treatment}, volume = {2010-January}, isbn = {978-184996432-6 (ISBN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85024364668&doi=10.1007%2f978-1-84996-432-6_117&partnerID=40&md5=1b33f0a9a9d774abe19458cd37002281}, doi = {10.1007/978-1-84996-432-6_117}, abstract = {Thermal spray coatings are characterised as splatstructures consisting of stackingsw of lamellae grains with numerous defects, such as inter-connected porosity and oxide inclusions along the splats interlayer boundaries. The existence of such defects significantly increases their corrosion susceptibility in aqueous solutions. In order to improve corrosion performance of T800 (Co- Mo-Cr-Si), and T800-based WC HVOF-sprayed coatings, laser surface modification was carried out using a high-power diode laser to eliminate/reduce of the microstructral defects of the coatings by precise control of treatment depth with or without melting. Characterization of the laser-modified surfaces was conducted, in terms of microstructural morphology, chemical composition and phase analysis. Corrosion behaviors of the coatings before and after laser treatment were evaluated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and immersion tests. The results indicated that the corrosion resistance of the HVOF coatings can be improved as a result of laser densification of the coatings by elimination of discrete splat-structure and porosity. However, the improvement of resistance to microgalvanic corrosion between the WC and Comatrix after laser treatment can be limited depending on the extent of melting occurred to the WC within the coatings.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Proc. {Int}. {MATADOR} {Conf}.}, publisher = {Springer London}, author = {Rakhes, M. and Koroleva, E. and Liu, Z.}, year = {2010}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: Proc. Int. MATADOR Conf.}, keywords = {Chemical analysis, Chromium compounds, Corrosion, Corrosion resistance, Corrosion resistant coatings, Corrosion susceptibility, Corrosive effects, Electrochemical corrosion, Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, HVOF, HVOF thermal spraying, High power diode laser, Interlayer boundaries, Laser, Laser surface modification, Laser surface treatment, Lasers, MMC, Melting, Microstructural morphology, Morphology, Porosity, Semiconductor lasers, Silicon compounds, Sprayed coatings, Surface treatment, Thermal spray coatings, WC-Co}, pages = {531--534}, } @article{ribeiroCavitationErosionResistance2010, title = {Cavitation {Erosion} {Resistance} of {CrMnSiN} {Austenitic} {Stainless} {Steels} {Deposited} by {PTA}}, volume = {15}, issn = {01049224 (ISSN)}, shorttitle = {Resistência à erosão por cavitação de aços inoxidáveis austeníticos {CrMnSiN} depositados por {PTA}}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77955170191&doi=10.1590%2fs0104-92242010000200006&partnerID=40&md5=5c4ae98295a3fa63501ba1f46fc22df3}, doi = {10.1590/s0104-92242010000200006}, abstract = {Cavitation erosion deteriorates components like metallic parts of water pumps, valves and blades of hydraulic turbines, in this last case being responsible for high economical losses, associated to direct maintenance costs, but above all due to the interruption of the electric power generation. Among the materials usually applied in the welding repair of cavitation erosion are included the common stainless steels AISI 308 and 309, special Co-alloyed stainless steels and Co-base alloys (stellites), whereby these have as handicap a higher susceptibility to cracking, the difficult in finishing by grinding and the higher cost. In this context this work had the purpose to design, develop and evaluate CrMnSiN austenitic stainless steels, as deposited by the PTA process. The cavitation erosion resistance was evaluated using the vibratory ultrasonic test according ASTM G32-92. The microstructure was analyzed by means of optical and scanning electronical microscopy and the nature of phases present in the coatings - the cavitation induced formation of martensites' and - was estimated by x-rays diffraction. Besides that the surface quality as examined by NDT, the hardness and the feasibility of finishing by grinding, where all evaluation criteria of the welded deposits. It was verified that the coatings applied by PTA were free from solidification cracks, had low porosity, good wetability and adequate surface finishment. The best austenitic stainless steel developed (0,03\%C; 0,35\% N; 13,2\%Cr; 11,8\% Mn; 2,8\%Si; bal \%Fe) showed a cavitation erosion resistance quite near the most resistant commercial alloys.}, language = {Portuguese}, number = {2}, journal = {Soldagem e Inspecao}, author = {Ribeiro, H.O. and Buschinelli, A.J.A. and Dutra, J.C. and D'Oliveira, A.S.C.M.}, year = {2010}, note = {Publisher: Universidade Federal de Uberlandia}, keywords = {Austenitic stainless steel, Austenitic stainless steels, Cavitation, Cavitation erosion resistance, Chromium alloys, Chromium steel, Co-base alloy, Coatings, Cobalt alloys, Commercial alloys, Direct maintenance costs, Electric losses, Electric power generation, Erosion, Evaluation criteria, Grinding (machining), Hard facing, Hardfacing, Hydraulic motors, Manganese alloys, Manganese steel, Nondestructive examination, PTA process, Quality control, Silicon alloys, Silicon steel, Solidification cracks, Ultrasonic testing, Welding, Welding repairs, X-rays diffraction}, pages = {121--129}, } @article{zdraveckaInvestigationWearResistance2010, title = {Investigation of wear resistance of high velocity oxy-fuel sprayed {WC}-{Co} and {Cr3C2}-{NiCr} coatings}, volume = {84}, issn = {13921207 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-78249232976&partnerID=40&md5=4e54c82d92e89b31dcb40260b841ae5a}, abstract = {In the present work, the comparative investigation of wear resistance was carried out for two types of thermal spray coatings - tungsten carbide-based (WC-Co) and chromium carbide-based (Cr3C2-NiCr) coatings deposited by high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spraying process. The wear mechanism was investigated in the interrelationship with wear particles formation. Wear resistance of coatings was evaluated by tribotester FALEX T-09. The wear debris after scuffing were studied by atomic force microscopy. Metallographical investigation was carried out using opti-cal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). X-ray energy dispersion microprobe analysis was used for the investigation of the composition of coatings. The ob-tained results show that WC-Co coatings are characterized by better tribological characteristics. Wear resistance of coatings was connected with the microstructure.}, language = {English}, number = {4}, journal = {Mechanika}, author = {Zdravecka, E. and Suchanek, J. and Tkacova, J. and Trpcevska, J. and Brinkiene, K.}, year = {2010}, keywords = {Atomic force microscopy, Chromium, Chromium carbide, Coatings, Cr3C2-NiCr, Debris, HVOF thermal spraying, High velocity oxy-fuel, High velocity oxy-fuel spraying, Microprobe analysis, Ni-Cr coatings, SEM, Scanning electron microscopy, Thermal spray coatings, Thermal spraying, Tribological characteristics, Tribology, Tribotester, Tungsten, Tungsten alloys, Tungsten carbide, WC-Co coating, Wear debris, Wear mechanisms, Wear particles, Wear resistance, X-ray energy dispersions}, pages = {75--79}, } @article{darowickiCavitationErosionInfluence2011, title = {Cavitation erosion, influence of electrochemical corrosion on cavitation–a review}, author = {Darowicki, Kazimierz and Ryl, Jacek}, year = {2011}, } @article{faisalAcousticEmissionAnalysis2011, title = {Acoustic emission analysis of {Vickers} indentation fracture of cermet and ceramic coatings}, volume = {22}, issn = {09570233 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-81555220963&doi=10.1088%2f0957-0233%2f22%2f12%2f125704&partnerID=40&md5=9bf03b1fed3985368de619840cbc340d}, doi = {10.1088/0957-0233/22/12/125704}, abstract = {The aim of this work was to develop an instrumented experimental methodology of quantitative material evaluation based on the acoustic emission (AE) monitoring of a dead-weight Vickers indentation. This was to assess the degree of cracking and hence the toughness of thermally sprayed coatings. AE data were acquired during indentation tests on samples of coatings of nominal thickness 250-325 νm at a variety of indentation loads ranging from 49 to 490 N. Measurements were carried out on five different carbide and ceramic coatings (HVOF as-sprayed WC-12\%Co (JP5000 and JetKote), HIPed WC-12\%Co (JetKote) and as-sprayed Al2O3 (APS/Metco and HVOF/theta-gun)). The raw AE signals recorded during indentation were analysed and the total surface crack length around the indent determined. The results showed that the total surface crack length measured gave fracture toughness (K1c) values which were consistent with the published literature for similar coatings but evaluated using the classical approach (Palmqvist/half-penny model). Hence, the total surface crack length criteria can be applied to ceramic and cermet coatings which may or may not exhibit fracture via radial cracks. The values of K 1c measured were 3.4 0.1 MPa m1/2 for high-velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) (theta-gun) Al2O3, 4.6 0.3 MPa m 1/2 for as-sprayed HVOF (JetKote) WC-12\%Co, 7.10.1 MPa m 1/2 for as-sprayed HVOF (JP5000) WC-12\%Co and 7.4 0.2 MPa m 1/2 for HIPed HVOF (JetKote) WC-12\%Co coatings. The crack lengths were then calibrated against the AE response and correlation coefficients evaluated. The values of K1c measured using AE correlations were 3.3 MPa m1/2 for HVOF (theta-gun) Al2O3, 2.6 MPa m1/2 for APS (Metco) Al2O3, 2.5 MPa m 1/2 for as-sprayed HVOF (JetKote) WC-12\%Co, 6.3 MPa m1/2 for as-sprayed HVOF (JP5000) WC-12\%Co and 8.6 MPa m1/2 for HIPed HVOF (JetKote) WC-12\%Co coatings. It is concluded that within each category of coating type, AE can be used as a suitable surrogate for crack length measurement for assessing coating quality. Hence, a full measure of crack prevalence which would require time-consuming fractal dimension analysis can be made redundant for a given coating type, offering a motivation for AE-based indentation testing as a measure of quality control. Similarly, for cases where surface crack length cannot be measured due to delamination/spallation of surface, AE-based fracture toughness provides a benchmark for coating quality assessment. © 2011 IOP Publishing Ltd.}, language = {English}, number = {12}, journal = {Measurement Science and Technology}, author = {Faisal, N.H. and Ahmed, R.}, year = {2011}, note = {Publisher: Institute of Physics Publishing}, keywords = {Acoustic emission analysis, Acoustic emission testing, Acoustic emissions, Aluminum, Aluminum coatings, Benchmarking, Carbides, Ceramic coatings, Ceramic materials, Cermets, Cracks, Failure (mechanical), Fractal dimension, Fractal dimension analysis, Fracture toughness, HVOF thermal spraying, High velocity oxygen fuel(HVOF), Open-loop, Quality control, Sprayed coatings, Surface defects, Thermal spray coatings, Thermally sprayed coatings, Tungsten carbide, Vickers indentation, acoustic emission, fracture toughness, instrumentation, open loop, thermal spray coatings}, } @article{ghildyalReplacingChromiumPlating2011, title = {Replacing chromium plating with environmentally friendly composite coatings}, volume = {169}, issn = {08827958 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79957826269&partnerID=40&md5=e42b011e4d66ca0680767946a9f5135d}, abstract = {MesoCoat designed, manufactured, and tested a range of three unique PComP powders suitable for use in aerospace applications. These powders were used as alternative environmentally friendly composite coatings in place of harmful chromium plating. PComP thermal spray coating powders offered high corrosion and wear resistance, higher deposition rate, lower spallation, lower density, and require less finishing time than chrome and tungsten-carbide (WC) coating materials. PComP nanocomposite thermal spray powders offered a combination of toughness and hardness arising from a patented coating microstructure that combined high hardness zones of a ductile metal in an optimum geometry. Each PComP product was designed to meet specific property needs of aircraft parts and equipment in other industries. PComP-W was designed to replace tungsten carbide, while PComP-S was designed for use in high-stress application and PComP-T for low to medium stress chrome-replacement applications.}, language = {English}, number = {5}, journal = {Advanced Materials and Processes}, author = {Ghildyal, A. and Glasgow, C.}, year = {2011}, keywords = {Aerospace applications, Chromate coatings, Chromium, Chromium plating, Coating material, Coating microstructures, Cockpits (aircraft), Composite coatings, Corrosion and wear resistance, Ductile metals, Environmentally-friendly, Finishing time, Hardness, High hardness, Lower density, Nanocomposites, Optimum geometry, Powder metals, Spalling, Thermal spray, Thermal spray coatings, Tungsten, Tungsten carbide, Wear resistance}, pages = {62--63}, } @article{houdkovaComparativeStudyThermally2011, title = {Comparative study of thermally sprayed coatings under different types of wear conditions for hard chromium replacement}, volume = {43}, issn = {10238883 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79960554661&doi=10.1007%2fs11249-011-9791-9&partnerID=40&md5=1deeac54d6ce43c803cd3d9d82b196f5}, doi = {10.1007/s11249-011-9791-9}, abstract = {The tribological properties of part surfaces, namely their wear resistance and friction properties, are decisive in many cases for their proper function. To improve surface properties, it is possible to create hard, wear-resistant coatings by thermal spray technologies. With these versatile coating preparation technologies, part lifetime, reliability, and safety can be improved. In this study, the tribological properties of the HVOF-sprayed coatings WC-17\%Co, WC-10\%Co4\%Cr, WC-15\% NiMoCrFeCo, Cr 3C 2-25\%NiCr, (Ti,Mo)(C,N)-37\%NiCo, NiCrSiB, and AISI 316L and the plasma-sprayed Cr 2O 3 coating were compared with the properties of electrolytic hard chrome and surface-hardened steel. Four different wear behavior tests were performed; the abrasive wear performance of the coatings was assessed using a dry sand/rubber wheel test according to ASTM G-65 and a wet slurry abrasion test according to ASTM G-75, the sliding wear behavior was evaluated by pin-on-disk testing according to ASTM G-99, and the erosion wear resistance was measured for three impact angles. In all tests, the HVOF-sprayed hardmetal coatings exhibited superior properties and can be recommended as a replacement for traditional surface treatments. Due to its tendency to exhibit brittle cracking, the plasma-sprayed ceramic coating Cr 2O 3 can only be recommended for purely abrasive wear conditions. The tested HVOF-sprayed metallic coatings, NiCrSiB and AISI 316L, did not have sufficient wear resistance compared with that of traditional surface treatment and should not be used under more demanding conditions. Based on the obtained data, the application possibilities and limitations of the reported coatings were determined. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.}, language = {English}, number = {2}, journal = {Tribology Letters}, author = {Houdková, Š. and Zahálka, F. and Kašparová, M. and Berger, L.-M.}, year = {2011}, keywords = {Abrasion, Abrasive coatings, Abrasives, Ceramic coatings, Chromate coatings, Chromium, HVOF, HVOF thermal spraying, Hard chrome replacement, Hard coatings, Hardmetals, Impact resistance, Plasma spraying, Protective coatings, Sprayed coatings, Surface properties, Surface treatment, Thermal spray coatings, Tribology, Tungsten carbide, Wear resistance, Wear testing}, pages = {139--154}, } @article{nutschAtmosphericInductionPlasma2011, title = {Atmospheric induction plasma spraying}, volume = {15}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84862322597&doi=10.1615%2fHighTempMatProc.v15.i1.80&partnerID=40&md5=fe40bed0aa710997c2e9654a8d86677e}, doi = {10.1615/HighTempMatProc.v15.i1.80}, abstract = {The radio frequency (RF) inductively plasma (ICP) torch is used at atmospheric pressure to melt and accelerate powder particles for plasma spraying processes. The slow plasma flow at this operating condition leads to long dwell times of the powder particles within the plasma. The powder size of feedstock cans 100 mm and more. Ceramic coatings such as alumina and titania are sprayed. The morphology of single particles, the particle deformation after their impact onto the substrate, and contact zones are studied. The deformation, cooling down and therefore, the microstructure of the coatings are different to other thermal spray coatings due to the varied spray conditions. Measurements by XRD, hardness HV and porosity are done in comparison to DC spray coatings. © 2011 by Begell House, Inc.}, number = {1}, journal = {High Temperature Material Processes}, author = {Nutsch, G.}, year = {2011}, keywords = {Alumina, Atmospheric pressure, Ceramic coatings, Contact zone, Deformation, Dwell time, Induction plasma spraying, Inductively coupled plasma, Operating condition, Particle deformation, Plasma jets, Plasma spraying, Powder particles, Powder size, RF plasma, Radio frequencies, Single particle, Spray coating, Spray conditions, Spraying process, Thermal spray coatings, Titania, Titanium dioxide, XRD}, pages = {61--74}, } @article{mesaInfluenceColdworkCavitation2011, title = {Influence of cold-work on the cavitation erosion resistance and on the damage mechanisms in high-nitrogen austenitic stainless steels}, volume = {271}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043164811001785}, number = {9-10}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Mesa, D. H. and Garzón, Carlos Mario and Tschiptschin, André Paulo}, year = {2011}, note = {Publisher: Elsevier}, pages = {1372--1377}, } @article{jalaliazizpourResidualStressesThermally2011, title = {Residual stresses in thermally sprayed gas turbine components}, volume = {78}, issn = {20103778 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84855253592&partnerID=40&md5=8d5a3153a4c30e6192e5d73bd95a8810}, abstract = {In this paper, the residual stress of thermal spray coatings in gas turbine component by curvature method has been studied. The samples and shaft were coated by hard WC-12Co cermets using high velocity oxy fuel (HVOF) after preparation in same conditions. The curvature of coated samples was measured by using of coordinate measurement machine (CMM). The metallurgical and Tribological studies has been made on the coated shaft using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).}, language = {English}, journal = {World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology}, author = {Jalali Azizpour, M. and Norouzi, S. and Sajedipour, D. and Mohammadi Majd, H.}, year = {2011}, keywords = {Coated sample, Compressibility of gases, Coordinate measurement machines, Coordinate measuring machines, Curvature method, Fuels, Gas compressor shafts, Gas compressors, Gas turbine components, Gas turbines, HVOF, HVOF thermal spraying, High velocity oxy fuel, Optical microscopy, Residual stress, Residual stresses, Scanning electron microscopy, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray, Thermal spray coatings, Tribology, Tungsten carbide, WC-12Co, Wear mechanism}, pages = {377--379}, } @article{jalaliazizpourDevelopmentTrendInvestigation2011, title = {Development trend in investigation of residual stresses in {WC}-{Co} coating by {HVOF} thermal spraying}, volume = {78}, issn = {20103778 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84855230948&partnerID=40&md5=fc1a3d63eece73ccdf805bb3e1ad7ce4}, abstract = {In this paper, the techniques for estimating the residual stress in high velocity oxy fuel thermal spray coatings have been discussed and compared. The development trend and the last investigation have been studied. It is seemed that the there is not effective study on the effect of the peening action in HVOF analytically and numerically.}, language = {English}, journal = {World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology}, author = {Jalali Azizpour, M. and Norouzi, S. and Mohammadi Majd, H. and Sajedipour, D. and Mohammadi Sadr, R. and Derakhshan Mehr, M. and Shoabi, S.A. and Mohammadi, R.}, year = {2011}, keywords = {Coatings, Compressive stress, Development trends, Fuels, HVOF, HVOF thermal spraying, High velocity oxy fuel, Residual stress, Residual stresses, Thermal spray coatings, Tungsten alloys, Tungsten carbide, WC-Co, WC-Co coating}, pages = {499--502}, } @article{santaCavitationErosionMartensitic2011, title = {Cavitation erosion of martensitic and austenitic stainless steel welded coatings}, volume = {271}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79960689344&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2010.12.081&partnerID=40&md5=3d5c7b1462927eff7b6361e163f951d0}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2010.12.081}, abstract = {The cavitation erosion resistance of four alloys used to repair worn turbines by welding was tested in laboratory. AWS E309 alloy (3 layers) and a High-Cobalt stainless steel (2 and 3 layers) were applied by manual process (SMAW) onto ASTM A743 grade CA6NM stainless steel (commonly known as 13-4 steel) and their cavitation resistance was compared to that of conventional alloys E410NiMo (applied by SMAW) and a ER410NiMo (applied by semiautomatic process GMAW). The microstructure of the weld deposits was studied by Light Optical Microscopy (LOM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), while the chemical composition was analyzed by Optical Emission (OES) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometry (EDXS). Cavitation erosion tests were performed in an ultrasonic tester according to ASTM G32 standard and the worn surfaces were analyzed by SEM and XRD. The best cavitation erosion resistance of all the materials tested was shown by the High-Cobalt stainless steel coating applied in 3 layers, while the AWS E309 presented the highest value of maximum erosion rate. Conventional E410NiMo and ER410NiMo alloys showed an intermediate behavior. Incubation periods were 10.9. h and 21.5. h for High-Cobalt stainless steel in 2 and 3 layers, respectively, and 1.4. h for the 13-4 steel. In High-Cobalt stainless steel samples, occurrence of austenite-to-martensite phase transformation and profuse formation of twins and slip lines at the worn surfaces were observed. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, number = {9-10}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Santa, J.F. and Blanco, J.A. and Giraldo, J.E. and Toro, A.}, year = {2011}, keywords = {Austenite, Austenitic stainless steel, Austenitic transformations, Cavitation, Cavitation erosion resistance, Cavitation resistance, Chemical analysis, Chemical compositions, Coatings, Cobalt, Conventional alloys, Corrosion resistant alloys, Energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry, Erosion, Erosion rates, Incubation periods, Light optical microscopies, Manual process, Martensite, Martensitic stainless steel, Martensitic transformations, Microstructure, Optical emissions, Optical microscopy, Phase transformation, Scanning electron microscopy, Slip lines, Stainless steel coating, Stainless steels, Tribology, Wear mechanisms, Weld deposits, Welded coatings, Welding, Worn surface, X ray diffraction, XRD}, pages = {1445--1453}, } @article{sahaErosioncorrosionResistanceMicrocrystalline2011, title = {Erosion-corrosion resistance of microcrystalline and near-nanocrystalline {WC}-{17Co} high velocity oxy-fuel thermal spray coatings}, volume = {53}, issn = {0010938X (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79955044440&doi=10.1016%2fj.corsci.2011.02.028&partnerID=40&md5=d55a5c1f77a8c7708abc7ec63bf3b9a4}, doi = {10.1016/j.corsci.2011.02.028}, abstract = {Cermet based coatings are being increasingly used to combat erosion-corrosion in oil sands pipelines and pumps where the degradation is caused by a slurry mix of sand particles and aqueous solution. This research assesses the erosion-corrosion resistance of cermet composite coatings obtained by HVOF thermal spraying of microcrystalline and 'duplex cobalt coated' near-nanocrystalline WC-17Co feedstock powders. Electrochemical measurements, surface characterization, and the extent of weight loss were studied through an impingement jet system. Results suggest that the erosion-corrosion mechanism in the coatings was dominated by pure erosion in the microcrystalline coating and corrosion-enhanced erosion in the near-nanocrystalline coating. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.}, language = {English}, number = {6}, journal = {Corrosion Science}, author = {Saha, G.C. and Khan, T.I. and Zhang, G.A.}, year = {2011}, keywords = {A. Coatings, B. EIS, B. Erosion, B. Polarization, B. Weight loss, C. Crevice corrosion, Cermets, Cobalt, Composite coatings, Corrosion resistance, Electrochemical corrosion, Erosion, HVOF thermal spraying, Oil sands, Polarization, Thermal spraying, Tungsten carbide}, pages = {2106--2114}, } @inproceedings{bordeasuConsiderationsRegardingBehavior2012, title = {Considerations regarding the behavior of some austenitic stainless steels to cavitation erosion}, isbn = {978-808729431-4 (ISBN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84923873685&partnerID=40&md5=72fcb4b407ddbfd6640a4a8cb5c23c39}, abstract = {Paper analyze the cavitation erosion behavior of six stainless steels with preponderant austenitic equilibrium microstructure on the basis both on the characteristic curves MDE (t) (mean depth erosion against time), MDER (t) (the erosion velocity against time) and the eroded area micrographs obtained by the use of optical and electronic microscopes. For the laboratory researches it was used a vibratory facility with piezoelectric crystals, realized in the Hydraulic Machinery Laboratory of the Timişoara "Polytechnic" University, in conformity with the prescription given by the ASTM G32-10 Standard. The final purpose was to identify the influence of the carbon and other principal alloying elements as well as the microscopic structure morphology upon the resistance to the erosion of the tested materials. From the laboratory obtained data it resulted that besides the rate between the alpha gene and gamma gene elements, the carbon content has an important influence upon withstanding to the impact of the cavitation bubbles. On the other hand, high carbon content worsens the welding repair work. The obtained conclusions are useful for developing new stainless steels for the use in manufacturing hydraulic machineries.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {{METAL} - {Conf}. {Proc}., {Int}. {Conf}. {Metall}. {Mater}.}, publisher = {TANGER Ltd.}, author = {Bordeasu, I. and Mitelea, I. and Katona, S.-E.}, year = {2012}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: METAL - Conf. Proc., Int. Conf. Metall. Mater.}, keywords = {Alloying elements, Austenite, Austenitic stainless steel, Carbon, Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation erosion, Cavitation erosion characteristic curves, Characteristic curve, Chemical composition, Chemical compositions, Electronic microscopes, Equilibrium microstructures, Erosion, Erosion characteristics, Genes, High carbon content, Hydraulic machinery, Microscopic structures, Microstructure, Piezoelectric crystals, Repair, Vibratory facilities}, pages = {730--736}, } @inproceedings{danjurchelaConsiderationsEffectsCarbon2012, title = {Considerations on the effects of carbon content on the cavitation erosion resistance of stainles steels with controled content of chromium and carbon}, isbn = {978-808729431-4 (ISBN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84923924874&partnerID=40&md5=d1d67da8b786c1a5f66021ee2b9b0fd1}, abstract = {The paper analyses the cavitation erosion resistance of four stainless steels cast after specific recipes for hydraulic rotors and blades. After the casting process, the steels were subjected to an annealing treatment and a hardening process. These stainless steels have controlled contents of chromium and nickel and variable contents of carbon (about 0.1\% or about 0.036\%). The rating of the steels' behavior to cavitation damage is based on the medium depth of erosion (MDE) parameter. Also, the effects of the microstructural elements and of the mechanical properties generated by the chemical composition are analyzed. The tests were conducted at the Hydraulic Machines Laboratory in Timişoara, on the vibratory apparatus with piezoceramic crystals, which was built according to the requirements of ASTM G32-10 standard. The testing of the four stainless steels vas conducted in tap water, the reason being that tap water is considered to be the closest to the operating environment of hydraulic pumps and turbines. The test method used for the cavitation erosion research is in accordance to the ASTM G32-10 standard. Three specimens were tested for each steel type, and they were extracted from the same block of material. The total testing time was 165 minutes and it is divided in 12 testing periods (the first period had 5 minutes, the second period had 10 minutes, the rest of the periods had 15 minutes each). The results show that an increased content of carbon tends to improve the cavitation erosion resistance.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {{METAL} - {Conf}. {Proc}., {Int}. {Conf}. {Metall}. {Mater}.}, publisher = {TANGER Ltd.}, author = {Dan Jurchela, A. and Bordeasu, I. and Mitelea, I. and Karabenciov, A.}, year = {2012}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: METAL - Conf. Proc., Int. Conf. Metall. Mater.}, keywords = {Annealing treatments, Carbon, Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation erosion, Cavitation erosion resistance, Characteristic curve, Characteristic curves, Chemical analysis, Chemical compositions, Chromium, Erosion, Hardening, Hardening process, Hydraulic machinery, Hydraulic machines, Hydraulic motors, Mechanical properties, Microstructural elements, Microstructure, Operating environment, Piezoelectric ceramics, Stainless steel, Steel castings, Testing}, pages = {718--723}, } @inproceedings{karabenciovConsiderationsCavitationErosion2012, title = {Considerations on the cavitation erosion behavior of two stainles steels with similar ratios of structural constituents}, isbn = {978-808729431-4 (ISBN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84923884303&partnerID=40&md5=b25c7d225c0aab3c0fa9ad3b03ef2687}, abstract = {The paper follows the evolution of cavitation erosion on two stainless steels with structures in which the martensite and austenite have similar ratios, using the characteristic curves for the medium depth of erosion (MDE) and the medium depth of erosion ratio (MDER), and also using images of the eroded surfaces which were taken using a microscope. The goal of the tests was to find the reason for which materials with similar microstructures have different behaviors to cavitation erosion. This way, the influence of chromium and the influence of the other alloying elements can be observed. The results show that the steel with higher contents of alloying elements like manganese, silicon and titanium have a superior cavitation erosion resistance. Also, the results validate the manufacturers' trend to use stainless steels with carbon contents of about 0.1\% for the manufacturing of hydraulic machines and equipment. The tests were conducted on a vibratory apparatus with piezoceramic crystals T2, built in accordance with to the ASTM G32-10 international standard, found in the Hydraulic Machines Laboratory in Timişoara. The studied stainless steels cast after specific recipes for hydraulic rotors and blades. After the casting process, the steels were subjected to an annealing treatment and a hardening process.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {{METAL} - {Conf}. {Proc}., {Int}. {Conf}. {Metall}. {Mater}.}, publisher = {TANGER Ltd.}, author = {Karabenciov, A. and Bordeasu, I. and Mitelea, I. and Dan Jurchela, A.}, year = {2012}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: METAL - Conf. Proc., Int. Conf. Metall. Mater.}, keywords = {Alloying, Alloying elements, Annealing treatments, Carbon content, Casting process, Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation erosion, Cavitation erosion resistance, Characteristic curve, Characteristic curves, Chemical elements, Erosion, Hardening, Hardening process, Hydraulic machinery, Hydraulic machines, International standards, Manufacture, Martensitic steel, Microstructure, Piezoelectric ceramics, Stainless steel, Steel castings, Titanium castings}, pages = {724--729}, } @article{manzanaConcerningDamageStainless2012, title = {Concerning the damage of stainless steels by cavitation erosion}, volume = {74}, issn = {14542331 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84903603672&partnerID=40&md5=6383c1d0df2b7acb0e598f54ed1169af}, abstract = {This paper presents the experimental results of cavitation erosion behavior of some stainless steels. The experimental investigations were performed in magnetostrictive vibrating apparatus at Cavitation Laboratory of Polytechnic University of Timisoara (LMHT) in according with ASTM G32-2006. Several investigations were done on macro structural analysis and electron microscopy where determined many structural features, such as affected area destroyed by cavitation, ratio between affected and nonaffected cavitation areas through diameter measurements. Also, the samples was analysed through X-ray diffraction where there phases were identified.}, language = {English}, number = {4}, journal = {UPB Scientific Bulletin, Series B: Chemistry and Materials Science}, author = {Mânzânǎ, M.-E. and Ghiban, B. and Marin, M. and Ghiban, N. and Bordeaşu, I. and Mitrea, S. and Miculescu, F.}, year = {2012}, note = {Publisher: Politechnica University of Bucharest}, keywords = {Affected area, Cavitation, Chemical composition, Chemical compositions, Depth, Diameter Measurement, Erosion, Experimental investigations, Stainless steel, Structural feature, X ray diffraction}, pages = {223--236}, } @article{kumargoyalSlurryErosionBehaviour2012, title = {Slurry erosion behaviour of {HVOF} sprayed {WC}-{10Co}-{4Cr} and {Al} {2O} 3+{13TiO} 2 coatings on a turbine steel}, volume = {289}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84862498435&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2012.04.016&partnerID=40&md5=9d18b40b94230270f0b52b22ec11e992}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2012.04.016}, abstract = {Hydroturbine components generally suffer from severe wear due to slurry erosion caused by solid particles entrained in the flowing water. High-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spray process is known for depositing protective coatings on the materials. In this work, WC-10Co-4Cr and Al 2O 3+13TiO 2 coatings were deposited on CF8M turbine steel by HVOF spray process and studied with regard to their performance under slurry erosion conditions. High speed erosion test rig was used for slurry erosion tests and effect of three parameters namely average particle size, speed (rpm) and slurry concentration on slurry erosion of these materials was investigated. The bare steel and Al 2O 3+13TiO 2 coating followed ductile and brittle mechanisms respectively under slurry erosion, whereas the WC-10Co-4Cr coating exhibited mixed behaviour (mainly ductile). WC-10Co-4Cr coating was found to be useful to increase the slurry erosion resistance of steel remarkably. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Kumar Goyal, D. and Singh, H. and Kumar, H. and Sahni, V.}, year = {2012}, keywords = {Aluminum, Average particle size, Bare steel, Chromate coatings, Erosion, Erosion testing, Flowing waters, HVOF spray, HVOF thermal spraying, High speed erosion, High velocity oxy-fuel, Hydroturbines, Lunar surface analysis, Protective coatings, Slurry concentration, Slurry erosion, Solid particles, Spray process, Steel, Surface analysis, Thermal spray coatings, Three parameters, TiO, Titanium dioxide, Turbines}, pages = {46--57}, } @inproceedings{oancaHornFailureAnalysis2012, title = {Horn failure analysis from titanium alloy used in ultrasonic cavitational process}, isbn = {978-808729431-4 (ISBN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84923886672&partnerID=40&md5=a80d970aef9ca111b15d07f54132854a}, abstract = {This paper present a failure analysis for a horn used in material cavitational testing from titanium alloys with Ti 99.2, C max 0.1 [in wt.\%] chemical composition and ultimate tensile strength characteristics of 344 MPa and fatigue limit 300 MPa according ASTM B265 standard. For this material has been performed a chemical analysis with an X-ray instrument to compare with the specification standard. The analysis results have showed the same chemical composition with Ti 99.1, C 0.1 and Fe 0.25 [in wt.\%]. The horn has been realized according the ASTM G32-2010 norms. The horn failure analysis from titanium alloy has performed with micro and macrostructural material determination, nondestructive testing for cracks in material determination and sound propagation speed determination in horn material. In this paper using specialization software has been determinate the main parameters of the horn like magnification coefficient, amplitude size, stress curve in the horn, dimension and shape of the horn. The fracture surface has been showed the fatigue typical aspect presence in horn fracture surface which appear in ultrasonic process. Using the simulation software has been determinate the stress zones concentrators in the horn and the maximum stress values. The stress results from simulation show the risk zones in horn. This analysis showed that the material used in ultrasonic horn has the good characteristics for cavitational testing tool, but is requires a special attention in horn manufacturing.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {{METAL} - {Conf}. {Proc}., {Int}. {Conf}. {Metall}. {Mater}.}, publisher = {TANGER Ltd.}, author = {Oanca, O. and Pasca, N. and Bordeasu, I. and Mitelea, I.}, year = {2012}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: METAL - Conf. Proc., Int. Conf. Metall. Mater.}, keywords = {Alloys, Cavitation process, Chemical analysis, Chemical compositions, Computer software, Failure analysis, Fracture, Fracture surfaces, Horn, Main parameters, Nondestructive examination, Simulation software, Sound propagation, Strain, Strength of materials, Stress, Stresses, Tensile strength, Tensile testing, Titanium, Titanium alloy, Titanium alloys, Ultimate tensile strength, Ultrasonic process, Ultrasonic testing}, pages = {1541--1546}, } @article{oladijoXrayDiffractionMeasurement2012, title = {X-ray diffraction measurement of residual stress in {WC}-{Co} thermally sprayed coatings onto metal substrates}, volume = {206}, issn = {02578972 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84863780843&doi=10.1016%2fj.surfcoat.2012.01.044&partnerID=40&md5=aacf107ea57b71d7e3b616dd5f9d1f9d}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2012.01.044}, abstract = {Investigation of the residual stresses and microstructural properties associated with HVOF thermal spray coating of WC-17wt\% Co of same thickness on three substrates with coefficients of thermal expansion different to that of WC. The residual stresses were measured by X-ray diffraction sin 2ψ techniques using CoKα radiation. The results indicated residual stresses that have different natures for the as-sprayed coatings despite using the same powder as feedstock. The magnitudes of the stresses in the as-sprayed condition are low. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, number = {23}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Oladijo, O.P. and Venter, A.M. and Cornish, L.A. and Sacks, N.}, year = {2012}, keywords = {As-sprayed conditions, Coefficients of thermal expansions, HVOF, HVOF thermal spray, HVOF thermal spraying, Metal substrate, Microstructural properties, Residual stress, Residual stresses, Sprayed coatings, Thermally sprayed coatings, Tungsten alloys, WC-Co coating, X ray diffraction, X-ray diffraction measurements}, pages = {4725--4729}, } @inproceedings{scrivaniThermalSprayCoatings2012, title = {Thermal spray coatings for application in petrochemical field: {A} comparison of tungsten carbide, chromium carbide and inconel 625}, isbn = {978-163266679-6 (ISBN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84907082791&partnerID=40&md5=d8f833a2dbc5460585ddd111682447bf}, abstract = {An important problem for the petrochemical industry is the behaviour of materials in aggressive environments, when hydrogen sulphide, carbon dioxide and sand, which contribute to corrosion erosion of the surface, are present. Generally, the use of hard materials such as thermal sprayed tungsten carbide and chromium carbide reduces this problem. Cemented carbides are quite suitable for this purpose: they are composite materials of pure carbides with binder metal alloys of low melting point and high ductility; the selection of the binder metals depends mostly on its ability to wet the surface of the carbide particles to ensure secure coating adhesion. Among the cemented carbides, namely tungsten carbide cobalt-chromium based (WC/CoCr) is considered as the standard for application to ball valve bodies and seats in the petrochemical field, while chromium carbide nickel-chromium based (Cr3C2/NiCr) is suitable for particular applications. Inconel 625 is also used in this field and usually applied by welding. This paper addresses the characterization of corrosion behavior of HVOF coated samples of WC/CoCr, Cr3C2/NiCr and Inconel 625 in aggressive environments, and in particular ferric chloride test according to standard ASTM G48-92 (Ref 1) and H2S/CO2 test based on NACE standards has been carried out. According to the test results, WC/CoCr based coatings show the best behavior both in terms of corrosion, thus confirming to be very versatile and useful for the application in petrochemical field. Copyright 2012 ASM International®. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Proc. {Int}. {Therm}. {Spray} {Conf}.}, publisher = {ASM International}, author = {Scrivani, A. and Giorgetti, A. and Bianchi, F. and Campanini, L. and Coppelletti, L. and Keller, H.}, year = {2012}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: Proc. Int. Therm. Spray Conf.}, keywords = {Aggressive environment, Binders, Carbide particles, Carbide tools, Carbon dioxide, Cemented carbides, Characterization, Chlorination, Chlorine compounds, Chromium, Coatings, Corrosion, Corrosion behavior, Corrosion erosions, HVOF thermal spraying, Low melting point, Petrochemical industry, Petrochemicals, Thermal spray coatings, Tungsten, Tungsten carbide}, pages = {540--543}, } @inproceedings{thakurStatisticalModelingWear2012, title = {Statistical modeling of the wear behavior of {HVOF} sprayed coatings}, volume = {1}, isbn = {978-162276653-6 (ISBN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84875766107&partnerID=40&md5=d0066921b6b212fbc9f88cad76d7e318}, abstract = {Thermal spray coatings are widely used in mechanical components to minimize the wear related problems. Now-a-days nano-materials are gaining interest among the researchers and industries due to enhanced tribological and mechanical properties. This work reports the abrasive wear behavior of high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) sprayed WC-CoCr nano-coatings. The two-body abrasion was obtained by sliding the samples over SiC abrasive paper bonded to a rotating flat disk of pin-on-disk tribometer. The experiments were conducted as per standard Taguchi experimental plan with L9 orthogonal array and the influence of wear test parameters has been studied by analysis of variance (ANOVA). A correlation has been obtained between the wear of coatings and wear test parameters. Mechanism of material removal in abrasive wear was studied and discussed on microstructural investigations. It was observed that fine grain WC-CoCr cermet coating exhibits higher abrasive wear resistance as compared to conventional cermet coating in all test conditions.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Mater. {Sci}. {Technol}. {Conf}. {Exhib}., {MS} {T}}, author = {Thakur, L. and Arora, N.}, year = {2012}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: Mater. Sci. Technol. Conf. Exhib., MS T}, keywords = {Abrasion, Abrasive, Abrasive wear behavior, Abrasives, Exhibitions, HVOF, HVOF thermal spraying, High velocity oxy-fuel, Materials science, Mechanical properties, Microstructural investigation, Pin-on-disk tribometers, Silicon carbide, Sprayed coatings, Taguchi, Thermal spray coatings, WC-CoCr, Wear, Wear of materials}, pages = {188--195}, } @inproceedings{tillmannInfluenceParameterVariations2012, title = {Influence of parameter variations on {WC}-{Co} splat formation in an {HVOF} process using a new beam-cutter device}, isbn = {978-163266679-6 (ISBN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84907077526&partnerID=40&md5=797b25cac66be8596594359e7f8ed462}, abstract = {During the last 20 years, numerous scientists have studied the formation of thermally sprayed WC-Co coatings. Most of them focused on the direct connection between parameter variations and coating properties, such as the microstructure, wear or hardness. As the formation of single splats is the foundation for any thermal spray coating, this work focuses on the investigation of single splat morphologies. The aim of single splat interpretation is to determine the influence of different spray parameters on the morphological distribution of particles inside the flame. This distribution is indispensable to understand the formation of each coating layer during the process. Unfortunately, most of the methods presently used for generating single splats do not allow an assignment of each splat to its radial position in the flame. A method to create a footprint of a spray jet with an extremely short exposure time was used in this paper. The resulting field of splats enables the assignment of the splats on the specimen to their radial position in the cross-section of the spray jet. The footprints were analyzed by correlating the quantities and morphology of the splats to measurements of the spray jet properties and the splat's radial position inside the jet. Copyright 2012 ASM International® All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Proc. {Int}. {Therm}. {Spray} {Conf}.}, publisher = {ASM International}, author = {Tillmann, W. and Hussong, B. and Priggemeier, T. and Kuhnt, S. and Rudak, N. and Weinert, H.}, year = {2012}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: Proc. Int. Therm. Spray Conf.}, keywords = {Coating properties, Measurements of, Morphological distribution, Morphology, Plasma jets, Radial position, Splat formation, Spray parameters, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray coatings, Tungsten alloys, Tungsten carbide, WC-Co coating}, pages = {12--21}, } @article{venterSystematicInvestigationResidual2012, title = {Systematic investigation of residual strains associated with {WC}-{Co} coatings thermal sprayed onto metal substrates}, volume = {206}, issn = {02578972 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84861457493&doi=10.1016%2fj.surfcoat.2012.03.081&partnerID=40&md5=ea98230ac8073bef00e9fb42c31984a7}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2012.03.081}, abstract = {Using penetrating high-energy synchrotron X-ray radiation and thermal neutrons, the residual strains and stresses associated with the high-velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF) thermal spray coating of WC-Co on two different substrate materials with significantly different coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) to that of the coating material, have been investigated in a systematic approach. This approach enabled quantification of the residual strain and stress contributions that emanate from the different processing steps associated with the coating process. An eigenstrain approach enabled direct comparison of the contributions of the different processing steps to the plastic strains. It is shown that the dominant contribution originates from the grit-blast surface preparation step. Contributions purely from the coating process are not distinguishable from that of the grit blasting process within the measurement accuracy. For the as-coated samples no obvious contributions ascribable to the differences in the CTEs of the substrates, or impact related effects are observed. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, number = {19-20}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Venter, A.M. and Pirling, T. and Buslaps, T. and Oladijo, O.P. and Steuwer, A. and Ntsoane, T.P. and Cornish, L.A. and Sacks, N.}, year = {2012}, keywords = {Coatings, Eigen-strain, Eigenstrain, Elasticity, High velocity, High-velocity oxygen-fuel, Neutron diffraction, Oxygen, Residual strains, Structural design, Substrates, Synchrotron X-rays, Synchrotron x rays, WC-Co coating, WC-Co coatings}, pages = {4011--4020}, } @article{willComparativeStudyThree2012, title = {Comparative study of three austenitic alloy with cobalt resistant to cavitation deposited by plasma welding}, volume = {26}, issn = {17542138 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84858823232&doi=10.1080%2f09507116.2010.527487&partnerID=40&md5=91a363ef036debe4ba6a76c597bfb96a}, doi = {10.1080/09507116.2010.527487}, abstract = {The necessity to reduce time and maintenance costs in electrical energy generation turbines promotes the development of new materials and processes to recover cavitated areas. Nowadays, different automated welding process have been studied, mainly plasma-transferred arc welding (PTA) in substitution of fluxed core arc welding (FCAW). The PTA process presents as its main advantages: low dilution, a narrow heat-affected zone and excellent arc stability; however, few cavitation resistant alloys are developed for this process. This paper aims to compare three cobalt cavitation resistant alloys deposited with the PTA process. The first alloy is a cobalt stainless steel alloy developed for the FCAW process, the second is a cobalt stainless steel alloy developed for the PTA process and the third is a national developed stainless steel alloy with cobalt. The samples were analysed by optical and electronic microscopy, microhardness and accelerated cavitation testing, ASTM G32-95. Results show that a refined austenitic microstructure was observed in all samples. The commercial alloys, developed for PTA welding, presented a better arc stability and lower quantity of defects. The national alloy demonstrated good results during deposition while the FCAW alloy presented better cavitation resistance. © 2012 Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.}, language = {English}, number = {2}, journal = {Welding International}, author = {Will, C.R. and Capra, A.R. and Pukasiewicz, A.G.M. and da Chandelier, J.G. and Paredes, R.S.C.}, year = {2012}, keywords = {Alloys, Arc stability, Austenitic alloys, Austenitic microstructure, Cavitation, Cavitation resistance, Cobalt, Commercial alloys, Comparative studies, Electric arc welding, Electrical energy, Electronic microscopy, Maintenance cost, Materials and process, Plasma welding, Stainless steel, Welding process, cavitation, cobalt, plasma welding, stainless steel}, pages = {96--103}, } @incollection{schielParabolicDishConcentrating2012, series = {Woodhead {Publishing} {Series} in {Energy}}, title = {9 - {Parabolic} dish concentrating solar power ({CSP}) systems}, isbn = {978-1-84569-769-3}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781845697693500091}, abstract = {The main parts and working principle of dish engine (dish Stirling) systems are explained. An overview of the historical development and present systems is given. The energy conversion processes are explicated as well as performance and operational characteristics. Manufacturing aspects of components are discussed and future development trends are shown.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2022-01-13}, booktitle = {Concentrating {Solar} {Power} {Technology}}, publisher = {Woodhead Publishing}, author = {Schiel, W. and Keck, T.}, editor = {Lovegrove, Keith and Stein, Wes}, month = jan, year = {2012}, doi = {10.1533/9780857096173.2.284}, keywords = {dish concentrator, dish/Stirling, parabolic concentrator}, pages = {284--322}, } @article{altuncuCuttingtoolRecyclingProcess2013, title = {Cutting-tool recycling process with the zinc-melt method for obtaining thermal-spray feedstock powder ({WC}-{Co})}, volume = {47}, issn = {15803414 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84875248928&partnerID=40&md5=e7ff5f7e4b16e7ecaded8c40dcc592c0}, abstract = {Various recycling processes for WC-Co cermets from cutting tools, such as chemical modification, thermal modification, the cold-stream method and the electrochemical method have been investigated and some of them are actually employed in industry. However, these conventional methods have many problems to be solved and they are not always established technologies. Therefore, a more economical and high-efficiency recycling procedure needs to be developed. In this study we investigated the applicability of the zinc-melt method (ZMM) for recycling WC-Co as a powder from cutting-tool scraps. It was proven that ZMM is an available technique for recovering the WC powder from the cutting tools. WC-Co powders are recovered and then spray dried, sintered and obtained as a feedstock material for thermal-spray coating processes.}, language = {English}, number = {1}, journal = {Materiali in Tehnologije}, author = {Altuncu, E. and Ustel, F. and Turk, A. and Ozturk, S. and Erdogan, G.}, year = {2013}, keywords = {Cutting tool, Recycling, Spray dryer, WC-Co, zinc-melt method}, pages = {115--118}, } @inproceedings{bordeasuInfluenceSolutionTreatment2013, title = {Influence of the solution treatment temperature upon the cavitation erosion resistance {FOR} 17-{4P}.{H}. {Stainless} steel}, isbn = {978-808729441-3 (ISBN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84923240034&partnerID=40&md5=c897f7bd9dbc89f3b2c6f0d6ebff1151}, abstract = {Cavitation erosion is a key factor for extending the running life of hydraulic turbines blades or even runners. Our researches are directed towards new stainless steels composition with reduced carbon content but high cavitation erosion resistance and simultaneously good welding abilities and mechanical resistance. Various steels, with constant Ni content and variable Cr content (alpha gene element) present modifications of the nature and proportions of the constitutive structural components (Austenite, Martensite and Feδ) with important consequences upon the cavitation erosion resistance and the value of mechanical characteristics. The cavitation erosion tests were done on a vibratory facility with piezoceramic crystals, realized in agreement with the specifications of the ASTM G32-2010 Standards. The obtained results show that a Cr content of about 6 \% give the longest incubation period and the best cavitation erosion resistance, both values being better that those obtained with the steel OH12NDL used in the past, in Romania, on a large scale, for turbine components subjected to cavitation erosion. © 2013 TANGER Ltd., Ostrava.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {{METAL} - {Int}. {Conf}. {Metall}. {Mater}., {Conf}. {Proc}.}, publisher = {TANGER Ltd.}, author = {Bordeasu, I. and Mitelea, I. and Karabenciov, A. and Oanca, O.}, year = {2013}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: METAL - Int. Conf. Metall. Mater., Conf. Proc.}, keywords = {Carbon content, Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation erosion, Cavitation erosion resistance, Chromium, Erosion, Hydraulic motors, Incubation periods, Martensitic steel, Mechanical characteristics, Mechanical properties, Mechanical resistance, Piezoceramic, Piezoelectric ceramics, Solution treatment temperatures, Stainless steel, Structural component, Turbine components, Turbomachine blades, Vibratory test facility}, pages = {754--759}, } @article{cullitonImprovingTribologicalProperties2013, title = {Improving tribological properties of cast {Al}-{Si} alloys through application of wear-resistant thermal spray coatings}, volume = {22}, issn = {10599630 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84885605679&doi=10.1007%2fs11666-013-9894-y&partnerID=40&md5=703a52f552f5134734ffa5a20e1478b0}, doi = {10.1007/s11666-013-9894-y}, abstract = {Flame Spray Thermal Spray coatings are low-cost, high-wear surface-treatment technologies. However, little has been reported on their potential effects on cast automotive aluminum alloys. The aim of this research was to investigate the tribological properties of as-sprayed NiCrBSi and WC/12Co Flame Spray coatings applied to two cast aluminum alloys: high-copper LM24 (AlSi8Cu3Fe), and low-copper LM25 (AlSi7Mg). Potential interactions between the mechanical properties of the substrate and the deposited coatings were deemed to be significant. Microstructural, microhardness, friction, and wear (pin-on-disk, microabrasion, Taber abrasion, etc.) results are reported, and the performance differences between coatings on the different substrates were noted. The coefficient of friction was reduced from 0.69-0.72 to 0.12-0.35. Wear (pin-on-disk) was reduced by a factor of 103-104, which was related to the high surface roughness of the coatings. Microabrasion wear was dependent on coating hardness and applied load. Taber abrasion results showed a strong dependency on the substrate, coating morphology, and homogeneity. © 2013 ASM International.}, language = {English}, number = {4}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {Culliton, D. and Betts, A. and Carvalho, S. and Kennedy, D.}, year = {2013}, keywords = {Abrasion, Aluminum coatings, Coefficient of frictions, Copper, Different substrates, Flame spraying, Friction, Hardness, Micro-abrasion wears, Microscale abrasion, Silicon alloys, Spray guns, Sprayed coatings, Substrates, Surface roughness, Surface treatment, Thermal spray coatings, Three body abrasion, Tribological properties, Tribology, Two-body abrasion, hardness, microscale abrasion, non-ferrous metals, thermal spray coatings, three-body abrasion, two-body abrasion}, pages = {491--501}, } @article{dasilvaCavitationErosionBehavior2013, title = {Cavitation erosion behavior of ion-nitrided 34 {CrAlNi} 7 steel with different microstructures}, volume = {304}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84879132262&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2013.04.025&partnerID=40&md5=1ebf6772325b8831774bc63e5c0ed59c}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2013.04.025}, abstract = {In the design of hydraulic machines, the selection of the correct materials and the application of surface treatments are essential to improve the cavitation resistance of components. In this investigation, the cavitation erosion behavior of the compound and of the diffusion layer of ion-nitrided 34 CrAlNi 7 steel was studied. Before nitriding, the 34 CrAlNi 7 steel was heat treated by quenching and tempering and by annealing, generating microstructures that are used or could be used in the production of parts. The cavitation tests were carried out according to the ASTM G32-98 standard method. The nitriding microstructure and the wear mechanisms were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and laser interferometry. The results showed that the compound layer had a deleterious effect. It led to a reduction in the incubation time and to a high wear rate at the beginning of the test. Afterwards, the wear rate stabilized, but it was higher than that measured on the nitride samples without the compound layer. The main wear mechanism in the compound layer was microcracking. The initial steel microstructure had no effect on the cavitation erosion performance. © 2013 The Authors.}, language = {English}, number = {1-2}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Da Silva, F.J. and Marinho, R.R. and Paes, M.T.P. and Franco, S.D.}, year = {2013}, keywords = {Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation erosion, Cavitation resistance, Deleterious effects, Diffusion layers, Diffusion treatment, Diffusion treatments, Erosion testing, Hydraulic machinery, Hydraulic machines, Laser interferometry, Microstructure, Nitriding, Quenching and tempering, Scanning electron microscopy, Steel, Steel microstructure, Tribology, Wear of materials, X ray diffraction}, pages = {183--190}, } @article{espitiaCavitationErosionResistance2013, title = {Cavitation erosion resistance of low temperature plasma nitrided martensitic stainless steel}, volume = {301}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84879136132&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2012.12.029&partnerID=40&md5=3a534ab75c7121631b820f4a7a12a773}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2012.12.029}, abstract = {The cavitation erosion resistance of non-nitrided and low plasma nitrided AISI 410 martensitic stainless steel was evaluated according to ASTM G32 standard. Plasma nitriding was carried out in a hot wall DC-pulsed plasma reactor at 400°C in a mixture of 75\% of nitrogen and 25\% of hydrogen during 20h. The ASTM A 743 grade CA6NM stainless steel was used for comparison purposes. The microstructure of the steels was characterized by optical and scanning electron microscopy, as well as by X-ray diffraction. Expanded martensite and iron nitrides were formed at the surface of the martensitic AISI 410 stainless steel. Curves of mass loss, erosion rate and roughness parameters were plotted as a function of exposure time. The 25μm thick nitride layer showed two distinct regions: a first 5μm thick layer just beneath the surface containing precipitated ε Fe3N nitrides and expanded martensite and the rest of the layer constituted solely by expanded martensite. Iron nitride precipitation drastically reduced the incubation period, allowing detachment of entire grains due to the impact of shock-waves over the surface. Despite this, after removal of the first 5μm thick layer, the cavitation erosion resistance improved significantly. The relationship between microstructure and time-variation curves and wear mechanisms are discussed. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, number = {1-2}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Espitia, L.A. and Varela, L. and Pinedo, C.E. and Tschiptschin, A.P.}, year = {2013}, keywords = {Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation erosion, Cavitation erosion resistance, DC-pulsed plasma, Expanded martensite, Expanded martensites, Incubation periods, Low temperature plasma nitriding, Low temperature plasmas, Martensite, Martensitic stainless steel, Mechanisms of wear, Microstructure, Nitrides, Plasma applications, Plasma nitriding, Roughness parameters, Scanning electron microscopy, Stainless steel, Tribology, X ray diffraction}, pages = {449--456}, } @article{hsiaoWearResistanceMicrostructural2013, title = {Wear resistance and microstructural properties of {Ni}-{Al}/h-{BN}/{WC}-{Co} coatings deposited using plasma spraying}, volume = {79}, issn = {10445803 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84875735013&doi=10.1016%2fj.matchar.2013.03.003&partnerID=40&md5=160115ae4210957ae6bf9a8de4ed74df}, doi = {10.1016/j.matchar.2013.03.003}, abstract = {Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) and tungsten carbide cobalt (WC-Co) were added to nickel aluminum alloy (Ni-Al) and deposited as plasma sprayed coatings to improve their tribological properties. The microstructure of the coatings was analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Following wear test, the worn surface morphologies of the coatings were analyzed using a SEM to identify their fracture modes. The results of this study demonstrate that the addition of h-BN and WC-Co improved the properties of the coatings. Ni-Al/h-BN/WC-Co coatings with high hardness and favorable lubrication properties were deposited. © 2013 Elsevier Inc.}, language = {English}, journal = {Materials Characterization}, author = {Hsiao, W.T. and Su, C.Y. and Huang, T.S. and Liao, W.H.}, year = {2013}, keywords = {Boron nitride, Deposits, Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), Lubrication property, Micro-structural properties, Nickel, Nickel-aluminum alloy, Plasma jets, Plasma spraying, Plasma-sprayed coatings, Scanning electron microscopy, Sliding wear Ceramic-matrix composite Thermal spray coatings Solid lubricant coatings High temperature, Solid lubricants, Sprayed coatings, Tribological properties, Tungsten alloys, Tungsten carbide, Tungsten carbide cobalt, Worn surface morphology}, pages = {84--92}, } @inproceedings{hussongComparativeInvestigationStandard2013, title = {Comparative investigation of standard {WC}-{Co} and a new {WC}-{FeCrAl} feedstock powder}, isbn = {978-163266681-9 (ISBN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84907066892&partnerID=40&md5=e80fa9aa8e69f04d8bf1c57b3e96475a}, abstract = {The presented work compares a new WC-FeCrAl-matrix feedstock powder with a standard WC-Co powder. The investigation covers the powder analysis, spray jet properties, splat flattening and coating properties, as well as, XRD analyses of the feedstock powders and as sprayed coatings. As the formation of single splats sets up the foundation for any thermal spray coating, this step was chosen as the major subject of investigation in this paper. A new method to create a footprint of splats from a spray jet with an extremely short exposure time was used to perform these splat examinations (Ref. 1). It was found, that the interdependencies between spray parameters and coating properties are generally the same for both materials. Differences occurred in the phase stability of the materials during the spraying process. In XRD measurements the standard WC-Co material did not exhibit any recognizable phase transformations of the WC, while a significant formation of W2C and oxidation of the matrix was observed for the WC-FeCrAl powder.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Proc. {Int}. {Therm}. {Spray} {Conf}.}, publisher = {ASM International}, author = {Hussong, B. and Pfeiffer, J. and Lehmert, B. and Wojarski, L. and Tillmann, W.}, year = {2013}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: Proc. Int. Therm. Spray Conf.}, keywords = {Coating properties, Exposure-time, Feedstock powders, Feedstocks, Linear transformations, Phase stability, Plasma jets, Powder coatings, Single splats, Spray parameters, Sprayed coatings, Spraying process, Thermal spray coatings, Tungsten alloys, Tungsten carbide, XRD measurements}, pages = {8--15}, } @article{manzanaAspectsCavitationErosion2013, title = {Aspects of cavitation erosion behaviour of different steels}, volume = {18}, issn = {15822214 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84874204848&partnerID=40&md5=e8dc7f74e3e7b48e9a58edc5ec5a7357}, abstract = {This paper presents the experimental results of cavitation - erosion behavior of different samples of steels. The SEM and stereomicroscopy highlight important differences in its behavior. These aspects are discussed in correlation with its chemical composition and the response manner of the metallic material (deformation, crystalline slide or crack). The cavitation attack was carried out using a magnetostrictive vibrating apparatus in Timisoara Hydraulic Machinery Laboratory, in according with ASTM G32-85. After quantitative and qualitative investigations structural features were put in evidence on experimental steel.}, language = {English}, number = {SPEC.2}, journal = {Metalurgia International}, author = {Mânzânǎ, M.-E. and Ghiban, B. and Ghiban, N. and Bordeasu, I.}, year = {2013}, keywords = {Cavitation, Cavitation-erosion, Chemical analysis, Chemical compositions, Composition, Depth, Erosion behavior, Hydraulic machinery, Macrostructural analysis, Metallic material, Scanning electron microscopy, Steel, Stereomicroscopy, Structural feature}, pages = {42--44}, } @article{puertaThermalSprayCoating2013, title = {Thermal spray coating: {Characterization} and evaluation}, volume = {171}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84874751339&partnerID=40&md5=c7fe8b634398ffe152647bcd0a1c03d4}, abstract = {The aerospace industry has struggled to adopt a common set of definitions to evaluate coatings. Therefore, features such as oxides and porosity may be rated differently depending on the specification being used. Other common tests such as bond strength and hardness, which are performed to ASTM standards, can also show inconsistent results due to variables associated with bonding agents or preparation methods. In addition to fixturing, several other pitfalls must be avoided during sectioning. If the sample is not adequately cooled, it will overheat and stresses from thermal expansion of the metallic substrate may cause coating delamination. The coated sample must be sectioned to put the coating in compression, because if placed in tension, it is possible to induce coating separations and/or delaminations. The lack of hot mount epoxy penetration allows the ductile molybdenum coating to smear into the inherent pores of the coating.}, number = {2}, journal = {Advanced Materials and Processes}, author = {Puerta, D.G.}, year = {2013}, keywords = {ASTM Standards, Aerospace industry, Bonding agent, Coated sample, Coating delamination, Coatings, Delamination, Fixturing, Metallic substrate, Molybdenum coatings, Preparation method, Thermal expansion, Thermal spray coatings}, pages = {15--19}, } @inproceedings{varelaImprovementCavitationErosion2013, title = {Improvement of the cavitation erosion resistance of an {UNS} {S31803} duplex stainless steel by high temperature gas nitriding}, volume = {1}, isbn = {978-163439352-2 (ISBN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84919461362&partnerID=40&md5=6ebb0d83973eeda3cea5c93606bf1c1d}, abstract = {UNS31803 duplex stainless steel was high temperature gas nitrided (HTGN) at 1200 °C during 8h in a 0.1 MPa N2 atmosphere obtaining a fully austenitic microstructure containing 0.9 wt\% N. Fart of the HTGN samples were 30\% cold-worked. The samples were tested in a vibratory cavitation erosion equipment according to ASTM G32 standard. The AISI 304L austenitic stainless steel was used for comparison purposes. The microstructure was assessed by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), wavelength dispersive spectroscopy (WDS) and micro-hardness. The hardness of the non-nitrided duplex stainless steel was 250 HV. After HTGN the fully austenitic structure showed a hardness of 377 HV. After 30\% cold working the HTGN steel, the hardness increased to 485 HV. The cavitation erosion resistance increased accordingly. The HTGN samples showed lower wear rates and higher incubation times compared to the non-nitrided duplex steel and the austenitic AISI 304 L steel. Furthermore, it was observed that some grains were more susceptible to cavitation damage due to their crystallographic orientation. The wear rate of the HTGN samples was 16 limes lower compared to 304L stainless steel. The cold-worked samples showed a greater cavitation erosion resistance, with a wear rate reduction of 10 times compared to the undeformed samples. However the incubation time was quite similar to that measured for the HTGN samples. These results are discussed based on nitrogen hardening and changes of the dislocation distribution after cold working. Copyright © (2013) by Politecnico di Torino (DIMEAS) All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {World {Tribol}. {Congr}., {WTC}}, publisher = {Politecnico di Torino (DIMEAS)}, author = {Varela, L. and Espitia, L. and Tschiptschin, A.}, year = {2013}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: World Tribol. Congr., WTC}, keywords = {Cavitation erosion, Cold work, High nitrogen steels, Stainless steels}, pages = {622--625}, } @inproceedings{velasquezCavitationErosionResistance2013, title = {Cavitation erosion resistance improvement of a multipass friction stir processed {UNS} {S32205} duplex stainless steel}, isbn = {978-162708998-2 (ISBN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84880654986&partnerID=40&md5=8061bd4e0f253a569ee85e1a0291b032}, abstract = {This paper investigates the behavior of a UNS S32205 duplex stainless steel rolled and annealed that has been friction stir processed by a multipass and overlap series of four beads. The cavitation erosion resistance of the samples was improved by this process when comparing incubation times, wear rates and surface roughness on nugget zones and the as received material. The processed material (PM) was obtained in a dedicated TTI FSW equipment with 200 rpm and 100 mm/min and the cavitation erosion tests were done in a vibratory apparatus according to ASTM G32 standard. Roughness measurements proved to be extremely useful to indirectly determine the stages of the cavitation erosion process. The PM improved its cavitation resistance by having a 200\% longer incubation period and a 120\% reduction in its maximum erosion rate comparing to the as received base material (BM). Furthermore, the PM had a reduction in the cumulative mass loss of 74\% compared with the BM after 10 hours of cavitation erosion (CE) testing. This improvement in the material response against CE seems to be related the recrystallization and refinement of the microstructure and it also seems to be related to the welding sequences employed. Copyright © 2013 ASM International® All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {{ASM} {Proc}. {Int}. {Conf}. {Trends} {Weld}. {Res}.}, author = {Velásquez, E. and Hoyos, E. and Santos, T.F.A. and Ramirez, A.J. and López, D.M.}, year = {2013}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: ASM Proc. Int. Conf. Trends Weld. Res.}, keywords = {Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation erosion, Cavitation erosion resistance, Cavitation resistance, Crystal microstructure, Duplex stainless steel, Friction stir processing, Incubation period, Incubation periods, Material response, Multi-pass, Overlap multipass, Processed materials, Stainless steel, Surface roughness, Welding}, pages = {307--315}, } @article{hajianImprovementCavitationErosion2014, title = {Improvement in cavitation erosion resistance of {AISI} {316L} stainless steel by friction stir processing}, volume = {308}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169433214009064}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Applied Surface Science}, author = {Hajian, M. and Abdollah-Zadeh, A. and Rezaei-Nejad, S. S. and Assadi, H. and Hadavi, S. M. M. and Chung, K. and Shokouhimehr, M.}, year = {2014}, note = {Publisher: Elsevier}, pages = {184--192}, } @inproceedings{karlIncreaseCavitationErosion2014, title = {The increase of cavitation erosion resistance of stainless steel products by carbon supersaturation}, volume = {3}, isbn = {978-163439723-0 (ISBN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84925627350&partnerID=40&md5=fd783b1882b1b4ee44b6be27e501d047}, abstract = {While the excellent corrosion resistance of austenitic and duplex stainless steels has resulted in wide commercial application of these materials, poor tribological behaviour, especially low abrasive/adhesive wear resistance and a tendency to fretting, has prevented the use of these materials in applications where both corrosion and wear resistance are required. Additionally, for a growing number of applications the low cavitation erosion resistance of these alloys is a limiting factor. For more than 20 years, the Kolsterising ® process has offered a solution to industry; enhanced mechanical properties and unaltered corrosion resistance. Suitable for austenitic and duplex stainless steels, this thermo-chemical diffusion process forms carbon S-phase while avoiding the carbide precipitation that causes sensitization. This paper compares the properties of treated and untreated austenitic and duplex stainless steels with regards to cavitation erosion resistance. Results of tests according to ASTM G32-10 show a massive reduction of weight loss with Kolsterising ®. Copyright © 2014 MS\&T14®.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Mater. {Sci}. {Technol}. {Conf}. {Exhib}., {MS} {T}}, publisher = {Association for Iron and Steel Technology, AISTECH}, author = {Karl, A. and Wägner, M.}, year = {2014}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: Mater. Sci. Technol. Conf. Exhib., MS T}, keywords = {Austenite, Carbides, Carbon, Carbon super saturati on, Cavitation, Cavitation erosion resistance, Chemical detection, Commercial applications, Corrosion, Corrosion and wear resistance, Corrosion resistance, Erosion, Excellent corrosion resistances, Kolsterising, Mechanical properties, Precipitation (chemical), S-Phase, S-phase, Stainless steel, Thermo-chemical diffusion process, Tribological behaviour, Wear resistance}, pages = {1473--1479}, } @article{perumalWearStudiesPlasma2014, title = {Wear studies on plasma sprayed {Al2O3}-40wt\% {8YSZ} composite ceramic coating on {Ti}-{6Al}-{4V} alloy used for biomedical applications}, volume = {311}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84893198117&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2013.12.027&partnerID=40&md5=c08c495f818f3bbaec0805c6d6def7ab}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2013.12.027}, abstract = {The relative wear resistance of three candidate coatings for titanium alloy-based orthopedic applications was compared using a reciprocating test method. Micrometer-sized powders of the following compositions were plasma sprayed onto Ti-6Al-4V (TAV) alloy: (i) Al2O3 (AO), (ii) 8mol\% yttria stabilized zirconia (8YSZ) and (iii) Al2O3-40wt\% 8YSZ (A4Z). Deposits were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and porosity measurements. In addition, microindentation hardness measurements and scratch-based adhesive/cohesive strength measurements were also performed. The composite coating (A4Z) had superior wear resistance. Wear track examination suggests two reasons for this improvement. First, the A4Z coating had improved cohesive strength between splats, and second, there was a phase transition toughening mechanism associated with tetragonal zirconia. Results of contact mechanics calculations support the experimental findings. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.}, number = {1-2}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Perumal, G. and Geetha, M. and Asokamani, R. and Alagumurthi, N.}, year = {2014}, keywords = {Aluminum, Ceramic coatings, Composite ceramic coating, Composite coatings, Deformation, Joint prostheses, Medical applications, Micro-indentation hardness, Micrometer-sized powders, Phase transition toughening, Plasma jets, Plasma spraying, Relative wear resistance, Scanning electron microscopy, Scratch testing, Sliding wear, Testing, Thermal spray coatings, Titanium alloys, Wear resistance, X ray diffraction, Zirconia}, pages = {101--113}, } @article{sivasubramanianMicrostructureCharacterizationThermal2014, title = {Microstructure and characterization of thermal sprayed {Ni}- {Cr}/{Al2O3} coating}, volume = {6}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84902192447&partnerID=40&md5=c155bea41f93ed301495068a4aaf9990}, abstract = {Thermal spray coating techniques are being extensively used for coating various materials for different applications. To combat the wear and to enhance the life, the coating should have the desirable properties like hardness, toughness, lower defects, homogeneous microstructure, and good adhesion to the substrate. The wide spectrum of properties can be achieved with composite coatings which consist of a hard reinforcing phase embedded in a tougher matrix material. In this work, Ni-Cr/Al2O3 composite coating with an approximate thickness of 150 μm was produced by atmospheric plasma thermal spraying on SS 304 substrate. The main objective of this work was to characterize the Ni-Cr/Al2O3 coating. The microstructure and composition of powder and coatings were studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Optical Microscope and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The coating characteristics such as porosity, micro-hardness and surface roughness were evaluated.}, number = {3}, journal = {International Journal of ChemTech Research}, author = {Siva Subramanian, J. and Praveen, A.S. and Sarangan, J. and Suresh, S. and Raghuraman, S.}, year = {2014}, keywords = {Alumina, Micro-hardness, Nickel, Plasma spray coating, Porosity, X ray diffraction, aluminum oxide, argon, article, chromium, microhardness, microstructure, nickel, particle size, physical chemistry, porosity, scanning electron microscopy, surface roughness, thermal spraying}, pages = {1948--1951}, } @incollection{kalogirouChapterSolarEnergy2014, address = {Boston}, title = {Chapter 3 - {Solar} {Energy} {Collectors}}, isbn = {978-0-12-397270-5}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123972705000030}, abstract = {Chapter 3 gives a review of solar collectors which are the main components of any solar system. The review includes various types of stationary and sun-tracking collectors. The stationary collectors include flat-plate collectors (FPCs), under which glazing materials, collector absorbing plates, and collector construction are presented; compound parabolic collectors (CPCs) and evacuated tube collectors (ETCs). The sun-tracking concentrating collectors section cover parabolic trough collectors (PTCs), which include parabola construction and tracking mechanisms; Fresnel collectors; parabolic dish reflector and heliostat field collector. This review is followed by the optical and thermal analysis of both FPCs and concentrating collectors. The analysis for FPCs includes both water and air type systems whereas the analysis for concentrating collectors includes the CPC and the PTC. The analysis of flat-plate water collectors starts with an analysis of the absorbed solar radiation followed by collector energy losses, temperature distribution between the tubes, collector efficiency factor, heat removal factor, flow factor, and thermal efficiency. This is followed by practical considerations concerning FPCs. Subsequently, concentrating collectors are considered which include optical and thermal analysis of a CPC and optical and thermal analysis of PTCs. The chapter includes also the second law analysis of solar thermal systems and includes minimum entropy generation rate, optimum collector temperature, and non-isothermal collector analysis.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2022-01-16}, booktitle = {Solar {Energy} {Engineering} ({Second} {Edition})}, publisher = {Academic Press}, author = {Kalogirou, Soteris A.}, editor = {Kalogirou, Soteris A.}, month = jan, year = {2014}, doi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-397270-5.00003-0}, keywords = {Optical analysis of concentrating collectors, Optical analysis of flat-plate collectors, Second law analysis, Solar collectors, Stationary collectors, Sun-tracking collectors, Thermal analysis of concentrating collectors, Thermal analysis of flat-plate collectors}, pages = {125--220}, } @inproceedings{gheraImprovementCavitationErosion2015, title = {Improvement of cavitation erosion resistance of a low alloyed steel {16MnCr5} through work hardening}, isbn = {978-808729462-8 (ISBN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85020109974&partnerID=40&md5=b75999793a2d45dc378693ae0ca8ee78}, abstract = {This paper analyses the effect of work hardening on the behaviour to cavitation erosion for the low alloyed steel 16MnCr5. Cavitation tests were conducted on a vibrator device with piezoceramic crystals, which fully complies with the requirements imposed by the ASTM G32 - 2010. The evaluation of behaviour at cavitation erosion was made based on curves gradient of hardness on the section of layer hardened by cold plastic deformation, as well as the variation curves of cavitation parameters MDE (depth of penetration of erosion) and MDER (penetration rate of erosion) with the duration of test. The topography of surfaces damaged by cavitation and the structural changes resulting in marginal layer were analysed with light microscopy and scanning electron microscope, they justified the significant increases of resistance to cavitation erosion.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {{METAL} - {Int}. {Conf}. {Metall}. {Mater}., {Conf}. {Proc}.}, publisher = {TANGER Ltd.}, author = {Ghera, C. and Mitelea, I. and Bordeasu, I. and Craciunescu, C.}, year = {2015}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: METAL - Int. Conf. Metall. Mater., Conf. Proc.}, keywords = {Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation erosion, Cavitation erosion resistance, Cold plastic deformation, Erosion, Hardening, Low alloyed steel, Low alloyed steels, Metallurgy, Metals, Paper analysis, Penetration rates, Piezoceramic, Piezoelectric ceramics, Plastic deformation, Scanning electron microscopy, Strain hardening, Work hardening}, pages = {661--666}, } @article{espitiaCavitationErosionResistance2015, title = {Cavitation erosion resistance and wear mechanisms of active screen low temperature plasma nitrided {AISI} 410 martensitic stainless steel}, volume = {332-333}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84945485677&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2014.12.009&partnerID=40&md5=d0dc2e74ac7baf27d5bae87303a8fa16}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2014.12.009}, abstract = {Quenched and tempered AISI 410 martensitic stainless steel specimens were active screen plasma nitrided in a mixture of 75\% of nitrogen and 25\% of hydrogen during 20 h at 400 °C. The microstructure of the nitrided case was characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and microhardness measurements. The phases were identified by X-ray diffraction and the nitrogen content as a function of depth was measured using wavelength dispersive X-ray spectrometer coupled to SEM. Nanoindentation tests were carried out in order to assess hardness (H), Young modulus (E), H/E and H3E2 ratios and the elastic recovery (We) of the nitrided layer. Cavitation erosion tests were carried out according to ASTM G32 standard during 20 h, with periodical interruptions for registering the mass losses. Additional cavitation erosion tests were performed to identify the wear mechanisms in both specimens, through assessment of the evolution of the damage on the surface, in a scanning electron microscope. A ∼28 μm thick, 1275 HV hard nitrided case formed at the surface of the martensitic stainless steel, composed of nitrogen supersaturated expanded martensite and hexagonal ε-Fe24N10 iron nitrides. The expanded martensite decreased 27 times the mass loss shown by the non-nitrided stainless steel and the erosion rate decreased from 2.56 mg/h to 0.085 mg/h. The increase in cavitation erosion resistance can be mainly attributed to the increase in hardness and to the elastic response of the expanded martensite. The non-nitrided specimen changed from initially ductile to brittle behavior, exhibiting two different modes of material detachment. The first mode was characterized by a great degree of plastic deformation, fatigue and ductile fracture. The second failure mode could be associated to brittle fracture by cleavage mechanisms. In contrast, the wear mechanism observed in the nitrided specimen was brittle fracture without evident plastic deformation. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Espitia, L.A. and Dong, H. and Li, X.-Y. and Pinedo, C.E. and Tschiptschin, A.P.}, year = {2015}, note = {Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {Active screen plasma, Active screen plasma nitriding, Brittle fracture, Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation erosion, Cavitation erosion resistance, Damage detection, Ductile fracture, Erosion, Expanded martensite, Expanded martensites, Hardness, Low temperature plasmas, Martensite, Martensitic stainless steel, Mechanisms of wear, Microhardness measurement, Nanoindentation, Nanoindentation tests, Nitrogen, Nitrogen plasma, Plasma applications, Plastic deformation, Scanning electron microscopy, Stainless steel, Steel research, Temperature, Tribology, Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylenes, Wavelength dispersive x-ray spectrometers, Wear of materials, Wear resistance, X ray diffraction, X ray spectrometers}, pages = {1070--1079}, } @inproceedings{ibanezMeasurementsInertialAcoustic2015, title = {Measurements of inertial acoustic cavitation emissions and their correlation with erosion resistance of stainless steel 304}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84951201954&partnerID=40&md5=1f453b90c187da5e1e52483d224c8999}, abstract = {This work describes a ASTM G32-10 compliant technique for measuring ultrasonic cavitation used to induce erosion in engineering materials. The hydrodynamic cavitation erosion resistance of coupons of stainless steel 304 was investigated by exposure of the material to acoustic cavitation generated by an ultrasound transducer. A 65 mm diameter variant of a cavitation sensor developed by the National Metrology Institute of the UK (NPL) proved to detect broadband acoustic emissions and logs acoustic signals produced in the MHz frequency range. The readings of cavitation were made during the exposure duration at discrete intervals (900 to 7200 s) enabling periodic mass measurements (evaluation of erosion) under a strict protocol. Cavitation measurements were carried out for different positions of the ultrasound transducer horn confronting the material exposed to erosion. For a transducer displacement amplitude of 43.5 μm, maximum variation in measurements of cavitation level was found to be between 2.6\% and 3.8\% when the separation (λ) between the transducer horn and the specimen amplified from 0.5 to 1.0 mm, respectively. Mass loss of the specimen -a measure of erosion-was 7.5 mg (λ=0.5 mm) and 6.8 mg (λ=1.0 mm) for experiments carried out at the same transducer displacement amplitude.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {{IMEKO} {World} {Congr}. {Meas}. {Res}. {Ind}.}, publisher = {IMEKO-International Measurement Federation Secretariat}, author = {Ibanez, I. and Hodnett, M. and Zeqiri, B. and Frota, M.N.}, year = {2015}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: IMEKO World Congr. Meas. Res. Ind.}, keywords = {Acoustic emission testing, CaviMeter, Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation erosion, Displacement amplitudes, Engineering materials, Erosion, Hydrodynamic cavitations, Industrial research, Measurements, Metrology, National metrology institutes, Stainless steel, Stainless steel 304, Stainless steel-304, Standard ASTM G32-10, Transducers, Ultrasonic applications, Ultrasonic cavitation, Ultrasonic scattering, Ultrasonic transducers, Ultrasonics, Ultrasound, Ultrasound transducers, Units of measurement}, } @article{liCavitationErosionBehavior2015, title = {Cavitation erosion behavior of {Hastelloy} {C}-276 nickel-based alloy}, volume = {619}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925838814021239}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Journal of Alloys and Compounds}, author = {Li, Zhen and Han, Jiesheng and Lu, Jinjun and Chen, Jianmin}, year = {2015}, note = {Publisher: Elsevier}, pages = {754--759}, } @article{nedelcuFailureAnalysisTi6Al4V2015, title = {Failure analysis of a {Ti}-{6Al}-{4V} ultrasonic horn used in cavitation erosion tests}, volume = {21}, issn = {13921207 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84942411754&doi=10.5755%2fj01.mech.21.3.10023&partnerID=40&md5=792aac841bff10e7303797fe19f113e5}, doi = {10.5755/j01.mech.21.3.10023}, abstract = {During the testing of the materials' cavitation erosion resistance on vibratory systems by direct method (ASTM G32), the thread from the ultrasonic horn - test specimen connection, is subjected to fatigue. Operational experience has shown the occurrence of cracks and fractures in this area after a number of stress cycles that was lower than anticipated. The paper presents an analysis applied on four types of ultrasonic horns geometries: the original geometry with an external thread M12 and three modified geometries, with an internal thread M10 and M8. The four geometries were subjected to static analysis in order to determine the stress distribution. Based on static analysis, the behavior of the horns to fatigue was simulated and analyzed, determining the fatigue life, safety factors and optimal geometry.}, language = {English}, number = {4}, journal = {Mechanika}, author = {Nedelcu, D. and Cojocaru, V. and Nedeloni, M. and Peris-Bendu, F. and Ghican, A.}, year = {2015}, note = {Publisher: Kauno Technologijos Universitetas}, keywords = {Cavitation, Cavitation erosion resistance, Erosion, Failure analysis, Fatigue, Fatigue of materials, Geometry, Internal threads, Materials testing, Operational experience, Optimal geometry, Safety factor, Static analysis, Thread, Ti-6al-4v, Ti6Al4V cavitation erosion tests, Ultrasonic horn, Ultrasonic testing, Vibratory systems}, pages = {272--276}, } @inproceedings{pinomaaPhaseFieldAnalysis2015, title = {Phase field analysis of solidification structures and interface composition in {WC}-{Co} {Hardmetals}}, isbn = {978-189907247-7 (ISBN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85003035444&partnerID=40&md5=ea847e5c1c02e84daaa609d0647ebba5}, abstract = {This work demonstrates an accurate model for solidification of WC-Co powder in thermal spray deposition, where particles-Typically metal or ceramic powder-are heated and propelled towards a substrate, leading to a thick and lamellar coating. The WC tends to dissolve partially while the cobalt is molten in flight, and upon impact, the cobalt solidifies rapidly. This leads to a microstructure with WC particles decreased in size, and the matrix phase-originally pure cobalt-is accompanied with tungsten semicarbide and Co-W-C carbide phases, which embrittles the coating. A simple diffusion model is used to model dissolution of WC in liquid cobalt during solidification, with a cooling rate typical to thermal spray deposition. We use a 2D phase field method to simulate the rapid solidification of WC particles immersed in liquid cobalt. We assume that the dendrites nucleate randomly in the liquid cobalt. Phase field simulations are used to predict a heterogeneous distribution of dendrites, their sizes, morphologies, alloying element distribution, and competitive growth of different phases. Our work presents a model that can be used to generate virtual microstructures of thermal spray coatings, and additionally, the model can be employed to model other powder consolidation and sintering processes, such as selective laser sintering.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Proc. {Euro} {PM}: {Int}. {Power} {Metall}. {Congr}. {Exhib}.}, publisher = {European Powder Metallurgy Association (EPMA)}, author = {Pinomaa, T. and Laukkanen, A. and Gurevich, S. and Provatas, N.}, year = {2015}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: Proc. Euro PM: Int. Power Metall. Congr. Exhib.}, keywords = {Alloying element distribution, Alloying elements, Carbides, Coatings, Cobalt, Deposition, Deposits, Heterogeneous distributions, Laser heating, Liquids, Metallurgy, Microstructure, Phase transitions, Phase-field simulation, Powder coatings, Powder metals, Rapid solidification, Selective laser sintering, Sintering, Solidification, Solidification structure, Thermal spray coatings, Thermal spray deposition, Tungsten alloys, Tungsten carbide, Virtual microstructures}, } @article{selokarCavitationErosionSolid2015, title = {Cavitation erosion and solid particle erosion behaviour of a nitrogen alloyed austenitic stainless steel}, volume = {55}, url = {https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/isijinternational/55/5/55_1123/_article/-char/ja/}, number = {5}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {ISIJ International}, author = {Selokar, Ashish and Prakash, Ujjwal and Goel, Desh Bandhu and Kumar, Balabhadrapatruni Venkata Manoj}, year = {2015}, note = {Publisher: The Iron and Steel Institute of Japan}, pages = {1123--1130}, } @article{sreedharCavitationErosionTesting2015, title = {Cavitation erosion testing of austenitic stainless steel ({316L}) in liquid sodium}, volume = {328}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043164815001817}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Sreedhar, B. K. and Albert, Shaju K. and Pandit, A. B.}, year = {2015}, note = {Publisher: Elsevier}, pages = {436--442}, } @article{alarconvillamilComparisonThermalSolar2015, title = {Comparison of thermal solar collector technologies and their applications {\textbar} {TECCIENCIA}}, url = {https://revistas.ecci.edu.co/index.php/TECCIENCIA/article/view/91}, abstract = {This paper presents the operation of different thermal solar collector technologies and their main characteristics. It starts by providing a brief description of the importance of using solar collectors as an alternative to reduce the environmental impact caused by the production of non-renewable sources like coal and oil. Subsequently, it focuses on each solar concentrator technology and finishes with a theoretical analysis hub application in different industrial processes.}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2022-01-16}, author = {Alarcón Villamil, Alexander and Eduardo Hortúa, Jairo and López, Andrea}, month = jun, year = {2015}, } @inproceedings{benaEffectSofteningAnnealing2016, title = {The effect of the softening annealing and of normlizing on the cavitation erosion resistance of nodular cast iron {FGN} 400-15}, isbn = {978-808729467-3 (ISBN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85010831574&partnerID=40&md5=ff3b1185e75a079cbb9dd3e6ddf082d1}, abstract = {This paper analyzes, by comparison, the cavitation erosion resistance of the samples treated through softening annealing at 710 ± 10 °C with the purpose of partial spheroidization of pearlite and decomposition of free cementite traces from the microstructure, respectively the samples treated through normalizing at 860 ± 10 °C with the purpose of the pearlite proportion increasing and the cavitation erosion resistance improving. Cavitation tests were conducted on a vibrating device with piezo-ceramic crystals, following standard rules ASTM G32-2010. The microstructure characterization of the heat treated and eroded by cavitation was made by optic microscopy, and scan electronic microscopy. The obtained results show an improvement of cavitation erosion resistance after the application of the heat treatment for normalizing as a follow-up of the structure finishing and growing of the pearlite proportion in the base matrix.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {{METAL} - {Anniv}. {Int}. {Conf}. {Metall}. {Mater}., {Conf}. {Proc}.}, publisher = {TANGER Ltd.}, author = {Bena, T. and Mitelea, I. and Bordeasu, I. and Craciunescu, C.}, year = {2016}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: METAL - Anniv. Int. Conf. Metall. Mater., Conf. Proc.}, keywords = {Base matrix, Carbides, Cast iron, Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation erosion, Cavitation erosion resistance, Characterization, Electronic microscopy, Erosion, Follow up, Heat resistance, Heat treatment, Iron, Metallurgy, Metals, Microstructure, Microstructure characterization, Nodular cast iron, Nodular iron, Partial spheroidization, Pearlite, Piezo-ceramics, Vibrating devices}, pages = {653--658}, } @article{bordeasuCavitationErosionMechanisms2016, title = {Cavitation {Erosion} {Mechanisms} of {Solution} {Treated} {X5CrNi18}-10 {Stainless} {Steels}}, volume = {138}, url = {https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/tribology/article-abstract/138/3/031102/473684}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Journal of Tribology}, author = {Bordeaşu, I. and Mitelea, Ion and Sălcianu, L. and Crăciunescu, Corneliu Marius}, year = {2016}, note = {Publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers}, pages = {031102}, } @article{guptaGlobalAxialTorsional2016, title = {Global axial–torsional dynamics during rotary drilling}, volume = {375}, issn = {0022-460X}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022460X16300554}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2016.04.021}, abstract = {We have studied the global dynamics of the bottom hole assembly (BHA) during rotary drilling with a lumped parameter axial–torsional model for the drill-string and a linear cutting force model. Our approach accounts for bit-bounce and stick-slip along with the regenerative effect and is independent of the drill-string and the bit–rock interaction model. Regenerative axial dynamics due to variable depth of cut is incorporated through a functional description of the cut surface profile instead of a delay differential equation with a state-dependent delay. The evolution of the cut surface is governed by a nonlinear partial differential equation (PDE) which is coupled with the ordinary differential equations (ODEs) governing the longitudinal and angular dynamics of the BHA. The boundary condition for the PDE captures multiple regeneration in the event of bit-bounce. Interruption in the torsional dynamics is included by considering separate evolution equations for the various states during the stick period. Finite-dimensional approximation for our coupled PDE-ODE model has been obtained and validated by comparing our results against existing results. Bifurcation analysis of our system reveals a supercritical Hopf bifurcation leading to periodic vibrations without bit-bounce and stick-slip which is followed by solutions involving bit-bounce or stick-slip depending on the operating parameters. Further inroads into the unstable regime leads to a variety of complex behavior including co-existence of periodic and chaotic solutions involving both bit-bounce and stick-slip.}, journal = {Journal of Sound and Vibration}, author = {Gupta, Sunit K. and Wahi, Pankaj}, year = {2016}, keywords = {Bit-bounce, Drilling dynamics, Reduced order modeling, Self-interruption, Stick-slip}, pages = {332--352}, } @inproceedings{gheraCavitationErosionBehavior2016, title = {Cavitation erosion behavior of laser nitrided {34CrNiMo6} alloyed steel}, isbn = {978-808729467-3 (ISBN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85010739189&partnerID=40&md5=1ab8a0321a9ea66bd91b84174cb8c114}, abstract = {Some surface treatments that apply to the hydraulic equipment components, which operated at high hydrodynamic loads, in which appear the phenomenon of erosion by cavitation, shall be listed and laser nitriding. Before that operation, the steel was undergone thermal annealing treatments for improving machinability cutting, followed by martensitic quenching and a tempering to high temperature. By changing the laser beam power are changes the layer thickness enriched in nitrogen and thus the resistance to erosion by cavitation. The cavitation tests, carried out in accordance with the requirements of ASTM G32-2010 standards, followed by hardness measurements with micro-hardness HV0.3 and optical and electronic metallographic investigations, justifies the increasing resistances to erosion by cavitation of nitrided layer, compared with the volume heat treatment.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {{METAL} - {Anniv}. {Int}. {Conf}. {Metall}. {Mater}., {Conf}. {Proc}.}, publisher = {TANGER Ltd.}, author = {Ghera, C. and Mitelea, I. and Bordeaşu, I. and Crǎciunescu, C.}, year = {2016}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: METAL - Anniv. Int. Conf. Metall. Mater., Conf. Proc.}, keywords = {34CrNiMo6, 34CrNiMo6 steel, Cavitation, Erosion, Erosion by cavitation, Hardness, Hardness measurement, Heat resistance, High temperature, Hydraulic machinery, Hydrodynamic loads, Laser beam power, Laser beams, Laser nitriding, Layer thickness, Martensitic steel, Metallurgy, Metals, Microhardness, Nitriding, Thermal annealing treatment}, pages = {706--711}, } @inproceedings{katonaPrimarySecondaryAging2016, title = {Primary and secondary aging effect on the cavitation erosion behavior of 17-4 ph stainless steels}, isbn = {978-808729467-3 (ISBN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85010807566&partnerID=40&md5=19fc2aec3d5ff5a4acb4b7e846f789d1}, abstract = {Austenitization temperature of these steels can be used as a control measure of the transformation characteristics. Paper analyses the cavitation behaviour of a steel subjected to solution treatment at a lower temperature (950 °C), after which a primary aging at 700 °C and a tempering at 450 °C, were applied. The cavitation tests were conducted on a vibratory facility with piezoelectric crystals, in conformity with the prescription given by the ASTM G32-2010 Standard. The variation curves of mass losses and their speed during the test period, along with the hardness measurements and metallographic examinations, explain the degradation mechanism of the surface at the impact of the cavitation bubbles from the hydrodynamic field.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {{METAL} - {Anniv}. {Int}. {Conf}. {Metall}. {Mater}., {Conf}. {Proc}.}, publisher = {TANGER Ltd.}, author = {Katona, Ş.-E. and Karancsi, O. and Bordeaşu, I. and Mitelea, I. and Crǎciunescu, C.M.}, year = {2016}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: METAL - Anniv. Int. Conf. Metall. Mater., Conf. Proc.}, keywords = {17-4 PH stainless steel, Austenitization temperatures, Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation erosion, Characteristic curve, Characteristic curves, Degradation, Degradation mechanism, Erosion, Hardness measurement, Metallographic examination, Metallurgy, Metals, Microstructure, Piezoelectric crystals, Solution treatments, Stainless steel}, pages = {543--548}, } @article{montesanoCavitationerosionResistanceThree2016, title = {Cavitation-erosion resistance of three zinc-{Aluminum} alloy for bearing application}, volume = {2016}, issn = {00260843 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85013191637&partnerID=40&md5=01755ac7a69f852afed9333026e00a0a}, abstract = {Zinc alloys are known as good competitors of copper alloys for some tribological applications, in both lubricated and dry conditions. In presence of lubricant, cavitation erosion phenomenon can occur, increasing the damaging of the part. In this paper a comparative study of the erosion resistance of an innovative (ZnAl15Cu1Mg) and two commercial Zn-Al alloys (ZA27 and Alzen305) is presented. Cavitation erosion tests were executed according to ASTM G32 on cast samples and the response of each material was assessed by measuring the worn volume as a function of cavitation time and by analyzing the damaged surfaces by means of optical and scanning electron microscope. It was pointed out that the new ZnAl15Cu1Mg guarantees better resistance than the traditional ZA27 and Alzen305 as a consequence of the different microstructure.}, language = {English}, number = {11}, journal = {Metallurgia Italiana}, author = {Montesano, L. and Pola, A. and La Vecchia, G.M.}, year = {2016}, note = {Publisher: Associazione Italiana di Metallurgia}, keywords = {Aluminum alloys, Cavitation, Cavitation erosion resistance, Comparative studies, Damaged surfaces, Dry condition, Erosion, Erosion resistance, Scanning electron microscopy, Tribological applications, Zinc, Zinc alloys, Zinc aluminum alloy, ZnAl alloy}, pages = {50--55}, } @inproceedings{pascuComparisonFlameCoating2016, title = {A comparison of flame coating and laser cladding using {Ni} based powders}, volume = {254}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84988028755&doi=10.4028%2fwww.scientific.net%2fSSP.254.77&partnerID=40&md5=8951624a8b146bdb927684501b404f08}, doi = {10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.254.77}, abstract = {This paper addresses to the characterization of Ni based coatings realized by two different processes e.g. thermal spray coating and laser cladding. For the relevance of the experimental tests, the same base material, AISI 5140 and Metco 15E powder was used. The results highlight the advantages and disadvantages of the both techniques. The cladded layer obtained through laser cladding is pore and crack free, being characterized by a high hardness and a very good adherence to the substrate, while the flame coating presents oxides inclusions, high porosity, lower hardness and minimal dilution with the substrate as resulted from the EDS analyses. In depth characterization of the samples is made using optical and scanning electron microscopy, EDS analysis and microhardness testing. © 2016 Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.}, author = {Pascu, A. and Hulka, I. and Tierean, M.H. and Croitoru, C. and Stanciu, E.-M. and Roata, I.-C.}, year = {2016}, keywords = {Base material, Cladding (coating), Experimental test, Hardness, High porosity, Iron metallurgy, Laser cladding, Lower hardness, Metallization, Metallizing, Metco 15E, Microhardness testing, Ni-based coatings, Scanning electron microscopy, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray coatings}, pages = {77--82}, } @article{zhangLaserSurfaceAlloying2016, title = {Laser surface alloying of {FeCoCrAlNi} high-entropy alloy on 304 stainless steel to enhance corrosion and cavitation erosion resistance}, volume = {84}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0030399215307052}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2016.04.011}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Optics \& Laser Technology}, author = {Zhang, S. and Wu, C. L. and Zhang, C. H. and Guan, M. and Tan, J. Z.}, year = {2016}, note = {Publisher: Elsevier}, keywords = {❓ Multiple DOI}, pages = {23--31}, } @article{wanEffectChlorideIons2016, title = {The effect of chloride ions on the corroded surface layer of {00Cr22Ni5Mo3N} duplex stainless steel under cavitation}, volume = {33}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350417716301171}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.04.019}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Ultrasonics Sonochemistry}, author = {Wan, Tong and Xiao, Ning and Shen, Hanjie and Yong, Xingyue}, year = {2016}, note = {Publisher: Elsevier}, pages = {1--9}, } @incollection{claisseChapter32Alloys2016, address = {Boston}, title = {Chapter 32 - {Alloys} and nonferrous metals}, isbn = {978-0-08-100275-9}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081002759000322}, abstract = {In this chapter, the different types of alloy, with different solubilities of one metal in another, are explained. For fully soluble metals, the effect of different melting points is explained. For partially soluble metals, the concept of the eutectic point is discussed. Four common, nonferrous metals are then compared, and applications are discussed for each one, and the properties that make them suitable for the applications are identified. Methods for metal plating are described, and their relative merits are discussed.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2022-01-15}, booktitle = {Civil {Engineering} {Materials}}, publisher = {Butterworth-Heinemann}, author = {Claisse, Peter A.}, editor = {Claisse, Peter A.}, month = jan, year = {2016}, doi = {10.1016/B978-0-08-100275-9.00032-2}, keywords = {aluminium, copper, eutectic, lead, plating, zinc}, pages = {361--368}, } @incollection{kalogirouNontrackingSolarCollection2016, title = {4 - {Nontracking} solar collection technologies for solar heating and cooling systems}, isbn = {978-0-08-100301-5}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081003015000047}, abstract = {This chapter presents a review of nontracking solar thermal collectors. These collectors are suitable for low to medium temperature applications with a maximum of about 150°C. This range of temperatures is particularly suitable for solar heating and cooling applications. Usually these collectors collect both direct and diffuse solar radiation, so they are very effective collection devices. For this purpose there is no requirement to follow the sun trajectory during the day so they belong to the nontracking collectors. Some of the types presented may require seasonal tracking, ie, changing the tilt angle of a collector a few times per year. The frequency of tracking increases with the concentration ratio. Higher concentration ratio leads to higher collector operating temperature but also to higher tracking accuracy requirements. The types of collectors examined in this chapter are the flat plate collector, which is the most used collector type, and its variations, the diffuse reflector, reverse flat plate collector, compound parabolic collector, and evacuated tube collector.}, urldate = {2024-06-24}, booktitle = {Advances in {Solar} {Heating} and {Cooling}}, publisher = {Woodhead Publishing}, author = {Kalogirou, S. A.}, editor = {Wang, R. Z. and Ge, T. S.}, month = jan, year = {2016}, doi = {10.1016/B978-0-08-100301-5.00004-7}, keywords = {Compound parabolic collectors, Evacuated tube collectors, Flat plate collectors, Nontracking, Reverse flat plate}, pages = {63--80}, } @article{orfilaPerovskiteMaterialsHydrogen2016, title = {Perovskite materials for hydrogen production by thermochemical water splitting}, volume = {41}, issn = {0360-3199}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360319916308035}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.07.041}, abstract = {The performance of perovskites as redox materials for solar thermochemical hydrogen production and energy storage have been studied theoretically by several authors but there are only a few experimental studies about them. In this work, an evaluation of commercial perovskite materials La1−xSrxMeO3 (Me = Mn, Co and Fe) for thermochemical water splitting is presented. The studied perovskites showed suitable redox properties for energy storage in thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) in presence of air, although only the Co-perovskite material (LSC) exhibited cyclability capacity. Experiments of thermochemical water splitting revealed hydrogen production, with increasing yields for Mn-, Fe- and Co-substituted perovskites, respectively. La/Sr ratio in the range of x = 0.2 to 0.4 showed only a slight influence on the amount of hydrogen produced and on the temperature required for the processes. On the other hand, metal substitution type seems to be a critical factor for the thermal reduction of these perovskites, taking place at temperatures above 1000 °C for the Mn-perovskite, 800 °C for Co-material and 900 °C for Fe-material. These results experimentally demonstrate the suitability of solar hydrogen production based on La1−xSrxMeO3 thermochemical cycles. Moreover, the required temperatures for hydrogen production (230 °C) are lower than those commonly reported in literature for “pure” MenOy oxide cycles (500 °C), making perovskite-based cycles a promising alternative. The cyclability studies with the LSC showed a slight decrease in the hydrogen production, derived from the segregation of metallic Co during the thermochemical cycle. This study confirmed the LSC perovskite as a promising material for hydrogen production by solar-driven thermochemical water splitting, although a further insight in the optimization of the operation under consecutive cycles is necessary in order to assess the material as alternative as redox material for a full-scale application.}, language = {en}, number = {42}, urldate = {2022-01-15}, journal = {International Journal of Hydrogen Energy}, author = {Orfila, María and Linares, María and Molina, Raúl and Botas, Juan Ángel and Sanz, Raúl and Marugán, Javier}, month = nov, year = {2016}, keywords = {Perovskites, Solar hydrogen, Thermochemical cycles, Water splitting}, pages = {19329--19338}, } @incollection{joardderChapterEightSolar2017, title = {Chapter {Eight} - {Solar} {Pyrolysis}: {Converting} {Waste} {Into} {Asset} {Using} {Solar} {Energy}}, isbn = {978-0-12-805423-9}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128054239000089}, abstract = {This chapter focuses on the incorporation of solar energy into pyrolysis reactor heating and investigates its feasibility in replacement of conventional heating. At the beginning of the chapter, an overview of pyrolysis and the historical background of pyrolysis are discussed. Furthermore, the chapter presents the issues and challenges of conventional heating of reactor during thermal decomposition of biomass. The background of solar heating and different approaches along with its updated design concepts are presented to give attention for integrating solar-assisted heating reactor in pyrolysis. The chapter also depicts the applications and feasibility of solar-integrated pyrolysis technology. At the end, possible challenges and future development scope of solar-integrated pyrolysis technology are explained.}, booktitle = {Clean {Energy} for {Sustainable} {Development}}, publisher = {Academic Press}, author = {Joardder, M. U. H. and Halder, P. K. and Rahim, M. A. and Masud, M. H.}, editor = {Rasul, Mohammad G. and Azad, Abul kalam and Sharma, Subhash C.}, year = {2017}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-805423-9.00008-9}, keywords = {Biomass heater, Pyrolysis, Renewable energy, Solar heating, Solar pyrolysis}, pages = {213--235}, } @inproceedings{kartiuNanostructuralWCCoCoatings2017, title = {Nanostructural {WC}-{Co} coatings by utilizing novel powder manufacturing route using water soluble raw materials}, volume = {1}, isbn = {978-151085822-0 (ISBN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85047536867&partnerID=40&md5=c0337bc5dcc09958acb5dd20a6289ed4}, abstract = {Tungsten carbide-based hard metal coatings are extensively used in demanding industrial applications like for wear protection purposes. Continuously increasing demands set new limits and need for materials with enhanced features. One solution is to improve hard metal properties by nanostructures. Presented study is part of a research where novel and safe route to manufacture nanostructural WC-Co powders starting from water soluble raw materials was developed. In this study powders' workability in thermal spray coatings is studied. WC-12Co powder was manufactured using water soluble raw materials: ammonium metatungstate as a tungsten source, glycine as a carbon source and cobalt acetate as a cobalt source. The powder was manufactured via optimized spray drying and heat treatment method producing a correct phase structure and chemical composition. Experimental powder was sprayed by HVAF-spraying to study its workability and functionality. Morphology, microstructure and properties were analyzed from the experimental nanostructural powder and the HVAF-coatings. © 2017 ASM International. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Proc. {Int}. {Therm}. {Spray} {Conf}.}, publisher = {ASM International}, author = {Kartiu, M. and Lagerbom, J. and Kaunisto, K. and Suhonen, T. and Lindroos, T. and Turunen, E.}, year = {2017}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: Proc. Int. Therm. Spray Conf.}, keywords = {Amino acids, Ammonium metatungstate, Chemical compositions, Cobalt compounds, Hard coatings, Hard metal coatings, Manufacture, Microstructure and properties, Phase structure, Powder coatings, Powder metals, Thermal spray coatings, Treatment methods, Tungsten carbide, WC-12Co powders, Wear protection}, pages = {451--455}, } @article{liEnhancementCavitationErosion2017, title = {Enhancement of cavitation erosion resistance of 316 {L} stainless steel by adding molybdenum}, volume = {35}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350417716303534}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Ultrasonics sonochemistry}, author = {Li, D. G. and Chen, D. R. and Liang, P.}, year = {2017}, note = {Publisher: Elsevier}, pages = {375--381}, } @article{podchernyaevaHighTemperatureZrB2BasedCoatings2017, title = {High-{Temperature} {ZrB2}-{Based} {Coatings} on {Metallic} {Alloys} {Produced} by {High}-{Velocity} {Air}-{Fuel} {Thermal} {Spraying}}, volume = {55}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85018327801&doi=10.1007%2fs11106-017-9856-x&partnerID=40&md5=558274de66ab2179bbabb771676a7ecc}, doi = {10.1007/s11106-017-9856-x}, abstract = {The composition and structure of ZrB2-based coatings with MoSi2, SiC, and AlN additions on metallic alloys produced by high-velocity air-fuel thermal spraying are studied. The use of composite powders with a low content of the NiCr binder (≤10 wt.\%) is shown to be beneficial due to intensive adhesive interaction of the components. The phase transformations induced by high-temperature thermodynamically nonequilibrium processes, including oxygen-assisted ones, occur when the coatings are being formed. The coatings with a hardness of {\textasciitilde}15 GPa and a porosity of ≤4\% are characterized by a granular structure without cracks and have a 50–120 μm thick ceramic layer and an interfacial layer of uniform width ({\textasciitilde}10 μm) at the boundary between the NiCr alloy and stainless steel. © 2017, Springer Science+Business Media New York.}, number = {11-12}, journal = {Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics}, author = {Podchernyaeva, I.A. and Grigoriev, O.N. and Panasyuk, A.D. and Evdokimenko, Y.I. and Kisel’, V.M. and Yurechko, D.V. and Panashenko, V.M.}, year = {2017}, keywords = {Adhesive interaction, Air, Alloy steel, Chemical analysis, Coatings, Composite powders, Granular structuress, High velocity air fuels, Non-equilibrium process, Phase transitions, Silicon carbide, Sprayed coatings, Stainless steel, Structure (composition), Thermal spray coatings, Thermal spraying, Zirconium diboride, composition, properties, structure, thermal spray coating, zirconium diboride}, pages = {689--697}, } @article{polaInfluenceUltrasoundTreatment2017, title = {Influence of ultrasound treatment on cavitation erosion resistance of {AlSi7} alloy}, volume = {10}, issn = {19961944 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85015072856&doi=10.3390%2fma10030256&partnerID=40&md5=724e6b2645bbd2233021c7ddbdab08bd}, doi = {10.3390/ma10030256}, abstract = {Ultrasound treatment of liquid aluminum alloys is known to improve mechanical properties of castings. Aluminum foundry alloys are frequently used for production of parts that undergo severe cavitation erosion phenomena during service. In this paper, the effect of the ultrasound treatment on cavitation erosion resistance of AlSi7 alloy was assessed and compared to that of conventionally cast samples. Cavitation erosion tests were performed according to ASTM G32 standard on as-cast and heat treated castings. The response of the alloy in each condition was investigated by measuring the mass loss as a function of cavitation time and by analyzing the damaged surfaces by means of optical and scanning electron microscope. It was pointed out that the ultrasound treatment increases the cavitation erosion resistance of the alloy, as a consequence of the higher chemical and microstructural homogeneity, the finer grains and primary particles and the refined structure of the eutectic induced by the treatment itself. © 2017 by the authors.}, language = {English}, number = {3}, journal = {Materials}, author = {Pola, A. and Montesano, L. and Tocci, M. and La Vecchia, G.M.}, year = {2017}, note = {Publisher: MDPI AG}, keywords = {AlSi7, Aluminum, Aluminum alloys, Aluminum foundries, Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation erosion, Cavitation erosion resistance, Conventionally casts, Erosion, Microstructural homogeneity, Primary particles, Refined structures, SEM, Scanning electron microscopy, Ultrasonics, Ultrasound treatment, Ultrasound treatments}, } @article{wuPhaseEvolutionCavitation2017, title = {Phase evolution and cavitation erosion-corrosion behavior of {FeCoCrAlNiTix} high entropy alloy coatings on 304 stainless steel by laser surface alloying}, volume = {698}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925838816341160}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.12.196}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Journal of Alloys and Compounds}, author = {Wu, C. L. and Zhang, S. and Zhang, C. H. and Zhang, H. and Dong, S. Y.}, year = {2017}, note = {Publisher: Elsevier}, pages = {761--770}, } @article{forgTribologicalPropertiesHigh2018, title = {Tribological properties of high velocity suspension flame sprayed ({HVSFS}) ceramic coatings}, volume = {349}, issn = {02578972 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85049317145&doi=10.1016%2fj.surfcoat.2018.06.078&partnerID=40&md5=599dcedd2b5449dfa59753cd83dd0dcd}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.06.078}, abstract = {Ceramic coatings were manufactured by high-velocity suspension flame spraying (HVSFS). Finely dispersed isopropanol-based suspensions with submicron- and nanoscaled Al2O3, 3-YSZ and TiO2 powders were used as feedstock material. Microhardness, surface, microstructure, and phase composition of the final coating were characterized. The tribological properties were investigated via ball-on-disc test in NaCl solution and compared to those of high velocity oxy liquid fuel (HVOLF) sprayed WC/Co coatings. The ceramic coatings exhibited material specific hardness. The high surface roughness of Al2O3, mainly composed of γ-phase, and TiO2, composed of anatase and rutile, could be explained by process inhomogeneities. While WC/Co was subjected to continuous wear due to abrasive processes and surface disruption, ceramic surfaces underwent a layer build-up, causing separation of the interacting surfaces and thus protection from increased wear. Considering tribochemical interactions between contacting materials and liquid medium, high chemical reactivity leads to high wear rates but moderate friction, whereas low reactivity results in low wear but high friction. Regarding potential application in pumps with SiC as standard material for sliding parts, 3-YSZ might be the most promising coating candidate due to moderate tribochemical interactions and therefore stable friction coefficients on a tolerable level and a similar wear rate compared with WC/Co. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Förg, A. and Konrath, G. and Popa, S. and Kailer, A. and Killinger, A. and Gadow, R.}, year = {2018}, note = {Publisher: Elsevier B.V.}, keywords = {Alumina, Aluminum oxide, Ceramic coatings, Ceramic materials, Cermet, Cermets, Flame spraying, Friction, Friction coefficients, High velocity suspension flame spraying (HVSFS), Oxide ceramics, Oxide minerals, Silicon carbide, Sliding wear, Sodium chloride, Sprayed coatings, Surface roughness, Suspension thermal spraying, Thermal spray coatings, Thermal spraying, Titanium dioxide, Tribochemical interaction, Tribological properties, Tribology, Wear of materials, Wear testing, Wear-testing}, pages = {901--908}, } @article{courtCavitationErosionPerformance2018, title = {Cavitation erosion performance of {Steel}, {Ceramics}, {Carbide}, and {Victrex} peek materials}, volume = {7}, issn = {21653992 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85055246120&doi=10.1520%2fMPC20180027&partnerID=40&md5=eb000efb4f6e2243aa0a3ce64ba2f171}, doi = {10.1520/MPC20180027}, abstract = {Cavitation erosion has to be taken into consideration during material selection in many industrial sectors, e.g., offshore, marine, and oil and gas, in which components operate under severe working conditions. The cavitation erosion equipment, located at the University of Southampton, uses a vibratory apparatus to compare, rank, and characterize the cavitation erosion performance of materials. This article highlights some of the results obtained from industrial research (consultancy) work employing a Hielscher UIP1000hd 20 kHz ultrasonic transducer (Hielscher Ultrasonics GmbH, Teltow, Germany). The transducer is attached to a titanium horn to induce the formation and collapse of cavities in a liquid, creating erosion (material loss) of the specimen undergoing testing. The results from erosion cavitation testing (in accordance with ASTM G32-16, Standard Test Method for Cavitation Erosion Using Vibratory Apparatus (Superseded)) of two commercially available steels are presented herein and are shown to have less resistance to cavitation when compared to polyether(ether ketone), ceramic, and carbide materials. These materials are presented, along with Nickel 200, which was used to normalize the results. A plot of cumulative erosion versus exposure time was determined by periodic interruption of the test. Copyright © 2018 by ASTM International.}, language = {English}, number = {5}, journal = {Materials Performance and Characterization}, author = {Court, S. and Corni, I. and Symonds, N.}, year = {2018}, note = {Publisher: ASTM International}, keywords = {ASTM G32-16, Carbides, Cavitation, Ceramic, Ceramic materials, Erosion, Ethers, Exposure-time, Industrial research, Industrial sector, Ketones, Material selection, Offshore oil well production, Polyether(ether ketone), Profilometry, Standard test method, Testing, Transducers, Ultrasonic transducers, University of Southampton, Vibratory apparatus}, } @article{hutliControlledModificationSurface2018, title = {Controlled modification of the surface morphology and roughness of stainless steel 316 by a high speed submerged cavitating water jet}, volume = {458}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169433218318816}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Applied Surface Science}, author = {Hutli, Ezddin and Nedeljkovic, Milos and Bonyár, Attila}, year = {2018}, note = {Publisher: Elsevier}, pages = {293--304}, } @inproceedings{landwehrInstrumentedStraingageMeasurement2018, title = {Instrumented strain-gage measurement for coating adhesion during four-point bending}, volume = {2018-May}, isbn = {978-151088040-5 (ISBN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85068937723&partnerID=40&md5=35f2841bd7a6d27a9e59619e753bb4eb}, abstract = {ASTM C633 has been an industry standard for determining thermal spray coating adhesion and cohesion strengths for nearly 40 years. The test, however, has several drawbacks that can greatly affect the results. The epoxies used cannot withstand stresses greater than 15,000psi, producing data that may suggest coatings cannot function beyond the epoxy threshold under uniaxial tensile loading, resulting in data that can only be used for general quality control or acceptance testing. Previously published data shows coatings functioning beyond C633 limits, yet there is no standardized test to show true functional stress limitations. A four-point bend test method with an instrumented strain-gage has been used to show coating adhesion well beyond the yield point of the steel substrates and beyond the C633 limits for three materials and thermal spray processes: electric arc sprayed aluminum bronze, plasma sprayed alumina, and HVOF WC/Co/Cr. A strain-gage is applied to a prepared coating surface on a bend bar and loaded under tension or compression. The MTS universal load frame force data is used to calculate the stress at the coating/substrate interface by beam theory equations, allowing for stress and strain vs displacement curves to be generated and directly compared against C633 data for coating adhesion strengths. The resulting data can indicate microscopic coating behavior (cracking, de-bonding) as a result of the test sensitivity and can ultimately be used as design data for the practicing engineer. © 2018 ASM International® All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Proc. {Int}. {Therm}. {Spray} {Conf}.}, publisher = {ASM International}, author = {Landwehr, D. and Watts, J. and Crawmer, D. and Aperavich, B.}, editor = {{Azarmi F.} and {Eden T.} and {Li H.} and {Toma F.-L.} and {Balani K.} and {Hussain T.} and {Shinoda K.}}, year = {2018}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: Proc. Int. Therm. Spray Conf.}, keywords = {Acceptance testing, Acceptance tests, Adhesion, Alumina, Aluminum coatings, Aluminum oxide, Bronze, Displacement curve, Electric arcs, Four point bend tests, HVOF thermal spraying, Plasma spraying, Practicing engineers, Sprayed coatings, Strain gage measurements, Strain gages, Stress-strain curves, Tensile testing, Thermal spray coatings, Thermal spray process, Uniaxial tensile loading}, pages = {120--125}, } @inproceedings{maNondestructiveEvaluationAnalyses2018, title = {Nondestructive {Evaluation} and analyses of thermal spray coatings: {Latest} technology progresses and case studies}, volume = {2018-May}, isbn = {978-151088040-5 (ISBN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85068896973&partnerID=40&md5=edf194544e2d042e4f9110d2195a36a4}, abstract = {Nondestructive Evaluation and Testing (NDE\&T) techniques have been played vital roles in property characterization, process development and quality control of various thermal spray coatings. Besides conventional NDE\&T lab methods such as eddy current test (ECT) for thickness measurement and fluorescent penetrant inspection (FPI) for cracking detection, some latest NDE techniques have been developed, demonstrated and applied to evaluate and characterize thermal sprayed coatings recently. The improved and innovative NDE methods provide more capable and accurate measurement to inspect on surface morphology, 2D and 3D coating porosity, oxide content, interface debonding, as well as other types of coating features, defects or specific properties. In this work, some non-contact NDE techniques and their applications were investigated and discussed based on several case studies of thermal sprayed coatings. Laser confocal microscopy had been used for characterizing surface morphologies and roughness profiles of HVOF WC-based coatings with 2D and 3D mapping methods. In particular, thermal wave imaging and ultrasonic micro imaging methods were used to detect the suspicious existence of lateral coating separation within or at the MCrAlY coating-substrate interfaces. Laser dimension sensoring method exhibited the extended capability of in-situ coating thickening measurements on turbine blade and vane. The latest non-contact NDE techniques demonstrated their unique and strong capability for in-situ and ex-situ coating characterization, process and quality control and coating failure analysis. © 2018 ASM International® All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Proc. {Int}. {Therm}. {Spray} {Conf}.}, publisher = {ASM International}, author = {Ma, X. and Ruggiero, P.}, editor = {{Azarmi F.} and {Eden T.} and {Li H.} and {Toma F.-L.} and {Balani K.} and {Hussain T.} and {Shinoda K.}}, year = {2018}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: Proc. Int. Therm. Spray Conf.}, keywords = {Accurate measurement, Eddy current testing, Fluorescent penetrant inspections, HVOF thermal spraying, Laser confocal microscopy, Morphology, Non destructive evaluation, Process control, Property characterizations, Sprayed coatings, Surface morphology, Thermal spray coatings, Thermal sprayed coating, Thermal wave imaging, Thickness measurement, Turbomachine blades, Ultrasonic testing}, pages = {54--61}, } @article{nairExceptionallyHighCavitation2018, title = {Exceptionally high cavitation erosion and corrosion resistance of a high entropy alloy}, volume = {41}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350417717304509}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Ultrasonics sonochemistry}, author = {Nair, R. B. and Arora, H. S. and Mukherjee, Sundeep and Singh, S. and Singh, H. and Grewal, H. S.}, year = {2018}, note = {Publisher: Elsevier}, pages = {252--260}, } @article{selvamUltrasonicCavitationErosioncorrosion2018, title = {Ultrasonic cavitation erosion-corrosion behavior of friction stir processed stainless steel}, volume = {44}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S135041771830302X}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.02.041}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Ultrasonics Sonochemistry}, author = {Selvam, Karthikeyan and Mandal, Priya and Grewal, Harpreet Singh and Arora, Harpreet Singh}, year = {2018}, note = {Publisher: Elsevier}, pages = {331--339}, } @article{vasudevMechanicalMicrostructuralBehaviour2018a, title = {Mechanical and microstructural behaviour of wear resistant coatings on cast iron lathe machine beds and slides}, volume = {56}, issn = {0023432X (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85123793355&doi=10.4149%2fKM_2018_1_55&partnerID=40&md5=4cdfeebd678421e7b96c250f6cb2f37a}, doi = {10.4149/KM_2018_1_55}, abstract = {The beds of the lathe and slides are subjected to abrasive and fatigue wear, which significantly affects their working life. The objective of this study is to enhance the useful life of the beds and slides. Detonation gun (D-Gun) sprayed WC-Co-Cr and Al2O3 + 40TiO2 coatings on cast iron imitating lathe machine beds and slides with bare metal are analysed. The wear tests were performed on pin-on-disc apparatus using ASTM G99 standard for the uncoated and coated samples of cast iron. Coatings have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The results of coating characterization, experimental wear data generated, SEM micrographs along with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) of the worn samples were used to analyse the wear behaviour of coated and uncoated cast irons. The results show that WC-Co-Cr and Al2O3 + 40TiO2 coatings have been successfully deposited on cast iron by detonation gun spray process. The coated material has shown significantly less wear loss as compared to the uncoated material. The cumulative weight loss for detonation sprayed coatings increases with increase in load. The WC-Co-Cr coating has undergone minimum wear. Thus WC-Co-Cr coating deposited on cast iron has shown minimum wear as compared to Al2O3 + 40TiO2 coated and uncoated cast iron. © 2018 Institute of Materials and Machine Mechanics, Slovak Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {1}, journal = {Kovove Materialy}, author = {Vasudev, H. and Thakur, L. and Singh, H. and Bansal, A.}, year = {2018}, note = {Publisher: Institute of Materials and Machine Mechanics, Slovak Academy of Sciences}, keywords = {Aluminium oxide + titanium oxide (Al2O3 + 40TiO2), Thermal spray coatings, Tungsten carbide cobalt chromium (WC-Co-Cr), Wear resistance}, pages = {55--63}, } @incollection{dincer23SolarThermochemical2018, address = {Oxford}, title = {4.23 {Solar} {Thermochemical} {Energy} {Conversion}}, isbn = {978-0-12-814925-6}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128095973004405}, abstract = {In this chapter, an overview of solar energy systems utilized for thermochemical energy conversing processes are presented, covering the information from fundamentals to advanced cycles and from applications to case studies. In addition, numerous thermochemical cycles are included for discussion and evaluation, and among these cycles, sulfur iodine, copper chlorine, and magnesium chlorine thermochemical cycles are selected for further analyses and assessments. The discussion proceeds from single-step thermochemical water-splitting processes, to two-step and multistep processes, followed by introduction of hybrid cycles. Furthermore, multiple processes for solar-to-useful commodities conversion are defined, illustrated, and discussed in this chapter. Moreover, two case studies using solar thermochemical cycles are presented for multigeneration purposes.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2022-01-13}, booktitle = {Comprehensive {Energy} {Systems}}, publisher = {Elsevier}, author = {Dincer, Ibrahim and Bicer, Yusuf}, editor = {Dincer, Ibrahim}, month = jan, year = {2018}, doi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-809597-3.00440-5}, keywords = {Efficiency, Energy, Exergy, Fuel, Hydrogen, Solar energy, Thermochemical cycle, Thermochemical energy conversion}, pages = {895--946}, } @article{pengEffectHeatTreatment2018, title = {Effect of heat treatment on the cavitation erosion resistance of stainless steel}, volume = {69}, issn = {0947-5117, 1521-4176}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/maco.201709818}, doi = {10.1002/maco.201709818}, abstract = {To evaluate the effect of heat treatment on the cavitation erosion resistance of stainless steel, an experimental investigation is carried out using a cavitating jet test apparatus complying with the ASTM G134 standard. The jet pressure is 30 MPa and the cavitation number is 0.014. Specimens made of stainless steel SUS630 are aged at different temperatures. Prior to cavitation erosion experiment, the mechanical properties of the specimens are obtained through an inverse analysis method in conjunction with the indentation test. The material's cavitation erosion resistance is represented by the reciprocal of the maximum cumulative mass loss rate. The correlation between cavitation erosion resistance and mechanical parameters is pursued. The variation of cumulative mass loss with the exposure time under cavitating jet impact demonstrates that the rise of aging temperature impairs the cavitation erosion resistance of SUS630. The overall cumulative mass loss rate of SUS630 is lower than that of SUS316L. The correlations between cavitation erosion resistance and mechanical parameters are evident. The parameter of microhardness exhibits the most explicit relevance with respect to the cavitation erosion resistance.}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Materials and Corrosion}, author = {Peng, Kewen and Kang, Can and Li, Gensheng and Matsuda, Kyuhei and Soyama, Hitoshi}, month = apr, year = {2018}, pages = {536--544}, } @article{vasudevMechanicalMicrostructuralBehaviour2018, title = {Mechanical and microstructural behaviour of wear resistant coatings on cast iron lathe machine beds and slides}, volume = {56}, issn = {0023432X (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85042291103&doi=10.4149%2fkm2018-1-55&partnerID=40&md5=2442f61695455da83529ab6bf213c476}, doi = {10.4149/km2018-1-55}, abstract = {The beds of the lathe and slides are subjected to abrasive and fatigue wear, which significantly affects their working life. The objective of this study is to enhance the useful life of the beds and slides. Detonation gun (D-Gun) sprayed WC-Co-Cr and Al2O3 + 40TiO2 coatings on cast iron imitating lathe machine beds and slides with bare metal are analysed. The wear tests were performed on pin-on-disc apparatus using ASTM G99 standard for the uncoated and coated samples of cast iron. Coatings have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The results of coating characterization, experimental wear data generated, SEM micrographs along with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) of the worn samples were used to analyse the wear behaviour of coated and uncoated cast irons. The results show that WC-Co-Cr and Al2O3 + 40TiO2 coatings have been successfully deposited on cast iron by detonation gun spray process. The coated material has shown significantly less wear loss as compared to the uncoated material. The cumulative weight loss for detonation sprayed coatings increases with increase in load. The WC-Co-Cr coating has undergone minimum wear. Thus WC-Co-Cr coating deposited on cast iron has shown minimum wear as compared to Al2O3 + 40TiO2 coated and uncoated cast iron. © 2018 Institute of Materials and Machine Mechanics, Slovak Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {1}, journal = {Kovove Materialy}, author = {Vasudev, H. and Thakur, L. and Singh, H. and Bansal, A.}, year = {2018}, note = {Publisher: Institute of Materials and Machine Mechanics, Slovak Academy of Sciences}, keywords = {Aluminium oxide + titanium oxide (Al2O3 + 40TiO2), Thermal spray coatings, Tungsten carbide cobalt chromium (wc-co-cr), Wear resistance}, pages = {55--63}, } @misc{SolarConcentratorTypes2018, title = {Solar {Concentrator}- {Types}, {Working} {And} {Advantages}}, url = {https://www.oorjan.com/blog/2018/06/08/solar-concentrator/}, abstract = {A solar concentrator makes the use of lenses to focus solar energy at one place to increase the efficiency of solar panels. Know more about the specifications and advantages of solar concentrators.}, language = {en-US}, urldate = {2022-01-16}, journal = {Oorjan Blog}, month = jun, year = {2018}, } @article{cernasejusResearchParametersFlame2019, title = {The {Research} of {Parameters} of {Flame} {Spray} {Coatings} {Ni}-{Cr} and {Ni}-{Cr}-{Wc}}, volume = {2019}, issn = {2706977X (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85179717967&partnerID=40&md5=419b24f034cf3a9804adb3b24dec7e08}, abstract = {The article deals with flame spray Ni-Cr coatings on structural steel S235 substrate. Before spraying substrate surfaces were processed mechanically. Coatings were sprayed using Ni-Cr and Ni-Cr-WC spray powder of different chemical composition and additional substrate heating up to 250‒290°C. Microstructure, porosity, hardness, friction coefficient and wear resistance of created coatings Ni-Cr and Ni-Cr-WC were examined. Influence of coating chemistry and WC carbides on various physical, tribological parameters of coatings was evaluated and dependencies of such coating characteristics were determined. © 2019, Abylkas Saginov Karaganda Technical University. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {1}, journal = {Material and Mechanical Engineering Technology}, author = {Černašėjus, O. and Jarašūnas, O.}, year = {2019}, note = {Publisher: Abylkas Saginov Karaganda Technical University}, keywords = {Ni-Cr and Ni-Cr-WC, characteristics, flame spraying, thermal spray coatings}, pages = {36--41}, } @article{dongCavitationErosionBehaviors2019, title = {Cavitation erosion behaviors of surface chromizing layer on {316L} stainless steel}, volume = {58}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350417719303177}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Ultrasonics Sonochemistry}, author = {Dong, Zhihao and Zhou, Tong and Liu, Jie and Zhang, Xinwen and Shen, Bin and Hu, Wenbin and Liu, Lei}, year = {2019}, note = {Publisher: Elsevier}, keywords = {Cavitation erosion resistance, Corrosion behaviors, Pack chromizing, Stainless steel}, pages = {104668}, } @inproceedings{frantEffectHeatTreatments2019, title = {Effect of some heat treatments on cavitation erosion resistance of the {En} {AW} - 6082 alloy}, isbn = {978-808729492-5 (ISBN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85079433617&partnerID=40&md5=2ba37de5f6dd1abba0348aa1a6baf4ee}, abstract = {In its pure form, aluminum is relatively soft, with poor mechanical strength and weak cavitation erosion characteristics. The alloys series 6xxx have as main elements alloying silicon and magnesium, which improve their mechanical properties, making them competitive for many structural applications. The present paper establishes the correlation between the heat treatment, the microstructure and the mechanism of cavitation erosion damage of a deformable alloy, aluminum base. Cavitation tests were conducted on a vibrator with piezo-ceramic crystals that meet ASTM G32 - 2010 requirements. The metallographic examinations by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, coupled with the hardness tests, highlighted the microstructural changes in a cavitationally affected material and the cracks propagation mode. © 2019 TANGER Ltd., Ostrava.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {{METAL} - {Int}. {Conf}. {Metall}. {Mater}., {Conf}. {Proc}.}, publisher = {TANGER Ltd.}, author = {Franț, F. and Mitelea, I. and Bordeaşu, I. and Codrean, C. and Mutașcu, D.}, year = {2019}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: METAL - Int. Conf. Metall. Mater., Conf. Proc.}, keywords = {Al-alloy, Alloying elements, Aluminum alloys, Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation erosion, Cavitation erosion resistance, Cracks propagation, Erosion, Erosion characteristics, Heat resistance, Heat treatment, Metallographic examination, Metals, Microstructural changes, Microstructure, Piezo-ceramics, Scanning electron microscopy, Structural applications}, pages = {663--667}, } @article{gilSurfaceEngineeringAlternatives2019, title = {Surface engineering alternatives for increase corrosion resistance and wear performance of ball valves for the oil and gas industry}, volume = {28}, issn = {07984545 (ISSN)}, shorttitle = {Alternativas de ingeniería superficial para aumentar la resistencia a la corrosión y resistenciaal desgastede de válvulas de esfera de la industria de petróleo y gas}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85110756224&partnerID=40&md5=6da63d3b78e842054fdfc9aaa0ca03b1}, abstract = {In petroleum production and separation processes frequently the components suffer wear and corrosion due to the contact with the corrosive fluid which could be contain solid particles. In certain dynamics equipment like as ball valves, the deterioration generated causes the operations equipment exit at short times about a month. The main elements of the valves deteriorated are the seats and corks, which are made of 4140 steel. The aim of the present research was evaluating extend the life time of the components using two thermal spray coatings systems: WC-12\%Co alloy by HVOF and FeCrB alloy by AWS. The evaluation of wear resistance of these coatings was achieved by means of abrasion wear tests according to ASTM G65-C. The microhardness of the coating was determined by means of Vickers indentation using a load of 300g and the corrosion behavior was evaluated by potentiodynamic polarization tests. The results showed that the best performance in corrosion and abrasion conditions correspond to the HVOF WC-12\%Co coating. © 2019, Interamerican Society for Electron Microscopy (CIASEM). All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {2}, journal = {Acta Microscopica}, author = {Gil, L. and Carrasquero, E. and Rocco, M.T.}, year = {2019}, note = {Publisher: Interamerican Society for Electron Microscopy (CIASEM)}, keywords = {AWS, Abrasive-wear, Corrosion, HVOF, Oil-and-gas, Valves}, pages = {65--72}, } @article{gaoCavitationDamagePrediction2019, title = {Cavitation damage prediction of stainless steels using an artificial neural network approach}, volume = {9}, url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/9/5/506}, number = {5}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Metals}, author = {Gao, Guiyan and Zhang, Zheng and Cai, Cheng and Zhang, Jianglong and Nie, Baohua}, year = {2019}, note = {Publisher: MDPI}, pages = {506}, } @article{hardesCavitationErosionResistance2019, title = {Cavitation erosion resistance of {316L} austenitic steel processed by selective laser melting ({SLM})}, volume = {29}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214860418310169}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Additive Manufacturing}, author = {Hardes, C. and Pöhl, F. and Röttger, A. and Thiele, M. and Theisen, W. and Esen, C.}, year = {2019}, note = {Publisher: Elsevier}, pages = {100786}, } @article{kutschmannEffectAdjustedGas2019, title = {Effect of adjusted gas nitriding parameters on microstructure and wear resistance of {HVOF}-sprayed {AISI} {316L} coatings}, volume = {12}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85067271458&doi=10.3390%2fma12111760&partnerID=40&md5=0c6ebc2c225d9edb52e869b6ee3fce45}, doi = {10.3390/ma12111760}, abstract = {Gas nitriding is known as a convenient process to improve the wear resistance of steel components. A precipitation-free hardening by low-temperature processes is established to retain the good corrosion resistance of stainless steel. In cases of thermal spray coatings, the interstitial solvation is achieved without an additional surface activation step. The open porosity permits the penetration of the donator media and leads to a structural diffusion. An inhomogeneous diffusion enrichment occurs at the single spray particle edges within the coating's microstructure. A decreasing diffusion depth is found with increasing surface distance. The present study investigates an adjusted process management for low-temperature gas nitriding of high velocity oxy-fuel-sprayed AISI 316L coatings. To maintain a homogeneous diffusion depth within the coating, a pressure modulation during the process is studied. Additionally, the use of cracked gas as donator is examined. The process management is designed without an additional surface activation step. Regardless of surface distance, microstructural investigations reveal a homogeneous diffusion depth by a reduced processing time. The constant hardening depth allows a reliable prediction of the coatings' properties. An enhanced hardness and improved wear resistance is found in comparison with the as-sprayed coating condition. © 2019 by the authors.}, number = {11}, journal = {Materials}, author = {Kutschmann, P. and Lindner, T. and Börner, K. and Reese, U. and Lampke, T.}, year = {2019}, keywords = {316L, Aluminum nitride, Chemical activation, Corrosion resistance, Diffusion, Diffusion coatings, Expanded austenite, Fuels, Gas nitriding, Gases, Gasnitriding, HVOF thermal spraying, Hardening, High velocity oxy fuel, High velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF), Microstructure, Nitriding, S-phase, Sprayed coatings, Stainless steel, Steel corrosion, Temperature, Thermal spraying, Thermochemical treatment, Thermochemical treatments, Wear of materials, Wear resistance}, } @article{linEvaluationCavitationErosion2019, title = {Evaluation of cavitation erosion resistance of arc-sprayed {Fe}-based amorphous/nanocrystalline coatings in {NaCl} solution}, volume = {12}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221137971832446X}, doi = {10.1016/j.rinp.2018.12.007}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Results in Physics}, author = {Lin, Jinran and Wang, Zehua and Cheng, Jiangbo and Kang, Min and Fu, Xiuqing and Hong, Sheng}, year = {2019}, note = {Publisher: Elsevier}, pages = {597--602}, } @article{lalehUnexpectedErosioncorrosionBehaviour2019, title = {Unexpected erosion-corrosion behaviour of {316L} stainless steel produced by selective laser melting}, volume = {155}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010938X19301271}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Corrosion science}, author = {Laleh, Majid and Hughes, Anthony E. and Xu, Wei and Gibson, Ian and Tan, Mike Y.}, year = {2019}, note = {Publisher: Elsevier}, pages = {67--74}, } @article{magoInvestigationErosionPressure2019, title = {Investigation of erosion and pressure for direct and indirect acoustic cavitation testing}, url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3690255}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR)}, author = {Mago, Jonty and Bansal, Sandeep and Jain, Vivek}, year = {2019}, } @article{nairMicrowaveSynthesizedComplex2019, title = {Microwave synthesized complex concentrated alloy coatings: plausible solution to cavitation induced erosion-corrosion}, volume = {50}, shorttitle = {Microwave synthesized complex concentrated alloy coatings}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350417718305157}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.09.004}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Ultrasonics Sonochemistry}, author = {Nair, Rakesh B. and Arora, H. S. and Grewal, H. S.}, year = {2019}, note = {Publisher: Elsevier}, pages = {114--125}, } @article{panwarWearBehaviourPlasma2019, title = {Wear behaviour of plasma sprayed {WC}-12\%{C} and {Al} 2 {O} 3-13\%{TiO} 2 coatings on {ASTM} {A36} steel used for {I}.{D}. fans in coal fired power plants}, volume = {6}, issn = {20531591 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85072700754&doi=10.1088%2f2053-1591%2fab3eef&partnerID=40&md5=e28df7ba2f8cee9369d518f7c1f93dd3}, doi = {10.1088/2053-1591/ab3eef}, abstract = {Erosion is a major problem for the power generation plants for any country. A very high cost induced per annum accounting for the downtime of replacement/repair of boiler components of coal fired power plants due to oxidation and erosion.Thermal spray coating technique is a method used for coating the mechanical components in order to enhance the surface properties of the base material like resistance to corrosion, wearand erosion. In the present study, the cermet powders and coatings (wt\% age) are applied on steel substrate with the help of plasma spray gun technique. Techniques like XRD, SEM/EDX and EPMA analysis have been used for characterization of the coatings. These coated materials were subjected to a Pin-on-Disc wear testing.The coated samples have shown almost negligible wear loss as compared to the uncoated samples. Further sliding wear resistance of is almost double of that of coated samples. © 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd.}, language = {English}, number = {10}, journal = {Materials Research Express}, author = {Panwar, V. and Grover, N.K. and Chawla, V.}, year = {2019}, note = {Publisher: Institute of Physics Publishing}, keywords = {Al2O3-TiO2, Al2o3tio2 coating, Boiler corrosion, Coal, Coal fueled furnaces, Coal-fired power plant, Coated materials, Corrosion resistance, Corrosion resistant coatings, Erosion, Fossil fuel power plants, Mechanical components, Pin on disc, Pin-on-disc, Plasma jets, Plasma spray coating, Plasma spraying, Power generation plants, Spray coating techniques, Sprayed coatings, Titanium dioxide, WC-12\%Co coating, Wc-12\%co coating, Wear of materials, Wear resistance}, } @inproceedings{oechsnerImprovementWearResistance2019, title = {Improvement of wear resistance by thermal spraying on surface layers prepared by plasma transferred arc welding on gray cast iron components}, volume = {2019-May}, isbn = {978-151088800-5 (ISBN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85073877270&partnerID=40&md5=c3583958a25c4c1e87662e4e2a5bfc76}, abstract = {Bronze is surface welded by plasma transferred arc welding on gray cast iron components to enhance their corrosion resistance. Potentiodynamic polarization measurements as well as immersion in artificial seawater are used to investigate the corrosion mechanisms. While gray cast iron corrodes actively, the bronze surface layer forms a passive layer and corrosion is reduced. The wear resistance of the produced bronze surface layers under complex loading, e.g. cavitation and erosion is poor. Thus, hard thermal spray coatings of aluminum oxide, chromium oxide and WC-particle enhanced cobalt based powders are thermally sprayed on top of the bronze surface layers to enhance the wear resistance. In contrast to the bronze surface layer, the thermal spray coatings have interconnected porosities, i.e. that corrosive media can penetrate these coatings. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate whether the corrosion resistance of the underlying bronze surface layer is maintained. The corrosion properties of these multilayer-systems are investigated similar to the gray cast iron and bronze surface layer. Investigations of the behavior under erosive-corrosive load showed promising results for the concept of functionally separating the wear protection and corrosion protection of gray cast iron by a thermal spray coating on top of a bronze surface layer. © 2019 ASM International. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Proc. {Int}. {Therm}. {Spray} {Conf}.}, publisher = {ASM International}, author = {Oechsner, M. and Engler, T. and Ellermeier, J. and Heider, B. and Reisgen, U. and Sharma, R. and Zokoll, E. and González Olivares, E.}, editor = {{Azarmi F.} and {Lau Y.} and {Veilleux J.} and {Widener C.} and {Toma F.} and {Koivuluoto H.} and {Balani K.} and {Li H.} and {Shinoda K.}}, year = {2019}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: Proc. Int. Therm. Spray Conf.}, keywords = {Alumina, Aluminum coatings, Aluminum oxide, Artificial seawater, Bronze, Cast iron, Cavitation and erosions, Chromium compounds, Contrast media, Corrosion mechanisms, Corrosion property, Corrosion resistance, Corrosion resistant coatings, Corrosive effects, Electric arc welding, Hard coatings, Hard facing, Interconnected porosity, Plasma torches, Plasma transferred arc welding, Plasma welding, Potentiodynamic polarization measurements, Seawater corrosion, Sprayed coatings, Sustainable development, Thermal spray coatings, Thermal spraying, Wear of materials, Wear resistance}, pages = {701--708}, } @article{pavlovicCavitationResistanceComposite2019, title = {Cavitation resistance of composite polyester resin / basalt powder}, volume = {19}, issn = {14513749 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85072975207&partnerID=40&md5=7a0910d1ead1a8ba378d4443348db8d1}, abstract = {The paper presents the results of research on cavitation resistance of the composite based on unsaturated polyester resin and basalt powder, as reinforcement. Basalt powder was obtained by grinding and micronising basaltic rocks from the Vrelo-Kopaonik deposit. Different amounts of basalt powder as reinforcement were applied (g): 0.15; 0.30; 045; 0,50. The mechanical properties (tensile strength, bending strength, hardness) and cavitation resistance properties were determined for the resulting composite. An ultrasonic vibration method (with stationary specimen) was applied according to ASTM G32 standard. Studies have shown that the mechanical properties and cavitation resistance of the composites increase with the addition of basalt powder as reinforcement. © 2019 The Author. Structural Integrity and Life, Published by DIVK (The Society for Structural Integrity and Life 'Prof. Dr Stojan Sedmak') (http://divk.inovacionicentar.rs/ivk/home.html). This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License}, language = {English}, number = {1}, journal = {Structural Integrity and Life}, author = {Pavlović, M. and Dojčinović, M. and Prokić-Cvetković, R. and Andrić, L.}, year = {2019}, note = {Publisher: Society for Structural Integrity and Life (DIVK)}, keywords = {Basalt powder, Cavitation resistance, Composite, Mechanical properties, Unsaturated polyester resin}, pages = {19--22}, } @inproceedings{richterEmergenceImpactAl2TiO52019, title = {Emergence and impact of {Al2TiO5} in {Al2O3}-{TiO2} {APS} coatings}, volume = {480}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85063769363&doi=10.1088%2f1757-899X%2f480%2f1%2f012007&partnerID=40&md5=29b39081f698dc336474801c972628ad}, doi = {10.1088/1757-899X/480/1/012007}, abstract = {Despite numerous studies and decades of industrial application, there is still a lack of understanding about the formation and the impact of aluminum titanate (Al2TiO5) in Al2O3-TiO2 thermal spray coatings. Especially the influence of the feedstock powder characteristics on the phase composition has only crudely been investigated so far. Therefore, in this work we have characterized commercial fused and crushed Al2O3-TiO2 feedstock powders: Three of them containing 13 wt.\% TiO2 and three containing 40 wt.\% TiO2. The effect of the varying phase compositions of the powders and their relevance on the deposition efficiency, the phase compositions, the porosity, and the hardness of the respective APS coatings is described in detail. While detrimental to the mechanical properties of 40 wt.\% TiO2 coatings, we have found an enhancement of the hardness for 13 wt.\% TiO2 coatings with a high Al2TiO5/Al6Ti2O13 content in the feedstock powder. Furthermore, it was found that Al2TiO5 may reform during APS when sprayed from an Al2TiO5-free powder. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.}, author = {Richter, A. and Berger, L.-M. and Conze, S. and Sohn, Y.J. and Vaßen, R.}, year = {2019}, note = {Issue: 1}, keywords = {APS coating, Al2O3-TiO2, Alumina, Aluminum coatings, Aluminum oxide, Aluminum titanate, Deposition efficiencies, Feedstock powders, Feedstocks, Hardness, Mechanical properties, Phase composition, Phase shifters, Powder coatings, Powders, Thermal spray coatings, TiO2 coating, Titanium dioxide}, } @article{qiaoEffectSolutionTreatment2019, title = {Effect of solution treatment on cavitation erosion behavior of high-nitrogen austenitic stainless steel}, volume = {424}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043164818313693}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Qiao, Yanxin and Chen, Jian and Zhou, Huiling and Wang, Yuxin and Song, Qining and Li, Huabing and Zheng, Zhibin}, year = {2019}, note = {Publisher: Elsevier}, pages = {70--77}, } @article{shaoCavitationErosionBehavior2019, title = {Cavitation erosion behavior and surface morphology evolution of {316LN} austenitic stainless steel in 3.5\% {NaCl} {Solution}}, volume = {14}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1452398123018679}, number = {3}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {International Journal of Electrochemical Science}, author = {Shao, Zhisong and Wang, Shuaixing and Kang, Jia and Xin, Jijun and Li, Zheng and Du, Nan}, year = {2019}, note = {Publisher: Elsevier}, pages = {2391--2404}, } @article{selvamExceptionalCavitationErosioncorrosion2019, title = {Exceptional cavitation erosion-corrosion behavior of dual-phase bimodal structure in austenitic stainless steel}, volume = {134}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301679X19300301}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Tribology International}, author = {Selvam, Karthikeyan and Saini, Jaskaran and Perumal, Gopinath and Ayyagari, Aditya and Salloom, Riyadh and Mondal, Riya and Mukherjee, Sundeep and Grewal, Harpreet Singh and Arora, Harpreet Singh}, year = {2019}, note = {Publisher: Elsevier}, keywords = {Bimodal grain structure, Cavitation erosion-corrosion, Electrochemistry, Surface modification, X-ray photoelectron}, pages = {77--86}, } @article{szalaCavitationErosionSlidingwear2019, title = {Cavitation erosion and slidingwear mechanisms of {AlTiN} and {TiAlN} films deposited on stainless steel substrate}, volume = {9}, issn = {20796412 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85069790576&doi=10.3390%2fCOATINGS9050340&partnerID=40&md5=47b6c57ae5a1b428ebc2d6c69b95701c}, doi = {10.3390/COATINGS9050340}, abstract = {The resistance to cavitation erosion and sliding wear of stainless steel grade AISI 304 can be improved by using physical vapor deposited (PVD) coatings. The aim of this study was to investigate the cavitation erosion and sliding wear mechanisms of magnetron-sputtered AlTiN and TiAlN films deposited with different contents of chemical elements onto a stainless steel SS304 substrate. The surface morphology and structure of samples were examined by optical profilometry, light optical microscopy (LOM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS). Mechanical properties (hardness, elastic modulus) were tested using a nanoindentation tester. Adhesion of the deposited coatings was determined by the scratch test and Rockwell adhesion tests. Cavitation erosion tests were performed according to ASTM G32 (vibratory apparatus) in compliance with the stationary specimen procedure. Sliding wear tests were conducted with the use of a nano-tribo tester, i.e., ball-on-disc apparatus. Results demonstrate that the cavitation erosion mechanism of the TiAlN and AlTiN coatings rely on embrittlement, which can be attributed to fatigue processes causing film rupture and internal decohesion in flake spallation, and thus leading to coating detachment and substrate exposition. At moderate loads, the sliding wear of thin films takes the form of grooving, micro-scratching, micro-ploughing and smearing of the columnar grain top hills. Compared to the SS reference sample, the PVD films exhibit superior resistance to sliding wear and cavitation erosion. © 2019 by the authors.}, language = {English}, number = {5}, journal = {Coatings}, author = {Szala, M. and Walczak, M. and Pasierbiewicz, K. and Kamiński, M.}, year = {2019}, note = {Publisher: MDPI AG}, keywords = {AlTiN, Cavitation erosion, Magnetron sputtering, Mechanical properties, Sliding wear, Stainless steel, Thin film, TiAlN, Wear mechanism}, } @article{szalaEffectAtmosphericPlasma2019, title = {Effect of atmospheric plasma sprayed {TiO2}–10\% {NiAl} cermet coating thickness on cavitation erosion, sliding and abrasive wear resistance}, volume = {136}, issn = {05874246 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85074464251&doi=10.12693%2fAPhysPolA.136.335&partnerID=40&md5=03652b816fc4a5ce87d37e77bf272e9f}, doi = {10.12693/APhysPolA.136.335}, abstract = {Atmospheric plasma spray (APS) wear-resistant coatings are popular in mechanical designing for increasing the operation time of machine elements. APS enables the deposition of ceramic, metallic, and cermet coatings to ameliorate the effects of wear that cause most of the failures of machine elements. The aim of the paper was to investigate the influence of the coating thickness of TiO2–10 wt\% NiAl on abrasive, sliding, and cavitation erosion resistance. Titania based coatings were deposited by means of APS onto a mild steel substrate using TiO2–10 wt\% NiAl feedstock material. The coatings had thicknesses of approximately 50, 100, and 200 µm. The morphology and microstructure of the coatings were examined using a light optical microscope (LOM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The as-deposited surface topography and hardness of the coatings were determined. The porosity and thickness were evaluated by using quantities image analysis software. Cavitation erosion tests were performed according to ASTM G32 (vibratory apparatus) and ASTM G134 (cavitating liquid jet). Abrasive and sliding wear tests were conducted using a three body abrasive tester and ball-on-disc apparatus, respectively. Generally the thickest coating presents an increase in resistance to sliding wear and cavitation erosion over the thinnest cermet coating. © 2019 Polish Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {2}, journal = {Acta Physica Polonica A}, author = {Szala, M. and Dudek, A. and Maruszczyk, A. and Walczak, M. and Chmiel, J. and Kowal, M.}, year = {2019}, note = {Publisher: Polish Academy of Sciences}, keywords = {Abrasion, Aluminum alloys, Atmospheric plasma spray, Binary alloys, Cavitating liquid jet, Cavitation, Cavitation erosion resistance, Cermets, Coatings, Erosion, Feedstock materials, Image analysis software, Mechanical designing, Mild steel substrates, Plasma diagnostics, Plasma jets, Plasma spraying, Scanning electron microscopy, Thickness measurement, Titanium alloys, Titanium dioxide, Topography, Wear resistance, Wear-resistant coating}, pages = {335--341}, } @article{gaoCavitationErosionBehavior2019, title = {Cavitation {Erosion} {Behavior} of {316L} {Stainless} {Steel}}, volume = {67}, issn = {1023-8883, 1573-2711}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11249-019-1225-0}, doi = {10.1007/s11249-019-1225-0}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Tribology Letters}, author = {Gao, Guiyan and Zhang, Zheng}, month = dec, year = {2019}, pages = {112}, } @article{caoEffectPassiveFilm2020, title = {Effect of passive film on cavitation corrosion behavior of {316L} stainless steel}, volume = {15}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1452398123101829}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {International Journal of Electrochemical Science}, author = {Cao, Lifang and Qin, Zhenbo and Deng, Yida and Zhong, Cheng and Hu, Wenbin and Wu, Zhong}, year = {2020}, note = {Publisher: Elsevier}, pages = {628--638}, } @article{chunNanostructuringBehaviorNiCrBSi2020, title = {Nanostructuring {Behavior} of {NiCrBSi} and {CoCrWC} {Thermal} {Spray} {Coatings} {Formed} by {Temperature}-{Controlled} {Laser} {Heat} {Treatment}}, volume = {58}, issn = {17388228 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85099402480&doi=10.3365%2fKJMM.2020.58.4.247&partnerID=40&md5=ac5bcf3924a3bd7c76f408909e6e1ef3}, doi = {10.3365/KJMM.2020.58.4.247}, abstract = {For surface hardening of a continuous casting mold component, a thermal spray coating of NiCrBSi (Metco-16C) and CoCrWC (Stellite-1) was performed followed by laser heat treatment of the coatings. To support selective modification of the thermal spray coating, a metallurgically determined surface temperature was maintained during the laser heat treatment, by real-time control of the laser power. In other words, nonhomogeneities in the macrosegregation of certain alloying elements, and voids in the as-sprayed state, could be improved. The main microstructural features of the Metco-16C coating laser-heat-treated at 1423 K were nanosized (100-150 nm) Cr5B3, M7C3, and M23C6 precipitates with a lamellar structure of Ni (FCC) and Ni3Si as the matrix phase. Those of the laser heat-treated Stellite-1 coating at 1473 K were fine (30-250 nm) precipitates of WC, M7C3, and M23C6 based on a Co (FCC) matrix. The results show that laser heat treatment at 1423 K increased the hardness of the Mecto-16C coating to 1115 HV from the as-sprayed state (754 HV), while treatment at 1473 K increased the hardness of the Stellite-1 coating from 680 HV to 860 HV. Copyright ? The Korean Institute of Metals and Materials.}, language = {Korean}, number = {4}, journal = {Journal of Korean Institute of Metals and Materials}, author = {Chun, E.-J.}, year = {2020}, note = {Publisher: Korean Institute of Metals and Materials}, keywords = {Alloying elements, Borides, Carbides, Chromium compounds, Continuous casting mold, Hardness, Heat treatment, Lamellar structures, Laser heat treatment, Macrosegregations, Matrix phase, Microstructural features, Nano-structuring, Real time control, Selective modification, Silicon, Silicon compounds, Sprayed coatings, Stellite, Surface hardening, Surface temperatures, Thermal spray coating, Thermal spray coatings}, pages = {247--256}, } @article{kumarMicrotexturingWC10Co2020, title = {Micro-texturing of a {WC}–{10Co}–{4Cr}-{Coated} {ASTM} {A479} {Steel} to {Form} a {Super}-{Hydrophobic} {Surface}}, volume = {73}, issn = {09722815 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85082704518&doi=10.1007%2fs12666-020-01918-8&partnerID=40&md5=c6c3c86c1959be80f3cc212e75b89716}, doi = {10.1007/s12666-020-01918-8}, abstract = {Abstract: Super-hydrophobic (SH) surfaces mostly motivated by the primordial surface designs considerably increase the life of the substrate. In the present work, effort has been made towards rational development of the SH surface on ASTM A479 steels substrates coated with WC–10Co–4Cr using high-velocity oxy-fuel. Distinct coating configurations have been investigated to analyse the effect of circular texturing patterns using nanosecond laser fibre texturing machine for the development of SH surfaces. Here, a freshly prepared solution of Hexafor 644-D/PFOA/Al2O3 nanoparticles was utilized for simple HVLP spraying and dip coating methods to formulate SH coatings on untextured and textured surfaces. The developed SH surfaces were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive spectroscopy and surface roughness tester. Water repellency of fabricated SH surfaces and its durability were studied by measuring the water contact angle (WCA), sliding angle, sandpaper abrasion test, tape peeling tests and water impact tests. All the configurations of the developed SH surfaces were found to be sustainable against the different wear tests performed during the study and exhibited excellent repellence to water and ink droplets. The highest WCA and sliding angle for textured and dip-coated SH surface (configuration—C 2.1) were found to be 162.6° and 10°, respectively. Further, it was found that during the sandpaper abrasion test, and the configuration corresponding to textured surfaces after thermal spray coating sustained super-hydrophobicity up to 30 cycles. Because of simple steps and the desired properties obtained by proposed methods, the coatings may be used for producing SH surfaces in apt industrial applications. Graphic Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]. © 2020, The Indian Institute of Metals - IIM.}, language = {English}, number = {4}, journal = {Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals}, author = {Kumar, V. and Verma, R. and Kango, S.}, year = {2020}, note = {Publisher: Springer}, keywords = {ASTM A479 steel, Dip coating, Laser surface texturing, Spray coating, Super-hydrophobic surface, WC–10Co–4Cr coating}, pages = {1015--1026}, } @article{korobovComparativeStudyCavitation2020, title = {Comparative study on cavitation resistance of deposited metal with metastable structure and stable austenite}, volume = {22}, url = {https://ered.pstu.ru/index.php/mm/article/view/2941}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Bulletin PNRPU. Mechanical engineering, materials science}, author = {Korobov, Yu S. and Alwan, H. L. and Filippov, M. A. and Shumyakov, V. I. and Soboleva, N. N. and Sirosh, V. A. and Estemirova, S. H. and Makarov, A. V.}, year = {2020}, pages = {33--41}, } @article{sharmaTribologicalInvestigationHvofspray2020, title = {Tribological investigation of hvof-spray cr3c2-25nicr and wc-10co-4cr coated turbine steel under varied slurry erosion conditions}, volume = {27}, issn = {09714588 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85089110910&partnerID=40&md5=ad1819999c159aa8432b53e35e87fce3}, abstract = {In this work, high velocity oxy fuel (HVOF) method based spray coatings namely Cr3C2-25NiCr and WC-10Co-4Cr have been deposited on AISI304 turbine steels. An attempt has been made to analyze the coatings under accelerated slurry erosion conditions by employing a laboratory-developed slurry erosion testing set-up. The testing has been performed under varied conditions of slurry concentration, impact velocity and impact angle using the Taguchi approach. The microstructure of coating powder, erodent particles and deposited coatings have been studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. Erosion tests indicated that HVOF-spray Cr3C2-25NiCr and WC-10Co-4Cr coatings have been deposited on AISI304 steel exhibited significant improvements in the erosion resistance of AISI304 steel. The possible reason for such behaviour could be higher microhardness of HVOF-spray coatings in comparison with AISI304 bare steel. From SEM images of the samples taken prior and post slurry erosion tests, it has been observed that Cr3C2-25NiCr coating exhibited mixed (ductile and brittle) behaviour, though the WC-10Co-4Cr coating mostly demonstrated ductile behavior under conditions for erosion from the slurry. Apart from that, an attempt has been made to develop a functional equation based on the regression approach which could be employed to assess the erosion wear rate under a set of conditions. The predicted erosion wear results under varied conditions are in close relationship to experimental values. © 2020, National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources (NISCAIR). All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {2}, journal = {Indian Journal of Engineering and Materials Sciences}, author = {Sharma, M. and Goyal, D.K. and Kaushal, G.}, year = {2020}, note = {Publisher: National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources (NISCAIR)}, keywords = {Chromium metallography, Cobalt metallography, Deposited coatings, Erodent particles, Erosion, Erosion resistance, Experimental values, Fuels, Functional equation, HVOF thermal spraying, High velocity oxy fuel, Hydro turbine, Powder coatings, Scanning electron microscopy, Slurry concentration, Slurry erosion, Thermal spray coatings, Tribological investigations, Tribology, Wear, Wear of materials}, pages = {150--167}, } @article{santosDirectCorrelationMartensitic2020, title = {Direct correlation between martensitic transformation and incubation-acceleration transition in solution-treated {AISI} 304 austenitic stainless steel cavitation}, volume = {462-463}, issn = {00431648 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85094855328&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2020.203522&partnerID=40&md5=19edfaa37fc2a07a1548897bc0a4e978}, doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2020.203522}, abstract = {This work shows in details how the γ→α′(ε) (austenite (γ), martensite (α′, ε)) strain-induced martensitic transformation affects the cavitation erosion behavior of the solution-treated AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel. For this purpose, mirror-polished surface samples initially presenting {\textasciitilde}93 vol\% γ + {\textasciitilde}7 vol\% α′ were subjected to cavitation erosion testing according to ASTM G32-10, being carefully characterized by X-ray diffraction and hardness measurements at the tested surfaces. Under cavitation, the studied steel surface showed total γ→α′ transformation fraction of {\textasciitilde}89 vol\% (which supposedly is directly related to the needed {\textasciitilde}4 vol\% expansion for the transformation), with no effective mass loss for 180 min testing time, clearly defining the transition from the incubation period (IP) to the acceleration stage of the cavitation testing. For this transformation condition, initially presenting remaining {\textasciitilde}11 vol\% γ fraction, successive material removal steps and XRD analysis were carried out aiming at determining the actual depth at which this cavitation-related transformation takes place into the steel austenitic matrix. In this case, {\textasciitilde}57 μm depth was found when XRD patterns before testing (leading to {\textasciitilde}93 vol\% γ results) were obtained. Finally, the variation of the average γ→α′ transformation rate along all IP presented a maximum level of {\textasciitilde}0.60\% min−1 between 60-120 min, which is attributed to the great difference on the mechanical properties of the γ and α′ phases, whose volume fractions continuously change at the surface under cavitation, thus affecting the evolution of the referred surface transformation. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Santos, L.L. and Cardoso, R.P. and Brunatto, S.F.}, year = {2020}, note = {Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {Austenitic matrix, Austenitic stainless steel, Austenitic transformations, Cavitation, Cavitation erosion behavior, Erosion, Gamma rays, Hardness measurement, Incubation periods, Incubation-acceleration transition, Linear transformations, Martensite, Martensitic transformations, Material removal, Optical testing, Polished surfaces, Solution-treated AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel, Strain induced martensitic transformation, Surface testing, Surface transformations, Transformation rates, X ray diffraction, α′- and ε-martensite, γ→α′(ε) strain-induced martensitic transformation}, } @article{szalaNeuralModellingAps2020, title = {Neural modelling of aps thermal spray process parameters for optimizing the hardness, porosity and cavitation erosion resistance of al2o3-13 wt\% tio2 coatings}, volume = {8}, issn = {22279717 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85097029018&doi=10.3390%2fpr8121544&partnerID=40&md5=b509bdb845dd4e58bac451aa2e61ee0a}, doi = {10.3390/pr8121544}, abstract = {The study aims to elaborate a neural model and algorithm for optimizing hardness and porosity of coatings and thus ensure that they have superior cavitation erosion resistance. Al2O3-13 wt\% TiO2 ceramic coatings were deposited onto 316L stainless steel by atmospheric plasma spray (ASP). The coatings were prepared with different values of two spray process parameters: the stand-off distance and torch velocity. Microstructure, porosity and microhardness of the coatings were examined. Cavitation erosion tests were conducted in compliance with the ASTM G32 standard. Artificial neural networks (ANN) were employed to elaborate the model, and the multi-objectives genetic algorithm (MOGA) was used to optimize both properties and cavitation erosion resistance of the coatings. Results were analyzed with MATLAB software by Neural Network Toolbox and Global Optimization Toolbox. The fusion of artificial intelligence methods (ANN + MOGA) is essential for future selection of thermal spray process parameters, especially for the design of ceramic coatings with specified functional properties. Selection of these parameters is a multicriteria decision problem. The proposed method made it possible to find a Pareto front, i.e., trade-offs between several conflicting objectives—maximizing the hardness and cavitation erosion resistance of Al2O3-13 wt\% TiO2 coatings and, at the same time, minimizing their porosity. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.}, language = {English}, number = {12}, journal = {Processes}, author = {Szala, M. and Łatka, L. and Awtoniuk, M. and Winnicki, M. and Michalak, M.}, year = {2020}, note = {Publisher: MDPI AG}, keywords = {APS, Al2O3-13 wt\% TiO2, Alumina–titania, Artificial neural network, Cavitation erosion, Ceramic coatings, Hardness, Microstructure, Multi-objective optimization, Wear}, pages = {1--15}, } @article{szalaComparativeStudyCavitation2020, title = {Comparative study on the cavitation erosion and sliding wear of cold-sprayed al/al2o3 and cu/al2o3 coatings, and stainless steel, aluminium alloy, copper and brass}, volume = {10}, issn = {20754701 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85087183364&doi=10.3390%2fmet10070856&partnerID=40&md5=3341fab9170f1f9ee00af14774b8f826}, doi = {10.3390/met10070856}, abstract = {The paper investigates the cavitation erosion (CE) and sliding wear (SW) resistance of cold-sprayed Al/Al2O3 and Cu/Al2O3 composites and studies them in relation to a set of metallic materials such as aluminium alloy (AlCu4Mg1), pure copper (Cu110), brass (CuZn40Pb2) and stainless steel (AISI 304). The coatings were deposited on stainless steel by low-pressure cold spray (LPCS) using Al (40 wt.\%) and Cu (50 wt.\%) blended with Al2O3 (60 and 50 wt.\%, respectively) feedstocks. CE resistance was estimated by the stationary sample method according to the ASTM G32 standard. The SW test was conducted using a ball-on-disc tester with compliance to the ASTM G99 standard. Results obtained for the LPCS coatings show that the Cu/Al2O3 coating exhibits a denser structure but lower adhesion and microhardness than Al/Al2O3. The Al/Al2O3 and Cu/Al2O3 resistance to cavitation is lower than for bulk alloys; however, composites present higher sliding wear resistance to that of AlCu4Mg1, CuZn40Pb2 and stainless steel. The CE wear mechanisms of LPCS composites start at the structural discontinuities and non-uniformities. The cavitation erosion degradation mechanism of Al/Al2O3 relies on chunk material detachment while that of Cu/Al2O3 initiates by alumina removal and continues as layer-like Cu-metallic material removal. CE damage of metal alloys relies on the fatigue-induced removal of deformed material. The SW mechanism of bulk alloys has a dominant adhesive mode. The addition of Al2O3 successfully reduces the material loss of LPCS composites but increases the friction coefficient. Coatings’ wear mechanism has an adhesive-abrasive mode. In both CE and SW environment, the behaviour of the cold-sprayed Cu/Al2O3 composite is much more promising than that of the Al/Al2O3. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.}, language = {English}, number = {7}, journal = {Metals}, author = {Szala, M. and Łatka, L. and Walczak, M. and Winnicki, M.}, year = {2020}, note = {Publisher: MDPI AG}, keywords = {Alumina, Aluminium, Cavitation erosion, Cold spray, Composite, Copper, Failure mechanism, Friction coefficient, MMC, Sliding, Wear}, pages = {1--25}, } @article{testaAlternativeMetallicMatrices2020, title = {Alternative metallic matrices for {WC}-based {HVOF} coatings}, volume = {402}, issn = {02578972 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85089737824&doi=10.1016%2fj.surfcoat.2020.126308&partnerID=40&md5=caaac5a6959a10c4ae2ebe3f836ca1fd}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.126308}, abstract = {Thermal spray coatings based on WC-CoCr are widely employed to protect industrial components against wear and corrosion. Although they provide good technical performances, it is necessary to replace Co-based hardmetal compositions to protect human health as well as for economic reasons. Alternative hardmetal formulations with little or no Cobalt were deposited by High Velocity Oxygen-Fuel (HVOF) spraying using agglomerated and sintered feedstock powders. They consist of WC as hard phase, but metallic matrices include iron- and nickel-based alloys (WC-NiMoCrFeCo, WC-FeNiCrMoCu, WC-FeCrAl). The characterization is focused on microstructure, mechanical and tribological properties (sliding and abrasive wear behaviour) and corrosion resistance in 3.5\% NaCl. Very low porosity, limited carbides' dissolution in the matrix, deposition efficiency ≥50\%, and hardness values (≈1200 HV) comparable to conventional WC-CoCr mean that the studied coatings are viable for industrial applications. Both WC-NiMoCrFeCo and WC-FeNiCrMoCu coatings show intrinsically high sliding wear resistance (specific wear rates between 10−8 and 10−7 mm3/(N∙m) in a ball-on-disc test against Al2O3 counterpart), but they are less resistant to high-stress abrasion by coarse particles (wear rates ≈10−3 mm3/(N∙m)). Their performances are anyway comparable to those of reference WC-CoCr samples. Additionally, WC-NiMoCrFeCo coatings show even better corrosion resistance in a 3.5\% NaCl aqueous solution (ICorr {\textasciitilde} 10−6 A/cm2). WC-FeCrAl coatings exhibit slightly poorer performances than the other samples: the formation of Al-based oxide inclusions during spraying cause higher wear losses, whilst the FeCrAl matrix has limited corrosion resistance. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Testa, V. and Morelli, S. and Bolelli, G. and Benedetti, B. and Puddu, P. and Sassatelli, P. and Lusvarghi, L.}, year = {2020}, note = {Publisher: Elsevier B.V.}, keywords = {Abrasion, Abrasive wear, Alumina, Aluminum coatings, Aluminum corrosion, Aluminum oxide, Ball-on-disc tests, Carbides, Cermets, Corrosion resistance, Corrosion resistant coatings, Critical materials, Deposition efficiencies, Electrochemical corrosion, HVOF thermal spraying, High Velocity Oxygen-Fuel (HVOF), High Velocity OxygenFuel (HVOF) spraying, Industrial components, Iron alloys, Mechanical and tribological properties, Nickel alloys, Sliding wear, Sodium chloride, Specific wear rates, Sprayed coatings, Technical performance, Ternary alloys, Thermal spray coatings, Wear resistance}, } @article{tianhuaInvestigationCavitationErosion2020, title = {Investigation of the cavitation erosion behavior of inconel 718 nickel-based superalloy}, volume = {40}, url = {https://www.tribology.com.cn/en/article/doi/10.16078/j.tribology.2019195}, number = {4}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Tribology}, author = {Tianhua, CHEN and Zhen, L. I. and Sanming, D. U. and Long, L. U. and Hanxiao, Y. U. and Qi, WANG and Kexi, YANG and Yongzhen, ZHANG}, year = {2020}, pages = {415--423}, } @article{RenewablePowerGeneration2020, title = {Renewable {Power} {Generation} {Costs} 2020}, language = {en}, year = {2020}, pages = {180}, } @inproceedings{alwanComparativeAnalysisCavitation2021, title = {Comparative analysis of cavitation resistance of deposited/sprayed layers of carbides, stainless steels and metastable austenite}, volume = {1079}, url = {https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/1079/5/052073/meta}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, booktitle = {{IOP} {Conference} {Series}: {Materials} {Science} and {Engineering}}, publisher = {IOP Publishing}, author = {Alwan, H. L. and Korobov, Yu S. and Elkind, D. M. and Sirosh, V. A. and Makarov, A. V.}, year = {2021}, note = {Issue: 5}, pages = {052073}, } @article{bakhshandehEvaluationSynergisticEffect2021, title = {Evaluation of synergistic effect and failure characterization for {Ni}-based nanostructured coatings and 17-{4PH} {SS} under cavitation exposure in 3.5 wt\% {NaCl} solution}, volume = {466}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043164820309911}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Bakhshandeh, H. R. and Allahkaram, S. R. and Zabihi, A. H. and Barzegar, M.}, year = {2021}, note = {Publisher: Elsevier}, keywords = {⛔ No DOI found}, pages = {203532}, } @article{chenUltrasonicCavitationErosion2021, title = {Ultrasonic cavitation erosion behavior of 304 stainless steel after corrosion in {NaCl} solution}, volume = {52}, issn = {16727207 (ISSN)}, shorttitle = {{NaCl溶液腐蚀后304不锈钢的超声空蚀特征}}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85108656821&doi=10.11817%2fj.issn.1672-7207.2021.05.005&partnerID=40&md5=c851be2f6062d0caec7b1d2ca3f89b6c}, doi = {10.11817/j.issn.1672-7207.2021.05.005}, abstract = {An ultrasonic cavitation erosion experiment, which conforms to the ASTM G32 standard, was carried out on 304 stainless steel after corrosion in the NaCl solution. The effects of standoff distance and cavitation erosion time were described through mass loss, surface microstructure, surface morphology, surface roughness, microhardness and residual stress. The results show that the capability of resisting cavitation erosion of 304 stainless steel corroded in the NaCl solution is enhanced compared to that of non-corroded samples. In the later stage of cavitation erosion, fatigue damage is the main cause of cavitation damage.With the extension of cavitation erosion time, microcracks in the eroded surface increase and the depth of cavitation erosion pits increases as well, but the surface roughness varies insignificantly after cavitation erosion of 240 min due to the increase of local standoff distance. The effect of standoff distance on cavitation erosion is more remarkable than that of the cavitation erosion time. At certain cavitation erosion time, both the cumulative mass loss and the cumulative mass loss rate arrive at their maxima at a standoff distance of 0.4 mm. At this standoff distance, the thickness of the hardened layer reaches 250 μm, the maximum hardness arises at the depth of 50 μm, but the highest residual stress occurs at a standoff distance of 0.6 mm. © 2021, Central South University Press. All right reserved.}, language = {Chinese}, number = {5}, journal = {Zhongnan Daxue Xuebao (Ziran Kexue Ban)/Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology)}, author = {Chen, J. and Liu, H. and Liu, G. and Wei, X. and Deng, Z. and Ouyang, Y.}, year = {2021}, note = {Publisher: Central South University of Technology}, keywords = {304 stainless steel, Austenitic stainless steel, Boron compounds, Cavitation, Cavitation erosion, Corrosion, Erosion, Erosion behavior, Erosion experiments, Hardened layers, Maximum hardness, Microcracks, Morphology, NaCl solution, Residual stresses, Sodium alloys, Sodium chloride, Stand-off distance (SoD), Steel corrosion, Surface microstructures, Surface morphology, Surface roughness, Ultrasonic cavitation}, pages = {1436--1445}, } @article{guneyCorrosionWearBehaviour2021, title = {Corrosion and wear behaviour of {HVOF} spraying {WC}-12\% {Ni} coating on gray cast-iron}, volume = {28}, issn = {09714588 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85114557906&partnerID=40&md5=fed3b7e322b67b6ff0f3e471681f4849}, abstract = {The coatings produced with high-velocity oxygen fuel spraying technology can greatly improve wear and corrosion resistance. In this study, WC-12\% Ni coating was applied on the lamellar graphite cast iron substrate. Morphologies and structures of uncoated samples and sprayed coatings were analyzed with light microscopy, scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive spectrometry and X-ray diffraction. Although their micro-hardness, porosity, abrasion and corrosion properties were studied, wear experiments were performed at normal atmospheric conditions (under room temperature and 30\% humidity) in the reciprocating wear testing machine. The corrosion resistance of the coatings was measured using potentio-dynamic polarization. The results revealed that the microstructure was porous, had micro-cracks, and contained some inhomogeneous structures such as carbide. Energy dispersive spectrometry analysis revealed that the presence of phases indicated the success in coating process. It was found that the WC-12\% Ni coating exhibited lower potential and lower corrosion current density compared to those of the uncoated sample. © 2021, National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {1}, journal = {Indian Journal of Engineering and Materials Sciences}, author = {Güney, B.}, year = {2021}, note = {Publisher: National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources}, keywords = {Atmospheric corrosion, Carbides, Cast iron, Composite coatings, Corrosion and wears, Corrosion behaviour, Corrosion resistance, Corrosion resistant coatings, Corrosive effects, Gray cast iron, HVOF coating, HVOF coatings, HVOF thermal spraying, High velocity oxygen fuel spraying, Microhardness, Microstructure, Ni coating, Scanning electron microscopy, Spectrometry, Sprayed coatings, Spraying technology, Thermal spray coating, Thermal spray coatings, Wear, Wear and corrosion resistance, Wear behaviors, Wear of materials, Wear resistance}, pages = {73--81}, } @article{hankeComparisonDamageMechanisms2021, title = {Comparison of damage mechanisms: {Acoustic} cavitation versus series of single laser-induced bubbles}, volume = {476}, shorttitle = {Comparison of damage mechanisms}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043164821000302}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Hanke, Stefanie and Kaiser, Sebastian A.}, year = {2021}, note = {Publisher: Elsevier}, pages = {203641}, } @inproceedings{mutascuCavitationResistantLayers2021, title = {Cavitation resistant layers from corodur 65 alloy deposited by tig welding on duplex stainless steel}, isbn = {978-808729499-4 (ISBN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85124351330&doi=10.37904%2fmetal.2021.4135&partnerID=40&md5=fbbf162eff7d163c1b89131e72a08f38}, doi = {10.37904/metal.2021.4135}, abstract = {The CORODUR 65 alloy delivered in the form of flux-cored wire electrode was deposited by TIG welding process on the surface of a duplex stainless steel in order to improve the cavitation erosion resistance of the technical components which are working in aggressive environments. Cavitation tests were performed using ultrasonic vibrating equipment that meets the requirements of the ASTM G32 - 2010 standard. The microstructure of the deposited layers consisted of complex carbides in a hardened alloy matrix with Cr solid solution which provides a high hardness and a significant increase of the cavitation erosion resistance compared to the base metal. © 2021 TANGER Ltd., Ostrava.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {{METAL} - {Anniv}. {Int}. {Conf}. {Met}. {Mater}., {Conf}. {Proc}.}, publisher = {TANGER Ltd.}, author = {Mutașcu, D.P. and Mitelea, I. and Bordeașu, I. and Uțu, I.-D. and Crăciunescu, C.M.}, year = {2021}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: METAL - Anniv. Int. Conf. Met. Mater., Conf. Proc.}, keywords = {Aggressive environment, Alloy Corodur 65, Alloy corodur 65, Alloys, Carbides, Cavitation, Cavitation resistance, Cavitation-erosion resistance, Deposited layer, Erosion, Flux-cored wire, Gas metal arc welding, Gas welding, Inert gas welding, Metallic matrix composites, Metals, Microstructure, TIG welding, TIG welding process, TIG-welding, Vibrating equipment, Wire electrode}, pages = {508--513}, } @article{nagInvestigationSelectedHVOF2021, title = {Investigation of selected {HVOF} and plasma sprayed coatings for sustained performance in molten zinc}, volume = {180}, issn = {0010938X (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85098123392&doi=10.1016%2fj.corsci.2020.109177&partnerID=40&md5=34ccab5ea90ccf8979759be32f927579}, doi = {10.1016/j.corsci.2020.109177}, abstract = {Thermal spray coatings, especially WC-12Co, applied on galvanizing line hardware exhibit enhanced corrosion resistance in molten zinc environment. However, the service life of such coated components is usually reported up to 15 days. This work studies 30 days of prolonged performance for coatings like Cr3C2-NiCr, Al2O3, Al2O3-TiO2 and WC-12Co in molten zinc. Post-testing, stability of the coatings was assessed by corrosion products and phase analysis along with elemental mapping, surface morphology and porosity across top and cross sections and weight change data. Property evaluation of these coatings indicates better performance of oxide coatings, particularly Al2O3, as compared to carbide coatings. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd}, language = {English}, journal = {Corrosion Science}, author = {Nag, A. and Bhadu, M.K. and Bijalwan, P.K. and Pathak, A.S.}, year = {2021}, note = {Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {Alumina, Aluminum oxide, Carbides, Coated components, Corrosion products, Corrosion resistance, Corrosion resistant coatings, Elemental mapping, Galvanizing, Galvanizing lines, HVOF thermal spraying, Morphology, Oxide minerals, Plasma spraying, Plasma-sprayed coatings, Property evaluation, Raman spectroscopy, Sink roll coating, Sprayed coatings, Surface morphology, Sustained performance, Thermal spray coatings, Thermal spraying, Titanium dioxide, Tungsten carbide – cobalt, Zinc coatings}, } @article{pavlovicCAVITATIONRESISTANCEBASALTBASED2021, title = {{CAVITATION} {RESISTANCE} {OF} {BASALT}-{BASED} {PROTECTIVE} {COATINGS} {AND} {EPOXY} {SYSTEM}}, volume = {21}, issn = {14513749 (ISSN)}, shorttitle = {{KAVITACIONA} {OTPORNOST} {ZAŠTITNIH} {PREMAZA} {NA} {BAZI} {BAZALTA} {I} {EPOKSI} {SISTEMA}}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85164993775&partnerID=40&md5=bbaf1c853b2e974c4c415c9c8ef76a4b}, abstract = {The paper presents the results of synthesis and characterization of new refractory coatings based on basalt and epoxy system. Coatings are intended to protect the surfaces of parts of equipment and various structures in civil and mechanical engineering and metallurgy which are exposed to wear, corrosion, or cavitation during exploitation. Coating composition, procedures for preparation of components from coating composition, synthesis procedures, and application of coatings are investigated. Several methods are used to characterize the coating: X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical microscopy and ultrasonic vibration method with a stationary sample according to ASTM G32 standard. Material resistance to the action of cavitation is determined using the ultrasonic method. In order to monitor the formation and development of surface damage on samples under the effect of cavitation, the morphology of surface coating damage is analysed using scanning electron microscopy. Results show high resistance of the tested basalt-based coatings under the action of cavitation, with low cavitation rate (0.04 mg/ min), low mass losses of coating and minor surface damage during exposure. This indicates the possibility of applying this type of refractory coating for the protection of various metallic and non-metallic structures in conditions of wear and cavitation. © 2021 The Author. Structural Integrity and Life, Published by DIVK.}, language = {English}, number = {2}, journal = {Structural Integrity and Life}, author = {Pavlović, M. and Cvetković, A. and Dojčinović, M. and Trumbulović, L. and Milovanović, A.}, year = {2021}, note = {Publisher: Society for Structural Integrity and Life (DIVK)}, keywords = {basalt, cavitation resistance, coatings, epoxy system, protection of structures}, pages = {185--189}, } @article{paolantonioDamageMechanismsCavitation2021, title = {Damage mechanisms in cavitation erosion of nitrogen-containing austenitic steels in 3.5\% {NaCl} solution}, volume = {464}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043164820309856}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Paolantonio, Mario and Hanke, Stefanie}, year = {2021}, note = {Publisher: Elsevier}, keywords = {⛔ No DOI found}, pages = {203526}, } @article{rajputCavitationBehaviorVarious2021, title = {Cavitation behavior of various microstructures made from a {C}–{Mn} eutectoid steel}, volume = {486}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043164821004427}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2021.204056}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Wear}, author = {Rajput, Arun and Ramkumar, J. and Mondal, K.}, year = {2021}, note = {Publisher: Elsevier}, keywords = {Acoustic wave propagation, Bainite, Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation erosion, Cavitation-erosion resistance, Erosion, Erosion test, Martensite, Martensitic microstructure, Martensitic stainless steel, Martensitic transformations, Martensitics, Microstructure, NaCl solution, Pearlite, Rail steel, Sodium chloride, Steel, Steel samples, Tempered martensite, Vibratory devices, Wear resistance, Work analysis, ⛔ No DOI found}, pages = {204056}, } @article{pengElectrochemicalNoiseAnalysis2021, title = {Electrochemical noise analysis of cavitation erosion corrosion resistance of {NbC} nanocrystalline coating in a 3.5 wt\% {NaCl} solution}, volume = {415}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0257897221003078}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2021.127133}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Peng, Shuang and Xu, Jiang and Li, Zhengyang and Jiang, Shuyun and Xie, Zong-Han and Munroe, Paul}, year = {2021}, note = {Publisher: Elsevier}, pages = {127133}, } @incollection{kamranChapterSolarEnergy2021, title = {Chapter 4 - {Solar} energy}, isbn = {978-0-12-823538-6}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128235386000087}, abstract = {Since the dawn of mankind, energy has been used in one or the other form. In the ancient days, the energy of the sun was used without any technology or apparatus. Later, to fulfill energy needs, conventional fossil fuels were used for cooking, heating, and electricity needs. Now with time, conventional energy sources are depleting, and it is time to shift ourselves to renewable energy. Almost all renewable energy sources are basically because of solar energy. The sun is a giant source of energy. Wind differential is created because of the difference in temperature of the air at two different locations. The difference in temperature causes a difference in the density of the air. The air with lower density rises. To fill this gap, wind from other regions moves to this region causing the flow of wind that is used to rotate the wind turbine. Solar energy is directly utilized in two ways: Solar thermal energy and solar photovoltaics (PVs). In solar thermal energy solar radiation is used to raise the temperature of the working fluid that can be further used for space heating, process heating, and electricity generation. In solar PVs, solar radiation is used to knock off the electrons from the valence band of the semiconductor materials to the conduction band. This flow of electrons in the conduction band generates DC electricity.}, language = {en}, urldate = {2022-01-13}, booktitle = {Renewable {Energy} {Conversion} {Systems}}, publisher = {Academic Press}, author = {Kamran, Muhammad}, editor = {Kamran, Muhammad and Fazal, Muhammad Rayyan}, month = jan, year = {2021}, doi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-823538-6.00008-7}, keywords = {MPPT, Solar energy, solar photovoltaic, solar thermal, solar tracker}, pages = {109--152}, } @article{wangCavitationErosionBehavior2021, title = {Cavitation erosion behavior of high-nitrogen austenitic stainless steel: {Effect} and design of grain-boundary characteristics}, volume = {201}, shorttitle = {Cavitation erosion behavior of high-nitrogen austenitic stainless steel}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264127521000496}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Materials \& Design}, author = {Wang, Zhenhua and Zhang, Bing}, year = {2021}, note = {Publisher: Elsevier}, pages = {109496}, } @article{gheraINFLUENCEAGEINGTIME2022, title = {{INFLUENCE} {OF} {AGEING} {TIME} {ON} {CAVITATION} {RESISTANCE} {OF} 6082 {ALUMINUM} {ALLOY}}, volume = {84}, issn = {14542331 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85144179238&partnerID=40&md5=acf8465c8a2bc8e4425fa9a65f7ee58d}, abstract = {The use of aluminum-based alloys in components of thermal machines, hydraulic machines, which work in cavitation currents, required the finding of solutions to reduce the erosive effect of the surface eroded by micro-jets and shock waves produced during cavitation. In this direction is also included the research of the resistance to vibration cavitation erosion of alloy 6082 subjected to heat treatment of ageing at 180°C, with three durations of the heat regime (one hour, 12 hours and 24 hours), generated by the standard vibrating device, with piezoceramic crystals, from the Cavitation Erosion Research Laboratory, of the Polytechnic University of Timișoara. The results of the research, compared to the gauge sample, taken from the rolling state, analyzed based on the curves and parameters recommended by the ASTM G32-2016 standards, show that the best resistance is obtained for the 24-hour regime of maintaining at 180°C. Macro and microscopic photographic images show differences between the erosions produced on the surfaces, as a result of changes in structure and mechanical properties, created by the maintaining times at the ageing temperature and which are consistent with the values of the reference parameters that characterize the erosion resistance by cavitation. © 2022, Politechnica University of Bucharest. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {4}, journal = {UPB Scientific Bulletin, Series B: Chemistry and Materials Science}, author = {Ghera, C. and Odagiu, O.P. and Nagy, V. and Micu, L.M. and Luca, A.N. and Bordeasu, I. and Demian, M.A. and Buzatu, A.D. and Ghiban, B.}, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: Politechnica University of Bucharest}, keywords = {'current, 6082 Aluminium alloys, Aging time, Aluminium-based alloy, Aluminum alloy 6082, Aluminum alloys, Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation resistance, Erosion, Heat resistance, Hydraulic machines, Macrostructures, Micro and macrostructure, Research laboratories, Shock waves, Thermal machines, ageing, aluminum alloys 6082, cavitation, micro and macrostructure}, pages = {225--237}, } @article{cincaElectrochemicalCorrosionCharacterization2022, title = {Electrochemical {Corrosion} {Characterization} of {Submicron} {WC}-{12Co} {Coatings} {Produced} by {CGS} and {HVAF} {Compared} with {Sintered} {Bulks}}, volume = {12}, issn = {20796412 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85129963199&doi=10.3390%2fcoatings12050620&partnerID=40&md5=79622d0e1de45728d6cc338e7facd4ff}, doi = {10.3390/coatings12050620}, abstract = {The electrochemical corrosion performance of WC-12 wt\% Co in coating and bulk forms has been evaluated in a 3.56 wt\% NaCl solution. The coatings were deposited by means of thermal spray techniques, i.e., cold gas spraying (CGS) and high-velocity air fuel (HVAF) spraying, while bulks with different WC sizes were manufactured by conventional pressing and sintering. Microstructural characterizations and phase composition determinations were carried out using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Differences in WC grain size and morphology, carbide dissolution, and cobalt binder phase transformation are discussed according to the inherent characteristics of each processing method. Together with surface roughness (polished/as-sprayed), these features have been observed to directly affect the electrochemical corrosion performance. Electrochemical measurements (open circuit potential, polarization resistance, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and polarization curves) showed that the as-sprayed CGS coating presented an electrochemical behavior similar to those of the bulk materials. This was attributed to the higher metallic character of this coating in comparison to that of the HVAF coating. The polished HVAF coating showed anodic activity lower than those of the bulk samples, most likely due to the presence of cobalt–tungsten carbide phases and eventually the lower amount of Co available for dissolution. Finally, the as-sprayed HVAF coating showed very high resistivity due to the presence of surface oxides generated during the deposition process. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.}, language = {English}, number = {5}, journal = {Coatings}, author = {Cinca, N. and Lavigne, O. and Peres, R.N. and Conze, S. and Hoehn, S. and Dosta, S. and Koivuluoto, H. and Kim, C. and da Silva, F.S. and Matikainen, V. and Jafari, R. and Tarrés, E. and Benedetti, A.V.}, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: MDPI}, keywords = {cemented carbides, cold gas spray, corrosion, high-velocity air fuel, thermal spray coatings}, } @article{huEffectCavitationIntensity2022, title = {Effect of cavitation intensity on the cavitation erosion behavior of {316L} stainless steel in 3.5 wt.\% {NaCl} solution}, volume = {12}, url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/12/2/198}, number = {2}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Metals}, author = {Hu, Jiaxiu and Zhang, Lianmin and Ma, Aili and Mao, Pingli and Zheng, Yugui}, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: MDPI}, pages = {198}, } @article{korobovComparativeStudyCavitation2022, title = {Comparative study of cavitation erosion resistance of austenitic steels with different levels of metastability}, url = {https://elar.urfu.ru/handle/10995/117892}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, author = {Korobov, Y. and Alwan, H. and Makarov, A. and Kukareko, V. and Sirosh, V. and Filippov, M. and Estemirova, S.}, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: Novosibirsk State University}, } @article{kumarMicrostructuralCharacterizationTribological2022, title = {Microstructural {Characterization} and {Tribological} {Properties} of {Atmospheric} {Plasma} {Sprayed} {High} {Entropy} {Alloy} {Coatings}}, volume = {31}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85131205542&doi=10.1007%2fs11666-022-01422-z&partnerID=40&md5=644f0ff221d838a7f5a802bec1e27612}, doi = {10.1007/s11666-022-01422-z}, abstract = {Two different types of high entropy alloy thick coatings (HEAs), namely, AlCrCoFeNiTi and FeCrCoNiW0.3+ 5 at.\% C were fabricated using atmospheric plasma spray (APS) on stellite substrate and compared for their various properties. Fine spherical powder particles used for fabrication resulted in homogeneous and surface defect-free (like cracks or voids) coatings with a negligible amount of porosity. The surface roughness and dilution level of both the coatings were found to be 8.56 µm, 7.23 µm, and 3.71\%, 3.55\% for AlCrCoFeNiTi and FeCrCoNiW0.3+ 5 at.\% C alloy, respectively, demonstrating a strong metallurgical bonding between the coatings and substrate. A lamellar microstructure along with precipitates was observed from the microstructural investigation of both coatings. The AlCrCoFeNiTi coating comprised of two BCC phases (A2 and B2) and FeCrCoNiW0.3+ 5 at.\% coating consisted of FCC phase with Cr and W rich carbides. The microhardness of AlCrCoFeNiTi alloy coating exhibited 2.16 times higher hardness (761 ± 14 HV0.2) and 4.28 times lower wear rate (2.8 × 10−7 mm3/ Nm) than the substrate. BCC phases, good metallurgical bonding between the matrix and substrate, and defect-free microstructure attributed to the improved wear performance of the aforementioned alloy coating. © 2022, ASM International.}, number = {6}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, author = {Kumar, H. and Bhaduri, G.A. and Manikandan, S.G.K. and Kamaraj, M. and Shiva, S.}, year = {2022}, keywords = {Alloy coatings, Aluminum alloys, Atmospheric plasma spray, Atmospheric plasmas, BCC phase, Carbides, Chromium alloys, Chromium compounds, Entropy, High entropy alloys, High-entropy alloys, Metallurgical bonding, Microstructural characterizations, Microstructure, Plasma jets, Plasma spraying, Sprayed coatings, Surface defects, Surface roughness, Thermal spray coatings, Titanium alloys, Tribological properties, Tribology, Wear of materials, X-ray diffraction, atmospheric plasma spray, high entropy alloy, thermal spray coating, wear, x-ray diffraction}, pages = {1956--1974}, } @article{liDeformationinducedMartensite3042022, title = {Deformation-induced martensite in 304 stainless steel during cavitation erosion: {Effect} on passive film stability and the interaction between cavitation erosion and corrosion}, volume = {167}, shorttitle = {Deformation-induced martensite in 304 stainless steel during cavitation erosion}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301679X21005703}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Tribology International}, author = {Li, Z. X. and Zhang, L. M. and Udoh, I. I. and Ma, A. L. and Zheng, Y. G.}, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: Elsevier}, pages = {107422}, } @inproceedings{ningInvestigationUltrasonicCavitation2022, title = {Investigation on {Ultrasonic} {Cavitation} {Erosion} {Behavior} of 2024 {Aluminum} {Alloy} in {Distilled} {Water}}, isbn = {978-750249244-1 (ISBN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85148003992&partnerID=40&md5=ab771521b1b8c9d4c66da1b373cbfe78}, abstract = {Cavitation erosion is a common natural phenomenon. The surface damage, material erosion, and noise impact caused by cavitation erosion have caused widespread concern. In this study, ultrasonic cavitation corrosion experiments were carried out on 2024 aluminum alloys using ultrasonic cavitation equipment according to ASTM G32 standard. The ultrasonic cavitation corrosion behaviors of 2024 aluminum alloys in distilled water were evaluated by cumulative mass loss, scanning electron microscopy, and three-dimensional topography. The results show that mass loss and surface damage of 2024 aluminum alloy significantly increased with the increasing cavitation erosion time. In the initial stage of ultrasonic cavitation erosion, the erosion and material mass loss were negligible. With the increase of cavitation time, cavitation bubbles repeatedly act on the material surface, resulting in the accumulation of deformation and eventually material denudation. After cavitation erosion for 300 min, the maximum cumulative mass loss of 2024 aluminum alloy was 19.7 mg, the cumulative weight loss rate was 0.066 mg/min, and the maximum cavitation pit depth was 280 μm. © TMP 2022 - Proceedings. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, booktitle = {Int. {Conf}. {ThermoMechanical} {Process}., {TMP} - {Proc}.}, publisher = {Metallurgical Industry Press}, author = {Ning, L. and Yang, X. and Zhao, J. and Li, Y.}, editor = {{Yuan G.} and {Xu W.}}, year = {2022}, note = {Journal Abbreviation: Int. Conf. ThermoMechanical Process., TMP - Proc.}, keywords = {2024 aluminium alloys, 2024 aluminum alloys, Aluminum alloys, Aluminum corrosion, Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation pit, Corrosive effects, Distilled water, Erosion, Erosion behavior, Mass loss, Material erosion, Natural phenomenon, Noise impact, Noise pollution, Scanning electron microscopy, Surface damages, Topography, Ultrasonic cavitation, cavitation erosion, cavitation pit, surface damage}, pages = {583--587}, } @article{szalaEffectMicrostructureHardness2022, title = {Effect of microstructure and hardness on cavitation erosion and dry sliding wear of {HVOF} deposited {CoNiCrAlY}, {NiCoCrAlY} and {NiCrMoNbTa} coatings}, volume = {15}, issn = {19961944 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85121748597&doi=10.3390%2fma15010093&partnerID=40&md5=dd39477fadbc075bf167e68323efdc95}, doi = {10.3390/ma15010093}, abstract = {Metallic coatings based on cobalt and nickel are promising for elongating the life span of machine components operated in harsh environments. However, reports regarding the ambient temperature tribological performance and cavitation erosion resistance of popular MCrAlY (where M = Co, Ni or Co/Ni) and NiCrMoNbTa coatings are scant. This study comparatively investigates the effects of microstructure and hardness of HVOF deposited CoNiCrAlY, NiCoCrAlY and NiCr-MoNbTa coatings on tribological and cavitation erosion performance. The cavitation erosion test was conducted using the vibratory method following the ASTM G32 standard. The tribological examina-tion was done using a ball-on-disc tribometer. Analysis of the chemical composition, microstructure, phase composition and hardness reveal the dry sliding wear and cavitation erosion mechanisms. Coatings present increasing resistance to both sliding wear and cavitation erosion in the following order: NiCoCrAlY {\textless} CoNiCrAlY {\textless} NiCrMoNbTa. The tribological behaviour of coatings relies on abrasive grooving and oxidation of the wear products. In the case of NiCrMoNbTa coatings, abrasion is followed by the severe adhesive smearing of oxidised wear products which end in the lowest coefficient of friction and wear rate. Cavitation erosion is initiated at microstructure discontinuities and ends with severe surface pitting. CoNiCrAlY and NiCoCrAlY coatings present semi brittle behavior, whereas NiCrMoNbTa presents ductile mode and lesser surface pitting, which improves its anti-cavitation performance. The differences in microstructure of investigated coatings affect the wear and cavitation erosion performance more than the hardness itself. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.}, language = {English}, number = {1}, journal = {Materials}, author = {Szala, M. and Walczak, M. and Świetlicki, A.}, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: MDPI}, keywords = {Abrasion, Adhesives, Aluminum alloys, Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Chemical analysis, Chromium, Chromium alloys, Cobalt, Cobalt alloys, Cobalt and nickels, Dry sliding wear, Erosion, Erosion rate, Erosion rates, Failure analysis, Friction, Hardness, Harsh environment, Lifespans, MCrAlY, Metallic coating, Nickel, Performance, Roughness, Surface engineering, Surface pitting, Textures, Tribology, Wear, Wear resistance}, } @article{testaCorrosionWearPerformances2022, title = {Corrosion and wear performances of alternative {TiC}-based thermal spray coatings}, volume = {438}, issn = {02578972 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85127094511&doi=10.1016%2fj.surfcoat.2022.128400&partnerID=40&md5=0a8415d08bdc3369eca6ab35bed529f8}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2022.128400}, abstract = {Thermal spray WC-Co based coatings are considered among the best solutions against wear and corrosion of industrial components, but it is necessary to reduce their usage due to sustainability and safety issues. In this respect, the paper is focused on the deposition and characterization of TiC-bases coating systems with cobalt-free matrices. Three alternative formulations, TiC-33 vol\%NiCr, TiC-40 vol\%FeNiCr, TiC-18 vol\%WC-33 vol\%NiCr, manufactured by high-energy ball milling (HEBM) and deposited by HVOF, are employed in order to assess the effects of binder concentration, composition, and addition of some WC as second hard phase on their wear and corrosion resistance in comparison with WC-CoCr and Cr3C2-NiCr references. It was found that all coatings exhibit a combination of shallow abrasive grooving, surface fatigue (lamellar delamination) and tribo-oxidation under sliding conditions at room temperature. At 400 °C, surface fatigue is less relevant but abrasive grooving becomes more prevent and some adhesive wear also occurs. The performance of all coatings is intermediate between those of the WC-CoCr and Cr3C2-NiCr references. More specifically, the TiC-33 vol\%NiCr composition exhibits similar performance as a TiC-25 vol\% composition previously studied by the authors. The addition of WC led to the formation of a W-rich shell around the TiC particles through in-flight reactions during spraying. This limited in-flight oxidation of TiC but it could not prevent post-deposition oxidation of hot lamellae. Because interlamellar oxides formed at this stage have the most significant negative effect on wear resistance, overall the TiC-WC-NiCr composition did not exhibit any tribological advantage over pure TiC-NiCr. The Ti-FeNiCr composition is especially sensitive to surface fatigue but, to the contrary, provides good corrosion protection with no performance deficit compared to the same volume fraction of a NiCr matrix. All the TiC-based coatings are not suitable to protect against high-stress abrasion due to the overly negative influence of their interlamellar brittleness under these conditions. © 2022 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, author = {Testa, V. and Morelli, S. and Bolelli, G. and Bosi, F. and Puddu, P. and Colella, A. and Manfredini, T. and Lusvarghi, L.}, year = {2022}, note = {Publisher: Elsevier B.V.}, keywords = {Abrasion, Abrasive wear, Accident prevention, Adhesives, Ball milling, Binary alloys, Chromium alloys, Corrosion and wears, Corrosion fatigue, Corrosion performance, Corrosion resistance, Corrosion resistant coatings, Critical raw materials, Deposition, Electrochemical polarization test, Fracture mechanics, Hard coatings, Hard metals, Hardmetals, Oxidation, Performance, Sliding wear, Sprayed coatings, Surface fatigues, Titanium alloys, Titanium carbide, Wear performance, Wear resistance, matrix}, } @article{agnihotriStudyBurnishiningEffect2023, title = {Study of burnishining effect on the thermal spray coatings}, volume = {51}, issn = {16052730 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85175242735&doi=10.18149%2fMPM.5142023_5&partnerID=40&md5=b0243b04369e2c30d135684cd4cd9672}, doi = {10.18149/MPM.5142023_5}, abstract = {The present study is focused on the protection of alloys against hot corrosion by burnishing the thermal spray coatings. The research study aims to appraise the hot corrosion behavior of WC-Co coatings deposited on boiler steel SA213-T11 using a High-Velocity Oxy-Fuel process (HVOF) followed by a burnishing process. This study also aims to develop a suitable protective burnished-coated material system to enhance the life of metals and alloys operating under a hot corrosion environment. Therefore, the performance of the thermal spray coating followed by the burnishing process is required to be studied for the primary modes of degradation against oxidation and hot corrosion modes of material failure. Various microstructural and mechanical characterizations techniques such as X-Ray Diffractometry (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Optical Microscopy, and Microhardness tester were employed to evaluate coating properties. The performance of the thermal spray coating followed by the burnishing process is studied for the primary modes of degradation against oxidation and hot corrosion modes of material failure. © A. Agnihotri, S.B.S. Kalsi, H. Kansal, 2023.}, language = {English}, number = {4}, journal = {Materials Physics and Mechanics}, author = {Agnihotri, A. and Kalsi, S.B.S. and Kansal, H.}, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: Institute for Problems in Mechanical Engineering, Russian Academy of Sciences}, keywords = {Burnishing process, Corrosion resistant coatings, Corrosive effects, HVOF, HVOF thermal spraying, High velocity oxy fuel, High-velocity oxy-fuel process, Hot corrosion, Material failures, Oxidation and hot corrosions, Performance, Research studies, Scanning electron microscopy, Steel corrosion, Thermal spray coatings, WC-Co, WC-co, X ray diffraction analysis, burnishing, thermal spray coatings}, pages = {50--65}, } @article{babutskyiImprovementCavitationErosion2023, title = {Improvement of cavitation erosion resistance of structural metals by alternating magnetic field treatment}, volume = {226}, issn = {02641275 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85149752418&doi=10.1016%2fj.matdes.2023.111630&partnerID=40&md5=3586df3781107e8fcdd7efc6cdf23df7}, doi = {10.1016/j.matdes.2023.111630}, abstract = {Results of cavitation erosion tests for EN8 steel, nickel-aluminium bronze (NAB), 70/30 brass and aluminium alloy AA2014-T6 following alternating magnetic field (AMF) treatment are presented. These alloys were selected because of their magnetic nature; EN8 steel is ferromagnetic, NAB and 70/30 brass are diamagnetic and AA2014 alloy is paramagnetic. The indirect cavitation erosion tests (ASTM G32–10 standard) were fulfilled at a frequency of 20 kHz in deionized water which was maintained at room temperature and ambient pressure for a predetermined time. The results show significant decrease in the mass loss for all samples that had underg1 AMF treatment. The eroded samples were characterised by means of scanning electron microscopy, while microhardness measurements showed an increase in the surface hardness as a result of the AFM treatment. The results of X-ray diffraction indicated formation of more compressive residual stresses following treatment, while examination by transmission electron microscopy showed evidence of dislocation movement away from grain boundaries. In the case of the NAB and 20014-T6 alloys, there was evidence of new precipitation. By considering the deformed state and the magnetic nature of each alloy, mechanisms explaining the increase in the cavitation erosion resistance due to the treatment are proposed and discussed. © 2023 The Authors}, language = {English}, journal = {Materials and Design}, author = {Babutskyi, A. and Akram, S. and Bevilacqua, M. and Chrysanthou, A. and Montalvão, D. and Whiting, M.J. and Pizurova, N.}, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {Alternating magnetic field, Ambient pressures, Brass, Bronze, Cavitation, Cavitation Erosion, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation-erosion resistance, Deionised waters, Deionized water, Dislocation mobility, Erosion, Erosion test, Ferromagnetics, Grain boundaries, High resolution transmission electron microscopy, Magnetic field treatment, Magnetic fields, Magnetic nature, Nickel-aluminium bronzes, Precipitation, Precipitation (chemical), Residual stresses, Scanning electron microscopy, Single crystals}, } @article{bordeasuCAVITATIONALEROSIONRESISTANCE2023, title = {{CAVITATIONAL} {EROSION} {RESISTANCE} {CONSIDERATIONS} {FOR} {ALLOY} 6082 {STATE} {T651}}, volume = {85}, issn = {14542331 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85150681335&partnerID=40&md5=edf4a0309b320266384aa0ab63e7cbf2}, abstract = {The study presents the results of experimental research on the behaviour and resistance to vibratory cavitation erosion of the structure of aluminum alloy 6082 state 651. The analysis performed on macro and microscopic images shows the degradation mode of the microstructure, and the comparison with alloy 5083 state H111, using the specific parameters of cavitational erosion resistance recommended by ASTM G32-2016 standards, suggests an insignificant difference. Discussions of the plots containing experimental values of the cumulative eroded mass created by cavitational erosion and the related velocities using averaging curves show a behaviour strongly dependent on the nature of the blank, structural homogeneity, mass of intermetallic compounds and mechanical property values. © 2023, Politechnica University of Bucharest. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {1}, journal = {UPB Scientific Bulletin, Series B: Chemistry and Materials Science}, author = {Bordeasu, I. and Ghiban, B. and Nagy, V. and Paraianu, V. and Ghera, C. and Istrate, D. and Demian, A.M. and Odagiu, P.-O.}, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: Politechnica University of Bucharest}, keywords = {Aluminum alloys, Behavioral research, Cavern, Cavitational erosion, Erosion, Erosion rates, Erosion resistance, Experimental research, Experimental values, Lose mass, Macro image, Microscopic image, Microstructure, Vibratory cavitation erosion, aluminum alloy, caverns, cavitational erosion, erosion rate, lost mass, mechanical properties, microstructure}, pages = {213--224}, } @article{heSynergisticEffectCavitation2023, title = {Synergistic effect between cavitation erosion and corrosion of {Monel} {K500} alloy in 3.5 wt\% {NaCl} solution}, volume = {205}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S104458032300699X}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Materials Characterization}, author = {He, Zebang and Qin, Zhenbo and Gao, Zhiming and Wu, Zhong and Hu, Wenbin}, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: Elsevier}, pages = {113340}, } @article{kumarPerformanceThermallySprayed2023, title = {Performance of {Thermally} {Sprayed} {Nickel} and {Tungsten}-{Based} {Coatings} in {Slurry} {Erosion} {Conditions}: {A} {Review}}, volume = {145}, issn = {07424787 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85168807395&doi=10.1115%2f1.4062372&partnerID=40&md5=6230eb60bea8444465a9be7db3ed65a5}, doi = {10.1115/1.4062372}, abstract = {The energy needs of a country cannot be fulfilled by a single source of energy, so renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and hydro energy are widely used throughout the world. In countries where sufficient hydro energy resources are available, hydropower plants have been installed to produce electricity. But countries where the rivers originate from hilly areas (like India and Nepal) have to deal with the losses due to the wear caused by the silt particles presented in water. The silt content in water causes the erosion of material in different components of hydropower plants. To avoid these losses thermally sprayed hard surface coatings are widely used as a protective layer. This review focuses on the performance of composite coatings based on nickel and tungsten in slurry erosion conditions. A comprehensive investigation of studies conducted on thermally sprayed nickel- and tungsten-based coatings is discussed in this review paper. The review reveals that high velocity oxy-fuel is widely used by different researchers to develop composite coatings. Materials like Ni–20Cr2O3, Ni–Al2O3, Ni–Cr–Si–B, WC–10Co, WC–10Co–Cr, and Ni–Cr–B–Si–Fe–WC (Co) have been used in different studies to minimize the wear of material in slurry conditions. Copyright © 2023 by ASME.}, language = {English}, number = {9}, journal = {Journal of Tribology}, author = {Kumar, A. and Garg, R.K. and Sachdeva, A.}, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)}, keywords = {Alumina, Aluminum oxide, Composite coatings, Composites coating, Energy needs, Erosion, Erosion conditions, Erosion wear, HVOF thermal spraying, Hydroelectric power, Hydroelectric power plants, Hydropower plants, Nickel coatings, Performance, Silt, Single source, Slurry erosion, Sources of energy, Sprayed coatings, Thermal spray coatings, Tungsten carbide, Wear of materials, erosion wear, nickel, slurry, thermal spray coatings, tungsten carbide}, } @article{pattnayakHybridizedflowFlameSpray2023, title = {Hybridized-flow flame spray ({HFFS}) process for the development of superior ceramic coatings}, volume = {49}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85144442274&doi=10.1016%2fj.ceramint.2022.12.047&partnerID=40&md5=5dfe5c9048b5b82ee20e767ae399520e}, doi = {10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.12.047}, abstract = {The present study deals with a novel, effective and single step thermal spray coating process development. The process is named as ‘Hybridized-Flow Flame Spray (HFFS) process’. The process is very much suitable for the development of ceramic coatings with superior properties when compared to conventional Powder Flame Spray (PFS) coatings. The HFFS process is capable in addressing the shortcomings (porosity, density, hardness, surface quality) of PFS coatings. The physical, mechanical and metallurgical analysis of PFS and HFFS coatings are done using density measurement kit, 3-D optical profilometer, Vickers and scratch hardness, and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results show significant improvement in the properties. The increment in density (≈24\%), hardness (Vickers ≈ 37\% and scratch ≈ 126\%); and decrement in coating thickness (≈35\%) and average surface roughness (≈47\%) of HFFS sprayed coatings are observed. The results are benchmarked with those of PFS coatings. The improved responses are attributed to the densification of coating structure and improved microstructural changes due to the presence of hybridized flow in the HFFS. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd and Techna Group S.r.l.}, number = {4}, journal = {Ceramics International}, author = {Pattnayak, A. and Gupta, A. and Abhijith, N.V. and Kumar, D.}, year = {2023}, keywords = {Ceramic coating, Ceramic coatings, Flame spraying, HFFS, Hardness, Hybridized-flow flame spray, PFS, Porosity density, Powder coatings, Powder flame spray, Process development, Property, Scanning electron microscopy, Single-step, Spray coating, Spray coating process, Spray process, Sprayed coatings, Surface roughness, Thermal spray coatings, Thickness measurement}, pages = {7085--7088}, } @article{odagiuHEATTREATMENTPARAMETERS2023, title = {{HEAT} {TREATMENT} {PARAMETERS} {INFLUENCE} {ON} {THE} {CAVITATION} {RESISTANCE} {OF} {AN} {ALUMINUM} {ALLOY}}, volume = {85}, issn = {14542331 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85168543171&partnerID=40&md5=d0166e5bb08c7fc3841bb1df96db478f}, abstract = {The aluminum based alloy are widely used in different applications. The type 2017 A is characterized by high values of mechanical properties, which is why it is used for parts subjected to various mechanical stresses, in the fields of automotive, aviation and also in hydraulic equipment. Lately, as a result of the evolution of machines and mechanical processing processes, its application to high-speed propeller blades and rotors of heat engine cooling pumps has been sought. As these parts work in cavitation mode, in order to increase the resistance to erosion created by micro-jets and shock waves, specialists are investigating the effect of various techniques applied for this purpose. The results of the research on the behavior and strength of the 2017A alloy, heat treated by three aging regimes (180°C, 140°C and 120°C), with the same maintenance duration (24 hours), to the erosion produced by the cavitation generated by vibration are also included in this direction. The analysis of surface degradation, performed based on photographic images from various times and microscopic ones at the end of the cavitation attack, as well as based on the evolution of characteristic curves and parameter values recommended by ASTM G32-2016, it is found that the most appropriate treatment is from 120°C. © 2023, Politechnica University of Bucharest. All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {3}, journal = {UPB Scientific Bulletin, Series B: Chemistry and Materials Science}, author = {Odagiu, P.-O. and Salcianu, C.L. and Ghera, C. and Buzatu, A.D. and Micu, L.M. and Luca, A.N. and Bordeasu, I. and Ghiban, B.}, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: Politechnica University of Bucharest}, keywords = {Aging heat treatment, Aluminium-based alloy, Aluminum alloys, Automotives, Behavioral research, Cavitation, Cavitation corrosion, Cavitation resistance, Erosion, Heat resistance, Heat treatment, Heat treatment parameters, High speed photography, ITS applications, Machine processing, Mechanical processing, Mechanical stress, Parameter influences, Shock waves, aging heat treatments, aluminum alloys, cavitation erosion}, pages = {239--252}, } @article{matthewsPhaseTransformationsWCCr3C2Ni2023a, title = {Phase transformations in {WC}-{Cr3C2}-{Ni} thermal spray coatings under low, medium and high thermal input: {Part} 2 – {DSC} analysis and heat-treated coating characterisation}, volume = {117}, issn = {02634368 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85173611501&doi=10.1016%2fj.ijrmhm.2023.106423&partnerID=40&md5=4c894a13837e5955db62fce5cf16af84}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2023.106423}, abstract = {Conventionally, bulk WC and Cr3C2-based carbide compositions have been used independently of each other. However, recent investigations have begun to explore combining these carbides together within the same composite/hard metal coating system. This work explored the diversity of phases produced in the coatings from a 42 wt\% WC-42 wt\% Cr3C2–16 wt\% Ni powder sprayed under “low”, “medium” and “high” thermal input conditions using high velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF), an argon‑helium (Ar[sbnd]He) plasma and an argon‑hydrogen (Ar[sbnd]H2) plasma respectively. The thermally driven solid-state transformations in the coatings were investigated as a function of carbide dissolution/decomposition, using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). All coatings exhibited a well defined exothermic peak attributed to the transformation of the metastable supersaturated Ni-alloy and WC1-X phases in the as-sprayed coatings, into the equilibrium Ni alloy and a mix of the intermediate metastable carbide phases β-W2C and Cr3C2-Y. At higher temperatures the metastable compounds transformed to the equilibrium phases of ε-W2C and Cr3C2. A defining feature of the XRD analysis was the significant shift in lattice positions of all phases, indicating substitutional alloying. The mechanisms of phase formation are discussed. © 2023 The Authors}, language = {English}, journal = {International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials}, author = {Matthews, S. and Prasad, P.}, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: Elsevier Ltd}, keywords = {Argon, Carbides, Composite coatings, Cr3C2, DSC analysis, Differential scanning calorimetry, Differential scanning calorimetry analyse, HVOF thermal spraying, High thermal, Metastable, Metastable phases, Metastables, Ni alloys, Nickel alloys, Plasma spray coating, Plasma spray coatings, Powder coatings, Sprayed coatings, Supersaturated, Thermal inputs, Thermal spray coatings, W2C, WC-Cr3C2-Ni, WC-cr3c2-ni, WC1-X, Cr3C2-Y, WC1-X, cr3c2-Y}, } @article{pavlovicNEWTYPESPROTECTIVE2023, title = {{NEW} {TYPES} {OF} {PROTECTIVE} {COATINGS} {AND} {DEVELOPMENT} {OF} {TEST} {METHODS}}, volume = {23}, issn = {14513749 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85182784860&partnerID=40&md5=3bd6a88518a64a1b0dc7a31755d60c71}, abstract = {The paper presents the results of synthesis and charac-terisation of refractory coatings based on various fillers intended for the protection of metallic structures. Refractory fillers applied are based on mullite, cordierite, zirconium silicate, and pyrophyllite. Refractory filler samples are treated by micronization grinding down to 15 μm filler particles. Methods as XRD, SEM, and optical microscopy are used for characterisation. Performed tests determined the optimal composition of protective coatings and manufacturing pro-cesses. According to standard ASTM G32 an ultrasonic vibra-tional method with stationary sample was used for charac-terising the obtained coatings. The goal of the research was to determine the coating quality and its applications in metallic surface protection in conditions of wear, corrosion, cavitation, and high temperature. All coatings were tested under the same conditions. A comparison of cavitation resis-tance is given for tested coatings. Coating quality is evalu-ated based on cavitation loss rate and on the analysis of sample surface damage formation and development under effects of cavitation. © 2023 Society for Structural Integrity and Life (DIVK). All rights reserved.}, language = {English}, number = {3}, journal = {Structural Integrity and Life}, author = {Pavlović, M. and Dojčinović, M. and Harbinja, M. and Hodić, A. and Stojanović, M. and Čeganjac, Z. and Aćimović, Z.}, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: Society for Structural Integrity and Life (DIVK)}, keywords = {cavitation resistance, cordierite, mullite, protective coating, pyrophyllite, zirconium silicate}, pages = {257--260}, } @article{wangResearchProgressPerformance2023, title = {Research {Progress} on {Performance} {Optimization} {Methods} and {Controlling} {Mechanisms} of {HVOF} {Coatings}}, volume = {43}, shorttitle = {{HVOF涂层性能优化方法与调控机理研究进展}}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85184385116&doi=10.16078%2fj.tribology.2022207&partnerID=40&md5=2bca2dbc9fe1120f4a810d733b7d5476}, doi = {10.16078/j.tribology.2022207}, abstract = {Due to the continuously increasing of material requirements, a variety of surface modification and coating techniques have been proposed to protect the engineering parts from the harsh environments such as high temperature, abrasion and corrosion. Thermal spraying is a type of surface coating process which uses combination of thermal and kinetic energy to deposit coatings of metals, cermets, ceramics and polymers on the substrate surface in layers of substantial thickness, typically 0.1 to 10 mm. Coating porosity, bond strength and oxide content are typical properties influenced by the coating procedure. High velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) spraying, which is a relatively new method of thermal spray coating family, can produce coatings with outstanding characteristics including higher density, bond strength and toughness, and lower oxide content, as a result of a favorable combination of significantly high particle velocity (1 500 m/s) at impact and relatively low temperature (2 000 ℃). In addition, it benefits the advantage of high flexibility and low cost for mass production. Thus, HVOF coatings as a protective candidate have been widely used for many years in various industrial fields, such as aviation, aerospace, petroleum, and marine components as well as systems. Although considerable research studies were carried out previously to explore the HVOF coating, the challenges for achieving the coating quality are still in progress. In this work, the effects of parameters on coating properties of HVOF coatings were summarized in the light of the previous studies. HVOF coating performance is strongly dependent on its microstructure, which is result of particle inflight behavior influenced by temperature, velocity, melting and oxidation of particles. The coating properties are influenced not only by the nature of the used powders but also significantly by the spray parameters. In HVOF spraying, particle morphology and size distribution of the feed powder was found to be important parameters, strongly affecting the porosity of HVOF coating. Besides, the HVOF spraying parameters make a great contribution to the flame temperature, airflow velocity and decomposition during deposition, which could change the structure and properties of final coatings. Oxygen flow rate, fuel flow rate and fuel/oxygen ratio not only determine the heat generated by combustion, flame flow characteristics and the proportion of melted raw feed powder, but also affect the heat and momentum exchange between flame flow and particles, which directly works on the porosity and hardness of the coating. The spraying distance affects the speed and temperature of the spray droplets reaching the substrate, and it leads to the increase of oxide inclusions and high local thermal stress. If powder feeding rate was too large, it would lead to an increasing of unmelted powder particles, which resulted in increased inclusion and porosity. Moreover, unmelted particles would deposit on the inner wall of the Laval nozzle, causing damage to the spray gun. Post-treatments for HVOF coating mainly include mechanical post- treatment, thermal post-treatments (in-furnace heat treatment, laser heat treatment, hot isostatic pressing, etc), high-energy beam surface modification technology (laser remelting, electron beam remelting), coating sealing treatment. The above treatments could greatly improve a certain aspect of the coating performance, enhancing the protective effect of the coating. The surface roughness of HVOF coating is usually between 5 and 20 μm, so mechanical finish is often conducted to meet the surface roughness requirements of engineering parts. The post-heat treatment can be used to improve the microstructural and chemical homogeneity of the HVOF coating and eliminate the residual stress. The mechanical bonding of the coating/substrate can be transformed into metallurgical bonding through the high-temperature thermal diffusion reaction, which can refine the coating microstructure, enhance the bonding force between the coating and the substrate, and finally improve the coating performance. Laser remelting is an effective method for the surface modification of HVOF coatings, enhancing the erosion and corrosion resistance by eliminating defects such as microcracks and pores. In addition, laser remelting could yield a much fine and homogeneous microstructure during the rapidly melting and solidifying. During laser melting, the phase transformations take place in the remelted layers. The transformation could be introduced to improve the hardness and wear resistance of the HOVF coatings. By filling the pores and microcracks on the HVOF coatings surfaces, sealing treatment has been proved to be a kind of effective post-treatment process in terms of corrosion resistance. In this paper, the sealing process and effects of the sealing treatment with organic or inorganic sealants was also reviewed. The relationship among process parameters, particle characteristics, and the resulting coating properties is highly nonlinear and might not be thoroughly revealed by experimental studies. Further research efforts should focus on the development of mathematical modeling of HVOF process, which would provide a fundamental understanding of the underlying momentum and heat-transfer mechanisms. © 2023 Science Press. All rights reserved.}, number = {12}, journal = {Mocaxue Xuebao/Tribology}, author = {Wang, J. and Yang, Z. and Lv, W. and Hu, H. and Lv, Z. and Chen, Z. and Li, H.}, year = {2023}, keywords = {Air, Bond strength (materials), Coating performance, Coating properties, Combustion, Corrosion resistance, Corrosion resistant coatings, HVOF thermal spraying, High temperature applications, High temperature corrosion, High velocity oxygen fuel coatings, High velocity oxygen fuel spraying, High velocity oxygen fuels, Kinetic energy, Kinetics, Laser re-melting, Morphology, Oxygen, Porosity, Post processing treatment, Post-processing, Powder coatings, Process parameters, Sprayed coatings, Temperature, Velocity control, Wear and corrosion resistance, Wear resistance, high velocity oxygen fuel, post processing treatments, process parameters, wear and corrosion resistance}, pages = {1486--1504}, } @article{yuanCorrosionBehavior316L2023, title = {Corrosion behavior of {316L} {SS} under cavitation condition in simulated seawater}, volume = {70}, url = {https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/ACMM-09-2022-2701/full/html}, number = {1}, urldate = {2024-01-07}, journal = {Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials}, author = {Yuan, Quan and Li, Ning and Li, Yujie and Hao, Junhua}, year = {2023}, note = {Publisher: Emerald Publishing Limited}, pages = {18--24}, } @article{vinayXPSInsightsOptimization2024, title = {{XPS} insights for optimization of laser-remelting as a post-processing technique for coatings}, volume = {47}, issn = {24680230 (ISSN)}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85188052780&doi=10.1016%2fj.surfin.2024.104212&partnerID=40&md5=83da6aea1aa26dedc8a4c09ed5f60ab5}, doi = {10.1016/j.surfin.2024.104212}, abstract = {Coatings frequently exhibit inherent imperfections such as porosity and defects, prompting the need for post-processing to enhance properties. Laser remelting is one of the frequently considered post-processing techniques, which employ precisely controlled energy to address these imperfections through induced heat treatment. Despite its advantages, variations in laser energy distribution in the beam create distinct regions, such as the Beam Concentrated Area (BCA) and Heat Affected Zone (HAZ). This study focuses on laser remelting of HVOF-deposited WC-15NiCr coatings and employs X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) to analyze chemical states of the remelted coating. Owing to the variation of energy with in the laser beam, the analysis reveals distinct material behaviors in different regions of the coatings, particularly in the BCA and HAZ. The study highlights the importance of tailored optimization strategies for these regions, advancing laser remelting as a potent post-processing technique for thermal spray coatings. © 2024 Elsevier B.V.}, language = {English}, journal = {Surfaces and Interfaces}, author = {Vinay, G. and Singh, N.K. and Khan, S.W. and Kant, R. and Singh, H.}, year = {2024}, note = {Publisher: Elsevier B.V.}, keywords = {HVOF, Laser remelting, Post processing, WC XPS, WC-NiCr}, }