commit 8f4f8c16f8f6c8cfff662b6f1274ca6930d3f60b Author: Vishakh Kumar Date: Thu Mar 20 12:42:50 2025 +0400 Initial commit diff --git a/.DS_Store b/.DS_Store new file mode 100644 index 0000000..aaa2ce0 Binary files /dev/null and b/.DS_Store differ diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..35dbc5c --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +/literature_review.org filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text +/metallurgy.org filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text +/standards/meche_metallurgy.org filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text +*.jp*g filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text +*.tif filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text diff --git a/Figures/.DS_Store b/Figures/.DS_Store new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c8bbfc2 Binary files /dev/null and b/Figures/.DS_Store differ diff --git a/hardness_porosity.org b/hardness_porosity.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9ad5141 --- /dev/null +++ b/hardness_porosity.org @@ -0,0 +1,1765 @@ + + + +Puerta201315 + +| Key | Sample | Microhardness | Type | Porosity | +| Shorinov2023 | Al+Zn_300C | 58 | HV_0.15 | 2.3 | +| Shorinov2023 | Al+Al2O3_300C | 75 | HV_0.15 | 2.1 | +| Shorinov2023 | Al+Zn+Al2O3_300C | 84 | HV_0.15 | 2.5 | +| Shorinov2023 | Al+Zn_450C | 65 | HV_0.15 | 2.4 | +| Shorinov2023 | Al+Al2O3_450C | 81 | HV_0.15 | 1.7 | +| Shorinov2023 | Al+Zn+Al2O3_450C | 89 | HV_0.15 | 2.0 | +| Shorinov2023 | Al+Zn_600C | 50 | HV_0.15 | 4.1 | +| Shorinov2023 | Al+Al2O3_600C | 58 | HV_0.15 | 3.5 | +| Shorinov2023 | Al+Zn+Al2O3_600C | 37 | HV_0.15 | 5.6 | +|----------------------+-----------------------+---------------+---------------+----------| +| Podchernyaeva2017689 | 65ZrB2_15MoSi2_20NiCr | 15 | GPa - HV_0.5N | 3.6 | +|----------------------+-----------------------+---------------+---------------+----------| +| Cho20093250 | WC-Co | 1120 | HV_0.3 | 4.3 | +|----------------------+-----------------------+---------------+---------------+----------| +| Brandolt201710 | | | | | + + +@nil +@nil +@nil +[[zotero://select/items/1_895KZHSK][Ahmed, R. “Contact Fatigue Failure Modes of HVOF Coatings.” Wear 253, no. 3–4 (2002): 473–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1648(02)00163-1.]] + +[cite:@ahmedInfluenceCoatingThickness2001] + + +Amokrane2011932 +Koga2017938 +Deesom2016240 +Younes20152394 +bhuiya2015328 +MazaheriTehrani2020 +Costa200929 +Reyes-Mojena2017239 +Thakare2018438 +Nutsch201161 +Rukhande202298 +Singh20214431 +Kumar20221956 +Widjajanto2023 +Kumar20186413 +Singh20232068 +Dangi2022201 +Sundararajan2005377 +Latka2020 +Ganesan2016788 +Sivarajan2021126 +Singh20222172 + +Puerta201315 +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@ARTICLE{Puerta201315, + author = {Puerta, Douglas G.}, + title = {Thermal spray coating: Characterization and evaluation}, + year = {2013}, + journal = {Advanced Materials and Processes}, + volume = {171}, + number = {2}, + doi = {https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.amp.2013-02.p015}, + pages = {15 – 19}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84874751339&partnerID=40&md5=c7fe8b634398ffe152647bcd0a1c03d4}, + note = {Cited by: 3} +} +#+END_SRC + +Shorinov2023 +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@ARTICLE{Shorinov2023, + author = {Shorinov, Oleksandr and Dolmatov, Anatolii and Polyviany, Sergii}, + title = {The effect of process temperature and powder composition on microstructure and mechanical characteristics of low-pressure cold spraying aluminum-based coatings}, + year = {2023}, + journal = {Materials Research Express}, + volume = {10}, + number = {2}, + doi = {10.1088/2053-1591/acb6f0}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85147729664&doi=10.1088%2f2053-1591%2facb6f0&partnerID=40&md5=2c24846669b8fb3a3973db6d13a25ef4}, + author_keywords = {adhesion; coating; metal-ceramic powders; microhardness; porosity}, + note = {Cited by: 2} +} + +#+END_SRC + +Podchernyaeva2017689 +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@ARTICLE{Podchernyaeva2017689, + author = {Podchernyaeva, I.A. and Grigoriev, O.N. and Panasyuk, A.D. and Evdokimenko, Yu. I. and Kisel’, V.M. and Yurechko, D.V. and Panashenko, V.M.}, + title = {High-Temperature ZrB2-Based Coatings on Metallic Alloys Produced by High-Velocity Air-Fuel Thermal Spraying}, + year = {2017}, + journal = {Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics}, + volume = {55}, + number = {11-12}, + pages = {689 – 697}, + doi = {10.1007/s11106-017-9856-x}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85018327801&doi=10.1007%2fs11106-017-9856-x&partnerID=40&md5=558274de66ab2179bbabb771676a7ecc}, + author_keywords = {composition; properties; structure; thermal spray coating; zirconium diboride}, + note = {Cited by: 3} +} + +#+END_SRC + +Cho20093250 +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@ARTICLE{Cho20093250, + author = {Cho, Tong Yul and Yoon, Jae Hong and Cho, Jae Young and Joo, Yun Kon and Kang, Jin Ho and Zhang, Shihong and Chun, Hui Gon and Hwang, Soon Young and Kwon, Sik Chol}, + title = {Surface properties and tensile bond strength of HVOF thermal spray coatings of WC-Co powder onto the surface of 420J2 steel and the bond coats of Ni, NiCr, and Ni/NiCr}, + year = {2009}, + journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, + volume = {203}, + number = {20-21}, + pages = {3250 – 3253}, + doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2009.04.003}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-67349264867&doi=10.1016%2fj.surfcoat.2009.04.003&partnerID=40&md5=ad1327e82340c98ba5d251630d89e69f}, + author_keywords = {Adhesion; Bond coat; Fracture location; Hardness}, + note = {Cited by: 36} +} + +#+END_SRC + +Brandolt201710 +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@ARTICLE{Brandolt201710, + author = {Brandolt, Cristiane de Souza and Noronha, Leandro Câmara and Hidalgo, Gelsa Edith Navarro and Takimi, Antonio Shigueaki and Schroeder, Roberto Moreira and Malfatti, Célia de Fraga}, + title = {Niobium coating applied by HVOF as protection against hydrogen embrittlement of API 5CT P110 steel}, + year = {2017}, + journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, + volume = {322}, + pages = {10 – 18}, + doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.05.017}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85019450365&doi=10.1016%2fj.surfcoat.2017.05.017&partnerID=40&md5=d5e5514a209ad5ed8a98f18667244b43}, + author_keywords = {API 5CT P110 steel; HVOF; Hydrogen embrittlement; Niobium; Thermal spray coating}, + note = {Cited by: 28} +} + +#+END_SRC + + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@ARTICLE{Amokrane2011932, + author = {Amokrane, Bradai Mohand and Abdelhamid, Sadeddine and Youcef, Mouadji and Abderrahim, Benabbas and Nedjemeddine, Bounar and Ahmed, Mammeri}, + title = {Microstructural and mechanical properties of Ni-base thermal spray coatings deposited by flame spraying}, + year = {2011}, + journal = {Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B: Process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science}, + volume = {42}, + number = {5}, + pages = {932 – 938}, + doi = {10.1007/s11663-011-9551-0}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-80054890285&doi=10.1007%2fs11663-011-9551-0&partnerID=40&md5=720a8d828274ce151648937861575190}, + note = {Cited by: 9} +} + +#+END_SRC +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@ARTICLE{Koga2017938, + author = {Koga, G.Y. and Schulz, R. and Savoie, S. and Nascimento, A.R.C. and Drolet, Y. and Bolfarini, C. and Kiminami, C.S. and Botta, W.J.}, + title = {Microstructure and wear behavior of Fe-based amorphous HVOF coatings produced from commercial precursors}, + year = {2017}, + journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, + volume = {309}, + pages = {938 – 944}, + doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2016.10.057}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85005847170&doi=10.1016%2fj.surfcoat.2016.10.057&partnerID=40&md5=87ac69259cbfc83197bdc9508e286a68}, + author_keywords = {Amorphous alloys; Commercial precursors; Steel; Thermal spray coatings; Wear testing}, + note = {Cited by: 98} +} + +#+END_SRC +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@ARTICLE{Deesom2016240, + author = {Deesom, D. and Charoenrut, K. and Moonngam, S. and Banjongprasert, C.}, + title = {Fabrication and properties of NiCr/CNTs nanocomposite coatings prepared by High Velocity Oxy-Fuel Spraying}, + year = {2016}, + journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, + volume = {306}, + pages = {240 – 244}, + doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2016.06.016}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84979651407&doi=10.1016%2fj.surfcoat.2016.06.016&partnerID=40&md5=26742fe0d2940c1d2d3ead2f5e5ae7ef}, + author_keywords = {Carbon nanotubes; Nanocomposite; Nickel-Chromium; Surface technology; Thermal spray coating}, + note = {Cited by: 16} +} + +#+END_SRC +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@ARTICLE{Younes20152394, + author = {Younes, Rassim and Bradai, Mohand Amokrane and Sadeddine, Abdelhamid and Mouadji, Youcef and Bilek, Ali and Benabbas, Abderrahim}, + title = {Microstructural and Tribological Properties of Al2O3-13pctTiO2 Thermal Spray Coatings Deposited by Flame Spraying}, + year = {2015}, + journal = {Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B: Process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science}, + volume = {46}, + number = {5}, + pages = {2394 – 2403}, + doi = {10.1007/s11663-015-0412-0}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84942154760&doi=10.1007%2fs11663-015-0412-0&partnerID=40&md5=7cc61af78a2989a2256f1e7bca7bde60}, + note = {Cited by: 10} +} + +#+END_SRC +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@BOOK{Barbhuiya2015328, + author = {Barbhuiya, Salim and Choudhury, Ikbal}, + title = {Characterization of mechanical properties and the abrasive wear of thermal spray coatings}, + year = {2015}, + journal = {Thermal Sprayed Coatings and their Tribological Performances}, + pages = {328 – 359}, + doi = {10.4018/978-1-4666-7489-9.ch011}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84957104437&doi=10.4018%2f978-1-4666-7489-9.ch011&partnerID=40&md5=ae5793ac1f937a0a65da72d65141ddfd}, + note = {Cited by: 1} +} + +#+END_SRC +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@ARTICLE{MazaheriTehrani2020, + author = {Mazaheri Tehrani, Hossein and Shoja-Razavi, Reza and Erfanmanesh, Mohmmad and Hashemi, Sayed Hamid and Barekat, Masoud}, + title = {Evaluation of the mechanical properties of WC-Ni composite coating on an AISI 321 steel substrate}, + year = {2020}, + journal = {Optics and Laser Technology}, + volume = {127}, + doi = {10.1016/j.optlastec.2020.106138}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85080084800&doi=10.1016%2fj.optlastec.2020.106138&partnerID=40&md5=90db41f938a14e2ef19bd4cb6dd1f115}, + author_keywords = {Elasticity modulus; Fracture toughness; Laser cladding; Mechanical properties; Nickel electroless plating; WC-Ni}, + note = {Cited by: 38} +} + +#+END_SRC +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@ARTICLE{Costa200929, + author = {Costa, M.Y.P. and Venditti, M.L.R. and Voorwald, H.J.C. and Cioffi, M.O.H. and Cruz, T.G.}, + title = {Effect of WC-10%Co-4%Cr coating on the Ti-6Al-4V alloy fatigue strength}, + year = {2009}, + journal = {Materials Science and Engineering: A}, + volume = {507}, + number = {1-2}, + pages = {29 – 36}, + doi = {10.1016/j.msea.2008.11.068}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-61749104278&doi=10.1016%2fj.msea.2008.11.068&partnerID=40&md5=c9b16f42ca716f46f5a33d202ed64b6a}, + author_keywords = {Fatigue; HVOF; Shot peening; Ti-6Al-4V}, + note = {Cited by: 61} +} + +#+END_SRC +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@ARTICLE{Reyes-Mojena2017239, + author = {Reyes-Mojena, Miguel Ángel and Sánchez-Orozco, Mario and Carvajal-Fals, Hipólito and Sagaró-Zamora, Roberto and Camello-Lima, Carlos Roberto}, + title = {A comparative study on slurry erosion behavior of HVOF sprayed coatings; [Estudio comparativo del desgaste en mezclas erosivas de recubrimientos depositados por HVOF]}, + year = {2017}, + journal = {DYNA (Colombia)}, + volume = {84}, + number = {202}, + pages = {239 – 246}, + doi = {10.15446/dyna.v84n202.56542}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85033800172&doi=10.15446%2fdyna.v84n202.56542&partnerID=40&md5=58dd0affaebab3f12e2b7abfe93590d8}, + author_keywords = {HVOF; Nanostructured coatings; Slurry erosion; Thermal spray coatings}, + note = {Cited by: 9} +} + +#+END_SRC +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@ARTICLE{Thakare2018438, + author = {Thakare, J.G. and Mulik, R.S. and Mahapatra, M.M.}, + title = {Effect of carbon nanotubes and aluminum oxide on the properties of a plasma sprayed thermal barrier coating}, + year = {2018}, + journal = {Ceramics International}, + volume = {44}, + number = {1}, + pages = {438 – 451}, + doi = {10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.09.196}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85030713541&doi=10.1016%2fj.ceramint.2017.09.196&partnerID=40&md5=ff6dd0b4e57efaa69b02489c8fe12b02}, + author_keywords = {CNT (D); Corrosion(C); Plasma (A); Porosity (B)}, + note = {Cited by: 42} +} + +#+END_SRC +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@ARTICLE{Nutsch201161, + author = {Nutsch, Gabriele}, + title = {Atmospheric induction plasma spraying}, + year = {2011}, + journal = {High Temperature Material Processes}, + volume = {15}, + number = {1}, + pages = {61 – 74}, + doi = {10.1615/HighTempMatProc.v15.i1.80}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84862322597&doi=10.1615%2fHighTempMatProc.v15.i1.80&partnerID=40&md5=fe40bed0aa710997c2e9654a8d86677e}, + author_keywords = {Ceramic coatings; Inductively coupled plasma; Plasma spraying; RF plasma}, + note = {Cited by: 15} +} + +#+END_SRC +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@ARTICLE{Rukhande202298, + author = {Rukhande, Sanjay W. and Rathod, W.S. and Bhosale, Digvijay}, + title = {High-temperature tribological investigation of APS and HVOF sprayed NiCrBSiFe coatings on SS 316L}, + year = {2022}, + journal = {Tribology - Materials, Surfaces and Interfaces}, + volume = {16}, + number = {2}, + pages = {98 – 109}, + doi = {10.1080/17515831.2021.1898887}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85104295033&doi=10.1080%2f17515831.2021.1898887&partnerID=40&md5=d997f6d0ca14b20af506365e3103f0e4}, + author_keywords = {APS; high-temperature sliding wear; HVOF; NiCrBSiFe; Thermal spray coatings}, + note = {Cited by: 10} +} + +#+END_SRC +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@CONFERENCE{Singh20214431, + author = {Singh, Parvinkal and Kumar, Pardeep}, + title = {Improvement in surface integrity of thermally sprayed cermet coatings}, + year = {2021}, + journal = {Materials Today: Proceedings}, + volume = {45}, + pages = {4431 – 4436}, + doi = {10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.522}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85107438486&doi=10.1016%2fj.matpr.2020.12.522&partnerID=40&md5=085bc625e57feb959ed1027af5265f1e}, + author_keywords = {Burnishing; Burnishing forces; Micro hardness; Microstructure; Surface roughness}, + note = {Cited by: 6} +} + +#+END_SRC +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@ARTICLE{Kumar20221956, + author = {Kumar, Himanshu and Bhaduri, Gaurav A and Manikandan, S.G.K. and Kamaraj, M. and Shiva, S.}, + title = {Microstructural Characterization and Tribological Properties of Atmospheric Plasma Sprayed High Entropy Alloy Coatings}, + year = {2022}, + journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, + volume = {31}, + number = {6}, + pages = {1956 – 1974}, + doi = {10.1007/s11666-022-01422-z}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85131205542&doi=10.1007%2fs11666-022-01422-z&partnerID=40&md5=644f0ff221d838a7f5a802bec1e27612}, + author_keywords = {atmospheric plasma spray; high entropy alloy; thermal spray coating; wear; x-ray diffraction}, + note = {Cited by: 11} +} + +#+END_SRC +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@ARTICLE{Widjajanto2023, + author = {Widjajanto, Teguh and Darmadi, Djarot B. and Irawan, Yudy Surya and Gapsari, Femiana}, + title = {Comparative microstructure characteristics and properties of arc-sprayed Fe-based and HVOF-sprayed Ni-based coatings on ASME SA 210 C steel tube}, + year = {2023}, + journal = {Results in Engineering}, + volume = {17}, + doi = {10.1016/j.rineng.2023.100985}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85152002984&doi=10.1016%2fj.rineng.2023.100985&partnerID=40&md5=67c2cb4d8466e7e84a610f76d17f693c}, + author_keywords = {Arc spray; Fe-based; HVOF; Ni-based; Tube coating}, + note = {Cited by: 4} +} + +#+END_SRC +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@CONFERENCE{Kumar20186413, + author = {Kumar, Hemant and Chittosiya, Chetan and Shukla, V.N.}, + title = {HVOF Sprayed WC Based Cermet Coating for Mitigation of Cavitation, Erosion & Abrasion in Hydro Turbine Blade}, + year = {2018}, + journal = {Materials Today: Proceedings}, + volume = {5}, + number = {2}, + pages = {6413 – 6420}, + doi = {10.1016/j.matpr.2017.12.253}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85045144096&doi=10.1016%2fj.matpr.2017.12.253&partnerID=40&md5=b586188a724ce3c3025340018669117a}, + author_keywords = {Cavitation; Cermet coating; Slurry eosion}, + note = {Cited by: 37} +} + +#+END_SRC +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@ARTICLE{Singh20232068, + author = {Singh, Parvinkal and Kumar, Pardeep and Virdi, Roshan Lal}, + title = {Effect of In-process Cryogenic Cooling in the Burnishing Process on the Solid Particle Erosion Behavior of HVOF Cermet Coating}, + year = {2023}, + journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, + volume = {32}, + number = {7}, + pages = {2068 – 2080}, + doi = {10.1007/s11666-023-01632-z}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85165037726&doi=10.1007%2fs11666-023-01632-z&partnerID=40&md5=ab2be791bd0b1259cffdd117a0143e99}, + author_keywords = {compressive residual stresses; cryogenic burnishing; porosity; solid particle erosion; thermal spray coating}, + note = {Cited by: 1} +} + +#+END_SRC +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@ARTICLE{Dangi2022201, + author = {Dangi, Sonia and Walia, R.S. and Suri, N.M. and Chaudhary, Sumit}, + title = {Study of Development of Various Morphological Phases and Its Effects on the Thermal Coated Specimen—A Review}, + year = {2022}, + journal = {Lecture Notes on Multidisciplinary Industrial Engineering}, + volume = {Part F41}, + pages = {201 – 213}, + doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-73495-4_14}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85161394918&doi=10.1007%2f978-3-030-73495-4_14&partnerID=40&md5=b445545571cc120166c8ded76a6149da}, + author_keywords = {Cracks; Morphology; Porosity; SEM; Thermal spray coating; Tribology}, + note = {Cited by: 0} +} + +#+END_SRC +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@ARTICLE{Sundararajan2005377, + author = {Sundararajan, G. and Sen, D. and Sivakumar, G.}, + title = {The tribological behaviour of detonation sprayed coatings: The importance of coating process parameters}, + year = {2005}, + journal = {Wear}, + volume = {258}, + number = {1-4 SPEC. ISS.}, + pages = {377 – 391}, + doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2004.03.022}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-10644269191&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2004.03.022&partnerID=40&md5=ca32acd52160c265e41d852b97995905}, + author_keywords = {Abrasion; Detonation spray coatings; Erosion; Sliding wear; Thermal spray coatings; Tribology}, + note = {Cited by: 45} +} + +#+END_SRC +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@ARTICLE{Latka2020, + author = {Łatka, Leszek and Pawłowski, Lech and Winnicki, Marcin and Sokołowski, Pawel and Małachowska, Aleksandra and Kozerski, Stefan}, + title = {Review of functionally graded thermal sprayed coatings}, + year = {2020}, + journal = {Applied Sciences (Switzerland)}, + volume = {10}, + number = {15}, + doi = {10.3390/app10155153}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85088784874&doi=10.3390%2fapp10155153&partnerID=40&md5=1ae940474b76bafdc6066a9fb6125f46}, + author_keywords = {Application of thermal spray coatings; Functional graded coatings; Thermal spray coatings}, + note = {Cited by: 72} +} + +#+END_SRC +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@ARTICLE{Ganesan2016788, + author = {Ganesan, Amirthan and Takuma, Okada and Yamada, Motohiro and Fukumoto, Masahiro}, + title = {Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Warm-Sprayed Titanium Coating on Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Plastic}, + year = {2016}, + journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, + volume = {25}, + number = {4}, + pages = {788 – 796}, + doi = {10.1007/s11666-016-0392-x}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84959320331&doi=10.1007%2fs11666-016-0392-x&partnerID=40&md5=3d631165d0ad5a0911d87d95b7aa69f8}, + author_keywords = {adhesion strength; aerospace; interlayer; microhardness; porosity of coating; titanium}, + note = {Cited by: 2} +} + +#+END_SRC +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@ARTICLE{Sivarajan2021126, + author = {Sivarajan, S. and Padmanabhan, R. and Stokes, Joseph.T.}, + title = {Effect of power and scan speed on the melt profile and hardness of laser-treated HVOF thermally sprayed nanostructured WC-12Co mixed with Inconel 625 coatings}, + year = {2021}, + journal = {Advances in Materials and Processing Technologies}, + volume = {7}, + number = {1}, + pages = {126 – 135}, + doi = {10.1080/2374068X.2020.1754742}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85083662878&doi=10.1080%2f2374068X.2020.1754742&partnerID=40&md5=60c086b3820c6e65b0de546fa591fcda}, + author_keywords = {HVOF; laser treatment; power; scan speed; Wear}, + note = {Cited by: 0} +} + +#+END_SRC +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@ARTICLE{Singh20222172, + author = {Singh, Parvinkal and Kumar, Pardeep and Virdi, Roshan Lal}, + title = {Burnishing with Grinding Wheel-Shaped Alloy Tool and Its Effect on Surface Integrity and Erosion Behavior of WC-10Co-4Cr HVOF Coating}, + year = {2022}, + journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, + volume = {31}, + number = {7}, + pages = {2172 – 2190}, + doi = {10.1007/s11666-022-01435-8}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85133529107&doi=10.1007%2fs11666-022-01435-8&partnerID=40&md5=f3ff7aaf9a0c7348a06cc3570dd0c170}, + author_keywords = {burnishing process; cermet coating; erosion; microstructural characterization; thermal spray processing}, + note = {Cited by: 4} +} + +#+END_SRC + +* TBD TBD + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@ARTICLE{Kuruvila20221741, + author = {Kuruvila, Roshan and Kumaran, S. Thirumalai and Khan, M. Adam}, + title = {Solid particle erosion behavior of nichrome coated duplex stainless steel}, + year = {2022}, + journal = {International Journal of Advanced Technology and Engineering Exploration}, + volume = {9}, + number = {97}, + pages = {1741 – 1756}, + doi = {10.19101/IJATEE.2021.876388}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85147030108&doi=10.19101%2fIJATEE.2021.876388&partnerID=40&md5=507f7e0d485ca4d8389befe164a7446f}, + author_keywords = {Duplex steel; Erosion; Nichrome; Thermal spray coating}, + note = {Cited by: 2} +} + +#+END_SRC + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@ARTICLE{Chun202117476, + author = {Chun, Se Min and Park, Sea Mee and Yang, Geon Woo and Shin, Dong Hun and Moon, Heung Soo and Hong, Yong Cheol and Moon, Se Youn}, + title = {Improvement of the flowability of fine yttrium oxide powders by microwave oxygen plasma and evaluation of the dense coating layer}, + year = {2021}, + journal = {Ceramics International}, + volume = {47}, + number = {12}, + pages = {17476 – 17486}, + doi = {10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.03.065}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85105367907&doi=10.1016%2fj.ceramint.2021.03.065&partnerID=40&md5=be895b7de164bd872038844a1027b4d9}, + author_keywords = {Dense coating layer; flowability; microwave O2 plasma; Surface treatment; Yttrium oxide powder}, + note = {Cited by: 4} +} + +#+END_SRC + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@ARTICLE{Güney202173, + author = {Güney, Bekir}, + title = {Corrosion and wear behaviour of HVOF spraying WC-12% Ni coating on gray cast-iron}, + year = {2021}, + journal = {Indian Journal of Engineering and Materials Sciences}, + volume = {28}, + number = {1}, + pages = {73 – 81}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85114557906&partnerID=40&md5=fed3b7e322b67b6ff0f3e471681f4849}, + author_keywords = {Corrosion behaviour; HVOF coating; Microstructure; Thermal spray coating; Wear}, + note = {Cited by: 8} +} + +#+END_SRC + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@ARTICLE{Vishnoi20235743, + author = {Vishnoi, Mohit and Murtaza, Qasim and Kumar, Paras}, + title = {Characterization of erbium oxide doped HP-HVOF deposited carbide ceramic coating on martensitic steel}, + year = {2023}, + journal = {Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science}, + volume = {237}, + number = {23}, + pages = {5743 – 5754}, + doi = {10.1177/09544062231164299}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85152281970&doi=10.1177%2f09544062231164299&partnerID=40&md5=6047d09ebae4cb89aa895cae1864c4ca}, + author_keywords = {erbium oxide; HP-HVOF; rare earth; SS410; Thermal spray coatings; wettability}, + note = {Cited by: 1} +} + +#+END_SRC + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@ARTICLE{Yung2019, + author = {Yung, Tung-Yuan and Chen, Tai-Cheng and Tsai, Kun-Cao and Lu, Wen-Feng and Huang, Jiunn-Yuan and Liu, Ting-Yu}, + title = {Thermal spray coatings of Al, ZnAl and Inconel 625 alloys on SS304L for anti-saline corrosion}, + year = {2019}, + journal = {Coatings}, + volume = {9}, + number = {1}, + doi = {10.3390/coatings9010032}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85060539459&doi=10.3390%2fcoatings9010032&partnerID=40&md5=0b988e5dc855448f301346c7ca1948da}, + author_keywords = {625 Inconel alloy; Al; Corrosion; SS304L; Thermal spray; ZnAl}, + note = {Cited by: 40} +} + +#+END_SRC + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@ARTICLE{Perello-Badia20241040, + author = {Perello-Badia, D. and Espallargas, N.}, + title = {SiC-YAG Coating Microstructure Optimization Through Powder Feedstock Manufacturing Process Control}, + year = {2024}, + journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, + volume = {33}, + number = {4}, + pages = {1040 – 1054}, + doi = {10.1007/s11666-024-01750-2}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85188109846&doi=10.1007%2fs11666-024-01750-2&partnerID=40&md5=f68f05466393745f31f387d1a8b92e29}, + author_keywords = {agglomerated and sintered; silicon carbide; sintered and crushed; thermal spray}, + note = {Cited by: 0} +} + +#+END_SRC + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@ARTICLE{Lima20041163, + author = {Lima, R.S. and Marple, B.R.}, + title = {Near-isotropic air plasma sprayed titania}, + year = {2004}, + journal = {Acta Materialia}, + volume = {52}, + number = {5}, + pages = {1163 – 1170}, + doi = {10.1016/j.actamat.2003.11.002}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-1242351821&doi=10.1016%2fj.actamat.2003.11.002&partnerID=40&md5=a2bbc60182ecb359541682c0690031e2}, + author_keywords = {Elastic behavior; Hardness; Microindentation; Plasma spraying; Titania}, + note = {Cited by: 21} +} + +#+END_SRC + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@ARTICLE{Meghwal2020857, + author = {Meghwal, Ashok and Anupam, Ameey and Murty, B.S. and Berndt, Christopher C. and Kottada, Ravi Sankar and Ang, Andrew Siao Ming}, + title = {Thermal Spray High-Entropy Alloy Coatings: A Review}, + year = {2020}, + journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, + volume = {29}, + number = {5}, + pages = {857 – 893}, + doi = {10.1007/s11666-020-01047-0}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85085361541&doi=10.1007%2fs11666-020-01047-0&partnerID=40&md5=30383e4d8ee14a414bfc72e4992d51cf}, + author_keywords = {coatings; high-entropy alloys (HEAs); mechanical properties; microstructure; review; thermal spray}, + note = {Cited by: 175} +} + +#+END_SRC + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@ARTICLE{Chavan20114798, + author = {Chavan, Naveen Manhar and Ramakrishna, M. and Phani, P. Sudharshan and Rao, D. Srinivasa and Sundararajan, G.}, + title = {The influence of process parameters and heat treatment on the properties of cold sprayed silver coatings}, + year = {2011}, + journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, + volume = {205}, + number = {20}, + pages = {4798 – 4807}, + doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2011.04.063}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79957655739&doi=10.1016%2fj.surfcoat.2011.04.063&partnerID=40&md5=ab8425a550559673e6d141dd01cf1007}, + author_keywords = {Cold spray; Electrical conductivity; Hardness; Porosity; Silver}, + note = {Cited by: 57} +} + +#+END_SRC + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@ARTICLE{Cho20091100, + author = {Cho, Tong-Yul and Yoon, Jae-Hong and Joo, Yun-Kon and Zhang, Shihong and Fang, Wei and Kwon, Sik Chol and Chun, H.G. and Li, Ming-Xi}, + title = {The effects of HVOF coating of WC-CrC-Ni powder on In718 and of CO 2 laser heat treatment on the coating}, + year = {2009}, + journal = {Journal of the Korean Physical Society}, + volume = {54}, + number = {3}, + pages = {1100 – 1103}, + doi = {10.3938/jkps.54.1100}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-64549089733&doi=10.3938%2fjkps.54.1100&partnerID=40&md5=67446f4837bf88b1018da208b4a768b0}, + author_keywords = {Coating; Friction coefficient; Hardness; HVOF; Laser heating; Porosity; Wear}, + note = {Cited by: 9} +} + +#+END_SRC + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@ARTICLE{Demirci2021, + author = {Demirci, Musa and Bagci, Mehmet}, + title = {High temperature solid particle erosion comparison of atmospheric plasma sprayed MCrAlY coatings}, + year = {2021}, + journal = {Surface Topography: Metrology and Properties}, + volume = {9}, + number = {3}, + doi = {10.1088/2051-672X/ac1048}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85111159477&doi=10.1088%2f2051-672X%2fac1048&partnerID=40&md5=ff83b53988c7e1055e8c52fe739fc8f2}, + author_keywords = {APS; high temperature; MCrAlY coatings; solid particle erosion; surface analysis; thermal spray coatings}, + note = {Cited by: 3} +} + +#+END_SRC + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@CONFERENCE{Tillmann2015718, + author = {Tillmann, W. and Luo, W. and Selvadurai, U.}, + title = {The influence of residual stress on wear resistance of thermal spray coatings}, + year = {2015}, + journal = {Proceedings of the International Thermal Spray Conference}, + volume = {2}, + pages = {718 – 724}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84971265387&partnerID=40&md5=7388eb3173cdffdf9c3ec761f0488484}, + note = {Cited by: 2} +} + +#+END_SRC + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@ARTICLE{Wigren2007533, + author = {Wigren, Jan and Täng, Kristina}, + title = {Quality considerations for the evaluation of thermal spray coatings}, + year = {2007}, + journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, + volume = {16}, + number = {4}, + pages = {533 – 540}, + doi = {10.1007/s11666-007-9054-3}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-37349005510&doi=10.1007%2fs11666-007-9054-3&partnerID=40&md5=10760aec07d147a72a0774fe4943933c}, + author_keywords = {Adhesion of TS coatings; Hardness and visco-elastic properties; Porosity of coatings}, + note = {Cited by: 8} +} + +#+END_SRC + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@ARTICLE{Pattnayak20237085, + author = {Pattnayak, Abhijit and Gupta, Avi and Abhijith, N.V. and Kumar, Deepak}, + title = {Hybridized-flow flame spray (HFFS) process for the development of superior ceramic coatings}, + year = {2023}, + journal = {Ceramics International}, + volume = {49}, + number = {4}, + pages = {7085 – 7088}, + doi = {10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.12.047}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85144442274&doi=10.1016%2fj.ceramint.2022.12.047&partnerID=40&md5=5dfe5c9048b5b82ee20e767ae399520e}, + author_keywords = {Ceramic coating; Hardness; HFFS; PFS}, + note = {Cited by: 2} +} + +#+END_SRC + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@ARTICLE{Singh2023, + author = {Singh, Jashanpreet and Singh, Simranjit and Vasudev, Hitesh and Singh Chohan, Jasgurpreet and Kumar, Sandeep}, + title = {Neural computing and Taguchi’s methodbased study on erosion of advanced Mo2C–WC10Co4Cr coating for the centrifugal pump}, + year = {2023}, + journal = {Advances in Materials and Processing Technologies}, + doi = {10.1080/2374068X.2023.2221884}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85161934217&doi=10.1080%2f2374068X.2023.2221884&partnerID=40&md5=2927ad0d507a4694c21425497004c40b}, + author_keywords = {HVOF coatings; neural network; slurry erosion; Taguchi method; thermal spray coatings; Tribology}, + note = {Cited by: 11} +} + +#+END_SRC + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@CONFERENCE{Tillmann2012580, + author = {Tillmann, W. and Selvadurai, U. and Luo, W.}, + title = {Measurement of the young's modulus of thermal spray coatings by means of several methods}, + year = {2012}, + journal = {Proceedings of the International Thermal Spray Conference}, + pages = {580 – 587}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84907083365&partnerID=40&md5=2dadfd99dd3d0c182d71e48c54578a68}, + note = {Cited by: 0} +} + +#+END_SRC + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@CONFERENCE{Antoš2021841, + author = {Antoš, Jakub and Duliškovič, Josef and Šulcová, Petra and Lencová, Kateřina}, + title = {COHESION STRENGHT TEST OF SELECTED COMMERCIAL HVOF COATINGS}, + year = {2021}, + journal = {METAL 2021 - 30th Anniversary International Conference on Metallurgy and Materials, Conference Proceedings}, + pages = {841 – 845}, + doi = {10.37904/metal.2021.4206}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85124349456&doi=10.37904%2fmetal.2021.4206&partnerID=40&md5=491e51e1764213a2c863b0f4bc686137}, + author_keywords = {Cermet coating; Cohesion strength; HVOF; TCT test; Thermal spray coating testing; Thermal spraying; Tubular coating tensile test}, + note = {Cited by: 1} +} + +#+END_SRC + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@ARTICLE{Ang201628, + author = {Ang, Andrew Siao Ming and Howse, Hugo and Wade, Scott A. and Berndt, Christopher C.}, + title = {Development of Processing Windows for HVOF Carbide-Based Coatings}, + year = {2016}, + journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, + volume = {25}, + number = {1-2}, + pages = {28 – 35}, + doi = {10.1007/s11666-015-0318-z}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84953637537&doi=10.1007%2fs11666-015-0318-z&partnerID=40&md5=4c1136bc2cefb3d7e0aac9bc734676db}, + author_keywords = {carbide; cermet coatings; diagnostic techniques; hardness; HVOF; nickel-based; porosity; thermal spray coatings}, + note = {Cited by: 29} +} + +#+END_SRC + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@CONFERENCE{Laurila2013550, + author = {Laurila, J. and Milanti, A. and Niemi, K. and Vuoristo, P.}, + title = {Abrasion wear and corrosion resistance in chlorine containing conditions of iron based thermal spray coatings}, + year = {2013}, + journal = {Proceedings of the International Thermal Spray Conference}, + pages = {550 – 556}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84907077240&partnerID=40&md5=91c5c4f1b111d3831599fd5fea75a1da}, + note = {Cited by: 0} +} + +#+END_SRC + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@ARTICLE{Batra2009284, + author = {Batra, U.}, + title = {Thermal spray coating of abradable Ni based composite}, + year = {2009}, + journal = {Surface Engineering}, + volume = {25}, + number = {4}, + pages = {284 – 286}, + doi = {10.1179/174329407X215087}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-67149102556&doi=10.1179%2f174329407X215087&partnerID=40&md5=b2cc56aac4de965bf95fa9339988f1e2}, + author_keywords = {Abradable; Boron nitride; Coating; Rotor blade; Spray; Thermal}, + note = {Cited by: 6} +} + +#+END_SRC + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@ARTICLE{Turunen20053, + author = {Turunen, Erja}, + title = {Diagnostic tools for HVOF process optimization}, + year = {2005}, + journal = {VTT Publications}, + number = {583}, + pages = {3 – 66}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33750243767&partnerID=40&md5=6cb773877d0c1cb35c55d7f6fc4efa19}, + author_keywords = {Alumina; High velocity oxi-fuels; HVOF; Nanofractions; Process optimizatic diagnostics; Quasicrystals; Single splat studies; Surface coatings; Thermal spraying}, + note = {Cited by: 0} +} + +#+END_SRC + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@ARTICLE{Casteletti2010440, + author = {Casteletti, L.C. and Arnoni, E.A.B. and Neto, A. Lombardi and Fernandes, F.A.P. and Totten, G.E.}, + title = {Effect of binders and surface finish on wear resistance of HVOF coatings}, + year = {2010}, + journal = {Surface Engineering}, + volume = {26}, + number = {6}, + pages = {440 – 446}, + doi = {10.1179/026708410X12593178265706}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77955692415&doi=10.1179%2f026708410X12593178265706&partnerID=40&md5=18ec5a52c63da3524db9b703f3d0c93f}, + author_keywords = {Cermets; Electron microscopy; Optical microscopy; Thermal spray coatings; Three body abrasion}, + note = {Cited by: 4} +} + +#+END_SRC + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@ARTICLE{Sheppard2014194, + author = {Sheppard, Panadda and Koiprasert, Hathaipat}, + title = {Effect of W dissolution in NiCrBSi-WC and NiBSi-WC arc sprayed coatings on wear behaviors}, + year = {2014}, + journal = {Wear}, + volume = {317}, + number = {1-2}, + pages = {194 – 200}, + doi = {10.1016/j.wear.2014.06.008}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84903138687&doi=10.1016%2fj.wear.2014.06.008&partnerID=40&md5=9e52e90739da40bca46d3ba6abcdf6be}, + author_keywords = {Cermets; Sliding wear; Thermal spray coatings; Three-body abrasion; Tungsten dissolution}, + note = {Cited by: 46} +} + +#+END_SRC + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@ARTICLE{La Barbera-Sosa20084552, + author = {La Barbera-Sosa, J.G. and Santana, Y.Y. and Staia, M.H. and Chicot, D. and Lesage, J. and Caro, J. and Mesmacque, G. and Puchi-Cabrera, E.S.}, + title = {Microstructural and mechanical characterization of Ni-base thermal spray coatings deposited by HVOF}, + year = {2008}, + journal = {Surface and Coatings Technology}, + volume = {202}, + number = {18}, + pages = {4552 – 4559}, + doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2008.04.041}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-44349181453&doi=10.1016%2fj.surfcoat.2008.04.041&partnerID=40&md5=c20da644bc7fd3a97e9a2d921f9e3781}, + author_keywords = {Elastic modulus; Hardness; HVOF; Ni-base coating; Thermal spraying}, + note = {Cited by: 27} +} + +#+END_SRC + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@ARTICLE{Sunitha2022, + author = {Sunitha, K. and Vasudev, Hitesh}, + title = {Microsrtructural and Mechanical Characterization of HVOF-Sprayed Ni-Based Alloy Coating}, + year = {2022}, + journal = {International Journal of Surface Engineering and Interdisciplinary Materials Science}, + volume = {10}, + number = {1}, + doi = {10.4018/IJSEIMS.298705}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85148753545&doi=10.4018%2fIJSEIMS.298705&partnerID=40&md5=07b69f3d816c46d5f07a75aefc3bbd7d}, + author_keywords = {Alloy-718; HVOF (High Velocity Oxy-Fuel); Thermal Spray Coatings}, + note = {Cited by: 10} +} + +#+END_SRC + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@ARTICLE{Tillmann2013290, + author = {Tillmann, W. and Selvadurai, U. and Luo, W.}, + title = {Measurement of the Young's modulus of thermal spray coatings by means of several methods}, + year = {2013}, + journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, + volume = {22}, + number = {2-3}, + pages = {290 – 298}, + doi = {10.1007/s11666-012-9855-x}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84885656237&doi=10.1007%2fs11666-012-9855-x&partnerID=40&md5=b2dd576ddc80fc8928311ebc22242a3a}, + author_keywords = {bending test; impulse excitation technique; nanoindentation test; nondestructive testing; Young's modulus}, + note = {Cited by: 18} +} + +#+END_SRC + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@ARTICLE{Tillmann2013250, + author = {Tillmann, W. and Hussong, B. and Priggemeier, T. and Kuhnt, S. and Rudak, N. and Weinert, H.}, + title = {Influence of parameter variations on WC-Co splat formation in an HVOF process using a new beam-shutter device}, + year = {2013}, + journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, + volume = {22}, + number = {2-3}, + pages = {250 – 262}, + doi = {10.1007/s11666-012-9881-8}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84885579748&doi=10.1007%2fs11666-012-9881-8&partnerID=40&md5=68de3f90abfa3c704fc89b7ea57f2ead}, + author_keywords = {diagnostics; HVOF; porosity of coatings; splat morphology; WC-based cermets; wear resistant coatings}, + note = {Cited by: 19} +} + +#+END_SRC + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@ARTICLE{Grimm2020, + author = {Grimm, Maximilian and Conze, Susan and Berger, Lutz-Michael and Paczkowski, Gerd and Lindner, Thomas and Lampke, Thomas}, + title = {Microstructure and sliding wear resistance of plasma sprayed Al2O3-Cr2O3-TiO2 ternary coatings from blends of single oxides}, + year = {2020}, + journal = {Coatings}, + volume = {10}, + number = {1}, + doi = {10.3390/coatings10010042}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85079166450&doi=10.3390%2fcoatings10010042&partnerID=40&md5=eb9570b3e20cbf7d253082b2c1ff9c2c}, + author_keywords = {Al2O3; atmospheric plasma spraying; Cr2O3; Microstructure; Phase transformation; Reactivity; Sliding wear; TiO2}, + note = {Cited by: 18} +} + +#+END_SRC + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@ARTICLE{Du2007122, + author = {Du, Hao and Sun, Chao and Hua, Weigang and Wang, Tiegang and Gong, Jun and Jiang, Xin and Lee, Soo Wohn}, + title = {Structure, mechanical and sliding wear properties of WC-Co/MoS2-Ni coatings by detonation gun spray}, + year = {2007}, + journal = {Materials Science and Engineering: A}, + volume = {445-446}, + pages = {122 – 134}, + doi = {10.1016/j.msea.2006.09.011}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33845885136&doi=10.1016%2fj.msea.2006.09.011&partnerID=40&md5=0b5d8bd1c9c41d01f9982339bf8388c6}, + author_keywords = {Detonation gun spraying; Mechanical property; Microstructure; Self-lubricating; SRV; WC-Co coating}, + note = {Cited by: 51} +} + +#+END_SRC + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@ARTICLE{Ang2014179, + author = {Ang, Andrew Siao Ming and Berndt, Christopher C.}, + title = {A review of testing methods for thermal spray coatings}, + year = {2014}, + journal = {International Materials Reviews}, + volume = {59}, + number = {4}, + pages = {179 – 223}, + doi = {10.1179/1743280414Y.0000000029}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84902456642&doi=10.1179%2f1743280414Y.0000000029&partnerID=40&md5=65e861f441362b6ace61167e043781a1}, + author_keywords = {Anisotropic; Elastic modulus; Fracture toughness; Microhardness; Microstructure-property relationships; Poisson's ratio; Porosity; Residual stress; Tensile adhesion testing; Thermal spray coatings}, + note = {Cited by: 146} +} + +#+END_SRC + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@CONFERENCE{Rathod2016167, + author = {Rathod, Manoj and Bardapurkar, Rohit and Mohod, Shubham}, + title = {Laser heating of NiCr-Al2O3 composite coating made on low carbon steel by twin gun thermal spray process}, + year = {2016}, + journal = {Materials Science and Technology Conference and Exhibition 2016, MS and T 2016}, + volume = {1}, + pages = {167 – 174}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85017237549&partnerID=40&md5=1101f7140515711525da2b5f92028df3}, + author_keywords = {Composite Coatings; Laser Heating; Twin Gun Thermal Spray Process}, + note = {Cited by: 0} +} + +#+END_SRC + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@CONFERENCE{Qin2016627, + author = {Qin, Feng and Bao, Tim and He, Liang}, + title = {An in-situ cooling solution for thermal spray coating process}, + year = {2016}, + journal = {Proceedings of the International Thermal Spray Conference}, + volume = {2}, + pages = {627 – 629}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85034452170&partnerID=40&md5=136aeafbb4582c2c8180a9f6c2c68d93}, + note = {Cited by: 0} +} + +#+END_SRC + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex :exec no +@ARTICLE{Singh2022901, + author = {Singh, Sukhjinder and Goyal, Khushdeep and Bhatia, Rakesh}, + title = {Effect of nano yttria-stabilized zirconia on properties of Ni-20Cr composite coatings}, + year = {2022}, + journal = {Journal of Electrochemical Science and Engineering}, + volume = {12}, + number = {5}, + pages = {901 – 909}, + doi = {10.5599/jese.1319}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85139864812&doi=10.5599%2fjese.1319&partnerID=40&md5=70a232e768b988fecd7cf7c620d7c3cb}, + author_keywords = {HVOF; 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Inductively coupled plasma; Plasma spraying; RF plasma}, + note = {Cited by: 1} +} + +@ARTICLE{Schroeder1998325, + author = {Schroeder, M.}, + title = {Machining and mechanical engraving of copper thermal-sprayed coatings}, + year = {1998}, + journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, + volume = {7}, + number = {3}, + pages = {325 – 327}, + doi = {10.1361/105996398770350783}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0032164696&doi=10.1361%2f105996398770350783&partnerID=40&md5=913efedff814af2fdcfede0e8ba24726}, + note = {Cited by: 3} +} + +@CONFERENCE{Lima2003515, + author = {Lima, R.S. and Marple, B.R.}, + title = {Comparative study of HVOF and APS titania coatings}, + year = {2003}, + journal = {International Surface Engineering Congress - Proceedings of the 1st Congress}, + pages = {515 – 519}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-1242327881&partnerID=40&md5=70a5f83fcb98e3d08b7e71c53fb05466}, + note = {Cited by: 2} +} + +@CONFERENCE{Gold20011105, + author = {Gold, M. and Berndt, C.C.}, + title = {Scratch Testing of nanocrystalline Alumina+13%Titania+Zirconia}, + year = {2001}, + journal = {Proceedings of the International Thermal Spray Conference}, + pages = {1105 – 1110}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-1442279875&partnerID=40&md5=b2ee599604459631d0867fe53ff90b86}, + note = {Cited by: 1} +} + +@ARTICLE{Kim1994169, + author = {Kim, H.J. and Kweon, Y.G. and Chang, R.W.}, + title = {Wear and erosion behavior of plasma-sprayed WC-Co coatings}, + year = {1994}, + journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, + volume = {3}, + number = {2}, + pages = {169 – 178}, + doi = {10.1007/BF02648274}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0028460040&doi=10.1007%2fBF02648274&partnerID=40&md5=7797cf5d9968cf4dae8025f8a9327b66}, + author_keywords = {Cohesive strength; erosion behavior; material properties; WC-Co coatings; wear behavior}, + note = {Cited by: 69} +} + +@ARTICLE{Erickson1999421, + author = {Erickson, L.C. and Troczynski, T. and Hawthorne, H.M. and Tai, H. and Ross, D.}, + title = {Alumina coatings by plasma spraying of monosize sapphire particles}, + year = {1999}, + journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, + volume = {8}, + number = {3}, + pages = {421 – 426}, + doi = {10.1361/105996399770350377}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0032657925&doi=10.1361%2f105996399770350377&partnerID=40&md5=b35b48715c8be6c9a62d7ed00e20692a}, + note = {Cited by: 16} +} + +@CONFERENCE{Montavon20011195, + author = {Montavon, Ghislain and Coddet, Christian}, + title = {Modification of Ceramic Thermal Spray Deposit Microstructure Implementing Laser Treatment}, + year = {2001}, + journal = {Proceedings of the International Thermal Spray Conference}, + pages = {1195 – 1202}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-1442279850&partnerID=40&md5=94fd4d42f4bb7ea5e12258cea5a12f3f}, + note = {Cited by: 5} +} + +@ARTICLE{Elkedim2003707, + author = {Elkedim, O. and Malavolta, C.}, + title = {Corrosion behaviour of nanocrystalline titanium composite coatings}, + year = {2003}, + journal = {Journal of Metastable and Nanocrystalline Materials}, + volume = {15-16}, + pages = {707 – 712}, + doi = {10.4028/www.scientific.net/JMNM.15-16.707}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-8644289422&doi=10.4028%2fwww.scientific.net%2fJMNM.15-16.707&partnerID=40&md5=0baf31232f5751c9db0d6c3395dd4e7e}, + author_keywords = {Corrosion; Nanocrystalline; Plasma Spraying; Titanium Nitride}, + note = {Cited by: 0} +} + +@ARTICLE{Prchlik2001643, + author = {Prchlik, L. and Gutleber, J. and Sampath, S.}, + title = {Deposition and properties of high-velocity-oxygen-fuel and plasma-sprayed Mo-Mo2C composite coatings}, + year = {2001}, + journal = {Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, + volume = {10}, + number = {4}, + pages = {643 – 655}, + doi = {10.1361/105996301770349178}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0035568139&doi=10.1361%2f105996301770349178&partnerID=40&md5=5c3168e51cc3d68e8565e286c1590282}, + author_keywords = {Abrasion; Decarburization; Friction; HVOF; Mo2C; Plasma spraying}, + note = {Cited by: 13} +} + +@ARTICLE{Hearley2001111, + author = {Hearley, J.A. and Liu, C. and Little, J.A. and Sturgeon, A.J.}, + title = {Corrosion of Ni-Al high velocity oxyfuel (HVOF) thermal spray coating by fly ash and synthetic biomass ash deposits}, + year = {2001}, + journal = {British Corrosion Journal}, + volume = {36}, + number = {2}, + pages = {111 – 120}, + doi = {10.1179/000705901101501532}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0035672485&doi=10.1179%2f000705901101501532&partnerID=40&md5=e111bc18751c526e5e8e3055ad80af50}, + note = {Cited by: 5} +} + +@CONFERENCE{Wigren20011221, + author = {Wigren, Jan and Täng, Kristina}, + title = {Some Considerations for the Routine Testing of Thermal Sprayed Coatings}, + year = {2001}, + journal = {Proceedings of the International Thermal Spray Conference}, + pages = {1221 – 1227}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-1442304407&partnerID=40&md5=49b96637f910f5e789614f1eab0562df}, + note = {Cited by: 12} +} + +@CONFERENCE{Scrivani2001141, + author = {Scrivani, A. and Ianelli, S. and Groppetti, R. and Bertini, S. and Lacorix, O. and Rizzi, G. and Casadei, F.}, + title = {A Contribution to the Production and Characterization of HVOF Coatings for Application in the Petrochemical Field}, + year = {2001}, + journal = {Proceedings of the International Thermal Spray Conference}, + pages = {141 – 148}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-1442280092&partnerID=40&md5=ca4c40c746013207132fcc319ee50473}, + note = {Cited by: 3} +} + +@CONFERENCE{Erickson1998791, + author = {Erickson, L.C. and Troczynski, T. and Hawthorne, H.M. and Tai, H. and Ross, D.}, + title = {Alumina coatings by plasma spraying of monosize sapphire particles}, + year = {1998}, + journal = {Proceedings of the International Thermal Spray Conference}, + volume = {1}, + pages = {791 – 796}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-1542345523&partnerID=40&md5=7f44aff9c8f8287b6fc0b0906e27f348}, + note = {Cited by: 9} +} + +@ARTICLE{Mor1996363, + author = {Mor, F. and La Vecchia, G.M. and Stehle, D.}, + title = {High velocity thermal spray coatings: Influence of spray parameters; [Caratterizzazione di riporti thermal spray ottenuti con sistema HVOF al variare dei parametri di processo]}, + year = {1996}, + journal = {Metallurgia Italiana}, + volume = {88}, + number = {5}, + pages = {363 – 369}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0030141791&partnerID=40&md5=299ec957ccbddc1f65e98055ff656425}, + note = {Cited by: 3} +} +#+END_SRC diff --git a/literature_review.org b/literature_review.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e9558c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/literature_review.org @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:76b257064476329b1b2f05d81f0945dab7f048ce4e21850eb75bc555e1e64ff5 +size 297164 diff --git a/metallurgy.org b/metallurgy.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..00b81ec --- /dev/null +++ b/metallurgy.org @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:3dd5ea6c00406b547daed882cd96ca4e72e59f34735c048cf56cc03abedd0adf +size 104698 diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/doc/testHarness/testHarness.org b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/doc/testHarness/testHarness.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ff41b2c --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/doc/testHarness/testHarness.org @@ -0,0 +1,331 @@ +# -*- mode: org; -*- +# +#+TITLE: *foam-extend-3.2: A guide to test harness* +#+AUTHOR: Martin Beaudoin +#+DATE: 5 September 2015 +#+LINK: foam-extend https://sourceforge.net/projects/openfoam-extend/ +#+OPTIONS: author:t +#+OPTIONS: toc:2 +#+OPTIONS: ^:{} +#+OPTIONS: _:{} + +############################################################################### + +* A guide to the foam-extend test harness +This file is a guide to the foam-extend test harness. + +The test harness from foam-extend version 3.2 was used as a reference +implementation for this documentation. + +The original version of this file is located at +$WM\_PROJECT\_DIR/doc/testHarness/testHarness.org. + +A plain text version of this file is located at +$WM\_PROJECT\_DIR/doc/testHarness/testHarness.txt. + +A MediaWiki version of this file is located at + +In case any converted versions (text, MediaWiki, etc.) of this file differ from +the original testHarness.org file, the latter should always be considered the +reference version. But we do appreciate your feedback and comments for improving +this text. + +For instance, if you ever decide to improve the Mediawiki version only, please +consider contributing your changes back to the testHarness.org file as +well. Otherwise, your Mediawiki changes might get overwritten by an updated +version of the .org reference file. + +** Introduction +The foam-extend test harness scripts are based mainly on Kitware CMake/CTest +utilities http://www.cmake.org/. + +In its current version, the test harness is designed for running the full suite +of foam-extend tutorials, and report the fail/success results to a CDash Web +service one can consult using a simple browser. + +The CDash Web service for foam-extend 3.2 is available here: +http://foam-extend.sourceforge.net/CDash/index.php + +For a quick introduction of CMake/CTest, see here: +http://www.cmake.org/Wiki/CMake/Testing_With_CTest + +For a more complete introduction to CMake and CTest, one can also refer to the +Kitware book `Mastering CMake: A Cross-Platform Build System` +http://www.kitware.com/products/books.php + +For more information on Kitware CDash, see here: http://www.cdash.org/ + +The rest of this document will provide suficient information so you can run the +foam-extend test harness on your own. + +** Files location and a short description +The foam-extend test harness is currently built from the following files: + +- =$WM_PROJECT_DIR/CMakeLists.txt= :: This is the main CMake file driving the + configuration of the test harness. When processed though the cmake + utility, all the necessary Makefiles and CTest scripts will get + generated. + +- =$WM_PROJECT_DIR/CTestConfig.cmake= :: This file contains the various variables + and definitions necessary to publish your test harness results over the + CDash Web service for foam-extend 3.2. + +- =$FOAM_SITE_DIR/etc/CTestConfig.site.cmake= :: This file allow you to override + the values from the main $WM\_PROJECT\_DIR/CTestConfig.cmake. This file + should be used if you are hosting your own site CDash Web + service. + +- =$WM_PROJECT_USER_DIR/etc/CTestConfig.user.cmake= :: This file allow you to + override the values from the main $WM\_PROJECT\_DIR/CTestConfig.cmake and the + site file $FOAM\_SITE\_DIR/etc/CTestConfig.site.cmake. This file should be + used if you are hosting your own user space personal CDash Web service. + +- =$WM_PROJECT_DIR/testHarness/foam-extend/3.2/CMakeFiles/CMakeLists.txt= :: + This file is a copy of the main $WM\_PROJECT\_DIR/CMakeLists.txt file. + +- =$WM_PROJECT_DIR/testHarness/foam-extend/3.2/CMakeFiles/CTestConfig.cmake.foam-extend= :: This file is a copy of the main $WM\_PROJECT\_DIR/CTestConfig.cmake file. + +- =$WM_PROJECT_DIR/testHarness/foam-extend/3.2/CMakeFiles/Dashboard_Tutorials.cmake.in= :: This file is a template for generating the file `ctest -S` file + $WM\_PROJECT\_DIR/testHarness/foam-extend/3.2/runDir/Dashboard\_Tutorials.cmake + CMake will take care of automatically generating the Dashboard\_Tutorials.cmake file. + +- =$WM_PROJECT_DIR/testHarness/foam-extend/3.2/CMakeFiles/FOAM_Tutorials.cmake= :: This file will configure a copy the foam-extend tutorials for running + under the test harness. The copy will be made under + $WM\_PROJECT\_DIR/testHarness/foam-extend/3.2/runDir. + +- =$WM_PROJECT_DIR/testHarness/foam-extend/3.2/runDir/Allclean= :: Cleanup + script. Will remove all the automatically generated files and directories + for the test harness. Should be called prior to running the Allrun\_\* scripts. + +- =$WM_PROJECT_DIR/testHarness/foam-extend/3.2/runDir/Allrun_CMakeOnly= :: This + script will generate all the necessary files for running the test harness + on the foam-extend tutorials. One can then invoke `make help` to see all + the available make options. + +- =$WM_PROJECT_DIR/testHarness/foam-extend/3.2/runDir/Allrun_Experimental= :: + Same script as `Allrun\_CMakeOnly`, but will also call `make + Experimental`. + +- =$WM_PROJECT_DIR/testHarness/foam-extend/3.2/runDir/Allrun_Nightly= :: Same + script as `Allrun\_CMakeOnly`, but will also call `make Nightly`. + +- =$WM_PROJECT_DIR/testHarness/foam-extend/3.2/scripts/AdditionalRunFunctions= :: Additional `bash` macros for the tutorial Allrun files. + +- =$WM_PROJECT_DIR/testHarness/foam-extend/3.2/scripts/Allrun.default= :: + Default Allrun script for the tutorial when none are provided. + +- =$WM_PROJECT_DIR/testHarness/foam-extend/3.2/scripts/addMissingAllrunFileToTutorial.sh= :: Bash script for adding a default Allrun file to the tutorials that do not + have one. The test harness only run tutorials with an existing Allrun file + +- =$WM_PROJECT_DIR/testHarness/foam-extend/3.2/scripts/prepareCasesForOneTimeStep.sh= :: This script will modify the test cases system/controlDict in order for the + case to run for only 1 time step + +- =$WM_PROJECT_DIR/testHarness/foam-extend/3.2/scripts/prepareCasesForTestHarness.sh= :: This script will modify the test cases Allrun file so it can run properly + under the test harness. + +** Configuring your $WM\_PROJECT\_DIR/etc/prefs.sh file for the test harness +The following environment variables are used for configuring the test +harness. You should use your $WM\_PROJECT\_DIR/etc/prefs.sh file to initialize +these variables. + +- =CDASH_SUBMIT_LOCAL_HOST_ID= :: System identifier for the FOAM CDash test harness + on foam-extend. By default, your system FQN/hostname will be used as the + system identifier when publishing your test harness results on the FOAM CDash + server on foam-extend. You can override your identifier using this environment + variable. + +- =CDASH_SCM_INFO= :: Buildname suffix for the FOAM CDash test harness on foam-extend. + By default, the git branch name and git revision number will be appended to the CDash build name. + Otherwise, for users not using git, or wanting to provide additionnal + information, simply initialize the CDASH\_SCM\_INFO with the proper information. + +- =WM_NCOMPPROCS= :: Specify the number of cores to use for the parallel execution + of the test harness. + +- =FOAM_TUTORIALS= :: Directory where the original test cases are located. For + foam-extend, this would be by default $WM\_PROJECT\_DIR/tutorials. + +** The main dashboards : Experimental, Nightly and Continuous +The result of a test run, reformatted for easy review, is called a +`dashboard`. A dashboard can be submitted to a central server, like CDash. Once +properly configured, the test harness will offer 3 main dashboards. + +- =Experimental= :: Will test the current state of the project. An experimental + submission can be performed at any time, usually interactively from the + current working copy of a developer. +- =Nightly= :: Is similar to Experimental, except that the source tree will be set + to the state it was in at a specific nightly time. This ensures that all + `nightly` submissions correspond to the state of the project at the same + point in time. `Nightly` builds are usually done automatically at a preset + time of day. Nightly build will also update your source code to the latest + available revision. So it is best not to run a Nightly dashboard on source + code that is not yet committed. +- =Continuous= :: Means that the source tree is updated to the latest revision, + and a build / test cycle is performed only if any files were actually + updated. Like `Nightly` builds, `Continuous` ones are usually done + automatically and repeatedly in intervals. + +There are also `intermediary dashboards` that allow you to select a specific +test harness intermediary step. The command `make help` will show you that list: + +#+BEGIN_SRC +... ContinuousBuild +... ContinuousConfigure +... ContinuousCoverage +... ContinuousMemCheck +... ContinuousStart +... ContinuousSubmit +... ContinuousTest +... ContinuousUpdate +... ExperimentalBuild +... ExperimentalConfigure +... ExperimentalCoverage +... ExperimentalMemCheck +... ExperimentalStart +... ExperimentalSubmit +... ExperimentalTest +... ExperimentalUpdate +... NightlyBuild +... NightlyConfigure +... NightlyCoverage +... NightlyMemCheck +... NightlyMemoryCheck +... NightlyStart +... NightlySubmit +... NightlyTest +... NightlyUpdate +#+END_SRC + +- Note :: For foam-extend, the MemCheck and Coverage dashboards are not supported. + +** Running the test harness + Running the test harness is pretty simple: + + These commands will configure and run the `Experimental` version of the test harness: + +#+BEGIN_SRC + cd $WM_PROJECT_DIR/testHarness/foam-extend/3.2/runDir + ./Allclean + ./Allrun_Experimental +#+END_SRC + + To run the `Nightly` version of the test harness: + +#+BEGIN_SRC + cd $WM_PROJECT_DIR/testHarness/foam-extend/3.2/runDir + ./Allclean + ./Allrun_Nightly +#+END_SRC + + To see the full range of available options, run the command: + +#+BEGIN_SRC +make help +#+END_SRC + +** Selecting a subset of test cases to run +Instead of using the `make` command to run the test harness, one can also use +command `ctest`. The commmand `ctest` offers additionnal options to select or limit the number +of tests to run. + +The following command will provide all the available options for ctest: + +#+BEGIN_SRC +ctest -N +#+END_SRC + +Here is a list of useful ctest options: + +- =ctest -N= :: this command will list the available tests by their name and + number. By default, all the tests are run in succession following the + numerical order shown. + +- =ctest -R = :: run all the tests whose name are matching the supplied + regular expression. For instance, to run all the tests related to cfMesh, + one can use the following command: `ctest -R cfMesh` + +- =ctest -E = :: run all the tests, but exclude the ones whose name is + matching the supplied regular expression. For instance, to run all the + tests except those for cfMesh, one can use the following command: `ctest -E + cfMesh` + +- =ctest -I [Start,End,Stride,test#,test#]= :: run individual tests by + number. `ctest -I 3,5` will run test 3, 4 and 5. `ctest -I 4,4,,4,7,13` + will run tests 4, 7 and 13. + +- =ctest -D dashboard= :: run a specific dashboard test. For example, the command + `make Experimental` can be replaced by the following suite of ctest + commands: +#+BEGIN_SRC +ctest -D ExperimentalStart +ctest -D ExperimentalConfigure +ctest -D ExperimentalBuild +ctest -D ExperimentalTest +ctest -D ExperimentalSubmit +#+END_SRC + +Here is a more complete example where we will configure, build, test and submit the test +harness results, but only for the incompressible tutorials: +#+BEGIN_SRC +ctest -D Experimental -R incompressible +#+END_SRC + + +** Browsing the CDash service + + The results of the test harness run will be published on the CDash dashboard on foam-extend. + + To see your results: + URL : http://foam-extend.sourceforge.net/CDash/index.php?project=foam-extend-3.2 + + On this interactive Web site, one can then point and click various buttons + and menus to explore the various reports uploaded from your test harness runs. + +** Configuring the test harness for using your own site or personal CDash service +The foam-extend source code comes with a set pre-configured parameters for +uploading your dashboards results on the main project CDash server. One can also +choose to host their own CDash service, either as a site service, or as a +personnal service running in your own user space. Your CDash administrator can +generate a file similar to $WM\_PROJECT\_DIR/CTestConfig.cmake where all the +necessary parameters for connecting to your local service are specified. + +In order to use your site CDash service, simply copy your site CTestConfig.cmake +file to $FOAM\_SITE\_DIR/etc/CTestConfig.site.cmake + +In order to use your personnal CDash service, simply copy your personnal CTestConfig.cmake +file to $WM\_PROJECT\_USER\_DIR/etc/CTestConfig.user.cmake + +As usual, your site configuration will override the default parameters from the +main configuration file $WM\_PROJECT\_DIR/CTestConfig.cmake. + +Likewise, your personnal configuration will override the default parameters from the +main configuration file $WM\_PROJECT\_DIR/CTestConfig.cmake and the default +parameters from the site file $FOAM\_SITE\_DIR/etc/CTestConfig.site.cmake. + + +** New features for the test harness (foam-extend 3.2): + - =Running the test harness in parallel= :: It is now possible to run the test + harness in parallel over a single node or computer. The environment + variable WM\_NCOMPPROCS will specify the number of cores to use for + running the test harness. For `n` cores specified, `n` tutorials will + be running in parallel on your computer. Since all the tests will + still run on the same computer, make sure you have enough ressources to + run `n` tutorials in parallel. Depending on the number of cores + available, one might have to tweak some of the shell `limits` + values. The command `ulimit -a` will show you the actual limits values + imposed on your shell. Some limit values like `open files` (ulimit -n) + or `max user processes` (ulimit -u) might need to be adjusted to some + higher values. In doubt, consult with your local sysadmin. + +** Notes +The MediaWiki version of this file was generated using the following command: + +#+BEGIN_SRC + pandoc testHarness.org -s -S -f org -t mediawiki -o testHarness.mediawiki +#+END_SRC + +The ASCII version of this file was generated using the following command: + +#+BEGIN_SRC + pandoc testHarness.org -N -s -S -f org -t asciidoc -o testHarness.txt +#+END_SRC diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/DNS/dnsFoam/boxTurb16/0.org/Ek.q b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/DNS/dnsFoam/boxTurb16/0.org/Ek.q new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9c8af72 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/DNS/dnsFoam/boxTurb16/0.org/Ek.q @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +"E(k)" +"k" +"E(k)" +(0 0 0) +(0 0 0) +1 +( + +"E(k)" +0 +8 +( +(5.86431 0.000436377 0) +(11.7286 3.48387e-06 0) +(17.5929 6.63884e-14 0) +(23.4572 4.68122e-28 0) +(29.3215 6.81256e-37 0) +(35.1858 4.37547e-35 0) +(41.0501 1.40555e-36 0) +(46.9145 1.95116e-34 0) +) +) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/DNS/dnsFoam/boxTurb16/0.org/Ek.xy b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/DNS/dnsFoam/boxTurb16/0.org/Ek.xy new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e0d3feb --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/DNS/dnsFoam/boxTurb16/0.org/Ek.xy @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +1.02593 7.63421e-05 +0.00204766 6.08238e-10 +1.73423e-11 6.54427e-26 +6.87852e-26 1.3727e-54 +6.40659e-35 1.48851e-72 +2.85745e-33 3.55332e-69 +6.74385e-35 2.30909e-72 +7.16752e-33 2.98095e-68 diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/DNS/dnsFoam/boxTurb16/0.org/U b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/DNS/dnsFoam/boxTurb16/0.org/U new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3464944 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/DNS/dnsFoam/boxTurb16/0.org/U @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volVectorField; + object U; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 1 -1 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform (0 0 0); + +boundaryField +{ + patch0 + { + type cyclic; + } + patch1 + { + type cyclic; + } + patch2 + { + type cyclic; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/DNS/dnsFoam/boxTurb16/0.org/enstrophy b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/DNS/dnsFoam/boxTurb16/0.org/enstrophy new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4fce4b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/DNS/dnsFoam/boxTurb16/0.org/enstrophy @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object enstrophy; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 0 -2 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0; + +boundaryField +{ + patch0 + { + type cyclic; + value uniform 0; + } + patch1 + { + type cyclic; + value uniform 0; + } + patch2 + { + type cyclic; + value uniform 0; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/DNS/dnsFoam/boxTurb16/0.org/p b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/DNS/dnsFoam/boxTurb16/0.org/p new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f4bd2ce --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/DNS/dnsFoam/boxTurb16/0.org/p @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object p; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 2 -2 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0; + +boundaryField +{ + patch0 + { + type cyclic; + } + + patch1 + { + type cyclic; + } + + patch2 + { + type cyclic; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/basic/laplacianFoam/flange/constant/polyMesh/boundary.org b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/basic/laplacianFoam/flange/constant/polyMesh/boundary.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0a85253 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/basic/laplacianFoam/flange/constant/polyMesh/boundary.org @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class polyBoundaryMesh; + object boundary; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +4 +( + patch1 + { + type patch; + physicalType adiabatic; + startFace 15316; + nFaces 2440; + } + + patch2 + { + type patch; + physicalType fixedTemp; + startFace 17756; + nFaces 348; + } + + patch3 + { + type patch; + physicalType adiabatic; + startFace 18104; + nFaces 96; + } + + patch4 + { + type patch; + physicalType fixedTemp; + startFace 18200; + nFaces 384; + } +) + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/basic/potentialFoam/cylinder/0.org/U b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/basic/potentialFoam/cylinder/0.org/U new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f4c3329 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/basic/potentialFoam/cylinder/0.org/U @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volVectorField; + object U; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 1 -1 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform (0 0 0); + +boundaryField +{ + down + { + type symmetryPlane; + } + + right + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + up + { + type symmetryPlane; + } + + left + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform (1 0 0); + } + + cylinder + { + type symmetryPlane; + } + + defaultFaces + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/basic/potentialFoam/cylinder/0.org/p b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/basic/potentialFoam/cylinder/0.org/p new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7b330bb --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/basic/potentialFoam/cylinder/0.org/p @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object p; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 2 -2 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0; + +boundaryField +{ + down + { + type symmetryPlane; + } + + right + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 0; + } + + up + { + type symmetryPlane; + } + + left + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + cylinder + { + type symmetryPlane; + } + + defaultFaces + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/basic/potentialFoam/pitzDaily/0.org/U b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/basic/potentialFoam/pitzDaily/0.org/U new file mode 100644 index 0000000..00cbf93 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/basic/potentialFoam/pitzDaily/0.org/U @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volVectorField; + object U; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 1 -1 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform (0 0 0); + +boundaryField +{ + inlet + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform (10 0 0); + } + + outlet + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + upperWall + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform (0 0 0); + } + + lowerWall + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform (0 0 0); + } + + frontAndBack + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/basic/potentialFoam/pitzDaily/0.org/p b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/basic/potentialFoam/pitzDaily/0.org/p new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7b841b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/basic/potentialFoam/pitzDaily/0.org/p @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object p; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 2 -2 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0; + +boundaryField +{ + inlet + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + outlet + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 0; + } + + upperWall + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + lowerWall + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + frontAndBack + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/basic/scalarTransportFoam/swirlTest/0/U.org b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/basic/scalarTransportFoam/swirlTest/0/U.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ba38da6 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/basic/scalarTransportFoam/swirlTest/0/U.org @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volVectorField; + object U; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 1 -1 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform (0 0 0); + +boundaryField +{ + inlet + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform (0 -1 0); + } + + outlet + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform (0 0 0); + } + + fixedWalls + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform (0 0 0); + } + + defaultFaces + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/combustion/engineFoam/kivaTest/constant/polyMesh/boundary.org b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/combustion/engineFoam/kivaTest/constant/polyMesh/boundary.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bf6541c --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/combustion/engineFoam/kivaTest/constant/polyMesh/boundary.org @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class polyBoundaryMesh; + object boundary; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +3 +( +piston +{ + type wall; + physicalType fixedTemperatureMovingWallFunctions; + nFaces 1326; + startFace 79522; +} + +liner +{ + type wall; + physicalType fixedTemperatureWallFunctions; + nFaces 2710; + startFace 80848; +} + +cylinderHead +{ + type wall; + physicalType fixedTemperatureWallFunctions; + nFaces 2184; + startFace 83558; +} +) + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/backStep/0.org/T b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/backStep/0.org/T new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5bdcdc8 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/backStep/0.org/T @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 4.1 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + location "0"; + object T; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 0 0 1 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 333.15; + +boundaryField +{ + inlet + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 333.15; + } + outlet + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + upperWall + { + type zeroGradient; + } + lowerWall + { + type zeroGradient; + } + frontAndBack + { + type empty; + } +} + + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/backStep/0.org/U b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/backStep/0.org/U new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f4818bd --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/backStep/0.org/U @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 4.1 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volVectorField; + location "0"; + object U; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 1 -1 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform (0 0 0); + +boundaryField +{ + inlet + { + type pressureInletVelocity; + value uniform (3.5 0 0); + } + outlet + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + upperWall + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform (0 0 0); + } + lowerWall + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform (0 0 0); + } + frontAndBack + { + type empty; + } +} + + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/backStep/0.org/epsilon b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/backStep/0.org/epsilon new file mode 100644 index 0000000..752f336 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/backStep/0.org/epsilon @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + location "0"; + object epsilon; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 2 -3 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 1120; + +boundaryField +{ + upperWall + { + type compressible::epsilonWallFunction; + Cmu 0.09; + kappa 0.41; + E 9.8; + value uniform 1120; + } + lowerWall + { + type compressible::epsilonWallFunction; + Cmu 0.09; + kappa 0.41; + E 9.8; + value uniform 1120; + } + inlet + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 1120; + } + outlet + { + type inletOutlet; + inletValue uniform 1120; + value uniform 1120; + } + frontAndBack + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/backStep/0.org/k b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/backStep/0.org/k new file mode 100644 index 0000000..772f9a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/backStep/0.org/k @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + location "0"; + object k; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 2 -2 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 5; + +boundaryField +{ + upperWall + { + type compressible::kqRWallFunction; + value uniform 5; + } + lowerWall + { + type compressible::kqRWallFunction; + value uniform 5; + } + inlet + { + type turbulentIntensityKineticEnergyInlet; + intensity 0.01; + U U; + phi phi; + value uniform 5; + } + outlet + { + type zeroGradient; + } + frontAndBack + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/backStep/0.org/p b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/backStep/0.org/p new file mode 100644 index 0000000..868de66 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/backStep/0.org/p @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 4.1 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + location "0"; + object p; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [1 -1 -2 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 80e5; + +boundaryField +{ + inlet + { + type totalPressure; + rho rho; + psi none; + gamma 1.4; + p0 uniform 80.01e5; + value uniform 80.01e5; + } + outlet + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 8e+06; + } + + upperWall + { + type zeroGradient; + } + lowerWall + { + type zeroGradient; + } + frontAndBack + { + type empty; + } +} + + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/backStep_IAPWS97/0.org/T b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/backStep_IAPWS97/0.org/T new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9a85766 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/backStep_IAPWS97/0.org/T @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\ + ========= | + \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD + \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 + \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org + \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + location "0"; + object T; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 0 0 1 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 500; + +boundaryField +{ + inlet + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 500; + } + outlet + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + upperWall + { + type zeroGradient; + } + lowerWall + { + type zeroGradient; + } + frontAndBack + { + type empty; + } +} + + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/backStep_IAPWS97/0.org/U b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/backStep_IAPWS97/0.org/U new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2f7fafd --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/backStep_IAPWS97/0.org/U @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\ + ========= | + \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD + \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 + \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org + \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volVectorField; + location "0"; + object U; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 1 -1 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform (0 0 0); + +boundaryField +{ + inlet + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform (1 0 0); + } + outlet + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + upperWall + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform (0 0 0); + } + lowerWall + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform (0 0 0); + } + frontAndBack + { + type empty; + } +} + + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/backStep_IAPWS97/0.org/epsilon b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/backStep_IAPWS97/0.org/epsilon new file mode 100644 index 0000000..752f336 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/backStep_IAPWS97/0.org/epsilon @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + location "0"; + object epsilon; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 2 -3 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 1120; + +boundaryField +{ + upperWall + { + type compressible::epsilonWallFunction; + Cmu 0.09; + kappa 0.41; + E 9.8; + value uniform 1120; + } + lowerWall + { + type compressible::epsilonWallFunction; + Cmu 0.09; + kappa 0.41; + E 9.8; + value uniform 1120; + } + inlet + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 1120; + } + outlet + { + type inletOutlet; + inletValue uniform 1120; + value uniform 1120; + } + frontAndBack + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/backStep_IAPWS97/0.org/k b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/backStep_IAPWS97/0.org/k new file mode 100644 index 0000000..772f9a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/backStep_IAPWS97/0.org/k @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + location "0"; + object k; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 2 -2 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 5; + +boundaryField +{ + upperWall + { + type compressible::kqRWallFunction; + value uniform 5; + } + lowerWall + { + type compressible::kqRWallFunction; + value uniform 5; + } + inlet + { + type turbulentIntensityKineticEnergyInlet; + intensity 0.01; + U U; + phi phi; + value uniform 5; + } + outlet + { + type zeroGradient; + } + frontAndBack + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/backStep_IAPWS97/0.org/p b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/backStep_IAPWS97/0.org/p new file mode 100644 index 0000000..540887c --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/backStep_IAPWS97/0.org/p @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\ + ========= | + \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD + \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 + \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org + \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + location "0"; + object p; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [1 -1 -2 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 10e5; + +boundaryField +{ + inlet + { + type zeroGradient; + } + outlet + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 1e+06; + } + + upperWall + { + type zeroGradient; + } + lowerWall + { + type zeroGradient; + } + frontAndBack + { + type empty; + } +} + + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/cavity_IAPWS97/0.org/T b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/cavity_IAPWS97/0.org/T new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8c49686 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/cavity_IAPWS97/0.org/T @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object T; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 0 0 1 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 300; + +boundaryField +{ + movingWall + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + fixedWalls + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + frontAndBack + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/cavity_IAPWS97/0.org/U b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/cavity_IAPWS97/0.org/U new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5b38160 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/cavity_IAPWS97/0.org/U @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volVectorField; + object U; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 1 -1 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform (0 0 0); + +boundaryField +{ + movingWall + { + type fixedValue; + // Field Value + value uniform (1 0 0); + } + + fixedWalls + { + type fixedValue; + // Field Value + value uniform (0 0 0); + } + + frontAndBack + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/cavity_IAPWS97/0.org/epsilon b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/cavity_IAPWS97/0.org/epsilon new file mode 100644 index 0000000..118dc2e --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/cavity_IAPWS97/0.org/epsilon @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + location "0"; + object epsilon; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 2 -3 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0.000765; + +boundaryField +{ + movingWall + { + type compressible::epsilonWallFunction; + refValue uniform 0; + value uniform 0.000765; + Cmu 0.09; + kappa 0.41; + E 9.8; + } + fixedWalls + { + type compressible::epsilonWallFunction; + refValue uniform 0; + value uniform 0.000765; + Cmu 0.09; + kappa 0.41; + E 9.8; + } + frontAndBack + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/cavity_IAPWS97/0.org/k b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/cavity_IAPWS97/0.org/k new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8b244b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/cavity_IAPWS97/0.org/k @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + location "0"; + object k; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 2 -2 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0.00325; + +boundaryField +{ + movingWall + { + type compressible::kqRWallFunction; + value uniform 0.00325; + } + fixedWalls + { + type compressible::kqRWallFunction; + value uniform 0.00325; + } + frontAndBack + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/cavity_IAPWS97/0.org/p b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/cavity_IAPWS97/0.org/p new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0a47b37 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/cavity_IAPWS97/0.org/p @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object p; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [1 -1 -2 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 100000; + +boundaryField +{ + movingWall + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + fixedWalls + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + frontAndBack + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/t-junction/0.org/T b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/t-junction/0.org/T new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ece1e50 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/t-junction/0.org/T @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\ + ========= | + \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD + \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 + \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org + \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + location "0"; + object T; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 0 0 1 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 333.15; + +boundaryField +{ + outlet + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + inlet1 + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 273.15; + } + + inlet2 + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 333.15; + } + + wall + { + type zeroGradient; + } +} + + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/t-junction/0.org/U b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/t-junction/0.org/U new file mode 100644 index 0000000..04a2e5e --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/t-junction/0.org/U @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volVectorField; + object U; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 1 -1 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform (0 1 0); + +boundaryField +{ + outlet + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + inlet1 + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform (0 1 0); + } + + inlet2 + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform (0 -1 0); + } + + wall + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform (0 0 0); + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/t-junction/0.org/epsilon b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/t-junction/0.org/epsilon new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9fdfcb1 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/t-junction/0.org/epsilon @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + location "0"; + object epsilon; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 2 -3 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 200; + +boundaryField +{ + outlet + { + type inletOutlet; + inletValue uniform 200; + value uniform 200; + } + inlet1 + { + type compressible::turbulentMixingLengthDissipationRateInlet; + mixingLength 0.005; + phi phi; + k k; + value uniform 200; + } + inlet2 + { + type compressible::turbulentMixingLengthDissipationRateInlet; + mixingLength 0.005; + phi phi; + k k; + value uniform 200; + } + wall + { + type compressible::epsilonWallFunction; + refValue uniform 0; + value uniform 200; + Cmu 0.09; + kappa 0.41; + E 9.8; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/t-junction/0.org/k b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/t-junction/0.org/k new file mode 100644 index 0000000..898b000 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/t-junction/0.org/k @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + location "0"; + object k; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 2 -2 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 1; + +boundaryField +{ + outlet + { + type zeroGradient; + } + inlet1 + { + type turbulentIntensityKineticEnergyInlet; + intensity 0.05; + U U; + phi phi; + value uniform 1; + } + inlet2 + { + type turbulentIntensityKineticEnergyInlet; + intensity 0.05; + U U; + phi phi; + value uniform 1; + } + wall + { + type compressible::kqRWallFunction; + value uniform 1; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/t-junction/0.org/p b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/t-junction/0.org/p new file mode 100644 index 0000000..899ad39 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/realFluidPisoFoam/ras/t-junction/0.org/p @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object p; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [1 -1 -2 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 80e5; + +boundaryField +{ + outlet + { + type fixedMeanValue; + meanValue 8e6; + value uniform 8e+06; + } + + inlet1 + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + inlet2 + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + wall + { + type zeroGradient; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/rhoCentralFoam/LadenburgJet60psi/0.org/T b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/rhoCentralFoam/LadenburgJet60psi/0.org/T new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bbc3a71 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/rhoCentralFoam/LadenburgJet60psi/0.org/T @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object T; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 0 0 1 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 298.0; + +boundaryField +{ + inlet + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 247.1; + } + + outlet + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + freestream + { + type totalTemperature; + value uniform 297; + T0 uniform 297; + U U; + phi phi; + rho none; + psi psi; + gamma 1.4; + } + + freestreamInlet + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 297.0; + } + + wedge1 {type wedge;} + wedge2 {type wedge;} +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/rhoCentralFoam/LadenburgJet60psi/0.org/U b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/rhoCentralFoam/LadenburgJet60psi/0.org/U new file mode 100644 index 0000000..116a3c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/rhoCentralFoam/LadenburgJet60psi/0.org/U @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volVectorField; + object U; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 1 -1 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform (0 0 0); + +boundaryField +{ + inlet + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform (315.6 0 0); + } + + outlet + { + type inletOutlet; + inletValue uniform (0 0 0); + value uniform (0 0 0); + } + + freestream + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + freestreamInlet + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform (0 0 0); + } + + wedge1 {type wedge;} + wedge2 {type wedge;} +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/rhoCentralFoam/LadenburgJet60psi/0.org/p b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/rhoCentralFoam/LadenburgJet60psi/0.org/p new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bbf2c57 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/rhoCentralFoam/LadenburgJet60psi/0.org/p @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object p; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [1 -1 -2 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 101325; + +boundaryField +{ + inlet + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 271724; + } + + outlet + { + type waveTransmissive; + field p; + phi phi; + rho rho; + psi psi; + fieldInf 101325; + gamma 1.4; + lInf 0.025; + inletOutlet off; + correctSupercritical off; + value uniform 101325; + } + + freestream + { + type totalPressure; + value uniform 101325; + p0 uniform 101325; + U U; + phi phi; + rho none; + psi psi; + gamma 1.4; + } + + freestreamInlet + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + wedge1 {type wedge;} + wedge2 {type wedge;} +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/rhoCentralFoam/shockTube/0.org/T b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/rhoCentralFoam/shockTube/0.org/T new file mode 100644 index 0000000..667b2f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/rhoCentralFoam/shockTube/0.org/T @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object T; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 0 0 1 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 1; + +boundaryField +{ + sides + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + empty + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/rhoCentralFoam/shockTube/0.org/U b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/rhoCentralFoam/shockTube/0.org/U new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b49afbf --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/rhoCentralFoam/shockTube/0.org/U @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volVectorField; + object U; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 1 -1 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform (0 0 0); + +boundaryField +{ + sides + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + empty + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/rhoCentralFoam/shockTube/0.org/p b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/rhoCentralFoam/shockTube/0.org/p new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3bd1077 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/rhoCentralFoam/shockTube/0.org/p @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object p; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [1 -1 -2 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0; + +boundaryField +{ + sides + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + empty + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/rhoSonicFoam/shockTube/0.org/T b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/rhoSonicFoam/shockTube/0.org/T new file mode 100644 index 0000000..667b2f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/rhoSonicFoam/shockTube/0.org/T @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object T; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 0 0 1 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 1; + +boundaryField +{ + sides + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + empty + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/rhoSonicFoam/shockTube/0.org/U b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/rhoSonicFoam/shockTube/0.org/U new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b49afbf --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/rhoSonicFoam/shockTube/0.org/U @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volVectorField; + object U; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 1 -1 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform (0 0 0); + +boundaryField +{ + sides + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + empty + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/rhoSonicFoam/shockTube/0.org/magU b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/rhoSonicFoam/shockTube/0.org/magU new file mode 100644 index 0000000..11d141d --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/rhoSonicFoam/shockTube/0.org/magU @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object magU; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 1 -1 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0; + +boundaryField +{ + sides + { + type calculated; + value uniform 0; + } + empty + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/rhoSonicFoam/shockTube/0.org/p b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/rhoSonicFoam/shockTube/0.org/p new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3bd1077 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/rhoSonicFoam/shockTube/0.org/p @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object p; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [1 -1 -2 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0; + +boundaryField +{ + sides + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + empty + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/sonicFoam/laminar/shockTube/0.org/T b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/sonicFoam/laminar/shockTube/0.org/T new file mode 100644 index 0000000..667b2f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/sonicFoam/laminar/shockTube/0.org/T @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object T; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 0 0 1 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 1; + +boundaryField +{ + sides + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + empty + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/sonicFoam/laminar/shockTube/0.org/U b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/sonicFoam/laminar/shockTube/0.org/U new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b49afbf --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/sonicFoam/laminar/shockTube/0.org/U @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volVectorField; + object U; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 1 -1 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform (0 0 0); + +boundaryField +{ + sides + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + empty + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/sonicFoam/laminar/shockTube/0.org/magU b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/sonicFoam/laminar/shockTube/0.org/magU new file mode 100644 index 0000000..11d141d --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/sonicFoam/laminar/shockTube/0.org/magU @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object magU; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 1 -1 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0; + +boundaryField +{ + sides + { + type calculated; + value uniform 0; + } + empty + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/sonicFoam/laminar/shockTube/0.org/p b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/sonicFoam/laminar/shockTube/0.org/p new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3bd1077 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/sonicFoam/laminar/shockTube/0.org/p @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object p; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [1 -1 -2 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0; + +boundaryField +{ + sides + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + empty + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/sonicFoam/ras/nacaAirfoil/constant/polyMesh/boundary.org b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/sonicFoam/ras/nacaAirfoil/constant/polyMesh/boundary.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e6544a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/compressible/sonicFoam/ras/nacaAirfoil/constant/polyMesh/boundary.org @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class polyBoundaryMesh; + object boundary; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +( + INLE1 + { + type patch; + physicalType supersonicFreestream; + startFace 79570; + nFaces 400; + } + + OUTL2 + { + type patch; + physicalType pressureTransmissiveOutlet; + startFace 79970; + nFaces 200; + } + + SYMP3 + { + type empty; + physicalType empty; + startFace 80170; + nFaces 80000; + } + + WALL10 + { + type wall; + physicalType adiabaticWallFunctions; + startFace 160170; + nFaces 260; + } +) + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/coupled/blockCoupledScalarTransportFoam/blockCoupledSwirlTest/0/U.org b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/coupled/blockCoupledScalarTransportFoam/blockCoupledSwirlTest/0/U.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ba38da6 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/coupled/blockCoupledScalarTransportFoam/blockCoupledSwirlTest/0/U.org @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volVectorField; + object U; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 1 -1 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform (0 0 0); + +boundaryField +{ + inlet + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform (0 -1 0); + } + + outlet + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform (0 0 0); + } + + fixedWalls + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform (0 0 0); + } + + defaultFaces + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/finiteArea/liquidFilmFoam/dropsSpreading/0/h.org b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/finiteArea/liquidFilmFoam/dropsSpreading/0/h.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3c54329 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/finiteArea/liquidFilmFoam/dropsSpreading/0/h.org @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class areaScalarField; + location "0"; + object h; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 1 0 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0; + +referenceLevel 0; + +boundaryField +{ + left + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + right + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + front + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + back + { + type zeroGradient; + } +} + +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/heatTransfer/buoyantBoussinesqPisoFoam/hotRoom/0/T.org b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/heatTransfer/buoyantBoussinesqPisoFoam/hotRoom/0/T.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dd852f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/heatTransfer/buoyantBoussinesqPisoFoam/hotRoom/0/T.org @@ -0,0 +1,443 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object T; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 0 0 1 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 300; + +boundaryField +{ + floor + { + type fixedValue; + value nonuniform List +400 +( +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +600 +600 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +600 +600 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +) +; + } + ceiling + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 300; + } + fixedWalls + { + type zeroGradient; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/heatTransfer/buoyantBoussinesqSimpleFoam/hotRoom/0/T.org b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/heatTransfer/buoyantBoussinesqSimpleFoam/hotRoom/0/T.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3a10725 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/heatTransfer/buoyantBoussinesqSimpleFoam/hotRoom/0/T.org @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object T; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 0 0 1 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 300; + +boundaryField +{ + floor + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 300; + } + ceiling + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 300; + } + fixedWalls + { + type zeroGradient; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/heatTransfer/buoyantBoussinesqSimpleFoam/volumetricHeating/0/T.org b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/heatTransfer/buoyantBoussinesqSimpleFoam/volumetricHeating/0/T.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3a10725 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/heatTransfer/buoyantBoussinesqSimpleFoam/volumetricHeating/0/T.org @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object T; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 0 0 1 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 300; + +boundaryField +{ + floor + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 300; + } + ceiling + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 300; + } + fixedWalls + { + type zeroGradient; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/heatTransfer/buoyantPimpleFoam/hotRoom/0/T.org b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/heatTransfer/buoyantPimpleFoam/hotRoom/0/T.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b0ab0e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/heatTransfer/buoyantPimpleFoam/hotRoom/0/T.org @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object T; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 0 0 1 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 300; + +boundaryField +{ + floor + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 300; + } + + ceiling + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 300; + } + + fixedWalls + { + type zeroGradient; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/heatTransfer/buoyantPimpleFoam/hotRoom/save/T.org b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/heatTransfer/buoyantPimpleFoam/hotRoom/save/T.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b0ab0e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/heatTransfer/buoyantPimpleFoam/hotRoom/save/T.org @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object T; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 0 0 1 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 300; + +boundaryField +{ + floor + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 300; + } + + ceiling + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 300; + } + + fixedWalls + { + type zeroGradient; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/heatTransfer/buoyantSimpleFoam/hotRoom/0/T.org b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/heatTransfer/buoyantSimpleFoam/hotRoom/0/T.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dd852f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/heatTransfer/buoyantSimpleFoam/hotRoom/0/T.org @@ -0,0 +1,443 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object T; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 0 0 1 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 300; + +boundaryField +{ + floor + { + type fixedValue; + value nonuniform List +400 +( +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +600 +600 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +600 +600 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +300 +) +; + } + ceiling + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 300; + } + fixedWalls + { + type zeroGradient; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/incompressible/channelFoam/channel395/0.org/B b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/incompressible/channelFoam/channel395/0.org/B new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a1aae18 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/incompressible/channelFoam/channel395/0.org/B @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volTensorField; + object B; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 2 -2 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform (0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0); + +boundaryField +{ + bottomWall + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + topWall + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + sides1 + { + type cyclic; + } + + sides2 + { + type cyclic; + } + + inout1 + { + type cyclic; + } + + inout2 + { + type cyclic; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/incompressible/channelFoam/channel395/0.org/U b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/incompressible/channelFoam/channel395/0.org/U new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ae329bd --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/incompressible/channelFoam/channel395/0.org/U @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volVectorField; + object U; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 1 -1 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform (0.1335 0 0); + +boundaryField +{ + bottomWall + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform (0 0 0); + } + + topWall + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform (0 0 0); + } + + sides1 + { + type cyclic; + } + + sides2 + { + type cyclic; + } + + inout1 + { + type cyclic; + } + + inout2 + { + type cyclic; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/incompressible/channelFoam/channel395/0.org/k b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/incompressible/channelFoam/channel395/0.org/k new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3b7375f --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/incompressible/channelFoam/channel395/0.org/k @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object k; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 2 -2 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0; + +boundaryField +{ + bottomWall + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 0; + } + + topWall + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 0; + } + + sides1 + { + type cyclic; + } + + sides2 + { + type cyclic; + } + + inout1 + { + type cyclic; + } + + inout2 + { + type cyclic; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/incompressible/channelFoam/channel395/0.org/nuSgs b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/incompressible/channelFoam/channel395/0.org/nuSgs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f6bd9a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/incompressible/channelFoam/channel395/0.org/nuSgs @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object nuSgs; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 2 -1 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0; + +boundaryField +{ + bottomWall + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + topWall + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + sides1 + { + type cyclic; + } + + sides2 + { + type cyclic; + } + + inout1 + { + type cyclic; + } + + inout2 + { + type cyclic; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/incompressible/channelFoam/channel395/0.org/nuTilda b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/incompressible/channelFoam/channel395/0.org/nuTilda new file mode 100644 index 0000000..13428a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/incompressible/channelFoam/channel395/0.org/nuTilda @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object nuTilda; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 2 -1 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0; + +boundaryField +{ + bottomWall + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 0; + } + + topWall + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 0; + } + + sides1 + { + type cyclic; + } + + sides2 + { + type cyclic; + } + + inout1 + { + type cyclic; + } + + inout2 + { + type cyclic; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/incompressible/channelFoam/channel395/0.org/p b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/incompressible/channelFoam/channel395/0.org/p new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d607c51 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/incompressible/channelFoam/channel395/0.org/p @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object p; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 2 -2 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0; + +boundaryField +{ + bottomWall + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + topWall + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + sides1 + { + type cyclic; + } + + sides2 + { + type cyclic; + } + + inout1 + { + type cyclic; + } + + inout2 + { + type cyclic; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/incompressible/pimpleDyMFoam/wingMotion/wingMotion2D_pimpleDyMFoam/0.org/U b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/incompressible/pimpleDyMFoam/wingMotion/wingMotion2D_pimpleDyMFoam/0.org/U new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ff5b759 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/incompressible/pimpleDyMFoam/wingMotion/wingMotion2D_pimpleDyMFoam/0.org/U @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volVectorField; + location "0"; + object U; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +#include "include/initialConditions" + +dimensions [0 1 -1 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform $flowVelocity; + +boundaryField +{ + #include "include/fixedInlet" + + outlet + { + type inletOutlet; + inletValue uniform (0 0 0); + value $internalField; + } + + wing + { + type movingWallVelocity; + value uniform (0 0 0); + } + + #include "include/frontBackTopBottomPatches" +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/incompressible/pimpleDyMFoam/wingMotion/wingMotion2D_pimpleDyMFoam/0.org/include/fixedInlet b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/incompressible/pimpleDyMFoam/wingMotion/wingMotion2D_pimpleDyMFoam/0.org/include/fixedInlet new file mode 100644 index 0000000..634e7e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/incompressible/pimpleDyMFoam/wingMotion/wingMotion2D_pimpleDyMFoam/0.org/include/fixedInlet @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 4.1 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ + +inlet +{ + type fixedValue; + value $internalField; +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/incompressible/pimpleDyMFoam/wingMotion/wingMotion2D_pimpleDyMFoam/0.org/include/frontBackTopBottomPatches b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/incompressible/pimpleDyMFoam/wingMotion/wingMotion2D_pimpleDyMFoam/0.org/include/frontBackTopBottomPatches new file mode 100644 index 0000000..01aa9ba --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/incompressible/pimpleDyMFoam/wingMotion/wingMotion2D_pimpleDyMFoam/0.org/include/frontBackTopBottomPatches @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 4.1 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ + +topAndBottom +{ + type slip; +} + +front +{ + type empty +} + +back +{ + type empty; +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/incompressible/pimpleDyMFoam/wingMotion/wingMotion2D_pimpleDyMFoam/0.org/include/initialConditions b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/incompressible/pimpleDyMFoam/wingMotion/wingMotion2D_pimpleDyMFoam/0.org/include/initialConditions new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ee33e8d --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/incompressible/pimpleDyMFoam/wingMotion/wingMotion2D_pimpleDyMFoam/0.org/include/initialConditions @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 4.1 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ + +flowVelocity (100 0 0); +pressure 0; +turbulentKE 37; +turbulentOmega 32; +#inputMode merge + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/incompressible/pimpleDyMFoam/wingMotion/wingMotion2D_pimpleDyMFoam/0.org/k b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/incompressible/pimpleDyMFoam/wingMotion/wingMotion2D_pimpleDyMFoam/0.org/k new file mode 100644 index 0000000..450b173 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/incompressible/pimpleDyMFoam/wingMotion/wingMotion2D_pimpleDyMFoam/0.org/k @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object k; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +#include "include/initialConditions" + +dimensions [0 2 -2 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform $turbulentKE; + +boundaryField +{ + #include "include/fixedInlet" + + outlet + { + type inletOutlet; + inletValue $internalField; + value $internalField; + } + + wing + { + type kqRWallFunction; + value $internalField; + } + + #include "include/frontBackTopBottomPatches" +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/incompressible/pimpleDyMFoam/wingMotion/wingMotion2D_pimpleDyMFoam/0.org/nut b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/incompressible/pimpleDyMFoam/wingMotion/wingMotion2D_pimpleDyMFoam/0.org/nut new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bb6ffa3 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/incompressible/pimpleDyMFoam/wingMotion/wingMotion2D_pimpleDyMFoam/0.org/nut @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + location "0"; + object nut; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 2 -1 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0; + +boundaryField +{ + wing + { + type nutkWallFunction; + value uniform 0; + } + + "(front|back|topAndBottom|inlet|outlet)" + { + type calculated; + value uniform 0; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/incompressible/pimpleDyMFoam/wingMotion/wingMotion2D_pimpleDyMFoam/0.org/omega b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/incompressible/pimpleDyMFoam/wingMotion/wingMotion2D_pimpleDyMFoam/0.org/omega new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b10a0f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/incompressible/pimpleDyMFoam/wingMotion/wingMotion2D_pimpleDyMFoam/0.org/omega @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object epsilon; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +#include "include/initialConditions" + +dimensions [0 0 -1 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform $turbulentOmega; + +boundaryField +{ + #include "include/fixedInlet" + + outlet + { + type inletOutlet; + inletValue $internalField; + value $internalField; + } + + wing + { + type omegaWallFunction; + value $internalField; + } + + #include "include/frontBackTopBottomPatches" +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/incompressible/pimpleDyMFoam/wingMotion/wingMotion2D_pimpleDyMFoam/0.org/p b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/incompressible/pimpleDyMFoam/wingMotion/wingMotion2D_pimpleDyMFoam/0.org/p new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8719046 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/incompressible/pimpleDyMFoam/wingMotion/wingMotion2D_pimpleDyMFoam/0.org/p @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object p; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +#include "include/initialConditions" + +dimensions [0 2 -2 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform $pressure; + +boundaryField +{ + inlet + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + outlet + { + type fixedValue; + value $internalField; + } + + wing + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + #include "include/frontBackTopBottomPatches" +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/incompressible/pimpleDyMFoam/wingMotion/wingMotion2D_pimpleDyMFoam/0.org/pointDisplacement b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/incompressible/pimpleDyMFoam/wingMotion/wingMotion2D_pimpleDyMFoam/0.org/pointDisplacement new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6569605 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/incompressible/pimpleDyMFoam/wingMotion/wingMotion2D_pimpleDyMFoam/0.org/pointDisplacement @@ -0,0 +1,119 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class pointVectorField; + location "0.01"; + object pointDisplacement; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 1 0 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform (0 0 0); + +boundaryField +{ + wing + { + type sixDoFRigidBodyDisplacement; + mass 22.9; + centreOfMass (0.4974612746 -0.01671895744 0.125); + momentOfInertia (1.958864357 3.920839234 2.057121362); + orientation + ( + 0.9953705935 0.09611129781 0 + -0.09611129781 0.9953705935 0 + 0 0 1 + ); + velocity (0 0 0); + acceleration (0 0 0); + angularMomentum (0 0 -0.5); + torque (0 0 0); + rhoName rhoInf; + rhoInf 1; + g (0 -9.81 0); + report on; + constraints + { + maxIterations 500; + + fixedLine1 + { + sixDoFRigidBodyMotionConstraint fixedLine; + tolerance 1e-9; + relaxationFactor 0.7; + fixedLineCoeffs + { + refPoint (0.25 0.007 0.125); + direction (0 1 0); + } + } + + fixedAxis1 + { + sixDoFRigidBodyMotionConstraint fixedAxis; + tolerance 1e-06; + relaxationFactor 0.7; + fixedAxisCoeffs + { + axis ( 0 0 1 ); + } + } + } + restraints + { + verticalSpring + { + sixDoFRigidBodyMotionRestraint linearSpring; + + linearSpringCoeffs + { + anchor (0.25 0.007 0.125); + refAttachmentPt (0.25 0.007 0.125); + stiffness 4000; + damping 2; + restLength 0; + } + } + axialSpring + { + sixDoFRigidBodyMotionRestraint linearAxialAngularSpring; + + linearAxialAngularSpringCoeffs + { + axis (0 0 1); + stiffness 700; + damping 0.5; + referenceOrientation $orientation; + } + } + } + value uniform (0 0 0); + } + + front + { + type empty; + } + + back + { + type empty; + } + + ".*" + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform (0 0 0); + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/coalChemistryFoam/simplifiedSiwek/0/p.org b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/coalChemistryFoam/simplifiedSiwek/0/p.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..89ebe2f --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/coalChemistryFoam/simplifiedSiwek/0/p.org @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + location "0"; + object p; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [1 -1 -2 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 100000; + +boundaryField +{ + top + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + bottom + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + walls + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + symmetry + { + type symmetryPlane; + } + + frontAndBack + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/filter/0.org/G b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/filter/0.org/G new file mode 100644 index 0000000..67c79bc --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/filter/0.org/G @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + location "0"; + object G; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [1 0 -3 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0; + +boundaryField +{ + walls + { + type MarshakRadiation; + T T; + emissivity 1; + value uniform 0; + } + inlet + { + type MarshakRadiation; + T T; + emissivity 1; + value uniform 0; + } + outlet + { + type zeroGradient; + } + cycLeft + { + type cyclic; + value uniform 0; + } + cycRight + { + type cyclic; + value uniform 0; + } + frontAndBack + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/filter/0.org/H2O b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/filter/0.org/H2O new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0a9c4b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/filter/0.org/H2O @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + location "0"; + object H2O; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 0 0 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0; + +boundaryField +{ + walls + { + type zeroGradient; + } + inlet + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 0; + } + outlet + { + type zeroGradient; + } + cycLeft + { + type cyclic; + value uniform 0; + } + cycRight + { + type cyclic; + value uniform 0; + } + frontAndBack + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/filter/0.org/N2 b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/filter/0.org/N2 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3d7f7ee --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/filter/0.org/N2 @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + location "0"; + object N2; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 0 0 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0.79; + +boundaryField +{ + walls + { + type zeroGradient; + } + inlet + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 0.79; + } + outlet + { + type zeroGradient; + } + cycLeft + { + type cyclic; + value uniform 0.79; + } + cycRight + { + type cyclic; + value uniform 0.79; + } + frontAndBack + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/filter/0.org/O2 b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/filter/0.org/O2 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..538108d --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/filter/0.org/O2 @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + location "0"; + object O2; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 0 0 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0.21; + +boundaryField +{ + walls + { + type zeroGradient; + } + inlet + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 0.21; + } + outlet + { + type zeroGradient; + } + cycLeft + { + type cyclic; + value uniform 0.21; + } + cycRight + { + type cyclic; + value uniform 0.21; + } + frontAndBack + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/filter/0.org/T b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/filter/0.org/T new file mode 100644 index 0000000..88d9258 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/filter/0.org/T @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + location "0"; + object T; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 0 0 1 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 350; + +boundaryField +{ + walls + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 400; + } + inlet + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 350; + } + outlet + { + type zeroGradient; + } + cycLeft + { + type cyclic; + } + cycRight + { + type cyclic; + } + frontAndBack + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/filter/0.org/U b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/filter/0.org/U new file mode 100644 index 0000000..156756d --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/filter/0.org/U @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volVectorField; + location "0"; + object U; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 1 -1 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform (0 0 0); + +boundaryField +{ + walls + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform (0 0 0); + } + inlet + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform (5 0 0); + } + outlet + { + type zeroGradient; + } + cycLeft + { + type cyclic; + } + cycRight + { + type cyclic; + } + frontAndBack + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/filter/0.org/alphat b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/filter/0.org/alphat new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7618fb5 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/filter/0.org/alphat @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + location "0"; + object alphat; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [1 -1 -1 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0; + +boundaryField +{ + walls + { + type alphatWallFunction; + value uniform 0; + } + inlet + { + type calculated; + value uniform 0; + } + outlet + { + type calculated; + value uniform 0; + } + cycLeft + { + type cyclic; + value uniform 0; + } + cycRight + { + type cyclic; + value uniform 0; + } + frontAndBack + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/filter/0.org/epsilon b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/filter/0.org/epsilon new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8f530e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/filter/0.org/epsilon @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + location "0"; + object epsilon; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 2 -3 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0.0449; + +boundaryField +{ + walls + { + type compressible::epsilonWallFunction; + value uniform 0.0449; + } + inlet + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 0.0449; + } + outlet + { + type zeroGradient; + } + cycLeft + { + type cyclic; + value uniform 0.0449; + } + cycRight + { + type cyclic; + value uniform 0.0449; + } + frontAndBack + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/filter/0.org/k b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/filter/0.org/k new file mode 100644 index 0000000..98d091b --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/filter/0.org/k @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + location "0"; + object k; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 2 -2 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0.0938; + +boundaryField +{ + walls + { + type compressible::kqRWallFunction; + value uniform 0.0938; + } + inlet + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 0.0938; + } + outlet + { + type zeroGradient; + } + cycLeft + { + type cyclic; + value uniform 0.0938; + } + cycRight + { + type cyclic; + value uniform 0.0938; + } + frontAndBack + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/filter/0.org/mut b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/filter/0.org/mut new file mode 100644 index 0000000..62f88c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/filter/0.org/mut @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + location "0"; + object mut; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [1 -1 -1 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0; + +boundaryField +{ + walls + { + type mutkWallFunction; + value uniform 0; + } + inlet + { + type calculated; + value uniform 0; + } + outlet + { + type calculated; + value uniform 0; + } + cycLeft + { + type cyclic; + value uniform 0; + } + cycRight + { + type cyclic; + value uniform 0; + } + frontAndBack + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/filter/0.org/p b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/filter/0.org/p new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1dbd6ad --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/filter/0.org/p @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + location "0"; + object p; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [1 -1 -2 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 100000; + +boundaryField +{ + walls + { + type zeroGradient; + } + inlet + { + type zeroGradient; + } + outlet + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 100000; + } + cycLeft + { + type cyclic; + value uniform 100000; + } + cycRight + { + type cyclic; + value uniform 100000; + } + frontAndBack + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/verticalChannel/0.org/H2O b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/verticalChannel/0.org/H2O new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f957491 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/verticalChannel/0.org/H2O @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + location "0"; + object H2O; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 0 0 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0.01; + +boundaryField +{ + back + { + type symmetryPlane; + } + front + { + type symmetryPlane; + } + walls + { + type zeroGradient; + } + outlet + { + type inletOutlet; + inletValue uniform 0.0; + } + inletSides + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 0.01; + } + inletCentral + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 0.01; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/verticalChannel/0.org/T b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/verticalChannel/0.org/T new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c92bbc2 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/verticalChannel/0.org/T @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + location "0"; + object T; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 0 0 1 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 473.0; + +boundaryField +{ + back + { + type symmetryPlane; + } + front + { + type symmetryPlane; + } + walls + { + type zeroGradient; + } + outlet + { + type inletOutlet; + inletValue uniform 473.0; + } + inletSides + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 473.0; + } + inletCentral + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 573.0; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/verticalChannel/0.org/U b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/verticalChannel/0.org/U new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7b97bff --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/verticalChannel/0.org/U @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volVectorField; + location "0"; + object U; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 1 -1 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform (0 0 0); + +boundaryField +{ + back + { + type symmetryPlane; + } + front + { + type symmetryPlane; + } + inletCentral + { + type flowRateInletVelocity; + flowRate 0.00379; + value uniform (0 14.68 0); + } + inletSides + { + type flowRateInletVelocity; + flowRate 0.00832; + value uniform (0 17.79 0); + } + outlet + { + type inletOutlet; + inletValue uniform (0 0 0); + } + walls + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform (0 0 0); + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/verticalChannel/0.org/air b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/verticalChannel/0.org/air new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6309631 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/verticalChannel/0.org/air @@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + location "0"; + object air; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 0 0 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0.99; + +boundaryField +{ + back + { + type symmetryPlane; + } + front + { + type symmetryPlane; + } + walls + { + type zeroGradient; + } + outlet + { + type inletOutlet; + inletValue uniform 1.0; + } + inletSides + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 0.99; + } + inletCentral + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 0.99; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/verticalChannel/0.org/alphat b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/verticalChannel/0.org/alphat new file mode 100644 index 0000000..691c15c --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/verticalChannel/0.org/alphat @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + location "0"; + object alphat; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [1 -1 -1 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0; + +boundaryField +{ + back + { + type symmetryPlane; + } + front + { + type symmetryPlane; + } + inletCentral + { + type calculated; + value uniform 0; + } + inletSides + { + type calculated; + value uniform 0; + } + outlet + { + type calculated; + value uniform 0; + } + walls + { + type alphatWallFunction; + Prt 0.85; + value uniform 0; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/verticalChannel/0.org/k b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/verticalChannel/0.org/k new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dfa94aa --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/verticalChannel/0.org/k @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + location "0"; + object k; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 2 -2 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 3.75e-9; + +boundaryField +{ + back + { + type symmetryPlane; + } + front + { + type symmetryPlane; + } + inletCentral + { + type turbulentIntensityKineticEnergyInlet; + intensity 0.15; + value uniform 3.75e-9; + } + inletSides + { + type turbulentIntensityKineticEnergyInlet; + intensity 0.16; + value uniform 3.75e-9; + } + outlet + { + type inletOutlet; + inletValue uniform 3.75e-9; + } + walls + { + type compressible::kqRWallFunction; + value uniform 0; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/verticalChannel/0.org/mut b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/verticalChannel/0.org/mut new file mode 100644 index 0000000..565bae7 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/verticalChannel/0.org/mut @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + location "0"; + object mut; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [1 -1 -1 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0; + +boundaryField +{ + back + { + type symmetryPlane; + } + front + { + type symmetryPlane; + } + inletCentral + { + type calculated; + value uniform 0; + } + inletSides + { + type calculated; + value uniform 0; + } + outlet + { + type calculated; + value uniform 0; + } + walls + { + type mutkWallFunction; + Cmu 0.09; + kappa 0.41; + E 9.8; + value uniform 0; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/verticalChannel/0.org/omega b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/verticalChannel/0.org/omega new file mode 100644 index 0000000..36e3706 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/verticalChannel/0.org/omega @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + location "0"; + object omega; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 0 -1 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 4.5e-3; + +boundaryField +{ + back + { + type symmetryPlane; + } + front + { + type symmetryPlane; + } + inletCentral + { + type compressible::turbulentMixingLengthFrequencyInlet; + mixingLength 0.007; + k k; + value uniform 4.5e-3; + } + inletSides + { + type compressible::turbulentMixingLengthFrequencyInlet; + mixingLength 0.007; + k k; + value uniform 4.5e-3; + } + outlet + { + type inletOutlet; + inletValue uniform 4.5e-3; + } + walls + { + type compressible::omegaWallFunction; + Cmu 0.09; + kappa 0.41; + E 9.8; + value uniform 0; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/verticalChannel/0.org/p b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/verticalChannel/0.org/p new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bf0065d --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/lagrangian/porousExplicitSourceReactingParcelFoam/verticalChannel/0.org/p @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + location "0"; + object p; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [1 -1 -2 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 100000; + +boundaryField +{ + back + { + type symmetryPlane; + } + front + { + type symmetryPlane; + } + inletCentral + { + type zeroGradient; + } + inletSides + { + type zeroGradient; + } + outlet + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 100000; + } + walls + { + type zeroGradient; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/MRFInterFoam/mixerVessel2D/0/alpha1.org b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/MRFInterFoam/mixerVessel2D/0/alpha1.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7472691 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/MRFInterFoam/mixerVessel2D/0/alpha1.org @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object alpha1; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 0 0 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0; + +boundaryField +{ + rotor + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + stator + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + front + { + type empty; + } + + back + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/bubbleFoam/bubbleColumn/0.org/Ua b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/bubbleFoam/bubbleColumn/0.org/Ua new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a954f93 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/bubbleFoam/bubbleColumn/0.org/Ua @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volVectorField; + object Ua; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 1 -1 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform (0 0 0); + +boundaryField +{ + inlet + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform (0 0.1 0); + } + + outlet + { + type inletOutlet; + inletValue uniform (0 0 0); + value uniform (0 0 0); + } + + walls + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform (0 0 0); + } + + defaultFaces + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/bubbleFoam/bubbleColumn/0.org/Ub b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/bubbleFoam/bubbleColumn/0.org/Ub new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d2a5183 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/bubbleFoam/bubbleColumn/0.org/Ub @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volVectorField; + object Ub; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 1 -1 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform (0 0 0); + +boundaryField +{ + inlet + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform (0 0 0); + } + + outlet + { + type inletOutlet; + inletValue uniform (0 0 0); + value uniform (0 0 0); + } + + walls + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform (0 0 0); + } + + defaultFaces + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/bubbleFoam/bubbleColumn/0.org/alpha b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/bubbleFoam/bubbleColumn/0.org/alpha new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dc3b214 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/bubbleFoam/bubbleColumn/0.org/alpha @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object alpha; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 0 0 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0; + +boundaryField +{ + inlet + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 0.5; + } + + outlet + { + type inletOutlet; + inletValue uniform 1; + value uniform 1; + } + + walls + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + defaultFaces + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/bubbleFoam/bubbleColumn/0.org/epsilon b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/bubbleFoam/bubbleColumn/0.org/epsilon new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1c132d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/bubbleFoam/bubbleColumn/0.org/epsilon @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object epsilon; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 2 -3 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0.1; + +boundaryField +{ + inlet + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 0.1; + } + + outlet + { + type inletOutlet; + inletValue uniform 0.1; + value uniform 0.1; + } + + walls + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + defaultFaces + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/bubbleFoam/bubbleColumn/0.org/k b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/bubbleFoam/bubbleColumn/0.org/k new file mode 100644 index 0000000..54cf200 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/bubbleFoam/bubbleColumn/0.org/k @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object k; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 2 -2 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 1e-8; + +boundaryField +{ + inlet + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 1e-8; + } + + outlet + { + type inletOutlet; + inletValue uniform 1e-8; + value uniform 1e-8; + } + + walls + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + defaultFaces + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/bubbleFoam/bubbleColumn/0.org/p b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/bubbleFoam/bubbleColumn/0.org/p new file mode 100644 index 0000000..037c6b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/bubbleFoam/bubbleColumn/0.org/p @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object p; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [1 -1 -2 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0; + +boundaryField +{ + inlet + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + outlet + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 0; + } + + walls + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + defaultFaces + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/cavitatingFoam/les/throttle3D/0.org/U b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/cavitatingFoam/les/throttle3D/0.org/U new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9e6da6c --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/cavitatingFoam/les/throttle3D/0.org/U @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volVectorField; + object U; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 1 -1 0 0]; + +internalField uniform (0 0 0); + +boundaryField +{ + inlet + { + type zeroGradient; + value uniform (0 0 0); + } + + outlet + { + type zeroGradient; + value uniform (0 0 0); + } + + walls + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform (0 0 0); + } + + frontBack + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform (0 0 0); + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/cavitatingFoam/les/throttle3D/0.org/gamma b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/cavitatingFoam/les/throttle3D/0.org/gamma new file mode 100644 index 0000000..663060a --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/cavitatingFoam/les/throttle3D/0.org/gamma @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object gamma; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0; + +boundaryField +{ + inlet + { + type calculated; + value uniform 0; + } + + outlet + { + type calculated; + value uniform 0; + } + + walls + { + type calculated; + value uniform 0; + } + + frontBack + { + type calculated; + value uniform 0; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/cavitatingFoam/les/throttle3D/0.org/k b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/cavitatingFoam/les/throttle3D/0.org/k new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9d8cae6 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/cavitatingFoam/les/throttle3D/0.org/k @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object k; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 2 -2 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 10.0; + +boundaryField +{ + inlet + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 0.5; + } + + outlet + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + walls + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + frontBack + { + type zeroGradient; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/cavitatingFoam/les/throttle3D/0.org/nuSgs b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/cavitatingFoam/les/throttle3D/0.org/nuSgs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9a8e973 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/cavitatingFoam/les/throttle3D/0.org/nuSgs @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format binary; + class volScalarField; + object nuSgs; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 2 -1 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 1e-11; + +boundaryField +{ + inlet + { + type zeroGradient; + } + outlet + { + type zeroGradient; + } + walls + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 0; + } + frontBack + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 0; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/cavitatingFoam/les/throttle3D/0.org/p b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/cavitatingFoam/les/throttle3D/0.org/p new file mode 100644 index 0000000..63e8c05 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/cavitatingFoam/les/throttle3D/0.org/p @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object p; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [1 -1 -2 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 300e5; + +boundaryField +{ + inlet + { + type totalPressure; + U U; + phi phiv; + rho rho; + psi none; + gamma 1; + p0 uniform 300e5; + } + + outlet + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 100e5; + } + + walls + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + frontBack + { + type zeroGradient; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/cavitatingFoam/les/throttle3D/0.org/rho b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/cavitatingFoam/les/throttle3D/0.org/rho new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c260970 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/cavitatingFoam/les/throttle3D/0.org/rho @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object rho; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [1 -3 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 845; + +boundaryField +{ + inlet + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 845; + } + + outlet + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 835; + } + + walls + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + frontBack + { + type zeroGradient; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/compressibleInterFoam/les/depthCharge2D/0/alpha1.org b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/compressibleInterFoam/les/depthCharge2D/0/alpha1.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..03623c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/compressibleInterFoam/les/depthCharge2D/0/alpha1.org @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object alpha1; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 0 0 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0; + +boundaryField +{ + walls + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + defaultFaces + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/compressibleInterFoam/les/depthCharge2D/0/p.org b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/compressibleInterFoam/les/depthCharge2D/0/p.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..796e24a --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/compressibleInterFoam/les/depthCharge2D/0/p.org @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object p; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [1 -1 -2 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0; + +boundaryField +{ + walls + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + defaultFaces + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/compressibleInterFoam/les/depthCharge3D/0/alpha1.org b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/compressibleInterFoam/les/depthCharge3D/0/alpha1.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..623468c --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/compressibleInterFoam/les/depthCharge3D/0/alpha1.org @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object alpha1.org; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 0 0 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0; + +boundaryField +{ + walls + { + type zeroGradient; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/compressibleInterFoam/les/depthCharge3D/0/p.org b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/compressibleInterFoam/les/depthCharge3D/0/p.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4a2c43a --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/compressibleInterFoam/les/depthCharge3D/0/p.org @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object p; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [1 -1 -2 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0; + +boundaryField +{ + walls + { + type zeroGradient; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/compressibleInterFoam/les/depthCharge3D/0/pd.org b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/compressibleInterFoam/les/depthCharge3D/0/pd.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d58d537 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/compressibleInterFoam/les/depthCharge3D/0/pd.org @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object pd; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [1 -1 -2 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0; + +boundaryField +{ + walls + { + type zeroGradient; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interDyMFoam/ras/damBreakWithObstacle/0.org/U b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interDyMFoam/ras/damBreakWithObstacle/0.org/U new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f454b73 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interDyMFoam/ras/damBreakWithObstacle/0.org/U @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volVectorField; + object U; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 1 -1 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform (0 0 0); + +boundaryField +{ + walls + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform (0 0 0); + } + obstacle + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform (0 0 0); + } + atmosphere + { + type pressureInletOutletVelocity; + phi phi; + value uniform (0 0 0); + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interDyMFoam/ras/damBreakWithObstacle/0.org/alpha1 b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interDyMFoam/ras/damBreakWithObstacle/0.org/alpha1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..252be0b --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interDyMFoam/ras/damBreakWithObstacle/0.org/alpha1 @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object alpha1; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 0 0 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0; + +boundaryField +{ + walls + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + obstacle + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + atmosphere + { + type inletOutlet; + inletValue uniform 0; + value uniform 0; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interDyMFoam/ras/damBreakWithObstacle/0.org/alpha1.org b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interDyMFoam/ras/damBreakWithObstacle/0.org/alpha1.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..252be0b --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interDyMFoam/ras/damBreakWithObstacle/0.org/alpha1.org @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object alpha1; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 0 0 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0; + +boundaryField +{ + walls + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + obstacle + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + atmosphere + { + type inletOutlet; + inletValue uniform 0; + value uniform 0; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interDyMFoam/ras/damBreakWithObstacle/0.org/pd b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interDyMFoam/ras/damBreakWithObstacle/0.org/pd new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4f1bdc5 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interDyMFoam/ras/damBreakWithObstacle/0.org/pd @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object pd; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [1 -1 -2 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0; + +boundaryField +{ + walls + { + type zeroGradient; + value uniform 0; + } + + obstacle + { + type zeroGradient; + value uniform 0; + } + + atmosphere + { + type totalPressure; + p0 uniform 0; + U U; + phi phi; + rho rho; + psi none; + gamma 1; + value uniform 0; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interDyMFoam/ras/floatingObject/0.org/U b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interDyMFoam/ras/floatingObject/0.org/U new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c5bc11b --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interDyMFoam/ras/floatingObject/0.org/U @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format binary; + class volVectorField; + location "0"; + object U; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 1 -1 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform (0 0 0); + +boundaryField +{ + stationaryWalls + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform (0 0 0); + } + atmosphere + { + type pressureInletOutletVelocity; + value uniform (0 0 0); + } + floatingObject + { + type movingWallVelocity; + value uniform (0 0 0); + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interDyMFoam/ras/floatingObject/0.org/alpha1 b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interDyMFoam/ras/floatingObject/0.org/alpha1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0dc6ae1 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interDyMFoam/ras/floatingObject/0.org/alpha1 @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + location "0"; + object alpha1; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 0 0 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0; + +boundaryField +{ + stationaryWalls + { + type zeroGradient; + } + atmosphere + { + type inletOutlet; + inletValue uniform 0; + value uniform 0; + } + floatingObject + { + type zeroGradient; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interDyMFoam/ras/floatingObject/0.org/epsilon b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interDyMFoam/ras/floatingObject/0.org/epsilon new file mode 100644 index 0000000..31c25ca --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interDyMFoam/ras/floatingObject/0.org/epsilon @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + location "0"; + object epsilon; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 2 -3 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0.1; + +boundaryField +{ + stationaryWalls + { + type epsilonWallFunction; + Cmu 0.09; + kappa 0.41; + E 9.8; + value uniform 0.1; + } + atmosphere + { + type inletOutlet; + inletValue uniform 0.1; + value uniform 0.1; + } + floatingObject + { + type epsilonWallFunction; + Cmu 0.09; + kappa 0.41; + E 9.8; + value uniform 0.1; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interDyMFoam/ras/floatingObject/0.org/k b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interDyMFoam/ras/floatingObject/0.org/k new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6b89975 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interDyMFoam/ras/floatingObject/0.org/k @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + location "0"; + object k; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 2 -2 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0.1; + +boundaryField +{ + stationaryWalls + { + type kqRWallFunction; + value uniform 0.1; + } + atmosphere + { + type inletOutlet; + inletValue uniform 0.1; + value uniform 0.1; + } + floatingObject + { + type kqRWallFunction; + value uniform 0.1; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interDyMFoam/ras/floatingObject/0.org/nut b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interDyMFoam/ras/floatingObject/0.org/nut new file mode 100644 index 0000000..34a2c0e --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interDyMFoam/ras/floatingObject/0.org/nut @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + location "0"; + object nut; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 2 -1 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0; + +boundaryField +{ + stationaryWalls + { + type nutkWallFunction; + Cmu 0.09; + kappa 0.41; + E 9.8; + value uniform 0; + } + atmosphere + { + type calculated; + value uniform 0; + } + floatingObject + { + type nutkWallFunction; + Cmu 0.09; + kappa 0.41; + E 9.8; + value uniform 0; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interDyMFoam/ras/floatingObject/0.org/pd b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interDyMFoam/ras/floatingObject/0.org/pd new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1aae31f --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interDyMFoam/ras/floatingObject/0.org/pd @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object pd; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [1 -1 -2 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0; + +boundaryField +{ + stationaryWalls + { + type buoyantPressure; + value uniform 0; + } + atmosphere + { + type totalPressure; + p0 uniform 0; + U U; + phi phi; + rho rho; + psi none; + gamma 1; + value uniform 0; + } + floatingObject + { + type buoyantPressure; + value uniform 0; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interDyMFoam/ras/floatingObject/0.org/pointDisplacement b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interDyMFoam/ras/floatingObject/0.org/pointDisplacement new file mode 100644 index 0000000..66c4e6e --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interDyMFoam/ras/floatingObject/0.org/pointDisplacement @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class pointVectorField; + location "0.01"; + object pointDisplacement; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 1 0 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform (0 0 0); + +boundaryField +{ + stationaryWalls + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform (0 0 0); + } + atmosphere + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform (0 0 0); + } + floatingObject + { + type sixDoFRigidBodyDisplacement; + centreOfMass (0.5 0.5 0.5); + momentOfInertia (0.08622222 0.08622222 0.144); + mass 9.6; + rhoInf 1; + report on; + value uniform (0 0 0); + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interDyMFoam/ras/sloshingTank2D/0/alpha1.org b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interDyMFoam/ras/sloshingTank2D/0/alpha1.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4317c52 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interDyMFoam/ras/sloshingTank2D/0/alpha1.org @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object alpha1; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 0 0 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0; + +boundaryField +{ + front + { + type empty; + } + back + { + type empty; + } + walls + { + type zeroGradient; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interDyMFoam/ras/sloshingTank2D3DoF/0/alpha1.org b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interDyMFoam/ras/sloshingTank2D3DoF/0/alpha1.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4317c52 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interDyMFoam/ras/sloshingTank2D3DoF/0/alpha1.org @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object alpha1; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 0 0 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0; + +boundaryField +{ + front + { + type empty; + } + back + { + type empty; + } + walls + { + type zeroGradient; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interDyMFoam/ras/sloshingTank3D/0/alpha1.org b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interDyMFoam/ras/sloshingTank3D/0/alpha1.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2ce9895 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interDyMFoam/ras/sloshingTank3D/0/alpha1.org @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object alpha1; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 0 0 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0; + +boundaryField +{ + walls + { + type zeroGradient; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interDyMFoam/ras/sloshingTank3D3DoF/0/alpha1.org b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interDyMFoam/ras/sloshingTank3D3DoF/0/alpha1.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2ce9895 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interDyMFoam/ras/sloshingTank3D3DoF/0/alpha1.org @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object alpha1; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 0 0 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0; + +boundaryField +{ + walls + { + type zeroGradient; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interDyMFoam/ras/sloshingTank3D6DoF/0/alpha1.org b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interDyMFoam/ras/sloshingTank3D6DoF/0/alpha1.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2ce9895 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interDyMFoam/ras/sloshingTank3D6DoF/0/alpha1.org @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object alpha1; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 0 0 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0; + +boundaryField +{ + walls + { + type zeroGradient; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interFoam/laminar/damBreak/0/alpha1.org b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interFoam/laminar/damBreak/0/alpha1.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b706d96 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interFoam/laminar/damBreak/0/alpha1.org @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object alpha; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 0 0 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0; + +boundaryField +{ + leftWall + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + rightWall + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + lowerWall + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + atmosphere + { + type inletOutlet; + inletValue uniform 0; + value uniform 0; + } + + defaultFaces + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interFoam/les/nozzleFlow2D/constant/polyMesh/boundary.org b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interFoam/les/nozzleFlow2D/constant/polyMesh/boundary.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f115233 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interFoam/les/nozzleFlow2D/constant/polyMesh/boundary.org @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class polyBoundaryMesh; + object boundary; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +6 +( +axis +{ + type empty; + physicalType empty; + nFaces 0; + startFace 41031; +} + +inlet +{ + type patch; + physicalType inlet; + nFaces 30; + startFace 41031; +} + +wall +{ + type wall; + physicalType wall; + nFaces 70; + startFace 41061; +} + +atmosphere +{ + type patch; + physicalType atmosphere; + nFaces 175; + startFace 41131; +} + +front +{ + type wedge; + physicalType wedge; + nFaces 20603; + startFace 41306; +} + +back +{ + type wedge; + physicalType wedge; + nFaces 20603; + startFace 61909; +} +) + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interFoam/ras/damBreak/0/alpha1.org b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interFoam/ras/damBreak/0/alpha1.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c453bbf --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interFoam/ras/damBreak/0/alpha1.org @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object alpha1; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 0 0 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0; + +boundaryField +{ + leftWall + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + rightWall + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + lowerWall + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + atmosphere + { + type inletOutlet; + inletValue uniform 0; + value uniform 0; + } + + defaultFaces + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interMixingFoam/laminar/damBreak/0/alpha1.org b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interMixingFoam/laminar/damBreak/0/alpha1.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e395409 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interMixingFoam/laminar/damBreak/0/alpha1.org @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object alpha1; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 0 0 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0; + +boundaryField +{ + leftWall + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + rightWall + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + lowerWall + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + atmosphere + { + type inletOutlet; + inletValue uniform 1; + value uniform 1; + } + + defaultFaces + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interMixingFoam/laminar/damBreak/0/alpha2.org b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interMixingFoam/laminar/damBreak/0/alpha2.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4363e55 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interMixingFoam/laminar/damBreak/0/alpha2.org @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object alpha2; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 0 0 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0; + +boundaryField +{ + leftWall + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + rightWall + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + lowerWall + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + atmosphere + { + type inletOutlet; + inletValue uniform 0; + value uniform 0; + } + + defaultFaces + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interMixingFoam/laminar/damBreak/0/alpha3.org b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interMixingFoam/laminar/damBreak/0/alpha3.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f363dbf --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/multiphase/interMixingFoam/laminar/damBreak/0/alpha3.org @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object alpha3; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 0 0 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0; + +boundaryField +{ + leftWall + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + rightWall + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + lowerWall + { + type zeroGradient; + } + + atmosphere + { + type inletOutlet; + inletValue uniform 0; + value uniform 0; + } + + defaultFaces + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/overset/freeSurfaceTests/cylBumpinterOversetFoam/0/alpha1.org b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/overset/freeSurfaceTests/cylBumpinterOversetFoam/0/alpha1.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..982b0f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/overset/freeSurfaceTests/cylBumpinterOversetFoam/0/alpha1.org @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object alpha1; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 0 0 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0; + +boundaryField +{ + oversetFaces + { + type overset; + value uniform 0; + coupledFringe yes; + + setHoleCellValue yes; + holeCellValue 0; + } + left + { + type zeroGradient; + } + right + { + type zeroGradient; + } + top + { + type inletOutlet; + inletValue uniform 0; + value uniform 0; + } + bottom + { + type zeroGradient; + } + cylinder + { + type zeroGradient; + } + outerCylinder + { + type zeroGradient; + } + cylBottom + { + type zeroGradient; + } + frontAndBack + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/overset/freeSurfaceTests/cylBumpinterOversetFoam/save/alpha1.org b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/overset/freeSurfaceTests/cylBumpinterOversetFoam/save/alpha1.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..982b0f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/overset/freeSurfaceTests/cylBumpinterOversetFoam/save/alpha1.org @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object alpha1; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 0 0 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0; + +boundaryField +{ + oversetFaces + { + type overset; + value uniform 0; + coupledFringe yes; + + setHoleCellValue yes; + holeCellValue 0; + } + left + { + type zeroGradient; + } + right + { + type zeroGradient; + } + top + { + type inletOutlet; + inletValue uniform 0; + value uniform 0; + } + bottom + { + type zeroGradient; + } + cylinder + { + type zeroGradient; + } + outerCylinder + { + type zeroGradient; + } + cylBottom + { + type zeroGradient; + } + frontAndBack + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/overset/simpleTests/channelSimpleOverlapLaplace/0/T.org b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/overset/simpleTests/channelSimpleOverlapLaplace/0/T.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3dcdb53 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/overset/simpleTests/channelSimpleOverlapLaplace/0/T.org @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object T; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 0 0 0 1 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0; + +boundaryField +{ + oversetFaces + { + type overset; + value uniform 0; + coupledFringe yes; + + setHoleCellValue yes; + holeCellValue 0; + } + left + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 1; + } + leftEnd + { + type zeroGradient; + } + rightStart + { + type zeroGradient; + } + right + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 2; + } + top + { + type zeroGradient; + } + bottom + { + type zeroGradient; + } + frontAndBack + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/overset/simpleTests/channelSimpleOverlapLaplaceCutAcross/0/T.org b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/overset/simpleTests/channelSimpleOverlapLaplaceCutAcross/0/T.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3dcdb53 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/overset/simpleTests/channelSimpleOverlapLaplaceCutAcross/0/T.org @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object T; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 0 0 0 1 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0; + +boundaryField +{ + oversetFaces + { + type overset; + value uniform 0; + coupledFringe yes; + + setHoleCellValue yes; + holeCellValue 0; + } + left + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 1; + } + leftEnd + { + type zeroGradient; + } + rightStart + { + type zeroGradient; + } + right + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 2; + } + top + { + type zeroGradient; + } + bottom + { + type zeroGradient; + } + frontAndBack + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/overset/simpleTests/channelSimpleOverlapLaplaceCutAlong/0/T.org b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/overset/simpleTests/channelSimpleOverlapLaplaceCutAlong/0/T.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3dcdb53 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/overset/simpleTests/channelSimpleOverlapLaplaceCutAlong/0/T.org @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object T; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 0 0 0 1 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0; + +boundaryField +{ + oversetFaces + { + type overset; + value uniform 0; + coupledFringe yes; + + setHoleCellValue yes; + holeCellValue 0; + } + left + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 1; + } + leftEnd + { + type zeroGradient; + } + rightStart + { + type zeroGradient; + } + right + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 2; + } + top + { + type zeroGradient; + } + bottom + { + type zeroGradient; + } + frontAndBack + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/overset/simpleTests/channelSimpleOverlapLaplaceCutFringe/0/T.org b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/overset/simpleTests/channelSimpleOverlapLaplaceCutFringe/0/T.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3dcdb53 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/overset/simpleTests/channelSimpleOverlapLaplaceCutFringe/0/T.org @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object T; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 0 0 0 1 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0; + +boundaryField +{ + oversetFaces + { + type overset; + value uniform 0; + coupledFringe yes; + + setHoleCellValue yes; + holeCellValue 0; + } + left + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 1; + } + leftEnd + { + type zeroGradient; + } + rightStart + { + type zeroGradient; + } + right + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 2; + } + top + { + type zeroGradient; + } + bottom + { + type zeroGradient; + } + frontAndBack + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/overset/simpleTests/channelSimpleOverlapLaplaceNonInterfering/0/T.org b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/overset/simpleTests/channelSimpleOverlapLaplaceNonInterfering/0/T.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3dcdb53 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/overset/simpleTests/channelSimpleOverlapLaplaceNonInterfering/0/T.org @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object T; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 0 0 0 1 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0; + +boundaryField +{ + oversetFaces + { + type overset; + value uniform 0; + coupledFringe yes; + + setHoleCellValue yes; + holeCellValue 0; + } + left + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 1; + } + leftEnd + { + type zeroGradient; + } + rightStart + { + type zeroGradient; + } + right + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 2; + } + top + { + type zeroGradient; + } + bottom + { + type zeroGradient; + } + frontAndBack + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/overset/simpleTests/cylinderInSquareLaplace/0/T.org b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/overset/simpleTests/cylinderInSquareLaplace/0/T.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a917578 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/overset/simpleTests/cylinderInSquareLaplace/0/T.org @@ -0,0 +1,67 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object T; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 0 0 0 1 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0; + +boundaryField +{ + oversetFaces + { + type overset; + value uniform 0; + coupledFringe yes; + + setHoleCellValue yes; + holeCellValue 5; + } + in + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 0; + } + out + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 0; + } + top + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 0; + } + bottom + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 0; + } + cylinder + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 1; + } + outerCylinder + { + type zeroGradient; + } + frontAndBack + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/overset/simpleTests/cylinderInSquareLaplaceAutoFringe/0/T.org b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/overset/simpleTests/cylinderInSquareLaplaceAutoFringe/0/T.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a917578 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/overset/simpleTests/cylinderInSquareLaplaceAutoFringe/0/T.org @@ -0,0 +1,67 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object T; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 0 0 0 1 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0; + +boundaryField +{ + oversetFaces + { + type overset; + value uniform 0; + coupledFringe yes; + + setHoleCellValue yes; + holeCellValue 5; + } + in + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 0; + } + out + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 0; + } + top + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 0; + } + bottom + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 0; + } + cylinder + { + type fixedValue; + value uniform 1; + } + outerCylinder + { + type zeroGradient; + } + frontAndBack + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/solidMechanics/deprecatedTutorials/newContactStressFoam/ballAndBrickFriction/0/materials.org b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/solidMechanics/deprecatedTutorials/newContactStressFoam/ballAndBrickFriction/0/materials.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..32be22b --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/solidMechanics/deprecatedTutorials/newContactStressFoam/ballAndBrickFriction/0/materials.org @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + object materials; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 0 0 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0; + +boundaryField +{ + bottomBrickDown + { + type zeroGradient; + } + bottomBrickUp + { + type zeroGradient; + } + topBrickDown + { + type zeroGradient; + } + topBrickUp + { + type zeroGradient; + } + bottomBrickLeft + { + type zeroGradient; + } + bottomBrickRight + { + type zeroGradient; + } + topBrickLeft + { + type zeroGradient; + } + topBrickRight + { + type zeroGradient; + } + back + { + type empty; + } + front + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/solidMechanics/deprecatedTutorials/newStressedFoam/plateHole/0/materials.org b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/solidMechanics/deprecatedTutorials/newStressedFoam/plateHole/0/materials.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6df842e --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/solidMechanics/deprecatedTutorials/newStressedFoam/plateHole/0/materials.org @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class volScalarField; + location "0"; + object materials; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +dimensions [0 0 0 0 0 0 0]; + +internalField uniform 0; + +boundaryField +{ + left + { + type symmetryPlane; + } + right + { + type zeroGradient; + } + down + { + type symmetryPlane; + } + up + { + type zeroGradient; + } + hole + { + type zeroGradient; + } + frontAndBack + { + type empty; + } +} + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/solidMechanics/deprecatedTutorials/solidEquilibriumDisplacementFoam/beamEndLoad/system/controlDict.org b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/solidMechanics/deprecatedTutorials/solidEquilibriumDisplacementFoam/beamEndLoad/system/controlDict.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2e56235 --- /dev/null +++ b/openfoam/foam-extend-5.0/tutorials/solidMechanics/deprecatedTutorials/solidEquilibriumDisplacementFoam/beamEndLoad/system/controlDict.org @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +/*--------------------------------*- C++ -*----------------------------------*\ +| ========= | | +| \\ / F ield | foam-extend: Open Source CFD | +| \\ / O peration | Version: 5.0 | +| \\ / A nd | Web: http://www.foam-extend.org | +| \\/ M anipulation | For copyright notice see file Copyright | +\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ +FoamFile +{ + version 2.0; + format ascii; + class dictionary; + object controlDict; +} +// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // + +startFrom latestTime; + +startTime 0; + +stopAt endTime; + +endTime 10; + +deltaT 2e-05; + +writeControl runTime; + +writeInterval 2.5e-02; + +purgeWrite 0; + +writeFormat ascii; + +writeCompression uncompressed; + +timeFormat general; + +timePrecision 6; + +runTimeModifiable yes; + +// ************************************************************************* // diff --git a/piezo/piezo.org b/piezo/piezo.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1d1d280 --- /dev/null +++ b/piezo/piezo.org @@ -0,0 +1,149 @@ +#+TITLE: Piezo + +Use the below to create your own sonotrode +https://www.thorlabs.com/newgrouppage9.cfm?objectgroup_id=14002 + +No, like seriously, if you combine this with a frequency generator and a waveform aplifier capacable to handling high frequency loads, you'd have a academic weapon. + + + + +Music acoustics +https://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/jw/basics.html + +https://www.animations.physics.unsw.edu.au/jw/dB.htm + +https://sengpielaudio.com/calculator-leveladding.htm + +The ‘piezoelectric effect’ describes a phenomenon exhibited by a few crystalline materials in which they produce an electrical charge when subjected to mechanical stress, i.e. squeezed. The sign of the resulting voltage changes if compression crosses over to tension. For historical reasons this is referred to as ‘the direct piezoelectric effect’. The phenomenon is reversible. For these same materials, forcing a charge onto their surface via applied voltage will cause them to mechanically expand or contract. This is referred to as ‘the converse piezoelectric effect’. As with the direct effect, the direction of crystal distortion (i.e. expansion or contraction) will follow the plus or minus sign of the applied voltage. + +The converse piezoelectric effect is what makes power ultrasonic devices possible. While natural crystals exhibit piezoelectricy, quartz being the prime example, artificial crystals can exhibit much higher electromechanical conversion effectiveness and are exclusively used for the power ultrasonics we will discuss. Lead zirconate titanate compounds in ceramic form are by far the most commonly use for devices currently in use. + +An AC voltage applied to a piezoelectric crystal will cause it to expand and contract in response. The expansion and contraction can create sound pressure waves or otherwise act on adjacent media. For practical use, piezoelectric crystals are bolted, bonded, soldered, or otherwise incorporated into composite ultrasonic transducers with the right geometry to convert the applied AC voltage into useful vibrational energy. + +Piezo-driven ultrasonics have low power and high-power applications. Examples of low power applications include medical devices for imaging internal organs or structures such as heart valves and fetuses and clock signal generators in electronic instrumentation. We will focus on the high-power application including sonar, flow metering, underwater communications, ultrasonic drills, ultrasonic cleaners, friction welding, cutting blades, dental scalers, and fluid atomization. + + +* Langevin transducer + +An ultrasonic transducer where one or more piezoelectric elements are mechanically compressed (prestressed) between end masses (i.e., a front driver and a back driver). + + +The term “ Langevin transducer” now describes any piezoelectric-driven longitudinal resonator based on sandwiching piezoelectric materials between two plates secured by a center bolt. Figure 3 shows a modern Langevin ultrasonic transducer. The components of the transducer perform the following functions: + + The transducer has two layers of piezoelectric discs. Use of two piezoelectric discs allows the outer metal cylinders to be at ground potential which protects personnel from shock hazards and minimizes the risk of a short circuit. The discs are placed such that their polarities are opposite to each other; and that allows applying high voltage only to a single location, a center conductor that is sandwiched between the two piezoelectric discs. + The bolt provides precompression on the piezoelectric discs. Piezoelectric materials can fracture easily from tensile stresses of around 2,000 psi, but their compression strength can withstand a five times greater pressure of 10,000 psi. The bolt bias the discs into their compression region. Thus, when the discs vibrate, their motion is from full compression to a small amount of compression and they never see destructive tension. The Animation in Figure 4 illustrates the motion of the transducer. + The end plates distribute the point force of the bolt over the entire piezo surface so that the both the static and dynamic compressions in the piezo material are uniform through its volume. + + + +#+CAPTION: Example of simple Langevin transducer (Berlincourt (3), p. 249) +[[attachment:_20240323_194235screenshot.png]] + + +* Horn design + +Horn Designs + +Because the only real rule for horn design is conservation of momentum, there are a huge variety of horn shapes and horn tips. Examples of the myriad styles of horn shapes with different tips are shown in Figure 6. The far-right horn, for example, is an assembly of multiple horns attached to one transducer. Each shape has a unique purpose. Each design converts the vibration at the face of the Langevin engine to a vibration on the face of the tip of the horn. The geometrical design of the horn tip provides a cross sectional shape and motion designed to accomplish a specific task. + + + +* Tornplitz + +By itself, the Langevin transducer creates mechanical motion. The transducer has plenty of power, but by itself does not lend itself to producing useful work. In Part 2, I introduced a transmission mechanism, the horn, which attaches to the Langevin piezoelectric transducer, the acoustic engine. The horn directs and amplifies the mechanical motion generated by the Langevin transducer allowing its energy to be delivered to the tip of the horn in a high velocity regime suitable for friction welding, cutting, and scaling among other applications. You could think of the horn as an acoustic lever. + +In this final part, I will present a second transmission method, Tonpilz transmission technology. In contrast to the horn that leverages the Langevin’s energy into a high vibrational velocity tip for mechanical work, the Tonpilz transmission scheme is aimed at getting 100% of the Langevin’s output into broadcasting acoustic waves from one end and 0% off the other. This makes the Tonpilz type transducer ideal for energy efficient high intensity ultrasound sources. +Applications Using the Tonpilz Transmission + +One application in which the Tonpilz transducer-transmission assembly excels is its use in an ultrasonic cleaner. Some ultrasonic cleaners have piezoelectric discs glued permanently to the bottom of the tank. That construct works fine until a piezoelectric disc breaks. Replacement involves a time-consuming effort to chip off the broken disc, cleaning down to the metal, and bonding a new disc into place. Installing a new disc involves faith that another disc may not break soon so the whole process would have to be repeated. Fortunately, there is a better solution. The solution is the construction of ultrasonic cleaners with modular, replaceable piezoelectric elements which can be bolted and unbolted from the assembly. Figure 5 shows an ultrasonic cleaner module and a cross-sectional view of an assembly having two piezoelectric discs, the bolt, the heavy metal back end and the lighter metal, most likely aluminum, head. This is bolted to the bottom of the cleaner tank. + + + +* Practical stuff + +https://blog.piezo.com/how-to-safely-solder-joints-onto-piezo-transducers + + + + +* Thorlabs + +Introduction + +In this tutorial we will look at some of the basics of piezoelectronic device structure and operation. These devices utilize piezoelectricity, a phenomenon in which electricity is created from pressure on the device. Piezoelectrics either produce a voltage in response to mechanical stress (known as direct mode) or a physical displacement as a result of an applied electrical field (known as indirect mode). Due to these modes, piezoelectric materials have found considerable use in both sensors and actuators and are often called “smart” or “intelligent” materials. One material in particular, lead-zirconate-titanate (PZT), has found prolific use for piezoelectric devices. Consequently, PZT is the ceramic material that makes up the bulk of piezoelectric actuator devices available on the market. It is not only piezoelectric but also pyroelectric and ferroelectric. PZT devices are capable of driving precision articulation of mechanical devices (such as a mirror mount or translating stage) due to the piezoelectric effect, which can be described through a set of coupled equations known as strain-charge (essentially coupling the electric field equations with the strain tensor of Hooke’s law): + + + +$$ D_i = e^{\sigma}_{ij} d^{d}_{im}\sigma_m $$ + +$$ \epsilon_k = d^{c}_{jk} + s^{E}_{km} \sigma_m $$ + +Here D is the electric displacement vector, ε is the strain vector, E is the applied electric field vector, σm is the stress vector, eσij is the dielectric permittivity, ddim & dcjk are the piezoelectric coefficients, and sEkm is the elastic compliance (the inverse of stiffness). The specific matrix elements are used to calculate the useful measures of PZT functionality, though the full derivation of these equations is beyond the scope of this tutorial. + + + +* Piezo Symbol Definitions + +|--------+-------------+-------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------| +| Symbol | Object Type | Size | Units | Meaning | +|--------+-------------+-------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------| +| T | vector | 6 x 1 | $\frac{N}{m^2}$ | stress components (e.g. s1) | +| S | vector | 6 x 1 | $\frac{m}{m}$ | strain components (e.g. e3) | +| E | vector | 3 x 1 | $\frac{N}{C}$ | electric field components | +| D | vector | 3 x 1 | $\frac{C}{m^2}$ | electric charge density displacement components | +| s | matrix | 6 x 6 | $\frac{m^2}{N}$ | compliance coefficients | +| c | matrix | 6 x 6 | $\frac{N}{m^2}$ | stiffness coefficients | +| \epsilon | matrix | 3 x 3 | $\frac{F}{m}$ | electric permittivity | +| d | matrix | 3 x 6 | $\frac{C}{N}$ | piezoelectric coupling coefficients for Strain-Charge form | +| e | matrix | 3 x 6 | $\frac{C}{m^2}$ | piezoelectric coupling coefficients for Stress-Charge form | +| g | matrix | 3 x 6 | $\frac{m^2}{C}$ | piezoelectric coupling coefficients for Strain-Voltage form | +| q | matrix | 3 x 6 | $\frac{N}{C}$ | piezoelectric coupling coefficients for Stress-Voltage form | +|--------+-------------+-------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------| + + +* Hooke's Law and Dielectrics +What is a constitutive equation? For mechanical problems, a constitutive equation describes how a material strains when it is stressed, or vice-versa. Constitutive equations exist also for electrical problems; they describe how charge moves in a (dielectric) material when it is subjected to a voltage, or vice-versa. + +Engineers are already familiar with the most common mechanical constitutive equation that applies for everyday metals and plastics. This equation is known as Hooke's Law and is written as: + +$$ S = s . T $$ + +In words, this equation states: Strain = Compliance × Stress. + +However, since piezoelectric materials are concerned with electrical properties too, we must also consider the constitutive equation for common dielectrics: +$$ D = \epsilon . E $$ +In words, this equation states: ChargeDensity = Permittivity × ElectricField. + + +* Coupled Equation +Piezoelectric materials combine these two seemingly dissimilar constitutive equations into one coupled equation, written as: +$$ S = s_E . T + d^t . E $$ +$$ D = d . T + \epsilon_T . E $$ +The piezoelectric coupling terms are in the matrix d. + +In order to describe or model piezoelectric materials, one must have knowledge about the material's mechanical properties (compliance or stiffness), its electrical properties (permittivity), and its piezoelectric coupling properties. +The subscripts in piezoelectric constitutive equations have very important meanings. They describe the conditions under which the material property data was measured. For example, the subscript E on the compliance matrix sE means that the compliance data was measured under at least a constant, and preferably a zero, electric field. Likewise, the subscript T on the permittivity matrix eT means that the permittivity data was measured under at least a constant, and preferably a zero, stress field. + + + +* Material Selection +Select from the following list of piezoelectric materials to view their constitutive property data. The data is presented in constitutive matrix form. +Insulators +Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate +Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate +Barium Sodium Niobate +Barium Titanate +Barium Titanate (poled) +Lithium Niobate +Lithium Tantalate Lead Zirconate Titanate: +PZT-2, PZT-4, PZT-4D, PZT-5A, PZT-5H, PZT-5J, PZT-7A, PZT-8 + +Quartz +Rochelle Salt +Bismuth Germanate +Semiconductors +Cadmium Sulfide +Gallium Arsenide +Tellurium Dioxide Zinc Oxide +Zinc Sulfide diff --git a/porosity/porosity.org b/porosity/porosity.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..350edef --- /dev/null +++ b/porosity/porosity.org @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ + +* Porosity in Thermal Spray Coatings + + +Thermal spray coatings are susceptible to the formation of porosity due to a lack of fusion between sprayed particles or the expansion of gases generated during the spray process. The determination of area percent porosity is important to monitor the effect of variable spray parameters and the suitability of a coating for its intended purpose. + + +ASTM E 2109 Test Methods for Determining Area Percentage Porosity in +Thermal Sprayed Coatings +These test methods cover the determination of the area percentage porosity of thermal sprayed coatings. Method A is a manual, direct comparison method using seven standard images shown on figures in the standard. These figures depict typical distributions of porosity in thermal spray coatings. Method B is an automated technique requiring the use of a computerized image analyzer. The methods quantify area percentage porosity only on the basis of light reflectivity from a metallo- + + + + + +* Coating Thickness +ASTM B 487 - Test Method for Measurement of Metal and Oxide Coating Thickness by Microscopical Examination of a Cross Section + +This test method covers measurement of the local thickness of metal and oxide coatings by the microscopical examination of cross sections using an optical microscope. +Under good conditions, when using an optical microscope, the method is capable of giving an absolute measuring accuracy of 0.8 um. + +The measuring device may be a screw (Filar) micrometre ocular or a micrometre eyepiece. An image splitting eyepiece is advantageous for thin coatings on rough substrate layers. The measuring device shall be calibrated at least once before and once after the measurement using a stage micrometre. The magnification should be chosen +so that the field of view is between 1.5 and 3 the coating thickness. +For the use of automatic image analysis see Section 18.5.5. diff --git a/proposal_archive/.DS_Store b/proposal_archive/.DS_Store new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8503994 Binary files /dev/null and b/proposal_archive/.DS_Store differ diff --git a/proposal_archive/thesis.org b/proposal_archive/thesis.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..535949e --- /dev/null +++ b/proposal_archive/thesis.org @@ -0,0 +1,403 @@ +#+TITLE: Thesis + + + +#+BEGIN_SRC latex +%%%% +%% This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the MIT License. +%% If a copy of the MIT was not distributed with this file, You can obtain one at https://opensource.org/licenses/mit +%% +%% Last update: 2021/10/11 +%% +%% author: Dorian Gouzou +%% repository hosted on github at https://github.com/jackred/Heriot_Watt_Thesis_Template +%%%% +#+END_SRC + +* Preamble + +#+CAPTION: Document Class +#+BEGIN_SRC latex +\documentclass[12pt,a4paper]{report} +#+END_SRC + +** Packages + +#+BEGIN_SRC latex +\usepackage{graphicx} % include graphics +\usepackage{fancyhdr} % layout +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} +\usepackage[T1]{fontenc} % font +\usepackage{setspace} % spacing +% \usepackage[left=4cm,right=2cm,top=2cm,bottom=2cm]{geometry} +\usepackage{mathptmx} % looks like times new roman +\usepackage{slantsc} +\usepackage{titlesec} +\usepackage{mfirstuc} +\usepackage{calc}% http://ctan.org/pkg/calc +\usepackage[acronym, nonumberlist]{glossaries} % https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/Glossaries +\usepackage[defernumbers=true, sorting=none]{biblatex} +\usepackage{hyperref} % https://ctan.org/pkg/hyperref +\usepackage{pdfpages} +\usepackage{float} +\usepackage{minitoc} +\usepackage{pdflscape} +#+END_SRC + +#+BEGIN_SRC latex +\usepackage{subfiles} +#+END_SRC + +** Config + +#+BEGIN_SRC latex +%% prefer than direct use in usepackage geometry +%% A4 layout in point is % 595x842 + +%% default value +\setlength{\hoffset}{0pt} +\setlength{\voffset}{0pt} + +%% height +%% 72 - 60 + 20 + 25 = 57 +\setlength{\topmargin}{-60pt} +\setlength{\headheight}{20pt} +\setlength{\headsep}{25pt} + +\setlength{\footskip}{30pt} + +%% width +%% 72 + 32 + 10 = 114pt = 40mm +\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{32pt} +\setlength{\evensidemargin}{32pt} +\setlength{\marginparsep}{10pt} + +%% size text +\setlength{\textheight}{728pt} +\setlength{\textwidth}{425pt} + +%% style +%% preliminary, just roman pagination + empty header +\fancypagestyle{preliminary}{ + \renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt} + \fancyhead[RCL]{} + + \pagenumbering{Roman} +} +%% chapter/classic text style +\fancypagestyle{chapter}{ + %% title of the chapter, left header, no uppercase, 10 pt, italics, no bold + \fancyhead[L]{\normalfont\itshape\fontsize{10pt}{12pt}\selectfont\nouppercase{\leftmark}} + \fancyhead[R]{} + + \fancyfoot[C]{\thepage} + \renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0.4pt} + \renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt} + \pagenumbering{arabic} +} + +%% define length and scaling for baseline +\newcommand{\headingBaseline}{12} +\newcommand{\headingBaselineDiv}{10} +\newlength{\chapterFontSize} +\newlength{\sectionFontSize} +\newlength{\subsectionFontSize} +\newlength{\chapterBaseline} +\newlength{\sectionBaseline} +\newlength{\subsectionBaseline} + +%% change those value if you want to change the chapter/section/subsection font size +\setlength{\chapterFontSize}{14pt} +\setlength{\sectionFontSize}{12pt} +\setlength{\subsectionFontSize}{12pt} + +%% automatic computation for baseline, rule of thumb is 1.2 +\setlength{\chapterBaseline}{ \chapterFontSize * \headingBaseline / \headingBaselineDiv} +\setlength{\sectionBaseline}{ \sectionFontSize * \headingBaseline / \headingBaselineDiv} +\setlength{\subsectionBaseline}{ \subsectionFontSize * \headingBaseline / \headingBaselineDiv} + + +%% headings +%% Chapter, 14-point, bold +\titleformat{\chapter}[display] + {\normalfont\bfseries\fontsize{\chapterFontSize}{\chapterBaseline}\selectfont}{\chaptertitlename\ \thechapter}{14pt}{} +%% capitalised initial letter, +% \titleformat{\chapter}[display] +% {\normalfont\bfseries\fontsize{\chapterFontSize}{\chapterBaseline}\selectfont}{\chaptertitlename\ \thechapter}{14pt}{\capitalisewords} +%% left|above|below +\titlespacing{\chapter}{0pt}{10pt}{25pt} + +%% Section, 12-point +\titleformat{\section}[hang] + {\normalfont\bfseries\fontsize{\sectionFontSize}{\sectionBaseline}\selectfont}{\thesection}{5pt}{} +%% capitalised initial letter +% \titleformat{\section}[hang] +% {\normalfont\bfseries\fontsize{\sectionFontSize}{\sectionBaseline}\selectfont}{\thesection}{5pt}{\capitalisewords} +%% left|above|below +\titlespacing{\section}{0pt}{25pt}{15pt} + +%% Subsection, 12-point, italic +\titleformat{\subsection}[hang] + {\normalfont\bfseries\itshape\fontsize{\subsectionFontSize}{\subsectionBaseline}\selectfont}{\thesubsection}{5pt}{} +% \titleformat{\subsection}[hang] +% {\normalfont\bfseries\itshape\fontsize{\subsectionFontSize}{\subsectionBaseline}\selectfont\MakeLowercase}{\thesubsection}{5pt}{\makefirstuc} +%% left|above|below +\titlespacing{\subsection}{0pt}{20pt}{10pt} + +%% table of content +\renewcommand{\contentsname}{Table of Contents} +\setcounter{tocdepth}{2} +\setcounter{secnumdepth}{2} + +%% list of figure +\renewcommand*\listfigurename{Figure table} + +%% init gloassaries +%% noidx cause otherwise we have to do a normal glossary, compile, then remove it so it is cached +%% because we only use acronym +\makenoidxglossaries + +%% bibliography config +%% https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/6977 +\DeclareBibliographyCategory{cited} +\AtEveryCitekey{\addtocategory{cited}{\thefield{entrykey}}} +\addbibresource{Bibliography.bib} +\addbibresource{BibMine.bib} + +%% hyperref setup +\hypersetup{ + colorlinks = true, + linkcolor = blue, % normal internal links, like ref, can be black tbh + citecolor = blue, % bibliographical links + urlcolor = blue, % linked urls + filecolor = black % url which open local files +} + +%% modified reference function +%% https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/438998 +\newcommand\eref[1]{equation~(\ref{#1})} +\newcommand\tref[1]{table~\ref{#1}} +\newcommand\fref[1]{figure~\ref{#1}} + +%% 1.5 line spacing +\setstretch{1.5} +#+END_SRC + + + + +** Info + +#+CAPTION: Information pertaining to me and the university +#+BEGIN_SRC latex :tangle I-info.tex +%% The title of Thesis +\newcommand{\thesisTitle}{Cavitation Erosion of Blended Stellite Alloys} +%% Number of Volume, if more than one +%% not sure how it works out with latex tbh +%\newcommand{\numberVolume}{2} +%% The number of this volume +%\newcommand{\actualVolume}{1} +%% The author's name (you) +\newcommand{\authorName}{Vishakh Pradeep Kumar} +%% Distinctions/Qualifications if desired +%\newcommand{\distinction}{} +%% The qualification +\newcommand{\degreeQualification}{MSc. Mechanical Engineering} +%% The institution +%\newcommand{\institution}{Some weird institute no one ever heard about} +%% The school +\newcommand{\school}{School of Engineering and Physical Sciences} +\newcommand{\university}{Heriot-Watt University} +%% Month of submission +\newcommand{\monthDate}{April} +%% Year of submission +\newcommand{\yearDate}{2024} +#+END_SRC + + + +** Glossary + +#+CAPTION: Glossary +#+BEGIN_SRC latex +\newacronym{gcd}{GCD}{Greatest Common Divisor} +\newacronym{lcm}{LCM}{Least Common Multiple} +#+END_SRC + + +* Document + + +#+CAPTION: Document begin +#+BEGIN_SRC latex +\begin{document} + +\dominitoc + +#+END_SRC + +** Preliminaries + +#+BEGIN_SRC latex +\input{Preliminaries/1-titlepages} +#+END_SRC + +*** Titlepage + +#+BEGIN_SRC latex :tangle no + +\pagestyle{empty} +\begin{center} +\vspace*{15pt}\par +\setstretch{1} +% \hrule +% \vspace{10pt}\par +\begin{spacing}{1.8} +%% you can replace by \MakeUppercase if you want uppercase +{\Large\bfseries\MakeLowercase{\capitalisewords{\thesisTitle}}}\\ +\end{spacing} +% \hrule +% This thesis is composed of \numberVolume volumes. This one is the number \actualVolume. + +\vspace{40pt}\par +\includegraphics[width=140pt]{Figures/logo.png}\\ +\vspace{40pt}\par + + +{\itshape\fontsize{15.5pt}{19pt}\selectfont by\\}\vspace{15pt}\par + +{ +\Large \authorName +% , \distinction +}\vspace{55pt}\par + +{ +\large Submitted for the degree of \\ \vspace{8pt} \Large\slshape\degreeQualification\\ +} + +\vspace{35pt}\par + +{\scshape\setstretch{1.5} \institution\\ \school\\ \university\\ +} + +\vspace{50pt}\par + + +{\large \monthDate\ \yearDate} + +%\vfill + +%\begin{flushleft} +%\setstretch{1.4}\small +%The copyright in this thesis is owned by the author. Any quotation from the thesis or use of any of the information contained in it must acknowledge this thesis as the source of the quotation or information. +%\end{flushleft} +\end{center} + +\clearpage +#+END_SRC + + + +*** Abstract + +#+BEGIN_SRC latex +\pagestyle{preliminary} +%\input{Preliminaries/2-abstract} + +\begin{center} +\LARGE\textbf {Abstract} +\end{center} + +\vspace{5pt} + +\noindent +In accordance with the Academic Regulations the thesis must contain an abstract preferably not exceeding 200 words, bound in to precede the thesis. The abstract should appear on its own, on a single page. The format should be the same as that of the main text. The abstract should provide a synopsis of the thesis and shall state clearly the nature and scope of the research undertaken and of the contribution made to the knowledge of the subject treated. There should be a brief statement of the method of investigation where appropriate, an outline of the major divisions or principal arguments of the work and a summary of any conclusions reached. The abstract must follow the Title Page. + +\clearpage +#+END_SRC + +*** Dedication + +#+BEGIN_SRC latex +\begin{center} +\LARGE\textbf {Dedication} +\end{center} +\vspace{5pt} + +If a dedication is included then it should be immediately after the Abstract page.\par +I don't what it is actually. +\clearpage +#+END_SRC + +*** Acknowledgments + +#+BEGIN_SRC latex +\begin{center} +\LARGE\textbf {Acknowledgements} +\end{center} +\vspace{5pt} + +\noindent I wanna thanks all coffee and tea manufacturers and sellers that made the completion of this work possible. +\clearpage +#+END_SRC + +*** Declaration +#+BEGIN_SRC latex +% % read about declaration in file +% % \input{Preliminaries/5-declaration} +\includepdf[pages=-]{Preliminaries/5-declaration.pdf} + +{ + \setstretch{1} + \hypersetup{linkcolor=black} + \tableofcontents + \listoftables % optional + \listoffigures % optional + \glsaddall % this is to include all acronym. You can do a sort of citation for acronym and include only the one you use, Look at the glossary package for details. + \printnoidxglossary[type=\acronymtype, title=Glossary] % optional + %% put your publications in BibMine.bib + %% They will be displayed here + \begin{refsection}[BibMine.bib] + \DeclareFieldFormat{labelnumberwidth}{#1} + \nocite{*} + \printbibliography[omitnumbers=true,title={List of Publications}] + \end{refsection} +} + +%% if you don't want pagination you need to use this commented part instead of the one above for the table of content/list of figure/etc +%% this is because the toc is defined in an annoying way, especially multi page one +%% solution found here: https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/173423 +% { +% \hypersetup{linkcolor=black} +% \pagestyle{empty} % Removes numbers from middle pages. +% \fancypagestyle{plain} % Re-definition removes numbers from first page. +% { +% \fancyhf{}% % Clear all header and footer fields. +% \renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}% Clear rules (remove these two lines if not desired). +% \renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt}% +% } +% \tableofcontents +% \thispagestyle{empty} +% \listoftables %optional +% \thispagestyle{empty} +% \listoffigures %optional +% \thispagestyle{empty} +% \glsaddall % this is to include all acronym. You can do a sort of citation for acronym and include only the one you use, Look at the glossary package for details. +% \printnoidxglossary[type=\acronymtype, title=Glossary] % optional +% \thispagestyle{empty} +% %% put your publications in BibMine.bib +% %% They will be displayed here +% \begin{refsection}[BibMine.bib] +% \DeclareFieldFormat{labelnumberwidth}{#1} +% \nocite{*} +% \printbibliography[omitnumbers=true,title={List of Publications}] +% \end{refsection} +% \thispagestyle{empty} +% } + + + +\clearpage +#+END_SRC + + diff --git a/rig/rig.org b/rig/rig.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..40f7ee7 --- /dev/null +++ b/rig/rig.org @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +#+TITLE: Rig + + + +- [[https://gitlab.com/openflexure/openflexure-block-stage/][A 3D Printable high-precision 3 axis translation stage]] + Use for scanning samples? + +https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.09986 + +Has 2 x 2 x 2 mm3 travel range, with sub 100 nm resolution. + +- [[https://www.printables.com/model/874575-14-od-tube-organizer-with-zip-ties][1/4" OD Tube Organizer with Zip-ties]] + Use for organizing the water/vacuum/air pressure tubes? + + +# diff --git a/sem_eds/eds.org b/sem_eds/eds.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..29f247e --- /dev/null +++ b/sem_eds/eds.org @@ -0,0 +1,480 @@ +#+TITLE: SEM & EDS + +Things to do +https://github.com/BAMresearch/automatic-sem-image-segmentation/tree/master +https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13632-023-01020-7 +https://github.com/IDEAsLab-Computational-Microstructure/EDS-PhaSe +* SEM + +Honestly, a really good introduction to SEM + +- Concepts + - [[https://youtu.be/d7ch1XSmOgI?si=v2Eb6ujTmoDv--o9][Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Foundation Lecture (30 min)]] + yt:d7ch1XSmOgI + - [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eOyfoMRHfgE][Connecting SEM Concepts to practice (16 min)]] + [[yt:eOyfoMRHfgE]] + +- Basic Operations + - [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=luC-5TgNPsQ&t=0s][Basic SEM Alignment (Source Tilt, Focus, Astigmatism, Lens Alignment) (7 min)]] + [[yt:luC-5TgNPsQ]] + - [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YeukVt1Fyi0&t=317s][Details of Astigmatism Correction (8 min)]] + [[yt:YeukVt1Fyi0]] + - [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1syySgnTEqU][Fixing the Stigmator Alignment (5 min)]] + [[yt:1syySgnTEqU]] +- Specific to Tescan Vega + - [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ypD_fqO4ptI][Tescan Vega SEM Operation (13 min)]] + [[yt:ypD_fqO4ptI]] + +** Detectors + +The detection system may contain a set of detectors designed for detecting various signals resulting from electron beam interaction with the sample surface. The microscope is always delivered with the SE detector + +*** SE detector +The detector works in high vacuum only. +Secondary electrons enhance topographic contrast contrary to material contrast of back-scattered electrons. The secondary electron (SE) detector is a basic standard detector always present in the microscope. +The SE detector is of an Everhart-Thornley type. The grid on the front part of the detector has positive potential. This attracts and accelerates the low-energy secondary electrons arising on the specimen surface and focuses them onto the scintillator. The light flashes, which result from the impingement of the electrons on the scintillator, are transferred through the light guide to the photo-multiplier outside the chamber of the microscope. + +*** BSE detector +The detector works in high and low vacuum. +Back-scattered electrons (BSE) enhance material contrast of the sample. The BSE detector is of the scintillation type. An annular (YAG) mono-crystal scintillator with a conductive surface is placed in the optical axis directly under the lower pole extension of the objective. The high energy back-scattered electrons impinge the scintillator without any additional acceleration and excite the scintillator atoms that emit visible radiation photons successively. The photons are carried, by means of the light guide, through the side outlet of the scintillator to the cathode of the photo-multiplier. They are then processed in the same way as the signal coming from the secondary electrons. +The BSE detector is manufactured in an R-BSE (Retractable BSE) version. This modification allows the retraction of the detector from under the pole piece position if the detector is not used. This enables the specimens to be moved as close as possible to the objective when viewed by other detectors. + +** Considerations for Optimal SEM Imaging Results + +- Beam Settings + + - Voltage + Is specimen conductive (high) or non-conductive (low)? + Beam-sensitive (low) or not? + From what depth do you want signal to emerge, and which signal? + + - Current + Is specimen conductive (high) or non-conductive (low)? Beam-sensitive (low) or not? + Optimize signal (high) vs. resolution (low), choose small aperture (imaging) or large (x-ray). + + - Working Distance + If not constrained by geometry of application, optimize resolution (low) vs. depth of field (high); + signal may decrease at too long or too short W; when in doubt, operate at eucentric height. + + EDX should be done with a working distance of 15 mm + +- Detector Settings + + Detector Type: + - SE (topographic contrast, some Z) + - BSE (atomic #, aka Z) + - EDS/WDS (elemental composition). + + Using detector Bias, you can switch between different modes, please do not do so. Take one picture SE and one picture BSE. One might argue that the acquisition process for both are the same, but do it anyway, it makes life so much easier when you're trying to plot it on a report. + + +- Alignments + - Basic Technique: + After gun tilt, iteratively adjust focus, astigmatism, lens alignment based on visual cues. + - 1st Approximation (Focus/Stig): + Use reduced area window w/longest dwell time that gives near-live refresh rate. + - Perfected: + Make comparisons using “alignment rectangle” in full frame or reduced window (integrate 1 frame). + +- Scan Settings + + - Brightness & Contrast: + Optimize using Videoscope at dwell/pixel capture settings. + (try in full frame or line scan). + + - Live (single frame) vs. frame & line averaging/integration + Frame averaging spreads out dose to mitigate charging artifacts, by averaging out the effects of a sudden flash. However, it does not overcome the general effects of charging and should be seen as a last ditch effort. + + Note: This is unusual for thermal spray coatings and anything conductive. + + - Scan Orientation: + Change scan rotation to scan perpendicular vs. parallel to features; + evaluate scan artifacts (is there image compression/stretching due to beam drift?) and mitigate charging artifacts. + +* EDX + +Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS, EDX, or XEDS), sometimes called energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA) or energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDXMA), is an analytical technique used for the elemental analysis or chemical characterization of a sample. The EDS analysis can be used to determine the elemental composition of individual points or to map out the lateral distribution of elements from the imaged area. + + +The energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) technique is mostly used for qualitative analysis of materials but is capable of providing semi-quantitative results as well. Typically, SEM instrumentation is equipped with an EDS system to allow for the chemical analysis of features being observed in SEM monitor. Simultaneous SEM and EDS analysis is advantageous in failure analysis cases where spot analysis becomes extremely crucial in arriving at a valid conclusion. Signals produced in an SEM/EDS system includes secondary and backscattered electrons that are used in image forming for morphological analysis as well as X-rays that are used for identification and quantification of chemicals present at detectable concentrations. The detection limit in EDS depends on sample surface conditions, smoother the surface the lower the detection limit. EDS can detect major and minor elements with concentrations higher than 10 wt% (major) and minor concentrations (concentrations between 1 and 10 wt%). The detection limit for bulk materials is 0.1 wt% therefore EDS cannot detect trace elements (concentrations below 0.01 wt%) [1]. + +[[https://youtu.be/y75CAupTmUo?si=5D96lFYpyjykaQ4A][Tutorial on using the AZtecLive software]] +[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XxrGunKAL0o&t=1s][Introduction to Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS)]] + +EDS Mapping displays the X-ray data as individual elemental images for different energy ranges. Mapping gives a quick understanding of the scanned area. Unlike Point Analysis, it shows the elements distribution across the scanned area. + + +Construct Maps +- Map +- TruMap + Performs deconvolution to separate the images +- QuantMap + + + + +Image Scan Size - 1024 +Dwell Time 10 um +Input Signal [ ] SE [ ] BSE +AutoLock On + +Fixed Duration +Energy Range 20 kEV +Number of channels 2048 +Process Time 2 +Pixel Dwell Time us 50 +Frame Live Time 10 + + + +Would suggest Line Spectra to show the change in composition from the top surface to the + + +Change the colors by selecting AutoLayer to really bring out the image + + + +[[https://www.unamur.be/services/microscopie/sme-documents/Energy-20table-20for-20EDS-20analysis-1.pdf][Great PDF with EDS specific Periodic Table]]. Need to eventually make our own using https://tikz.net/periodic-table/ + +** Displaying Outset + +Use outset graphs in EDX in order to show the change in composition + +https://mmore500.com/outset/index.html + +* Stellite Composition + + +#+CAPTION: The chemical compositions of the HIPed Stellite alloys and blends A, B and C in wt.% +|---------+----------+------------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+------+------+------+------+------| +| | Stellite | Description | Co | Cr | W | Mo | C | Fe | Ni | Si | Mn | +|---------+----------+------------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+------+------+------+------+------| +| Blend A | A1 | (Stellite 6 (HS6)) | 58.46 | 29.50 | 4.60 | 0.22 | 1.09 | 2.09 | 2.45 | 1.32 | 0.27 | +| | A3 | (50% HS6 + 50% HS20) | 50.80 | 30.68 | 10.45 | 0.25 | 1.72 | 2.30 | 2.37 | 1.16 | 0.27 | +| | A5 | (Stellite 20 (HS20)) | 43.19 | 31.85 | 16.30 | 0.27 | 2.35 | 2.50 | 2.28 | 1.00 | 0.26 | +|---------+----------+------------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+------+------+------+------+------| +| Blend B | B1 | (Stellite 1 (HS1)) | 46.84 | 31.70 | 12.70 | 0.29 | 2.47 | 2.30 | 2.38 | 1.06 | 0.26 | +| | B2 | (75% HS1 + 25% HS12) | 48.93 | 31.19 | 11.56 | 0.27 | 2.23 | 2.24 | 2.30 | 1.02 | 0.26 | +| | B3 | (50% HS1 + 50% HS12) | 51.00 | 30.68 | 10.43 | 0.25 | 1.98 | 2.19 | 2.21 | 0.99 | 0.27 | +| | B4 | (25% HS1 + 75% HS12) | 53.11 | 30.16 | 9.29 | 0.22 | 1.74 | 2.13 | 2.13 | 0.95 | 0.27 | +| | B5 | (Stellite 12 (HS12)) | 55.22 | 29.65 | 8.15 | 0.2 | 1.49 | 2.07 | 2.04 | 0.91 | 0.27 | +|---------+----------+------------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+------+------+------+------+------| +| Blend C | C1 | (Stellite 4 (HS4)) | 48.53 | 31.00 | 14.40 | 0.12 | 0.67 | 2.16 | 1.82 | 1.04 | 0.26 | +| | C2 | (75% HS4 + 25% HS190) | 48.57 | 30.06 | 14.40 | 0.14 | 1.31 | 2.15 | 2.07 | 1.03 | 0.27 | +| | C3 | (50% HS4 + 50% HS190) | 48.61 | 29.13 | 14.40 | 0.16 | 1.94 | 2.13 | 2.32 | 1.02 | 0.29 | +| | C4 | (25% HS4 + 75% HS190) | 48.66 | 28.19 | 14.40 | 0.18 | 2.58 | 2.12 | 2.56 | 1.01 | 0.3 | +| | C5 | (Stellite 190 (HS190)) | 48.72 | 27.25 | 14.40 | 0.20 | 3.21 | 2.1 | 2.81 | 1.00 | 0.31 | +|---------+----------+------------------------+-------+-------+-------+------+------+------+------+------+------| + + + +|--------------+-------+------+-------+-------+------+------+------+------+------+------| +| | | Co | Cr | W | Mo | C | Fe | Ni | Si | Mn | +|--------------+-------+------+-------+-------+------+------+------+------+------+------| +| Stellite 6 | HS6 | Bal. | 29.50 | 4.60 | 0.22 | 1.09 | 2.09 | 2.45 | 1.32 | 0.27 | +| Stellite 20 | HS20 | Bal. | 31.85 | 16.30 | 0.27 | 2.35 | 2.50 | 2.28 | 1.00 | 0.26 | +| Stellite 1 | HS1 | Bal. | 31.70 | 12.70 | 0.29 | 2.47 | 2.30 | 2.38 | 1.06 | 0.26 | +| Stellite 12 | HS12 | Bal. | 29.65 | 8.15 | 0.20 | 1.49 | 2.07 | 2.04 | 0.91 | 0.27 | +| Stellite 4 | HS4 | Bal. | 31.00 | 14.40 | 0.12 | 0.67 | 2.16 | 1.82 | 1.04 | 0.26 | +| Stellite 190 | HS190 | Bal. | 27.25 | 14.40 | 0.20 | 3.21 | 2.10 | 2.81 | 1.00 | 0.31 | +|--------------+-------+------+-------+-------+------+------+------+------+------+------| + + + + + + +* EDS + + +#+BEGIN_SRC jupyter-python :var tbl=EDS_Energy_Table :results output :session py +print(tbl) +#+end_src + + +** EDS Energy Table + +#+NAME: EDS_Energy_Table +#+CAPTION: Energy table for EDS analysis +| atomicNumber | name | Kalpha1 | Kalpha2 | Kbeta1 | Lalpha1 | Lalpha2 | Lbeta1 | Lbeta2 | Lgamma1 | Malpha1 | +|--------------+------+-----------+----------+----------+----------+-----------+----------+----------+----------+---------| +| 3 | Li | 54.3 | | | | | | | | | +| 4 | Be | 108.5 | | | | | | | | | +| 5 | B | 183.3 | | | | | | | | | +| 6 | C | 277 | | | | | | | | | +| 7 | N | 392.4 | | | | | | | | | +| 8 | O | 524.9 | | | | | | | | | +| 9 | F | 676.8 | | | | | | | | | +| 10 | Ne | 848.6 | 848.6 | | | | | | | | +| 11 | Na | 1040.98 | 1040.98 | 1071.1 | | | | | | | +| 12 | Mg | 1253.60 | 1253.60 | 1302.2 | | | | | | | +| 13 | Al | 1486.70 | 1486.27 | 1557.45 | | | | | | | +| 14 | Si | 1739.98 | 1739.38 | 1835.94 | | | | | | | +| 15 | P | 2013.7 | 2012.7 | 2139.1 | | | | | | | +| 16 | S | 2307.84 | 2306.64 | 2464.04 | | | | | | | +| 17 | Cl | 2622.39 | 2620.78 | 2815.6 | | | | | | | +| 18 | Ar | 2957.70 | 2955.63 | 3190.5 | | | | | | | +| 19 | K | 3313.8 | 3311.1 | 3589.6 | | | | | | | +| 20 | Ca | 3691.68 | 3688.09 | 4012.7 | 341.3 | 341.3 | 344.9 | | | | +| 21 | Sc | 4090.6 | 4086.1 | 4460.5 | 395.4 | 395.4 | 399.6 | | | | +| 22 | Ti | 4510.84 | 4504.86 | 4931.81 | 452.2 | 452.2 | 458.4 | | | | +| 23 | V | 4952.20 | 4944.64 | 5427.29 | 511.3 | 511.3 | 519.2 | | | | +| 24 | Cr | 5414.72 | 5405.509 | 5946.71 | 572.8 | 572.8 | 582.8 | | | | +| 25 | Mn | 5898.75 | 5887.65 | 6490.45 | 637.4 | 637.4 | 648.8 | | | | +| 26 | Fe | 6403.84 | 6390.84 | 7057.98 | 705.0 | 705.0 | 718.5 | | | | +| 27 | Co | 6930.32 | 6915.30 | 7649.43 | 776.2 | 776.2 | 791.4 | | | | +| 28 | Ni | 7478.15 | 7460.89 | 8264.66 | 851.5 | 851.5 | 868.8 | | | | +| 29 | Cu | 8047.78 | 8027.83 | 8905.29 | 929.7 | 929.7 | 949.8 | | | | +| 30 | Zn | 8638.86 | 8615.78 | 9572.0 | 1011.7 | 1011.7 | 1034.7 | | | | +| 31 | Ga | 9251.74 | 9224.82 | 10264.2 | 1097.92 | 1097.92 | 1124.8 | | | | +| 32 | Ge | 9886.42 | 9855.32 | 10982.1 | 1188.00 | 1188.00 | 1218.5 | | | | +| 33 | As | 10543.72 | 10507.99 | 11726.2 | 1282.0 | 1282.0 | 1317.0 | | | | +| 34 | Se | 11222.4 | 11181.4 | 12495.9 | 1379.10 | 1379.10 | 1419.23 | | | | +| 35 | Br | 11924.2 | 11877.6 | 13291.4 | 1480.43 | 1480.43 | 1525.90 | | | | +| 36 | Kr | 12649 | 12598 | 14112 | 1586.0 | 1586.0 | 1636.6 | | | | +| 37 | Rb | 13395.3 | 13335.8 | 14961.3 | 1694.13 | 1692.56 | 1752.17 | | | | +| 38 | Sr | 14165 | 14097.9 | 15835.7 | 1806.56 | 1804.74 | 1871.72 | | | | +| 39 | Y | 14958.4 | 14882.9 | 16737.8 | 1922.56 | 1920.47 | 1995.84 | | | | +| 40 | Zr | 15775.1 | 15690.9 | 17667.8 | 2042.36 | 2039.9 | 2124.4 | 2219.4 | 2302.7 | | +| 41 | Nb | 16,615.1 | 16,521.0 | 18,622.5 | 2,165.89 | 2,163.0 | 2,257.4 | 2,367.0 | 2,461.8 | | +| 42 | Mo | 17,479.34 | 17,374.3 | 19,608.3 | 2,293.16 | 2,289.85 | 2,394.81 | 2,518.3 | 2,623.5 | | +| 43 | Tc | 18,367.1 | 18,250.8 | 20,619 | 2,424 | 2,420 | 2,538 | 2,674 | 2,792 | | +| 44 | Ru | 19,279.2 | 19,150.4 | 21,656.8 | 2,558.55 | 2,554.31 | 2,683.23 | 2,836.0 | 2,964.5 | | +| 45 | Rh | 20,216.1 | 20,073.7 | 22,723.6 | 2,696.74 | 2,692.05 | 2,834.41 | 3,001.3 | 3,143.8 | | +| 46 | Pd | 21,177.1 | 21,020.1 | 23,818.7 | 2,838.61 | 2,833.29 | 2,990.22 | 3,171.79 | 3,328.7 | | +| 47 | Ag | 22,162.92 | 21,990.3 | 24,942.4 | 2,984.31 | 2,978.21 | 3,150.94 | 3,347.81 | 3,519.59 | | +| 48 | Cd | 23,173.6 | 22,984.1 | 26,095.5 | 3,133.73 | 3,126.91 | 3,316.57 | 3,528.12 | 3,716.86 | | +| 49 | In | 24,209.7 | 24,002.0 | 27,275.9 | 3,286.94 | 3,279.29 | 3,487.21 | 3,713.81 | 3,920.81 | | +| 50 | Sn | 25,271.3 | 25,044.0 | 28,486.0 | 3,443.98 | 3,435.42 | 3,662.80 | 3,904.86 | 4,131.12 | | +| 51 | Sb | 26,359.1 | 26,110.8 | 29,725.6 | 3,604.72 | 3,595.32 | 3,843.57 | 4,100.78 | 4,347.79 | | +| 52 | Te | 27,472.3 | 27,201.7 | 30,995.7 | 3,769.33 | 3,758.8 | 4,029.58 | 4,301.7 | 4,570.9 | | +| 53 | I | 28,612.0 | 28,317.2 | 32,294.7 | 3,937.65 | 3,926.04 | 4,220.72 | 4,507.5 | 4,800.9 | | +| 54 | Xe | 29,779 | 29,458 | 33,624 | 4,109.9 | | | | | | +| 55 | Cs | 30,972.8 | 30,625.1 | 34,986.9 | 4,286.5 | 4,272.2 | 4,619.8 | 4,935.9 | 5,280.4 | | +| 56 | Ba | 32,193.6 | 31,817.1 | 36,378.2 | 4,466.26 | 4,450.90 | 4,827.53 | 5,156.5 | 5,531.1 | | +| 57 | La | 33,441.8 | 33,034.1 | 37,801.0 | 4,650.97 | 4,634.23 | 5,042.1 | 5,383.5 | 5,788.5 | 833 | +| 58 | Ce | 34,719.7 | 34,278.9 | 39,257.3 | 4,840.2 | 4,823.0 | 5,262.2 | 5,613.4 | 6,052 | 883 | +| 59 | Pr | 36,026.3 | 35,550.2 | 40,748.2 | 5,033.7 | 5,013.5 | 5,488.9 | 5,850 | 6,322.1 | 929 | +| 60 | Nd | 37,361.0 | 36,847.4 | 42,271.3 | 5,230.4 | 5,207.7 | 5,721.6 | 6,089.4 | 6,602.1 | 978 | +| 61 | Pm | 38,724.7 | 38,171.2 | 43,826 | 5,432.5 | 5,407.8 | 5,961 | 6,339 | 6,892 | | +| 62 | Sm | 40,118.1 | 39,522.4 | 45,413 | 5,636.1 | 5,609.0 | 6,205.1 | 6,586 | 7,178 | 1,081 | +| 63 | Eu | 41,542.2 | 40,901.9 | 47,037.9 | 5,845.7 | 5,816.6 | 6,456.4 | 6,843.2 | 7,480.3 | 1,131 | +| 64 | Gd | 42,996.2 | 42,308.9 | 48,697 | 6,057.2 | 6,025.0 | 6,713.2 | 7,102.8 | 7,785.8 | 1,185 | +| 65 | Tb | 44,481.6 | 43,744.1 | 50,382 | 6,272.8 | 6,238.0 | 6,978 | 7,366.7 | 8,102 | 1,240 | +| 66 | Dy | 45,998.4 | 45,207.8 | 52,119 | 6,495.2 | 6,457.7 | 7,247.7 | 7,635.7 | 8,418.8 | 1,293 | +| 67 | Ho | 47,546.7 | 46,699.7 | 53,877 | 6,719.8 | 6,679.5 | 7,525.3 | 7,911 | 8,747 | 1,348 | +| 68 | Er | 49,127.7 | 48,221.1 | 55,681 | 6,948.7 | 6,905.0 | 7,810.9 | 8,189.0 | 9,089 | 1,406 | +| 69 | Tm | 50,741.6 | 49,772.6 | 57,517 | 7,179.9 | 7,133.1 | 8,101 | 8,468 | 9,426 | 1,462 | +| 70 | Yb | 52,388.9 | 51,354.0 | 59,370 | 7,415.6 | 7,367.3 | 8,401.8 | 8,758.8 | 9,780.1 | 1,521.4 | +| 71 | Lu | 54,069.8 | 52,965.0 | 61,283 | 7,655.5 | 7,604.9 | 8,709.0 | 9,048.9 | 10,143.4 | 1,581.3 | +| 72 | Hf | 55,790.2 | 54,611.4 | 63,234 | 7,899.0 | 7,844.6 | 9,022.7 | 9,347.3 | 10,515.8 | 1,644.6 | +| 73 | Ta | 57,532 | 56,277 | 65,223 | 8,146.1 | 8,087.9 | 9,343.1 | 9,651.8 | 10,895.2 | 1,710 | +| 74 | W | 59,318.24 | 57,981.7 | 67,244.3 | 8,397.6 | 8,335.2 | 9,672.35 | 9,961.5 | 11,285.9 | 1,775.4 | +| 75 | Re | 61,140.3 | 59,717.9 | 69,310 | 8,652.5 | 8,586.2 | 10,010.0 | 10,275.2 | 11,685.4 | 1,842.5 | +| 76 | Os | 63,000.5 | 61,486.7 | 71,413 | 8,911.7 | 8,841.0 | 10,355.3 | 10,598.5 | 12,095.3 | 1,910.2 | +| 77 | Ir | 64,895.6 | 63,286.7 | 73,560.8 | 9,175.1 | 9,099.5 | 10,708.3 | 10,920.3 | 12,512.6 | 1,979.9 | +| 78 | Pt | 66,832 | 65,112 | 75,748 | 9,442.3 | 9,361.8 | 11,070.7 | 11,250.5 | 12,942.0 | 2,050.5 | +| 79 | Au | 68,803.7 | 66,989.5 | 77,984 | 9,713.3 | 9,628.0 | 11,442.3 | 11,584.7 | 13,381.7 | 2,122.9 | +| 80 | Hg | 70,819 | 68,895 | 80,253 | 9,988.8 | 9,897.6 | 11,822.6 | 11,924.1 | 13,830.1 | 2,195.3 | +| 81 | Tl | 72,871.5 | 70,831.9 | 82,576 | 10,268.5 | 10,172.8 | 12,213.3 | 12,271.5 | 14,291.5 | 2,270.6 | +| 82 | Pb | 74,969.4 | 72,804.2 | 84,936 | 10,551.5 | 10,449.5 | 12,613.7 | 12,622.6 | 14,764.4 | 2,345.5 | +| 83 | Bi | 77,107.9 | 74,814.8 | 87,343 | 10,838.8 | 10,730.91 | 13,023.5 | 12,979.9 | 15,247.7 | 2,422.6 | +| 84 | Po | 79,290 | 76,862 | 89,800 | 11,130.8 | 11,015.8 | 13,447 | 13,340.4 | 15,744 | | +| 85 | At | 81,520 | 78,950 | 92,300 | 11,426.8 | 11,304.8 | 13,876 | | 16,251 | | +| 86 | Rn | 83,780 | 81,070 | 94,870 | 11,727.0 | 11,597.9 | 14,316 | | 16,770 | | +| 87 | Fr | 86,100 | 83,230 | 97,470 | 12,031.3 | 11,895.0 | 14,770 | 14,450 | 17,303 | | +| 88 | Ra | 88,470 | 85,430 | 100,130 | 12,339.7 | 12,196.2 | 15,235.8 | 14,841.4 | 17,849 | | +| 89 | Ac | 90,884 | 87,670 | 102,850 | 12,652.0 | 12,500.8 | 15,713 | | 18,408 | | +| 90 | Th | 93,350 | 89,953 | 105,609 | 12,968.7 | 12,809.6 | 16,202.2 | 15,623.7 | 18,982.5 | 2,996.1 | +| 91 | Pa | 95,868 | 92,287 | 108,427 | 13,290.7 | 13,122.2 | 16,702 | 16,024 | 19,568 | 3,082.3 | +| 92 | U | 98,439 | 94,665 | 111,300 | 13,614.7 | 13,438.8 | 17,220.0 | 16,428.3 | 20,167.1 | 3,170.8 | +| 93 | Np | | | | 13,944.1 | 13,759.7 | 17,750.2 | 16,840.0 | 20,784.8 | | +| 94 | Pu | | | | 14,278.6 | 14,084.2 | 18,293.7 | 17,255.3 | 21,417.3 | | +| 95 | Am | | | | 14,617.2 | 14,411.9 | 18,852.0 | 17,676.5 | 22,065.2 | | + + + +* SEM SOP +** Stopping the Microscope + +- Switch off the high voltage by clicking on the HV button in the Electron Beam panel. +- Remove your samples from the microscope. +- Pump the microscope. +- Close the program (use Exit from the File menu) select the Switch off (the microscope) and exit (the application) option. +- Wait until the VegaTC program closes itself. The microscope configuration will be automatically saved on the hard drive. +- Shut down OS Windows in the usual way. +- Turn the main switch to the left (OFF position). + +** Loading of the sample + +- Use only one gloved hand when handling samples and holders +- Avoid letting the sample holder or any part of the sample exchange rod touch non-clean surfaces which may be contaminated with hand-oil +- Never "blow on" or exhale on samples to dry them, use the IR lamp instead +- Always make sure all screws are tight and that you always have a sure grip +- Always ask if you have a question + +** Images at Low Magnification + + +There are four factory presets for the accelerating voltage (5 kV, 10 kV, 20 kV, 30 kV), one +for each HV index. The user does not need to make any further adjustments by switching +among them and using magnification up to 4000x. + +Click on the PUMP button in the Vacuum panel to start the pumping procedure +(Figure 2). It usually takes around 3 minutes to reach vacuum ready - status which +means that the microscope is ready to use. If there is a need to exchange the +specimen, follow the instructions in chapter 8.2. + + + +[[download:20240310-112336_screenshot.png]] + +In the SEM Detectors & Mixer panel select the appropriate detector from the list box +(Figure 3). We recommend using the SE or BSE detector. When the BSE detector is +used, make sure that the detector is not retracted! See chapter 6 for detailed infor- +mation + + +[[download:20240310-112456_screenshot.png]] + + + +[[download:20240310-112616_screenshot.png]] + + +3. Select the accelerating voltage (30 kV recommended) using the combo box in the +Electron Beam panel (Figure 5). +4. Clicking on the HV button in the Electron Beam panel turns the high voltage on and +starts the heating of the tungsten filament (see Figure 5). +5. Right-click in the SEM Scanning window to open the menu and select the Minimum +Magnification function (Figure 6) + + +[[download:20240310-112645_screenshot.png]] + + +[[download:20240310-112723_screenshot.png]] + + +7 Select RESOLUTION mode (click on the Scan Mode function in the Info Panel (see +Figure 10) and select RESOLUTION or use the Continual Wide Field option – switches +automatically between WIDE FIELD and RESOLUTION mode and vice versa when +increasing or decreasing magnification) + +Focus the image by clicking on the WD icon in the Toolbar and turning the +Trackball from left to right (or vice versa). Alternatively use the Auto WD function for +focusing (see Figure 6). Double-clicking (left mouse button) in the SEM Scanning +window opens the Focus window. To remove the Focus window double-click +anywhere in the SEM Scanning window. + + +To select beam intensity (BI 10 recommended), first left-click on the BI icon +on the Toolbar and then use the arrows in the Pad panel (Figure 8). + + + +[[download:20240310-113043_screenshot.png]] + +10. To select the sample position in the Stage Control panel, click on the appropriate +number button on the carousel (Figure 9) or use the manual knobs in the case of the +SB microscope type. +11. Placing the cursor over the SEM Scanning window and clicking the mouse wheel +moves that area on the stage into the centre of the image. See chapter 7.2 for other +mouse actions. +12. To magnify the image click on the Magnification icon on the Toolbar and turn +the Trackball from left to right. +13. Once the area of interest is magnified and focused as desired, right-click on the +Speed icon on the Toolbar and select the appropriate scanning speed. +14. Clicking on the Acquire button in the Info Panel (Figure 10) or on the icon +on the Toolbar saves the image. Fill in the note, sign and description field +if necessary. Choose a folder in which to store the image. To change the parameters +of the image use the Image Parameters function in the main SEM menu + + +[[download:20240310-113153_screenshot.png]] + + +[[download:20240310-113251_screenshot.png]] + +5. Clicking on the icon opens the dialogue for saving the actual adjustment of the +microscope. It is possible to restore the saved adjustment of the microscope later. + +** Images at High Magnification + +The best resolution is achieved at the highest accelerating voltage (30 kV) of the primary +electrons. +1. Insert an appropriate sample for high magnification images (e.g. tin on carbon +sample, Figure 18). +2. Select the fourth HV index using the combo box in the Electron Beam panel (20 kV - +30 kV) and turn on the high voltage. +3. Focus the image in RESOLUTION mode (click on the Scan Mode function in the Info +Panel and select RESOLUTION or use the Continual Wide Field option). +Note: Use the Degauss column function by means of the icon before changing WD&Z or WD. The image should remain in focus. + +Check the spot size, which is determined by the BI value. Right-click in the SEM +Scanning window to select the optimum BI value – Auto BI OptiMag. +5. For the best resolution, it is necessary to work at a short working distance (WD). The +optimum WD is about 5 mm for the SE detector (in the case that the BSE is not +mounted underneath the objective lens). For BSE images the optimum WD is about +8.5 mm. To change the working distance together with Z-axis, without defocusing +the image, use the WD&Z function in the Stage Control panel (Figure 15). + +WARNING: Moving the manipulator with the specimen can cause it to collide with other inner +components of the microscope and can cause damage to the microscope. Control the +movements of the manipulator by video camera imaging (open the Chamber View by clicking +on the +icon). The manipulator's movement can be stopped by clicking on the Stop +button in the Stage Control panel (see Figure 15). + + +[[download:20240310-113624_screenshot.png]] + +Gradually magnify and focus the image to achieve 10kx magnification. In the case +that the image is moving during focusing, it is necessary to check the centering +of the objective. Select the Manual Column Centering function using the combo box +in the Electron Beam panel after clicking on the Adjustment >>> button (Figure 16). +The Manual Centering Wizard window will appear (Figure 17). Clicking on the WOB +button opens the Focus window in the SEM Scanning window. Click on the Next>> +button to obtain the next instructions. The function of the centering has two adjust- +able values. To be sure just one value is changing, hold down the F12 key to change +only X movement at the Trackball, and the F11 key to change only Y movement. +7. Each time that the image is too dark or light it is necessary to use the Auto Signal +function (see Figure 6 or use the icon ). To set the contrast and brightness +manually, click on the icon and use the Trackball. + + +[[download:20240310-113731_screenshot.png]] + + + +[[download:20240310-113752_screenshot.png]] + + +At higher magnifications (>10kx) it is necessary to check if astigmatism (Figure 18 +(a), (b)) is precisely corrected (Figure 18 (c)). To correct astigmatism click on the +Stigmator function in the Info Panel (Figure 19). For precise correction use the Focus +window (in the SEM Scanning window) and the F11 and F12 keys in the same way +as in point 6. + + +[[download:20240310-113907_screenshot.png]] + + +9. Select the appropriate scanning speed and save the image. +10. Clicking on the icon opens the dialog for saving the current adjustment of the +microscope. It is possible to restore the saved adjustment of the microscope later. + + +[[download:20240310-113937_screenshot.png]] + + +** Specimen Exchange + +The specimen should somehow be fixed or glued to the specimen stub before it is inserted into the chamber. It is possible to use 12.5 mm specimen stubs or any other specimen holders, delivered as microscope accessories (see chapter 9.7). +If the specimen is examined in high vacuum mode, it must be conductive or must be made conductive using one of the methods described in the technical information. The conductive surface of the specimen must be conductive contacted to the stub. +Non-conductive samples can be investigated in low vacuum mode. +Instructions: +1. Vent the microscope by using the VENT button in the Vacuum panel. Wait until the pressure is at atmospheric level. +2. Set the tilt of the specimen stage to zero. +3. Open the chamber door by gently pulling it. +4. The automatic positions set up in the Stage Control panel can be used, which are intended for specimen position exchange. To select the sample position click on the appropriate number button on the carousel. At this time the button background is red to indicate the specimen exchange mode. diff --git a/standards/friction.org b/standards/friction.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d9783b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/standards/friction.org @@ -0,0 +1,124 @@ +In dry sliding between a given pair of materials under steady conditions, the +coefficient of friction may be almost constant. This is the basis for two +EMPIRICAL Laws of Sliding Friction, which are often known as Amontons’ Laws +and date from 1699. They are in fact not original but a re-discovery of work by +Leonardo Da Vinci dating from some 200 years earlier. +Amontons’ Laws of Friction can be stated as follows: +1. Friction is proportional to normal load. +2. The friction is independent of the apparent area of contact. +A third Law of Friction was added by Coulomb (1785): +3. The friction is independent of sliding velocity. +These three Laws are collectively known as the Amontons-Coulomb Laws. They +are based on EMPIRICAL OBSERVATIONS only and there is NO PHYSICAL BASIS +for these Laws. If a tribological contact does not appear to behave in agreement +with these Laws, it does not mean that there is something suspect about this +behaviour. These Laws are not FUNDAMENTAL in the same way that Newton’s +Laws are fundamental. +Most metals and many other materials in dry sliding conditions behave in a way +that broadly agrees with the First Law. Contacts between metals and ceramics +and metals and polymers rarely agree with the First Law. +Most materials agree with the Second Law, with the exception of polymers. +Most materials agree with the Third Law, but only over a moderate range of +sliding velocities. The transition from rest to sliding at low velocities does not +agree with the Third Law and at high sliding velocities, in particular in metals, +the dynamic friction coefficient falls with increasing velocity. +Further Laws have subsequently been added, until we end with: +1. Friction is proportional to normal load. +2. Friction is independent of the apparent area of contact. +3. Friction is independent of sliding velocity. +4. Friction is independent of temperature. + 5. Friction is independent of surface roughness. +These are, in sum, the classical laws of friction. Ceramics and polymers usually +do not conform to these laws. +Modern understanding of friction stems from the work of Philip Bowden and +David Tabor (mostly at Cambridge) between the 1930s and the 1970s and is +based on careful analysis of contact mechanics. Their model for sliding friction +assumes firstly that all frictional effects take place at the level of micro (or +asperity) contacts and that the total friction force has two components: an +adhesion force and a deformation or ploughing force. The former is associated +with the real area of contact at an asperity level, the latter with the force +needed for the asperities of the harder surface to plough through the softer +surface. These assumptions are sufficient to explain why many material +contacts do not behave in accordance with the classical Laws of Friction. +In a metal-metal contact, the deformation at an asperity level is mostly plastic. +This means that the real area of contact is proportional to load. Increasing load +leads to an increase in the number of asperity contacts rather than an increase +in the average asperity contact surface area; more asperities are brought into +action to support the increased load. Because of this, there is minimal increase +in penetration depth of the asperities. As the ploughing component of friction +depends on penetration depth, it is thus not highly dependent on load. The +adhesion component however is proportional to the real area of contact, hence +the load. Hence, the total friction in this type of contact is effectively +proportional to load. It is of course important to note that even this agreement +with the Classical Laws breaks down once oxide and other surface films are +present or once work hardening at an asperity level takes place. +By comparison with the metal-metal contact, metal-ceramic and metal-polymer +contacts tend to give rise to elastic deformation at an asperity level. In +ceramics, this is because of very high hardness. In polymers this is because the +ratio between Young’s modulus and hardness is low. This means that, except in +the case of contact between a polymer and a very rough surface, the contact is +almost completely elastic. +A further consideration in respect of contacts involving polymers is the strong +time dependence of their mechanical properties; most polymers are visco- +elastic. +In those contacts where the deformation at asperities level is elastic (as +opposed to plastic) the real area of contact for a single asperity will be +proportional to the load raised to the power 2/3. The real area of contact thus +increases by less than proportional to load. Because of this, the friction force +tends to decrease with increasing load, but this is only true with a relatively +smooth metal counter face, where adhesion friction predominates. +Whereas surface roughness does not have much impact on the friction in a +metal-metal contact other than during running-in processes, this is not the case +with the metal-polymer contact. Minimum friction is achieved with a metal +surface roughness of around 0.2 Ra. With higher surface roughness, the +ploughing contribution to friction increases sharply with increased penetration of +the polymer surface, whereas with very smooth surfaces the adhesion +component of friction increases dramatically. Of course, these frictional +responses will be modified by the presence of either transfer films or entrained +debris. +Before leaving the issue of surface roughness, it is worth noting that in addition +to the bulk effect of surface roughness, asperity orientation and shape also +have an effect on friction. With a metal surface ground in one direction, the +frictional response of a polymer sliding across the surface may depend on the +orientation of the surface topography relative to the direction of sliding. This +can prove a particular problem in running a polymer pin on the surface of a +metallic disc in a pin on disc configuration. +Now, whereas in the metal-metal contact, over a limited speed range, we can +ignore the effects of sliding velocity, we cannot do the same for the metal- +polymer contact. This is because of the visco-elastic properties of the polymer: +the higher the deformation velocity, the higher the effective Young’s modulus of +the polymer. This results in lower surface penetration at higher speeds and +hence lower ploughing friction and a lower real area of contact and hence lower +adhesive friction. +In our final consideration of the classical Laws of Friction, we should perhaps +consider temperature. In the metal-metal contact, modest temperatures do not +give rise to major changes in the mechanical characteristics of the materials, so +it is perhaps safe (over a modest temperature range) to consider that friction is +independent of temperature. This is of course no longer the case at elevated +temperatures or under conditions at which asperity tip temperatures result in +the softening or melting of the material. +In the case of polymers, the Young’s modulus falls sharply with rising +temperature leading to an increase in contact area and an increase in adhesive +friction. The product of friction and sliding velocity is frictional energy input, +giving rise to an increasing contact temperature. This is accompanied by a +further softening of the material and increase in friction, which reaches a +maximum at the point where the real area of contact approaches the nominal +area of contact. Further increase in temperature will cause the polymer to melt +or collapse. This is the PV limit of the material. +From the above analysis, it should be clear that for many contacts the classical +Laws of Friction do not apply. A different set of Laws of Friction should perhaps +be postulated as follows: +1. Friction is NOT proportional to normal load. +2. Friction is NOT independent of the apparent area of contact. +3. Friction is NOT independent of sliding velocity. +4. Friction is NOT independent of temperature. +5. Friction is NOT independent of surface roughness. +Because ceramics and polymers do not obey the classical Laws of Friction, +because the friction coefficient varies so greatly with load, sliding speed, +surface roughness and temperature, a list of friction coefficients for such +materials is of no value. This represents a serious challenge for the +manufacturers of these materials when attempting to produce data of use in +engineering design applications. +And finally, a brief glance at the Stribeck curve should be sufficient to convince +anyone that the classical laws of dry sliding friction obviously do not apply to +lubricated contacts! diff --git a/standards/index.org b/standards/index.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..660b972 --- /dev/null +++ b/standards/index.org @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ + + + + +| Rockwell | ASTM E18 | +| Vickers | ASTM E384 | +| Adhesion Strength Tensile Test | ASTM C633 | +| Area Percent Porosity | ASTM E2109 | +| Coating Thickness | ASTM B487 | +| Metallographic Preparation | ASTM E3, E1920 | +| Grain Size (Comparison Method Only) | ASTM E112, E930 | +| Microetching | ASTM E407 | +| Alpha Case | MCL III-273 | +| IGA/IGO / Casting Mold Reaction/Alloy Depletion | MCL III-251 | +| Delta Ferrite | MCL III 237.06 | +| Heat Treatment Solution/Incipient Melting Measurement | MCL III-221 | +| Wrought Titanium Microstructure | MCL III-273 | +| Micro Porosity by Image Analysis and Point Count | MCL III-270, ASTM E562 | +| Oxidation Test | HRC LM-100 | + +* Specimen Pairs & Wear + +The first issue to address in designing a test is which way round, in terms of relative hardness, to have the specimen pair. Traditionally, many wear tests have involved running a soft pin or ball on a hard disc or plate. Under these conditions, the wear occurs on the softer material, sometimes accompanied by the generation of a transfer film on the harder material. + +Measurement of material lost from the softer pin or ball is relatively easy. It should however be remembered that if material has been transferred to the disc or plate, its mass may increase. + +If the specimen pairs are reversed, with a harder pin or ball running on a softer disc or plate, we generate a different mechanism, depending on the relative hardness, the contact pressure and contact shape. What happens to the disc or plate specimen depends on the nature of the material. +With metallic specimens, plastic deformation of the surface and work hardening may take place, thus changing the nature of the material. With coated surfaces, repeated passes by a hardened pin or ball may give rise to adhesion-de-lamination and subsequent failure of the coating. +If we define wear exclusively as the removal of material, it will be apparent that if the scar generated on the disc or plate specimen involves plastic deformation (material is redistributed but not removed), then it cannot be considered in the true sense as a “wear” scar. With this contact configuration, the processes involved may be more analogous to forming or machining processes. In the case of forming, we would anticipate plastic deformation, and in the case of machining, removal of material by cutting or ploughing action. + +In real machines, we frequently find contacting materials of similar hardness, with the result that wear is shared between the two contacting surfaces. The only solution here is to measure the wear on both surfaces, not forgetting that, if the materials are different, the wear rate will still be dependent on which material is used for the pin or ball and which is used for the disc or plate. This is because the energy inputs are different for the two specimens. + +* Overlap Parameter + +Now let’s move on to the overlap parameter. +If we have a 10 mm diameter pin running on a 100 mm circumference disc track, +then in one revolution, a point on the pin experiences 100 mm of sliding. +However, a similar point on the disc sees only a single pass of the pin, hence a +sliding distance of just 10 mm. Double the track circumference and the point on +the pin sees 200 mm sliding per revolution whereas the point on the disc still only +sees 10 mm. +Hence, in this example, changing the track diameter has a direct impact on how +the sliding distance, hence the wear, is shared between the two surfaces. It also +means that running repeat tests at different track diameters, at the same surface +speed on the same disc, will generate different wear rates. +By contrast, with the thrust washer arrangement, the sliding distance for a point +on either sample has to be the same. This probably makes it a better arrangement +for testing many materials, unless, of course, we wish deliberately to confine the +majority of wear to one surface. +The "overlap parameter" (Czichos) is defined as the ratio of sliding distance for +"body" divided by sliding distance for "counter body". For the thrust washer this +is 1, for fretting tests it is close to 1, but for pin on disc tests it is variable, but is +typically less than 0.05. The overlap parameter also applies for reciprocating +tests, but here there is not the temptation to use the equivalent of different pin +on disc track diameters, as one would sensibly keep the stroke the same and +index the specimen plate sideways to run a fresh wear track. + + +* Specimen Orientation +Slide 22Specimen Orientation +Let’s think a bit about specimen orientation. +If we run a pin on disc machine with the pin loaded onto the disc from above, any +wear debris generated will tend to accumulate on the surface. +This will give different behaviour from exactly the same configuration turned +upside down. +In this case, the debris will fall off the disc surface, giving different friction and +wear behaviour. + diff --git a/standards/meche_metallurgy.org b/standards/meche_metallurgy.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..72dee02 --- /dev/null +++ b/standards/meche_metallurgy.org @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:4e1814fc3da5eb7ac5b455e7624bfdb696fe0a5972738f172dfc36489f91457c +size 102910 diff --git a/standards/meche_tribology.org b/standards/meche_tribology.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dbe7b22 --- /dev/null +++ b/standards/meche_tribology.org @@ -0,0 +1,327 @@ +:PROPERTIES: +:ID: 6e35d9c4-787d-4334-9c68-457868bcc91b +:END: +#+TITLE: Tribolology +#+AUTHOR: Vishakh Pradeep Kumar +#+EMAIL: v.kumar@hw.ac.uk + + +# https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PL9nARBd2NBsYWarjXrv4ZxTUl0Qx0izkF + +Thermal spraying is an established industrial method for the surfacing and resurfacing of engineered components. Metals, alloys, metal oxides, metal/ceramic blends, carbides, wires, rods and various composite materials can be deposited on a variety of substrate materials to form unique coating microstructures or near-net-shape components. Thermal spray coatings provide a functional surface to protect or modify the behavior of a substrate material and/or component. A substantial number of the world’s industries utilize thermal spray for many critical applications. 4 Key application functions include restoration and repair; corrosion protection; various forms of wear such as abrasion, erosion and scuff; heat insulation or conduction; oxidation and hot corrosion; electrical conductors or insulators; near-net-shape manufacturing; seals, engineered emissivity; abradable coatings; decorative purposes; and more. + +Thermal spraying surfaces and resurfaces engineered components to protect or modify the behaviour of a substrate component. Unique coating microstructures made from blending metals, alloys, oxides, ceramics, carbides, and composites are used to resist wear & corrosion, manage thermal efficiency, and enhance electrical properties, among others. + +Thermal spray coatings require a heat/energy source, consumable materials, and gases to propel the consumable as fine molten droplets against the part surface. The droplets strike the part, solidify and adhere, with each layer forming a lamellar "pancake-like" splat structure. The metallurgical properties of the coating are dependent on the thermal and kinetic energy used. + + +* Introduction + +SEM and x-ray microanalysis capture magnified images and chemical data from metallographic samples. They work in a high vacuum, using a powerful electron beam to analyze backscattered and secondary electrons for insight. +A conductive specimen is crucial for directing most electrons to the ground. Image formation relies on collecting scattered signals from the beam-sample interaction. + +Backscattered and secondary electrons, the primary signals for imaging, arise within the interaction volume. Backscattered electrons are reflected back after elastic interactions between the electron beam and the sample, while secondary electrons originate from the atoms of the sample. Backscattered electrons come from deeper regions of the sample and increase with higher atomic number while secondary electrons originate from surface regions and are less affected by atomic number. + + +* Sample Preparation for Scanning Electron Microscopy +SEM delves into surfaces, yet interior details are often more interesting; one must uncover them gently while preserving the sample's essence & structures. Mechanical prep boils down to gradual material removal with abrasives in finer steps until the desired outcome. + +For metals & alloys, samples are sectioned by saws and prepared by grinding & polishing. Serrated saw blades cut hard - they take a chunk, but mar the surface. Grinding and polishing smooth the surface step by step to reveal the true undeformed microstructure; etching may follow, depending on imaging needs. For best analysis, a pristine, mirror-like flat surface is imperative. + + +** Sample Labeling + +Properly marking the SEM specimen is vital. Use an alphanumeric code, unique and constant from sample selection to final data. Direct labeling is rare, but an indelible marker under a metal specimen suffices. If immediate labeling isn't possible, store in a labeled container. Preserve identity, especially with multiple samples on one stage - it is remarkably hard to distinguish between polished samples. + +Quality tools aid small specimen labeling and prep. A sturdy 100-mm glass lens with 5x magnification, fixed to adjustable support, near flexible lights, is handy; one can be found with soldering hands. A smaller 10x lens for closer inspection helps. + +** Abrasive Sectioning + +Cutting aims for minimal damage to microstructure; the right blade is crucial to avoid burning and heat generation. Abrasive discs with silicon carbide or alumina abrasives in a resin or rubber bond are used for abrasive cutting. Be sure to orient the specimen correctly! Blades should enter coating and exit base to keep the coating compressed; cracks should not be formed (by tension) when one wishes to study failure mechanisms. Lubricate for safe & damage-free cutting; in addition to removing swarf, the right cutting fluid protects from rust. + +Blades break, samples crack or burn in abrasive cutting. Here's how to identify causes and rectify them: +- Chipped or broken blades + Sample may have moved during cut, secure sample properly. + The cutting force might be too high, reduce cutting force weight. +- Bluish burnt color on specimen + Incorrect cutting fluid, blade, or excessive force. + Consult applications guideline for proper blade & cutting fluid. + +** Precision Sectioning + +Thin saws, rim-pressed with diamond abrasive, equipped with micrometers ensure exact alignment and positioning. Finer abrasives produce less damage but take longer; fine grit diamond blades have particle sizes of 10-20 microns, like 600 grit sandpaper, while medium grit wafering blades have particle sizes of 60-70 microns, akin to 220 grit. Regular dressing keeps these blades cutting their best; metal smeared over the abrasive's cutting edge is removed by a ceramic abrasive in a soft matrix. + +** Sample Mounting + +Mounting secures samples for grinding in controlled orientation while protecting sample edges. The sample is mounted by casting in a hardenable plastic or be compressing it into a hot plastic. + +*** Mounting for small sample (eg. powder) +Most specimens examined in the SEM are much smaller than the SEM chamber and can usually fit on a Cambridge specimen stub, which is 12 mm in diameter and 3 mm thick. +The general approach is to make the specimen as small as possible without compromising the appearance of the features of interest and the ability of the microscope to image and analyze these features. + +** Grinding & Polishing +Grinding is performed by abrasive particles bonded in resin or metal matrix - silicon carbide for softer materials, diamond for harder ones. Choose abrasives harder than the material but choose methods carefully, as aggressiveness may erode vital features (eg. alumina coatings). Polishing employs loose abrasives for gentler, superior finish although with slower removal. + + +* COMMENT Operational parameters used to chemically analyze samples in the scanning electron microscope +Depending on the accelerating voltage of the primary beam, +the BSE and XRP signals are generated deep (μ ms) below the +surface of the sample, in contrast to the shallow (nms) genera- +tion depth of the SE signals. + +The BSE topographic images are generally inferior to the high +quality images provided by the SE. +3. The ideal specimen surface for the most accurate and precise +analytical information is flat and highly polished in order +to reduce surface roughness to no more than 100 nm. This +requirement is particularly important for x-ray microanalysis. +Resolution of these problems is dependent on sample preparation. +4. The deeper generation of the BSE and x-ray photons in the +sample may create operational problems with the analysis of +thin films on substrates of particles, rough surfaces, and beam +sensitive specimens. + +Table 9.1. Comparison of the different signals and the range of +operational voltage and current commonly used in scanning elec- +tron microscopy and x-ray microanalysis. Kv = voltage, A = beam +current, SE = secondary electrons, BSE = backscattered electrons, +EBSD = electron backscattered diffraction, EDS = energy dispersive +x-ray photon spectroscopy, WDS = wavelength dispersive x-ray pho- +ton spectroscopy, CL = cathodoluminescence +| Signal | Operational voltage Kv | Operational current A | +| SE | 10eV to 30Kv | 10pA to 200nA | +| BSE | 500eV to 30Kv | 100pA to 200nA | +| EBSD | 10Kv to 30Kv | 1–10nA | +| EDS | 1Kv to 20Kv | 250pA to 200nA | +| WDS | 1Kv to 20kv | 10nA to 200nA | +| CL | 2Kv to 20Kv | 300pA to 1nA | + +The two main variable parameters of the incoming primary +beam are the acceleration voltage and beam current. In simple +terms, +the higher the voltage the faster the electrons move and the further they penetrate into the specimen. +The higher the beam current, the greater the number of electrons. +High accelerating voltage is associated with increased resolution, and high beam current is associated with an increase in the signal emitted from the specimen. + +The actual voltage and beam current used to examine and analyze a given specimen is very variable and strongly influenced by the following sample parameters: + +1. The magnification and spatial resolution needed to obtain the +appropriate information from the specimen +2. The type of signals needed from the sample +3. The voltage and current needed to get this information +4. The density and conductivity of the sample +5. The sensitivity of the sample to radiation damage + + + +Backscattered Electron Imaging: Useful for Distinguishing +Differences Between Broad Groups of Elements +Unlike the SE signal, the BSE coefficient (η ) increases nearly +monotonically with the atomic number of the specimen. For +example, ten times more of the incident electron beam is back- +scattered by gold than by carbon. The differences in the BSE +coefficient form the basis of the qualitative analytical procedure. +A high-atomic-number inclusion in low-atomic-number material +gives a strong BSE signal, which can be used to give sufficient +differential contrast in an image, but can only locate the inclusion. + +There are four conditions that should be met in order to make +full and proper use of this analytical technique: +1. The best signals come from flat, highly polished, conductive +samples with no preparation induced surface deformations. +2. There should be maximal specific localization of high-atomic- +number elements within the sample. +3. There should be minimal nonspecific distribution of high- +atomic-number elements within the sample. +4. The BSE signal must provide an adequate structural images. + + + +* COMMENT Sample Cleaning + +Once cleaned, the specimen either goes directly into the +specimen chamber of a scrupulously clean SEM. This is not to +suggest that this is the only time cleaning occurs; it is a continu- +ous and repetitive process during sample preparation to remove +every thing that is not an original and integral part of the sample. +If a particular preparative procedure contaminates the specimen, +clean it off before going on to the next task. + +It is best to assume that all specimens are to some extent +contaminated (and so too are our fingers). As a golden rule, +always wear disposable plastic gloves and use clean metal tools, +such as forceps or tweezers, when handling specimens, placing +prepared specimens onto the microscope stage, and removing +them after examination. + +There are two general types of cleaning, non-contact cleaning +in which there is no physical contact between the cleaning agent +and the specimen, and contact cleaning in which there is physi- +cal and chemical contact between the cleaning agent and the +sample. Ideally we would like only to use non-contact processes +to ensure that the sample surface is undamaged. For example, +loosely adherent dust can be removed from a dry specimen by a +puff of clean air or, better still, a low pressure jet of an inert gas +such as nitrogen. Most cleaning is achieved using solids, fluids, +chemicals, or high energy beams that are applied to the sample +surface by varying degrees of physical contact. These processes +should not leave any traces of the cleaning materials as this may +compromise any subsequent chemical analysis. + +As a general rule the cleaning process should start by using +the mildest cleaning agent and the least physical contact. There +is only one rule; the cleaning process must not damage or modify +the specimen. + + +The cleaning process must remove mineral and organic oils, grease, and paint together with any traces of inorganic and organic chemicals on the surface. +One of the principal contaminants on metal samples is carbon and organic carbon compounds derived either from faulty cleaning or the microscope itself. + +Mechanical means such as high pressure particle abrasion +such as sandblasting and lapping procedures that will certainly +clean the sample but at the expense of surface erosion and +damage. This approach should not be used as a final stage +for topographical studies, but is a good preliminary cleaning +process for preparing specimens for subsequent surface analy- +sis. +2. Chemical processes such as powerful detergents, organic +solvents, reactive acids, and alkalis. This approach can be used +to clean metal surfaces for imaging in the SEM + +For topographic imaging, the surface must be degreased by +washing in high purity solvents such as acetone, toluene, or +alcohol, using an ultrasonic cleaner. It is important to use several +changes of the degreasing agent. + + +Table 10.1. A simple procedure for cleaning a metal surface +1. Remove adherent dry material with a tooth brush. +2. Remove oil and grease with a suitable solvent and a soft rag. +3. Treat metal surface with a suitable acid. +4. Dip into a boiling solution of ammonia and detergent solution +and scrub well. +5. Rinse the metal surface ten times first in tap water and then distilled +water. +6. Air dry the metal at ambient temperature. + + + + +A more vigorous cleaning of non-porous specimens is achieved +with an ultrasonic cleaner, in which the high frequency vibrations +are transferred to the cleaning fluid producing a turbulent pen- +etrating action. These cleaners are used in conjunction with water +or solvents to remove contaminating material from crevices and +small holes. Prolonged exposure to an ultrasonic cleaner may +damage some softer specimens. A final rinse with methanol helps +to remove any remaining surface films. + + +Plasma cleaning is a very effective way of removing organic +contamination before the sample goes into the microscope + + + +This phenomenon was referred to as charg- +ing and is a common feature of most secondary electron images of +non-conducting specimens. This is because the secondary electrons +are emitted with such low energies, 5–50 eV, that local potentials +due to charging can have a large effect on the collection of the SE +signal detector, which typically has a potential of +300 V. + + + + + +Modifying the Microscope by Optimizing the Operating +Conditions to Reduce Charging + +However, specimen charging is a unique phenome- +non of the SEM and it would be erroneous not to briefly consider +the changes that may be made to the operation of the microscope +in order to reduce charging. Some of these changes have already +been hinted at in the Introduction. +1. Lowering both the voltage and current of the incident beam +diminishes charging. This is the first and easiest change to +make. +2. Changing the scan speed from slow to TV rate diminishes the +time the sample is exposed to the incoming beam. +3. Use the higher energy backscattered electron to image the +specimen rather than the much lower energy secondary elec- +trons, which are more readily influenced by both positive and +negative charging. +4. Charging may be minimized for a given material by operat- +ing the microscope at a low voltage, with the E1 selected to +correspond to the E2 upper crossover point as shown in Table +11.2 . In the modern SEM, the accelerating voltage easily may +be changed by small increments of 100 eV or less + + +The E2 values may be determined using the scan square test +described by Joy and Joy (1996). The uncoated sample is placed +in the SEM and imaged at ×100 at 3–5 Kev and a TV scan rate. +The magnification is very quickly increased to ×1,000, maintained +there for 5 s, and then immediately returned to ×100. The small +scan area at the center of the screen is then examined. + +1. If the scan area is brighter than the background, then the sample +is charging negatively and the beam energy is greater than E2 +(or less than E1 +). +2. If the scan area is darker than the background, then the sample +is charging positively and the beam energy is less than E2 (or +greater than E1 +). +Set the SEM at its lowest operating voltage and repeat the scan +square test. If the sample is charging positively, then E1 < E2 +. +Carefully increase the voltage and image the sample at the point +where charging is minimized. If the sample is charging negatively, +then E1 > E2 and it is not possible to lower the voltage any further, +the sample should be tilted 45° and the scan square repeated. +1. When carrying out energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis, +check that the maximum x-ray photon energy emitted from +the specimen is equal to the energy of the incident electron +beam producing the x-rays. This is referred to as the Duana- +Hunt Limit. +2. Pre-bombard the sample with an argon beam that traps posi- +tive ions in porous surfaces, which suppresses the build-up of +a negative charge. + + + +* COMMENT Sample Artifacts and Damage +The sole reason for using a scanning electron microscope is to obtain +accurate, precise and reproducible information about their structure +and chemical identity. We seek information either to confirm and +extend our existing knowledge about an object or investigate a new +and unknown object. The information we obtain is either in the +form of a picture (image) or as files of numerical data. We need to +be able to validate this information because the processes of obtain- +ing images and data using the SEM are usually very invasive and +totally alien to the environment in which we and our specimens +exist. We must be satisfied that the procedures used to obtain infor- +mation do not damage the object or introduce artifacts. +Damage is an unexpected and irreversible change in the object and +can occur before and during microscopy. In many cases, damage is +very obvious in an image and some examples are shown later in +this chapter. However, sometimes the damage is less immediately +obvious. +Artifacts are perceived structural distortions or misrepresentative +chemical changes to the original object that arise as a consequence of +the techniques used in preparing objects for subsequent microscopy +and analysis. Artifacts are frequently not immediately obvious. + +Specific Discipline Journals Containing +Specimen Preparation Methods + +Acta Materials www.elsevier.com/locate/actamat +Corrosion Science www.elsevier.com/locate/corsci +Intermetallicswww.elsevier.com/locate/intermet +Journal of Electronic Materials www.springer.com +Journal of Materials Research www.mrs.com +Journal of Materials Science www.springer.com +Materials Science and Engineering www.elsevier.com/locate/msea +Metallurgy and Materials www.asm.com +Metallurgical Transactions www.tms.com +Powder Metallurgy www.maney.co.uk diff --git a/thesis.org b/thesis.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..00ac3d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/thesis.org @@ -0,0 +1,1709 @@ +#+TITLE: Cavitation Erosion in Blended Stellite Alloys +#+AUTHOR: Vishakh Pradeep Kumar + + + + + +Since the 1930s, investigations on cavitation erosion have sought to quantiy the cavitation erosion resistance of materials, establish correlations with mechanical properties (yield & tensile strength, strain energy, elastic modulus, and hardness), and formulate phenomenological models that describe the cavitation erosion process. + +Materials grouped by similar microstructure show a trend of increasing cavitation erosion resistance with increasing hardness, although this trend does not necessarily hold across disparate materials \cite{HANDBOOKCAVITATIONDAMAGE}. In addition to the original hardness of the material, cavitation erosion resistance appears to be resistant to the ability of a metal to be work hardened \cite{HANDBOOKCAVITATIONDAMAGE}. + + + +. +Strain energy and its evolution to erosion strength because of how stellite shows phase transformation effects. + +Steller \cite{} noted the poor agreement beween + +Steller [72,73] observed that often there was poor agreement between cavitation resistance of materials measured in different types of test rigs and this proved to be a stumbling block in the prediction of material performance in the prototype. + + +* Phase Transformation + +The Cr7C3 carbide is unstable at high temperatures and transforms to M_{23}C_{6} upon heat treatment. Under further temperature and time, Cr_{23}C_{6} partially transforms to Cr_6C \cite{mohammadnezhadINSIGHTMICROSTRUCTURECHARACTERIZATION2018}. + +2M_{7}C_{3} + 9M \rightarrow M_{23}C_{6} + +M_{23}C_{6} + 13M \rightarrow 6M_{6}C + + + + + +* Grain size + +ASTM E112 +Heyn Lineal Interceot Procedure + + +* Stellite Introduction + +mp-1221498 + + + +Chromium provides superior hot oxidation and corrosion resistance by forming resilient Cr2O3 scales. + +many cobalt-based alloys, most of its service strength relies on generating and controlling MC, M7C3, and M23C6 carbide particles within grains, interdendritic spaces, and grain boundaries. + + +M7C3 is a metastable pseudo-eutectic carbide typically formed at lower carbon-chromium ratios and effectively transforms into secondary M23C6 upon heat treatment according to the following reactions: [4] + +$$ 23Cr_{7}C_{3} \rightarrow 7Cr_{23}C_6 + 27C $$ +$$ 6C + 23Cr \rightarrow Cr23C6 $$ + + + +* FCC to HCP Transformation + +# I *love* this paragraph +# https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.11.011 +# The ε-Co and γ-Co phase are the main phases in Co alloys [39]. According to the phase diagram, the ε-Co phase is more stable at room temperature [40]. However, the γ-Co to ε-Co transformation rarely occurs under normal cooling conditions, and as a result, the γ-Co phase is generally retained at room temperature [39], as we found in the as-deposited Stellite 6 coatings. Nevertheless, this transformation can be triggered athermally (e.g. quenching from temperature of γ-Co) [25,41], isothermally (e.g. aging at temperatures between 650 °C and 950 °C) [35,42,43], or by strain [30,31]. In this study, the thermal fatigue process was achieved by quenching, with heating temperatures of up to 650 °C, and the crack tip introduced severe plastic deformation, all conditions that promote the γ-Co to ε-Co transformation. + + +* Strain Energy + +As cavitation erosion is caused by consecutive bubble impacts over a duration of time, similar to fatigue phenomenon, with accumulte86d strain energy is natural tothe ability of the material to + + +# Ultimate resilience (also called unit rupture work) is the amount of energy absorbed per unit volume of material as it is taken from zero load to rupture, in tension. In the context of a tensile stress-strain curve, ultimate resilience is the area under the curve. + + +Thiruvengadum defines erosion strength as the energy absorbed per unit volume of material up to fracture under the action of the erosive force in various environments \cite{thiruvengadamConceptErosionStrength1967}. + +| Thiruvengadam, Thiruvengadam and Waring [65,66] + +Thiruvengadum \cite{thiruvengadamUnifiedTheoryCavitation1963, thiruvengadamMechanicalPropertiesMetals1966} + +Steady state erosion rate \propto \frac{1}{SE} + + +CavitationErosionBehaviourSteelPlateScroll + + + +* Karimi and Leo + +The Karimi and Leo phenomenological model describes cavitation erosion rate as a function of + +Karimi and Leo + +* Hoff and Langbein equation + +Hoff and Langbein proposed a simple exponential function for the rate of erosion, representing the normalized erosion rate requiring only the +A simple exponential function for the rate of erosion was proposed by Hoff and Langbein, + +$$ \frac{ \dot{e} }{ \dot{e_{max}} } = 1 - e^{\frac{-t_i}{t}} $$ + +$\dot{e}$ - erosion rate at any time t +$\dot{e_{max}}$ - Maximum of peak erosion rate +$t_i$ - incubation period (intercept on time axis extended from linear potion of erosion-time curve) +$t$ - exposure time + +* L Sitnik model + +$$ V = V_o {\left[ ln\left( \frac{t}{t_o} + 1 \right) \right]} ^ {\beta} $$ + + +$$ \dot{V} = \frac{\beta V_o}{t + t_o} {\left[ ln \left( \frac{t}{t_o} + 1 \right) \right]}^{\beta - 1}$$ + +V_o > 0 +t_o > 0 +\beta >= 1 + + + + +* Timeline latex +Use for cavitation curves models +https://github.com/MLNLP-World/Paper-Picture-Writing-Code/blob/main/latex/imgs/category/timeline.png + +* TODO Find out the SEM guy at BITS Pilani + +https://www.facebook.com/bitsdubai/posts/-we-are-pleased-to-announce-the-inauguration-of-the-newly-established-advanced-c/291636303624927/ + +* TODO + +Need to get ASTM G32 buttons made by that Chinese CNC dude Tulika showed you + + +* Project Proposal + +** Abstract + + + +Cavitation erosion process is a multifaceted phenomenon that depends not only on the strength characteristics of cavitating bubbles but also on the erosion resistance of materials to the cavitation energy imparted upon them. The loss of material due to cavitation leads to degradation in performance + + +The aim of this MSc project is to investigate the resistance of blended stellite alloys to cavitation erosion. The cavitation phenomena is simulated by ultrasonic vibrating probes, or sonicators, located at fixed gap from the material. + +The synergistic effect existing between cavitation erosion and corrosion erosion is investigated with the help of in-situ electrochemical measurements of corrosion. + + +# Describe the apparatus +Experiments are to be conducted using an ultrasonic vibratory horn, with fixed frequency 20 kHz and variable peak to peak amplitude. + +# Describe the need for scanning electron microscopy +Scanning electron microscopy is to be used to characterize the microstructural characteristics of the cavitated sample surfaces, as well as cross sections of the surface directly underneath cavitation. + + + +** Introduction + + +# Context +# How well was the project placed in the context of previous work? +# In your case, you really need to underscore Rehan's work on stellites and Ahmed's work on cavitation erosion + + +# Describe why there is a need to look from both the fluid and solid perspective +Cavitation erosion is a complex phenomenon that results from hydrodynamic elements and material characteristics \cite{Franc2004265}. + +# Hydrodynamic POV +From a hydrodynamic standpoint, cavitation erosion results from the formation of and subsequent collapse of vapor bubbles within a fluid medium, due to the local pressure reaching the saturated vapor pressure (due to pressure decrease (cavitation) or temperature increase (boiling)). When these bubbles implode, they emit heat, shockwaves, and high-speed microjets that can impact adjacent solid surfaces, leading to damage to the surface and removal of material due to the accumulation of damage following numerous cavitation events. + +The required pressure drop required by cavitation could be provided by the propagation of ultrasonic acoustic waves and hydrodynamic pressure drops, such as constrictions or the rotational dynamics of turbomachinery \cite{GEVARI2020115065}. + +# Now do the materials POV +The resultant stress levels, which range from 100 - 1000 MPa, can surpass material resistance thresholds, including yield strength, ultimate strength, or fatigue limit, leading to material removal from the surface and subsequent degradation of industrial sysytems. The high strain rate in cavitation erosion makes it rather comparable to explosions or projectile impacts, albeit with very limited volume of deformation and repeated impact loads. The plastic deformation results in progressive hardening, crack propagation, and local fracture and removal of material, with the damage being a function of intensity and frequency of vapor bubble collapse. The selection of more resistent materials requires investigation of material response to cavitation stresses, with the mechanism of erosion being of particular interest. The resulting reduction of performance & service life and the increased maintenance and repair costs motivate research into understanding how materials respond to the impact of a cavitating material. Cavitation erosion is a major problem in hydroelectric power plants \cite{Romo201216}, Francis turbines \cite{Kumar2024}, nuclear power plant valves \cite{Kim200685,Gao2024}, condensate and boiler feedwater pumps \cite{20221xix}, marine propellers \cite{Usta2023}, liquid-lubricated journal bearings \cite{Cheng2023}, pipline reducers \cite{Zheng2022, Chen201442, Mokrane2019}. + +# The commercial wear resistant Stellite alloys are derived from the Co–Cr–W–C family first investigated by Elwood Haynes in early 1900s [1]. + +# Stellites +Stellite alloys consist of a cobalt (Co) matrix with solid-solution strengthening of chromium (Cr) and tungsten(W)/moblybdenum(Mo), and hard carbid phases (Co, Cr, W, and/or Mo carbides) \cite{Shin2003117, Crook1992766, Desai198489, Youdelis1983379}. The matrix provides execelent high-temperature performance, while the carbides provide strength, wear resistance and resistance to crack propagation \cite{Ahmed2021, Crook199427}. + +# Applications +Stellites are typically used for wear-resistant surfaces in lubrication-starved, high temperature or corrosive environments \cite{Zhang20153579, Ahmed2023, Ahmed20138, Frenk199481, Song1997291}, such as in the nuclear industry \cite{McIntyre1979105, Xu2024, Gao2024}, oil & gas \cite{Teles2024, Sotoodeh2023929}, marine \cite{Song2019}, power generation \cite{Ding201797}, and aerospace industries \cite{Ashworth1999243}. Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) consolidation of Stellite alloys offers significant technological advantages for components operating in aggressive wear environments \cite{Ahmed20138, Ahmed201470, Ashworth1999243, Yu20071385}. Yu et al \cite{Yu2007586, Yu20091} note that HIP consolidation results in superior impact and fatigue resistance over cast alloys. + +# Why are stellites OP at cavitation? +# Stellites have good CE resistance due to the low stacking fault energy of the cobalt fcc phase, which favors planar slip dislocations and increases the number of cycles that leads to fatigue failure. + +# Understanding the matrix phase +Understanding the cobalt phase is crucial for studying structural changes in Co-based alloys widely used in industry. Cobalt and Co-Cr-Mo alloys undergo thermally induced phase transformation from the high temperature face-centered cubic (fcc) $\gamma$ phase to low temperature hexagonal close-packed (hcp) $\epsilon$ phase at 700 K and strain induced fcc-hcp transition through maretensitic-type mechanism (partial movement of dislocations) \cite{HUANG2023106170}. At ambient conditions, the metastable FCC retained phase in stellites can be transformed into HCP phase by mechanical loading, although any HCP phase is completely transformed into a FCC phase between 673 K and 743 K \cite{DUBOS2020128812}; the metastable fcc cobalt phase in stellite alloys \cite{Rajan19821161} absorbs a large part of imparted energy under the mechanical loading of cavitation erosion. The fcc to hcp transition is related to the very low stacking fault energy of the fcc structure (7 mJ/m2) \cite{Tawancy1986337}. Solid-solution strengthening leads to increase of the fcc cobalt matrix strength (due to distortion of the atomic lattice with the additino of elements of different atomic radiuses), decrease of low stacking fault energy \cite{Tawancy1986337} due to the adjusted electronic structure of the metallic lattice, and inhibition of dislocation cross slip. Given that dislocation cross slip is the main deformation mode in imperfect crystals at elevated temperature, as dislocation slip is a diffusion process that is enhanced at high temperature, this leads to high temperature stability \cite{LIU2022294}. The addition of nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), and carbon (C) stabilize the fcc structure of cobalt (a = 0.35 nm), while chromium (Cr) and tungsten (W), stabilize the hcp structure (a = 0.25 nm and c = 0.41 nm), although Cr and W increases hot corrosion resistance \cite{Vacchieri20171100, Tawancy1986337}. +# Maybe get the size of atoms and show the mismatch? + + +# Let's now move into the carbides portion. +In addition to solid-solution strengthening, the precipitation of carbides allows stellites to endure mechanical and thermal stresses at high temperature. \cite{Gui20171271,osti_4809456} + + + + +# Novelty +# How well was the novelty of the project expressed? + +To date, academic research pertaining to cavitation erosion specifically on HIP'd stellite alloys appears to be absent from the existing literature. + + +# Novelty - Me jerking off to the novelty of my thesis +Given the detrimental influence of voids and defects on cavitation erosion, the lack of academic investigation into cavitation erosion on HIP (Hot Isostatic Pressing) stellite alloys, underscores the need for further exploration. Moreover, the complexity introduced by blended stellite alloys in the context of cavitation erosion in corrosive enironments adds another layer of intrigue to this research endeavor. By analyzing the interactions between alloy composition, microstructure, and cavitation erosion behavior, this thesis aims to fill a critical gap in the current understanding of material performance under cavitation erosion conditions. + + + + + +# As-cast cobalt-base superalloys consist of a variety of carbides, which mainly includes coarse primary M7C3, M23C6 and MC + + + + +While solid-solution strengthening is a necessary factor in stellites, the most important strengthening mechanism in current alloys is the precipitation of carbides. + +Cr guarantees hot corrosion resistance and forms M23C6 carbides, while form MC carbides +\cite{Vacchieri20171100}. + + + + + + +Cavitation erosion of Stellites is material removal through crack propagation through the cobalt matrix through the matrix-carbide interface \cite{Szala2021}, making the solid solution strengthening of the matrix a critical parameter \cite{Heathcock1981597}. + +\cite{Zhang2021} find that high hardness + +Therefore, the negative effect of porosity is weaker than the positive effect of grain refinement, low dilution ratio and high hardness on cavitation performance. Consequently, SLD coating has better cavitation resistance than LC coating. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.}, + + +Liu et al \cite{Liu2022} find that Stellite 21 has superior CE resistance in seawater due to the formation of compact Cr oxides on erosion pits. + + + + + + HIPed Stellite 6 wear behaviour relies on the plastic deformation of cobalt matrix, starting at Cr7C3/matrix interfaces. + + Once the Cr7C3 particles lose from the matrix restrain, they debond from matrix and are removed from the material. + + Carbides detachment creates cavitation pits which initiate cracks propagation through cobalt matrix, leading to further detachment of chunks of material. + + + +# Motivation +# Scope +# Aims + + + + +** Aims and Objectives +# Were the aims of the project clearly expressed? +# Were they specific and measurable? +# Were they realistic? +# Were adequate timescales referred to? + +** Methodology + +Cavitation testing is to be carrier out according to ASTM G32 indirect method, with an ultrasonic titanium tip operating at a frequency of 20kHz and peak to peak amplitude of 50 um. + +- The time period for each test was 1 h, except the polarization test, in fresh batch of mediums. +- The standoff distance between the sample and the ultrasonic transducer was kept constant at 2 mm. +- The temperature of the water is to be maintained at room temperature of 22 °C ± 0.5 °C +- The pH of the water is to be maintained at a pH range of 7.5 - 8.5. + +test arrangement. + + +*** Work Packages +Were tangible work packages (activities and steps) defined that would be used to achieve the aims of the project? + + +Research phase Objectives Deadline + +- Background research and literature review + - Meet with supervisor for initial discussion + - Read and analyze relevant literature + - Use new knowledge to refine research questions + - Develop theoretical framework +- Research design planning + Design questionnaires + Identify channels for recruiting participants + Finalize sampling methods and data analysis methods +- Data collection and preparation + Recruit participants and send out questionnaires + Conduct semi-structured interviews with selected participants + Transcribe and code interviews + Clean data +- Data analysis + Statistically analyze survey data + Conduct thematic analysis of interview transcripts + Draft results and discussion chapters +- Writing + Complete a full thesis draft + Meet with supervisor to discuss feedback and revisions +- Revision + Complete 2nd draft based on feedback + Get supervisor approval for final draft + Proofread + Print and bind final work + Submit + + + + +*** Resources +Were the resources needed for the project well-defined? Were they in place already? Was there a statement of the planning needed to put the necessary resources in place? + +*** Associated risks +# Were the risks which might affect the success of the project defined? +# Were measures suggested to mitigate these? + +Main risk about the dissertation is the time allowed. Indeed, despite of having some basic knowledge in solid mechanics, I’ll need to really understand in depth the physics behind the phenomenon of vibration, to get a complete frame of work principle of BWTs. Moreover, time of simulations is not compressible and based on previous experiences, including SpecEng1 project, 3D simulations can take a long time depending on needed precision. Also, even if I used ANSYS CFX by the past, the software is so complete that it might be long to master it. The creation of the Gantt chart will help managing my time, allocating enough time for each subsidiary objective. + +**** Technical Risks + +# If your project is based around a technology, technical risks relate to specific challenges to delivering that technology and making it work as expected. + +Technical risk pertains to the development and manufacturing of the experimental rig, with focus on the ability of the system to achieve the performance required to meet technical specifications and stakeholder expectations. + +- Experimental setup complexity + Experimental setup could pose unexpected issues due to lack of planning + + Risk mitigation strategies: + + - Detailed Planning and Design in CAD + The rig is to be designed in CAD to ensure all subsystems meet spatial, power, and I/O requirements. + + - Expert Consultation & Review + The rig design is to be reviewed by supervisor and other expereinced researchers & engineers. Feedback is to be recorded and designed altered to alleviate concerns. Identified people for review are: + - Dr Rehan Ahmed + - Dr Mohammed Al-Musleh + - Muhsin Aykapaddatu + +- Functionality/performance is not as expected or to specification + - Pilot testing of experimental rig to ASTM G32 standard + Validation of rig using the known materials and comparing results to existing data. + + - Documenting Procedures and Troubleshooting Protocols + Maintaining documentation of all components used as reference, in addition to developing a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) outlining each step of the experimental procedure according to the ASTM G32 standard. + + - Modular Design & Redundancies + The experimental rig design is modularized, in order to allow for easy modificatino and adjustment of components as needed. Spare parts are to be readily available, either in nearby storage or purchasable through local vendors; rig design is to allow for rapid replacement or repair if necessary. + +- Noise exposure +- Chemical Hazards +- Instrumentation Failure + +**** Data Acquisition and Analysis + +Managing and analyzing large volumes of experimental data, including high-speed imaging and erosion measurements, can be daunting. Ensuring the reliability, accuracy, and consistency of data collection and analysis methods is essential for drawing valid conclusions. + +***** Pre-Experiment Preparation: +Develop a detailed data acquisition plan outlining the parameters to be measured, the sampling frequency, and the duration of data collection. +Ensure all data acquisition equipment is properly calibrated and validated before starting experiments. + +***** Quality Control Measures: +Implement rigorous quality control measures during data acquisition to minimize errors and ensure data accuracy. +Conduct regular checks to verify the consistency and reliability of measurements throughout the experiment. + +***** Data Management Protocols: +Establish clear protocols for data management, including organization, storage, and backup procedures to prevent loss or corruption of data. +Use standardized file naming conventions and metadata documentation to facilitate data retrieval and analysis. + +***** Real-Time Monitoring: +Implement real-time monitoring of data acquisition systems to promptly identify and address any issues or anomalies during experiments. +Set up alerts or alarms for out-of-range measurements to prevent data loss or invalid results. + +***** Data Validation and Verification: +Validate acquired data by comparing it with theoretical predictions, empirical models, or data from previous studies. +Perform sensitivity analyses and cross-checks to verify the consistency and reliability of results obtained from different measurement techniques or instruments. + +***** Statistical Analysis Techniques: +Apply appropriate statistical analysis techniques to identify trends, correlations, and outliers in the acquired data. +Utilize statistical software packages for robust analysis and interpretation of experimental results. + +***** Error Propagation Analysis: +Conduct error propagation analysis to assess the impact of measurement uncertainties on the final results. +Quantify uncertainties associated with each measurement parameter and propagate them through the analysis to determine their effect on the overall conclusions. + +***** Peer Review and Collaboration: +Seek feedback and peer review from colleagues, advisors, or experts in the field to validate the accuracy and reliability of data analysis methods and results. +Collaborate with researchers with expertise in data analysis techniques to enhance the robustness and comprehensiveness of your analysis. + +***** Documentation and Reproducibility: +Document all data acquisition and analysis procedures in detail, including software codes, algorithms, and assumptions used. +Ensure transparency and reproducibility of data analysis by providing comprehensive documentation and making raw data and analysis scripts available to others. + + +** Other stuff + + +Issues with integration with other technologies/hardware/software within the project +Failures under test or demonstration conditions +Failure to meet required standards or legislation. + +Implementation Risks +To some extent these are inter-related to all the risks you identify, but essentially relate to project management issues during delivery of your project. They might include: +Substantial delays in the tasks +Overspend or other financial issues +Partners leaving, not contributing to the project as intended, or going in to liquidation +Legal issues, such as data protection issues or IP infringement. + + +Societal & Commercialization Risks are outside the scope of this research proposal. + + + + + + + +*** Expected outcomes +Was the anticipated result of the project clearly defined? +Were sensible interim milestones identified? + + +*** Resources needed + +*** Risks anticipated + + +*** Beneficiaries of work + +# Was it made clear who would benefit from the work carried out in the project + +# Contribution to knowledge + +To finish your proposal on a strong note, explore the potential implications of your research for your field. +Emphasize again what you aim to contribute and why it matters. +For example, your results might have implications for: +Improving best practices for cavitation erosion research at Heriot-Watt University +Comparing models that predict erosion resistance +Challenging popular or scientific beliefs +Creating a basis for future research + + +* Literature review + + +# Describe why there is a need to look from both the fluid and solid perspective +Cavitation erosion is a complex phenomenon that results from hydrodynamic elements and material characteristics \cite{Franc2004265}. When components are exposed to sustained cavitation erosion, the component surface is degraded and material is progressively lost. Cavitation erosion is a major problem in hydroelectric power plants \cite{Romo201216}, Francis turbines \cite{Kumar2024}, nuclear power plant valves \cite{Kim200685,Gao2024}, condensate and boiler feedwater pumps \cite{20221xix}, marine propellers \cite{Usta2023}, liquid-lubricated journal bearings \cite{Cheng2023}, pipline reducers \cite{Zheng2022, Chen201442, Mokrane2019}. + +# Hydrodynamic POV +From a hydrodynamic standpoint, cavitation erosion results from the formation of and subsequent collapse of vapor bubbles within a fluid medium, due to the local pressure reaching the saturated vapor pressure (due to pressure decrease (cavitation) or temperature increase (boiling)). When these bubbles implode, they emit heat, shockwaves, and high-speed microjets that can impact adjacent solid surfaces, leading to damage to the surface and removal of material due to the accumulation of damage following numerous cavitation events. The required pressure drop required by cavitation could be provided by the propagation of ultrasonic acoustic waves and hydrodynamic pressure drops, such as constrictions or the rotational dynamics of turbomachinery \cite{GEVARI2020115065}. Impurities in the fluid, such as solid particles and nanobubbles with a radius of 500nm can significantly reduce the cavitation threshold leading to increased cavitation intensity. When these bubbles collapse near walls, the concentration of energy on very small areas of the wall result in high stress levels on the wall. + +# Let's hyperfocus on the wall for a bit +# In the case of a nucleus situated in the middle of a very confined domain # between two parallel walls, growth is fastest in the directions parallel to the wall. During the subsequent collapse phase, the reverse occurs: there is a rapid equatorial contraction and the bubble takes the shape of an hourglass, before splitting into two symmetric bubbles. Each one then develops a re-entrant jet directed towards the nearest wall. + +# The notion that the aggressiveness of cavitation could be +# assessed through a consideration of energy conversion was +# already acknowledged by Hammitt + +# Now do the materials POV +The resultant stress levels, which range from 100 - 1000 MPa, can surpass material resistance thresholds, including yield strength, ultimate strength, or fatigue limit, leading to material removal from the surface and subsequent degradation of industrial sysytems. The high strain rate in cavitation erosion makes it rather comparable to explosions or projectile impacts, albeit with very limited volume of deformation and repeated impact loads. The plastic deformation results in progressive hardening, crack propagation, and local fracture and removal of material, with the damage being a function of intensity and frequency of vapor bubble collapse. The selection of more resistent materials requires investigation of material response to cavitation stresses, with the mechanism of erosion being of particular interest. The resulting reduction of performance & service life and the increased maintenance and repair costs motivate research into understanding how materials respond to the impact of a cavitating material. + + +# The commercial wear resistant Stellite alloys are derived from the Co–Cr–W–C family first investigated by Elwood Haynes in early 1900s [1]. + +# Stellites + +Stellite alloys belong to the cobalt-chromium family, with the addition of tungsten or molybdenum as the main alloying elements. +The matrix in stellite alloys consist of cobalt (Co) with solid-solution strengthening of a substantial amount of chromium (Cr) and tungsten(W)/moblybdenum(Mo), resulting in high hardness & strength at high temperature, with carbide precipitations (Co, Cr, W, and/or Mo carbides) adding strength and wear resistance \cite{Shin2003117, Crook1992766, Desai198489, Youdelis1983379, Ahmed2021, Crook199427}. + +# Understanding the matrix phase +# Understanding the cobalt phase is crucial for studying structural changes in Co-based alloys widely used in industry. +Cobalt and Co-Cr alloys undergo thermally induced phase transformation from the high temperature face-centered cubic (fcc) $\gamma$ phase to low temperature hexagonal close-packed (hcp) $\epsilon$ phase at 700 K and strain induced fcc-hcp transition through maretensitic-type mechanism (partial movement of dislocations) \cite{HUANG2023106170}. At ambient conditions, the metastable FCC retained phase in stellites can be transformed into HCP phase by mechanical loading, although any HCP phase is completely transformed into a FCC phase between 673 K and 743 K \cite{DUBOS2020128812}; the metastable fcc cobalt phase in stellite alloys \cite{Rajan19821161} absorbs a large part of imparted energy under the mechanical loading of cavitation erosion. The fcc to hcp transition is related to the very low stacking fault energy of the fcc structure (7 mJ/m2) \cite{Tawancy1986337}. + +# Let's talk about the addition of other elements +Solid-solution strengthening leads to increase of the fcc cobalt matrix strength (due to distortion of the atomic lattice with the addition of elements of different atomic radii), and decrease of low stacking fault energy \cite{Tawancy1986337} due to the adjusted electronic structure of the metallic lattice. Dislocation motion in stellites is discouraged by solute atoms of Mo and W, due to the large atomic sizes. Given that dislocation cross slip is the main deformation mode in imperfect crystals at elevated temperature, as dislocation slip is a diffusion process that is enhanced at high temperature, this leads to high temperature stability \cite{LIU2022294}. In addition, nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), and carbon (C) stabilize the fcc structure of cobalt (a = 0.35 nm), while chromium (Cr) and tungsten (W), stabilize the hcp structure (a = 0.25 nm and c = 0.41 nm) \cite{Vacchieri20171100, Tawancy1986337}. + +# Maybe get the size of atoms and show the mismatch? + +The amount and types of carbides dispersed in the stellite matrix are primarily determined by the carbon content, with higher carbon content encouraging carbides with higher C/M ratios, while the size of carbides is determined by the cooling rate. Carbon content can be used to distinguish between different Stellite alloys: high-carbon Stellites designed for high wear resistance, abrasion, & severe galling, medium-carbon (0.5 - 1.6% wt) Stellites used for high temperature service, and low-carbon (<0.5% wt) stellites used primarily for corrosion resistance, cavitation, & sliding wear \cite{kapoor2013microstructure}. Low-carbon stellites depend primarily of solid-solution strengthening for their mechanical properties. As the carbon content increases, the W/Mo content is usually also increased to prevent depletion of Cr from matrix solid solution strengthening. Chromium is the predominant carbide former, with M7C3 and M23C6 phases, in addition to providing corrosion resistance and strength to the stellite matrix. Difference between the M7C3 and M23C6 phases is not readily visible under SEM. In tungsten-containing alloys, carbides of type M7C3 and M6C are formed in addition to the matrix. Ahmed et al report on the identification of intermetallic Co3W and Co7W6 phases through XRD, although these phases are not identified in SEM observations. + + +# Insert table of stellite compositions here + +# Why are stellites OP at cavitation? +# Stellites have good CE resistance due to the low stacking fault energy of the cobalt fcc phase, which favors planar slip dislocations and increases the number of cycles that leads to fatigue failure. + +# Applications +Stellites are typically used for wear-resistant surfaces in lubrication-starved, high temperature or corrosive environments \cite{Zhang20153579, Ahmed2023, Ahmed20138, Frenk199481, Song1997291}, such as in the nuclear industry \cite{McIntyre1979105, Xu2024, Gao2024}, oil & gas \cite{Teles2024, Sotoodeh2023929}, marine \cite{Song2019}, power generation \cite{Ding201797}, and aerospace industries \cite{Ashworth1999243}. Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) consolidation of Stellite alloys offers significant technological advantages for components operating in aggressive wear environments \cite{Ahmed20138, Ahmed201470, Ashworth1999243, Yu20071385}. Yu et al \cite{Yu2007586, Yu20091} note that HIP consolidation results in superior impact and fatigue resistance over cast alloys. + + + +# The heck is a blended stellite alloys +A blended stellite alloy is formed by hot isostatic pressing of a mixture of two stellite powders. The powders are created through gas atomization, in which a stream of liquid stellite alloy is disrupted and atomized into tiny molten droplets by a high-pressure inert gas flow. The free-falling molten droplets rapidly solidify into spherical particles before being collected, forming high quality stellite powders with controllable size. The rapid cooling of the powder during atomization leads to reduced precipitation of carbides and supersaturation of the metallic matrix with other elements, as seen in the reduced proportion of carbide phases detected in the XRD performed on powders, compared to XRD of HIP'd samples. The mixing of powders is conducted in a powder hopper that ensures uniform distribution of powder mixtures. The HIP treatment was conducted at a temperature of 1200 C and a pressure of 100 MPa for a duration of 4 hours, resulting in full dense blended stellite alloys. During the HIP'ing process, carbides are precipitated, in addition to reduction of supersaturation of the matrix. + + +Depending on the composition of the stellite powders used, the blended alloys could possess uniform microstructure or regions that are similar to the constituent powders. This is due to the different diffusion rates of the added elements - carbon diffuses through the blended alloys while tungsten cannot diffuse due to its high atomic radius. + +# Blended stellitttte alloys +# Mechanical alloying has been defined as a process that involves repeated cold welding, fracturing and rewelding of powder particles in a high-energy ball mill. Mechanical alloying is a solid-state powder processing process that combines mixtures of powders in a high-energy ball mill to induce the creation of a homogeneous alloy through repeated cold welding, fracturing, and rewelding. Every time two balls collide, some amount of powder is hit, with the particles plastically deformed and welded together, resulting in composite particles. The process continues until all composite particles contain the starting ingredients in the proportion they were mixed together. As the process does not involve the phase transformation of the constituent powders, mechanical alloying allows for the synthesis of novel blends with composite phases that would be difficult or impossible to produce via traditional casting techniques. The composite particles can be consolidated through sintering or hot isostatic processing to produce Compositionally Complex Materials. + + + + + + + + +# Let's describe the ultrasonic cavitation setup and go deeper +# Why is thin layer stuff so important? +The ASTM G32 standard defines the study of cavitation performance of materials by placing an ultrasonic sonotrode above a stationary specimen, forming a thin liquid layer between the two solid walls. the sonotrode horn emits an acoustic wave into the fluid and causes cavitation when the pressure amplitude is sufficiently high. Due to the reflection and superposition of ultrasound in the thin liquid layer, the intensity of cavitating bubbles is increased, leading to accelerated cavitation erosion. + +#+CAPTION: Parameters defined by ASTM G32 +| Parameter | Value | +|------------------------+---------| +| Frequency | 20 kHz | +| Peak-to-peak amplitude | 50 um | +| Gap | 0.5 mm | +| Horn diameter | 15.9 mm | + +Endo et al \cite{Endo1967229} found that the extent of damage depends upon the thickness of the thin liquid layer, Kikuchi et al \cite{Kikuchi1985211} find that the extent of damage is a function of the reciprocal of the thickness of the liquid layer. For thicknesses $h < 0.5mm$, numerous bubbles coalese into several large bubble clusters in contact with the horn tip and the staionary specimen, while for thicknesses $h > 0.5mm$, the numerous bubbles produced are isolated \cite{Me-Bar1996741,Abouel-Kasem201221702, Wu201775}. + + + + + + + + +# Why is controlling temperature so important? + +The test water temperature affects the degree of cavitation erosion \cite{Singer1979147, Ahmed1998119}, with mass loss rate initially increasing with increase in temperature, peaking at an optimum temperature $T_m$, then decreasing with further increase in temperature \cite{Peng2020}, with bulk liquid temperatures above 50 C not altering erosion rate significantly \cite{Singer1979147, Nagalingam20182883}. + + +However, it must be noted that the temperature of the liquid film between the ultrasonic tip and sample rises rapidly, regardless of the bulk liquid temperature \cite{Endo1967229, Abouel-Kasem201221702}, with maximum erosion rates observed with film temperatures at temperatures 30-35 C \cite{Singer1979147, Priyadarshi2023}. + + + +Because the test water temperature markedly affects the degree +of erosion, impact pressure, and the number of bubbles as it is +observed by Ahmed + + title = {Investigation of the temperature effects on induced impact pressure and cavitation erosion}, + + + + +# Describe the experimental rig stuff + +Previous results of operation of the stationary specimen method +indicated that the minimum local pressure on the specimen, which +corresponds to the effective cavitation number, depends as +expected on several geometrical and operating parameters. These +parameters include the distance, h, between the stationary speci- +men and the horn-tip surfaces, the driving frequency of the horn, +and/or the amplitude of oscillation. + + + +# Let's talk about seawater, shall we + +In seawater (and other corrosive media), the coupling of corrosion and cavitation erosion can cause significant material damage with complex, synergistic mechanisms + +# Show how Fe coatings perform worse in seawater while Co coatings perform better, somehow + + + +# Cavitation erosion behaviour + +The cavitation erosion rate depends on the duration under cavitation, even when all test parameters are kept constant. with distinct stages: the incubation stage (with little material loss), acceleration stage, deceleration stage, and constant rate stage (with the rate of material erosion reaching a steady-state value). + + +The incubation stage + +Generally, cavitation erosion over time involves two stages, namely, the incubation stage (with little material loss, possibly due to the accumulation of internal stresses) and the erosion stage (with the rate of material erosion reaching a steady-state value). + + +Impact fracture is the dominating factor during the incubation period, with fatigue fracture being the dominant mechanism during the subsequent stages. \cite{HATTORI2001839} + + +* Introduction to Cavitation Erosion + +# Describe why there is a need to look from both the fluid and solid perspective +Cavitation erosion is a complex phenomenon that results from hydrodynamic elements and material characteristics. [cite:@Franc2004265] + +# Now go into the hydrodynamic point +From a hydrodynamic standpoint, vapor bubbles arise when local pressures within a fluid medium reduce to saturated vapor pressure, due to pressure decrease (cavitation) or temperature increase (boiling). +Mechanisms facilitating such pressure differentials include the propagation of ultrasonic waves and hydrodynamic pressure differentials induced by geometric constraints or the rotational dynamics of turbomachinery. +The required pressure drop required by cavitation could be provided by the propagation of ultrasonic acoustic waves and hydrodynamic pressure drops, such as constrictions or the rotational dynamics of turbomachinery. [cite:@GEVARI2020115065] +Moreover, impurities within the fluid, such as solid particles and nanobubbles with a radius of 500 nm, can significantly reduce the cavitation pressure threshold, amplifying the overall cavitation intensity. The subsequent collapse of these bubbles near solid boundaries, the resulting concentration of energy on very small areas of the wall result in high stress levels on the wall. + + +# Now do the materials point +The resultant stress levels, which range from 100 - 1000 MPa, can surpass material resistance thresholds, including yield strength, ultimate strength, or fatigue limit, leading to material removal from the surface and subsequent degradation of industrial sysytems. The high strain rate in cavitation erosion makes it rather comparable to explosions or projectile impacts, albeit with very limited volume of deformation and repeated impact loads. The plastic deformation results in progressive hardening, crack propagation, and local fracture and removal of material, with the damage being a function of intensity and frequency of vapor bubble collapse. The selection of more resistent materials requires investigation of material response to cavitation stresses, with the mechanism of erosion being of particular interest. + +# What is affected by cavitation +Cavitation can occur in hydraulic systems (pumps, injector ports, high temperature liquid flows), marine propellers, and turbomachinery (steam turbines), and liquid metal systems (nuclear reactors, and metallurgical processes), with detrimental effect. + +# Put the below in a table +# Many metals and alloys have been investigated under cavitation erosion conditions; examples are: AI-based alloys, 11-13 Cu-based alloys, 14,15Ti-based alloys,16,17 cast irons,18,19 stainless steels,20-22 Co and Ni super- alloys,23-25 cemented carbides,24,26 non-metallic materials,27,28 composites,29,30 ceramics,31,32 and concrete and cements.33-35 + + +#+BEGIN_COMMENT +Imagine we've got two main ways things change their phase: +boiling, which is like turning up the heat until water decides it's too hot and wants to become steam; +and cavitation, which is more like giving water so much room to breathe that it gets dizzy and starts forming bubbles. + +Now, whether we're heating things up or letting the pressure down, the secret that lets this change happen is when the pressure around our water whispers, "It's time," by hitting the saturated vapor pressure. +So, in a nutshell, it's all about hitting that sweet spot where the water feels just right to jump into its next costume, be it vapor or bubbles. + +To make cavitation happen — think of it as getting water to the point where it starts popping bubbles — you can use sound waves that travel through the fluid, making the pressure go down. + +Also, if you mess with the path the fluid takes, like squeezing it through tight spots or whirling it around in pumps and propellers, that can also drop the pressure just right. It's like setting up an obstacle course for the fluid; the hurdles and twists help create those bubble-making low-pressure zones. +#+END_COMMENT + +#+BEGIN_COMMENT +# Why is cavitation so bad? +# Near-wall collapses of vapour bubbles lead to material fatigue and erosive damage. + +# # We can model the flow as inviscid! Go easier simulations +# The compressible wave propagation in cavitation is inertia driven; we can assume that viscous effects are negligible. Because the driving effects behind cavitation erosion are inertia driven (compressible wave propagation), we assume that viscous effects are negligible and apply the compressible Euler equation for mass and momentum conservation. + +# Distinguish between cavitation and boiling, for the new kids on the block. +# Cavitation is the process of nucleation in a liquid when the pressure falls below the vapor pressure, while boiling is the process of nucleation that occurs when the temperature is raised above the saturated vapor/liquid temperature. + +# Describe the vapor and gas stage +# The first and most obvious difference between the saturated liquid and saturated vapor states is that the density of the liquid remains relatively constant and similar to that of the solid except close to the critical point. On the other hand the density of the vapor is different by at least 2 and up to 5 or more orders of magnitude, changing radically with temperature + +#+END_COMMENT + + + + + + + + +# Describe the sonotrode setup +An ultrasonic horn (hereafter referred to as sonotrode) oscillates with a frequency of 20 kHz and a peak to peak amplitude of 50 um above a counter sample, with a gap width of 0.5mm. + +# Describe the simulation case +The domain is rotationally symmetric, leading to the use of a 90 degree segment being modelled to reduce computational effort. As cavitation is three-dimensional and non-periodic, the symmetry walls are modelled as periodic boundaries. + +# Grid independence study for fluids +As indicator for grid sensitivity study, we choose the vapor volume fraction integrated over the computational domain, as it describes the cavitating flow. + + +# Why a shadowgraph +Need to observe the cavitation bubbles being formed. + + + + + + + +cavitation erosion resistance of Stellite 6 coatings has also been the object of interest in several works: + + + + + + + +* Cavitation Description + +# Describe why there is a need to look from both the fluid and solid perspective +Cavitation erosion is a complex phenomenon that results from hydrodynamic elements and material characteristics [cite:@Franc2004265]. When components are exposed to sustained cavitation, the surface is degraded and material is progressively lost. + +# List of applications +# Who are our stakeholders, why should we care? +Cavitation erosion is a major problem in hydroelectric power plants [cite:@Romo201216], Francis turbines [cite:@Kumar2024], nuclear power plant valves [cite:@Kim200685][cite:@Gao2024], condensate and boiler feedwater pumps [cite:@20221xix], +marine propellers [cite:@Usta2023], liquid-lubricated journal bearings [cite:@Cheng2023], pipline reducers [cite:@Zheng2022] [cite:@Chen201442] [cite:@Mokrane2019]. + +# Now go into the hydrodynamic point +From a hydrodynamic viewpoint, vapor bubbles are produced when the local pressure in a originally liquid fluid reaches the saturated vapor pressure, due to cavitation (presure decrease) or boiling (temperature increase). + +# Let's talk a bit more about the required pressure drop, seems important. +The required pressure drop required by cavitation could be provided by the propagation of ultrasonic acoustic waves and hydrodynamic pressure drops, such as constrictions or the rotational dynamics of turbomachinery. [cite:@GEVARI2020115065] + + +# Now do the materials point +A material exposed to such a myriad of micro-bombardment can be severly eroded, as the high stress levels exceed the resistance of the material, such as yield strength, ultimate strength or fatigue limit, leading to removal of material from the surface. + +# Let's talk a little more about sub-surface cracks +Bubble collapse can cause surface/sub-surface cracks, which are enhanced at stress risers (voids, defects, notches), leading to micro-cracks. The microcracks propagate + +# Witty remark to explain why cavitation erosion is cool? Meh? Remove if unncessary +The high value of the strain rate in cavitation erosion makes it rather comparable to explosions or projectile impacts, albeit with very limited volume of deformation and repeated impact loads. + + +#+BEGIN_COMMENT +Imagine we've got two main ways things change their phase: +boiling, which is like turning up the heat until water decides it's too hot and wants to become steam; +and cavitation, which is more like giving water so much room to breathe that it gets dizzy and starts forming bubbles. + +Now, whether we're heating things up or letting the pressure down, the secret that lets this change happen is when the pressure around our water whispers, "It's time," by hitting the saturated vapor pressure. +So, in a nutshell, it's all about hitting that sweet spot where the water feels just right to jump into its next costume, be it vapor or bubbles. + +To make cavitation happen — think of it as getting water to the point where it starts popping bubbles — you can use sound waves that travel through the fluid, making the pressure go down. + +Also, if you mess with the path the fluid takes, like squeezing it through tight spots or whirling it around in pumps and propellers, that can also drop the pressure just right. It's like setting up an obstacle course for the fluid; the hurdles and twists help create those bubble-making low-pressure zones. +#+END_COMMENT + +When a liquid is subject to ultrasound, tiny bubbles may occur and collapse. +High local pressure, temperature, and velocity fields are formed due to cavitation. + +In an ultrasonic cavitation field, the acoustic energy can be divided into two parts: +- acoustic propagation energy $E_{pa}$ + $E_{pa}$ is transmitted in the medium before dissipating into internal energy. +- cavitation energy $E_{ca}$ + The energy absorbed by cavitation bubbles is converted into mechanical energy $E_{me}$ + + +# The cavitation erosion phenomenon is the major problem confronting designers and users +of high-speed hydrodynamic system. It occurs mostly in fluid-flow machinery, for example +pumps, water turbines, marine propellers, also in devices in the chemical and petrochemical +industries, in diesel engines and pipelines [1-7]. Cavitation erosion is a reason of a drop of +efficiency, an increase of noise and a decrease of service life of the systems [2-4,6]. +Therefore, an interest of investigations of materials resistant to cavitation erosion remains at +high level from many years. + + + +* Synergy evaluation +Pure erosion (E): Two different methods were employed for the pure +erosion test. Three samples were subjected to erosion performed in 5 L of +triple distilled water for 1 h. And three samples were subjected to +cavitation erosion in 3.5% NaCl solution with cathodic protection for 1 h. +• Pure corrosion (C): Four samples were subjected to in-situ +electrochemical measurements kept at open circuit potential (OCP), and +electrochemical impedances spectroscopy (EIS) analysis were conducted +in 3.5% NaCl solution for 1 h. Two sample materials were also subjected +to potentiodynamic polarization, at a potential range between -1 V to 2 V, +to obtain C by applying Faradaic conversion. +284 +• Combined cavitation erosion-corrosion (T): all six samples were cavitated +in 5 L of 3.5% NaCl solution for 1 h while subjected to OCP. + + +* Experimental procedure + + +The masses of the samples are to be recorded before and after each experiment with a precision mass balance for gravimetric analyses. + + +The samples are to be left inside individual clean plastic bags for a week to ensure the formation of air-formed oxide films. + + + +The Q500 Sonicator has an operating frequency of 20 KHz and the output amplitude can be controlled by setting a range from 1 to 100% of the maximum vibration amplitude ASTM G32 55 um. + +The tip of the ultrasonic probe, made of niobium alloy +C103, is 12.7 mm in diameter. It is positioned in the center of +the beaker and the distance between the probe tip and the surface +of the water is about 2.0 cm. + + +The piezoelectric signal of the acoustic sensor is to be acquired by an oscilloscope. + + +* Experiment monitoring + + + + +* Working liquid properties + +Kind of liquid (water) applied, tap/distilled +Temperature, °C +pH indicator +contents of dissolved air +contents of undissolved air +other chemical additives + + + +* Research Qurstions + + +How do the HIP treated Stellite alloys compare with the untreated alloys in terms of: + - mechanical properties + - hardness + - tensile strength + - Resistance to Erosion-Corrosion + - Abrasive Wear resistance + - Adhesive Wear Resistance + - Erosion Wear Resistance + - Microstructure + - Grain size + - Phase distribution + - Porosity + - Homogeneity and Distribution of Elements in blends + - Performance in harsh environmental conditions + - High temperature + - Corrosive Environment + - Polarization Curves + Potentiodynamic polarization measurements in accordance with ASTM G5 and G59 in different electrolyte solutions to characterize performance of alloys in terms of open circuit potential, passivation behavior, and pitting potentials. + + A polarization curve is a plot of current density ($i$) versus electrode potential ($E$) for a specific electrode-electrolyte combination. Plots of $log |i|$ vs. $E$ or vs. $(E – Eo)$ are called polarization curves. The polarization curve is the basic kinetic law for any electrochemical reaction. + + + + - Cyclic Polarization +Cyclic potentiodynamic polarization technique is a relatively non-destructive measurement that can provide information about the corrosion rate, corrosion potential, susceptibility to pitting corrosion of the metal, and concentration limitation of the electrolyte in the system. The technique is built on the idea that prediction of the behavior of a metal in an environment can be made by forcing the material from its steady state condition and monitoring how it responds to the force as the force is removed at a constant rate and the system is reversed to its steady state condition. + + + + + +* COMMENT Learning Outcomes - Subject Mastery + +Understanding, Knowledge, and Cognitive Skills +For the core science/engineering area that is the subject of the project preparation work, the +student should demonstrate: +- A knowledge and an understanding of the subject's scope, terminology, and conventions +- A critical understanding of the subject's principal theories, principles, and concepts, and certain specialist topics within these +- An extensive, detailed, and critical knowledge and understanding that is informed by developments at the forefront of the subject +- A critical awareness of current issues in the subject +- Apply critical analysis, evaluation, and synthesis to issues that are at the forefront of informed by developments at the forefront of a subject/discipline. +- Identify, conceptualize, and define new and abstract problems and issues. +- Develop original and creative responses to problems and issues. +- Critically review, consolidate, and extend knowledge, skills practices, and thinking in a subject/discipline. +- Deal with complex issues and make judgments relevant to the design of research in the absence of complete or consistent data/information. + + +* COMMENT Scholarship, Enquiry, and Research (Research-Informed Learning) + +For the core science/engineering area that is the subject of the project preparation work, the +student should demonstrate the ability to: +- Apply a range of standard and specialized research inquiry techniques, evidenced by a detailed literature review of the relevant subject area +- Plan a significant project of research, investigation, or development, as evidenced in a written project proposal and plan +- The Module will use Microsoft’s MS Project to illustrate how software packages can be used to support the successful planning and management of projects. +- Demonstrate originality or creativity in interpreting prior work on the subject and applying this to the design of his / her research project + + + +Learning Outcomes - Personal Abilities +Industrial, Commercial & Professional Practice + +The student should, +- Deal with complex professional issues and make informed judgments on issues not addressed by current professionals and/or practices. +- Demonstrate an awareness of the application of his / her work in an industrial and/or commercial context + +Autonomy, Accountability & Working with Others + +The student should, +- Exercise substantial autonomy and initiative in planning and managing his / her research +- Take responsibility for his / her work and interaction with others +- Take responsibility for accessing and using a significant range of resources including literature, electronic documents, and software / computational resources. +- Demonstrate initiative by making an identifiable contribution to planning his / her research +- Exercise critical reflection on his/ her own and others' roles and responsibilities. Communication, Numeracy & ICT +The student should be able to use a range of advanced and specialized skills as appropriate to the subject of the project preparation work, including: +- Written communication in the form of a project proposal, literature review, and detailed project plan +- Dialogue with other students, researchers, and academic staff +- Making effective use of software to prepare written work and collect and/or manipulate data. +- Undertake critical evaluations of a wide range of written, numerical, and graphical information + + + + +* Flexing with the LitReview list + +%@ARTICLE{Lavigne2022, +%@ARTICLE{Hou2020, +%@ARTICLE{Liu2019, +%@ARTICLE{Zhang20191060, +%@ARTICLE{E2019246, +%@ARTICLE{Romero2019581, +%@ARTICLE{Romero2019518, +%@ARTICLE{Lei20119, +%@ARTICLE{Qin2011209, +%@ARTICLE{Ding200866, +%@ARTICLE{Feng2006558, + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex +@ARTICLE{Wang2023, +author={Wang, L. and Mao, J. and Xue, C. and Ge, H. and Dong, G. and Zhang, Q. and Yao, J.}, +title={Cavitation-Erosion behavior of laser cladded Low-Carbon Cobalt-Based alloys on 17-4PH stainless steel}, +journal={Optics and Laser Technology}, +year={2023}, +volume={158}, +doi={10.1016/j.optlastec.2022.108761}, +art_number={108761}, +note={cited By 5}, +document_type={Article}, +source={Scopus}, +} + +@ARTICLE{Szala2022741, +author={Szala, M. and Chocyk, D. and Turek, M.}, +title={Effect of Manganese Ion Implantation on Cavitation Erosion Resistance of HIPed Stellite 6}, +journal={Acta Physica Polonica A}, +year={2022}, +volume={142}, +number={6}, +pages={741-746}, +doi={10.12693/APhysPolA.142.741}, +note={cited By 0}, +document_type={Article}, +source={Scopus}, +} + +@ARTICLE{Lavigne2022, +author={Lavigne, O. and Cinca, N. and Ther, O. and Tarrés, E.}, +title={Effect of binder nature and content on the cavitation erosion resistance of cemented carbides}, +journal={International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials}, +year={2022}, +volume={109}, +doi={10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2022.105978}, +art_number={105978}, +note={cited By 3}, +document_type={Article}, +source={Scopus}, +} + +@ARTICLE{Mitelea2022967, +author={Mitelea, I. and Bordeaşu, I. and Mutaşcu, D. and Buzdugan, D. and Craciunescu, C.M.}, +title={Cavitation resistance of Stellite 21 coatings tungsten inert gas (TIG) deposited onto duplex stainless steel X2CrNiMoN22-5-3}, +journal={Materialpruefung/Materials Testing}, +year={2022}, +volume={64}, +number={7}, +pages={967-976}, +doi={10.1515/mt-2021-2169}, +note={cited By 1}, +document_type={Article}, +source={Scopus}, +} + +@ARTICLE{Liu2022, +author={Liu, J. and Chen, T. and Yuan, C. and Bai, X.}, +title={Effect of corrosion on cavitation erosion behavior of HVOF sprayed cobalt-based coatings}, +journal={Materials Research Express}, +year={2022}, +volume={9}, +number={6}, +doi={10.1088/2053-1591/ac78c9}, +art_number={066402}, +note={cited By 5}, +document_type={Article}, +source={Scopus}, +} + +@ARTICLE{Sun2021, +author={Sun, J. and Yan, Y. and Li, B. and Shi, Q. and Xu, T. and Zhang, Q. and Yao, J.}, +title={Comparative Study on Cavitation-Resistance and Mechanism of Stellite-6 Coatings Prepared with Supersonic Laser Deposition and Laser Cladding}, +journal={Zhongguo Jiguang/Chinese Journal of Lasers}, +year={2021}, +volume={48}, +number={10}, +doi={10.3788/CJL202148.1002118}, +art_number={1002118}, +note={cited By 6}, +document_type={Article}, +source={Scopus}, +} + +@ARTICLE{Szala2021, +author={Szala, M. and Chocyk, D. and Skic, A. and Kamiński, M. and Macek, W. and Turek, M.}, +title={Effect of nitrogen ion implantation on the cavitation erosion resistance and cobalt-based solid solution phase transformations of HIPed stellite 6}, +journal={Materials}, +year={2021}, +volume={14}, +number={9}, +doi={10.3390/ma14092324}, +art_number={2324}, +note={cited By 22}, +document_type={Article}, +source={Scopus}, +} + +@ARTICLE{Zhang2021, +author={Zhang, Q. and Wu, L. and Zou, H. and Li, B. and Zhang, G. and Sun, J. and Wang, J. and Yao, J.}, +title={Correlation between microstructural characteristics and cavitation resistance of Stellite-6 coatings on 17-4 PH stainless steel prepared with supersonic laser deposition and laser cladding}, +journal={Journal of Alloys and Compounds}, +year={2021}, +volume={860}, +doi={10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.158417}, +art_number={158417}, +note={cited By 20}, +document_type={Article}, +source={Scopus}, +} + +@CONFERENCE{Cinca202115, +author={Cinca, N. and Lavigne, O. and Ther, O. and Tarrés, E.}, +title={Cavitation erosion characterization of cemented carbides}, +journal={Advances in Tungsten, Refractory and Hardmaterials�2021 - Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Tungsten, Refractory and Hardmaterials}, +year={2021}, +pages={15-31}, +note={cited By 0}, +document_type={Conference Paper}, +source={Scopus}, +} + +@ARTICLE{Hou2020, +author={Hou, G. and Ren, Y. and Zhang, X. and Dong, F. and An, Y. and Zhao, X. and Zhou, H. and Chen, J.}, +title={Cavitation erosion mechanisms in Co-based coatings exposed to seawater}, +journal={Ultrasonics Sonochemistry}, +year={2020}, +volume={60}, +doi={10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.104799}, +art_number={104799}, +note={cited By 31}, +document_type={Article}, +source={Scopus}, +} + +@ARTICLE{Liu2019, +author={Liu, J. and Bai, X. and Chen, T. and Yuan, C.}, +title={Effects of cobalt content on the microstructure, mechanical properties and cavitation erosion resistance of HVOF sprayed coatings}, +journal={Coatings}, +year={2019}, +volume={9}, +number={9}, +doi={10.3390/coatings9090534}, +art_number={534}, +note={cited By 29}, +document_type={Article}, +source={Scopus}, +} + +@ARTICLE{Zhang20191060, +author={Zhang, H. and Gong, Y. and Chen, X. and McDonald, A. and Li, H.}, +title={A Comparative Study of Cavitation Erosion Resistance of Several HVOF-Sprayed Coatings in Deionized Water and Artificial Seawater}, +journal={Journal of Thermal Spray Technology}, +year={2019}, +volume={28}, +number={5}, +pages={1060-1071}, +doi={10.1007/s11666-019-00869-x}, +note={cited By 29}, +document_type={Article}, +source={Scopus}, +} + +@ARTICLE{E2019246, +author={E, M. and Hu, H.X. and Guo, X.M. and Zheng, Y.G.}, +title={Comparison of the cavitation erosion and slurry erosion behavior of cobalt-based and nickel-based coatings}, +journal={Wear}, +year={2019}, +volume={428-429}, +pages={246-257}, +doi={10.1016/j.wear.2019.03.022}, +note={cited By 49}, +document_type={Article}, +source={Scopus}, +} + +@ARTICLE{Romero2019581, +author={Romero, M.C. and Tschiptschin, A.P. and Scandian, C.}, +title={Low temperature plasma nitriding of a Co30Cr19Fe alloy for improving cavitation erosion resistance}, +journal={Wear}, +year={2019}, +volume={426-427}, +pages={581-588}, +doi={10.1016/j.wear.2019.01.019}, +note={cited By 10}, +document_type={Article}, +source={Scopus}, +} + +@ARTICLE{Romero2019518, +author={Romero, M.C. and Tschiptschin, A.P. and Scandian, C.}, +title={Cavitation erosion resistance of a non-standard cast cobalt alloy: Influence of solubilizing and cold working treatments}, +journal={Wear}, +year={2019}, +volume={426-427}, +pages={518-526}, +doi={10.1016/j.wear.2018.12.044}, +note={cited By 13}, +document_type={Article}, +source={Scopus}, +} + +@CONFERENCE{Mutascu2019776, +author={Mutaşcu, D. and Mitelea, I. and Bordeaşu, I. and Buzdugan, D. and Franţ, F.}, +title={Cavitation resistant layers from stellite alloy deposited by TIG welding on duplex stainless steel}, +journal={METAL 2019 - 28th International Conference on Metallurgy and Materials, Conference Proceedings}, +year={2019}, +pages={776-780}, +note={cited By 1}, +document_type={Conference Paper}, +source={Scopus}, +} + +@ARTICLE{Kovalenko2019175, +author={Kovalenko, V.I. and Klimenko, A.A. and Martynenko, L.I. and Marinin, V.G.}, +title={Erosion of co-cr-w alloy and coatings on its basis under cavitation in and}, +journal={Problems of Atomic Science and Technology}, +year={2019}, +volume={2019}, +number={5}, +pages={175-178}, +note={cited By 0}, +document_type={Article}, +source={Scopus}, +} + +@ARTICLE{E201890, +author={E, M. and Hu, H.-X. and Guo, X.-M. and Zheng, Y.-G. and Bai, L.-L.}, +title={Microstructure and cavitation erosion resistance of cobalt-based and nickel-based coatings}, +journal={Cailiao Rechuli Xuebao/Transactions of Materials and Heat Treatment}, +year={2018}, +volume={39}, +number={1}, +pages={90-96}, +doi={10.13289/j.issn.1009-6264.2017-0357}, +note={cited By 7}, +document_type={Article}, +source={Scopus}, +} + +@ARTICLE{Ding201797, +author={Ding, Y. and Liu, R. and Yao, J. and Zhang, Q. and Wang, L.}, +title={Stellite alloy mixture hardfacing via laser cladding for control valve seat sealing surfaces}, +journal={Surface and Coatings Technology}, +year={2017}, +volume={329}, +pages={97-108}, +doi={10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.09.018}, +note={cited By 58}, +document_type={Article}, +source={Scopus}, +} + +@ARTICLE{Guo2016123, +author={Guo, S. and Zhou, G. and Guo, X. and Yi, Y. and Yao, J.}, +title={Influence of scanning velocity on microstructure and properties of Co-based alloy coatings by diode laser cladding}, +journal={Jinshu Rechuli/Heat Treatment of Metals}, +year={2016}, +volume={41}, +number={8}, +pages={123-127}, +doi={10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2016.08.028}, +note={cited By 2}, +document_type={Article}, +source={Scopus}, +} + +@ARTICLE{Ciubotariu201698, +author={Ciubotariu, C.-R. and Frunzəverde, D. and Mərginean, G. and Serban, V.-A. and Bîrdeanu, A.-V.}, +title={Optimization of the laser remelting process for HVOF-sprayed Stellite 6 wear resistant coatings}, +journal={Optics and Laser Technology}, +year={2016}, +volume={77}, +pages={98-103}, +doi={10.1016/j.optlastec.2015.09.005}, +note={cited By 44}, +document_type={Review}, +source={Scopus}, +} + +@ARTICLE{Ciubotariu2016154, +author={Ciubotariu, C.-R. and Secosan, E. and Marginean, G. and Frunzaverde, D. and Campian, V.C.}, +title={Experimental study regarding the cavitation and corrosion resistance of stellite 6 and self-fluxing remelted coatings}, +journal={Strojniski Vestnik/Journal of Mechanical Engineering}, +year={2016}, +volume={62}, +number={3}, +pages={154-162}, +doi={10.5545/sv-jme.2015.2663}, +note={cited By 12}, +document_type={Article}, +source={Scopus}, +} + +@ARTICLE{Singh201487, +author={Singh, R. and Kumar, D. and Mishra, S.K. and Tiwari, S.K.}, +title={Laser cladding of Stellite 6 on stainless steel to enhance solid particle erosion and cavitation resistance}, +journal={Surface and Coatings Technology}, +year={2014}, +volume={251}, +pages={87-97}, +doi={10.1016/j.surfcoat.2014.04.008}, +note={cited By 120}, +document_type={Article}, +source={Scopus}, +} + +@ARTICLE{Hattor2014257, +author={Hattor, S.}, +title={Recent investigations on cavitation erosion at the university of fukui}, +journal={Fluid Mechanics and its Applications}, +year={2014}, +volume={106}, +pages={257-282}, +doi={10.1007/978-94-017-8539-6_11}, +note={cited By 2}, +document_type={Article}, +source={Scopus}, +} + +@CONFERENCE{Depczynski20131045, +author={Depczynski, W. and Radek, N.}, +title={Properties of elektro sparc deposited stellite coating on mild steel}, +journal={METAL 2013 - 22nd International Conference on Metallurgy and Materials, Conference Proceedings}, +year={2013}, +pages={1045-1050}, +note={cited By 3}, +document_type={Conference Paper}, +source={Scopus}, +} + +@ARTICLE{Singh2012498, +author={Singh, R. and Tiwari, S.K. and Mishra, S.K.}, +title={Cladding of tungsten carbide and stellite using high power diode laser to improve the surface properties of stainless steel}, +journal={Advanced Materials Research}, +year={2012}, +volume={585}, +pages={498-501}, +doi={10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.585.498}, +note={cited By 2}, +document_type={Conference Paper}, +source={Scopus}, +} + +@ARTICLE{Romo201216, +author={Romo, S.A. and Santa, J.F. and Giraldo, J.E. and Toro, A.}, +title={Cavitation and high-velocity slurry erosion resistance of welded Stellite 6 alloy}, +journal={Tribology International}, +year={2012}, +volume={47}, +pages={16-24}, +doi={10.1016/j.triboint.2011.10.003}, +note={cited By 68}, +document_type={Article}, +source={Scopus}, +} + +@ARTICLE{Lei20119, +author={Lei, Y. and Li, T. and Qin, M. and Chen, X. and Ye, Y.}, +title={Cavitation erosion resistance of Co alloy coating on 304 stainless steel by TIG cladding}, +journal={Hanjie Xuebao/Transactions of the China Welding Institution}, +year={2011}, +volume={32}, +number={7}, +pages={9-12}, +note={cited By 4}, +document_type={Article}, +source={Scopus}, +} + +@ARTICLE{Qin2011209, +author={Qin, C.-P. and Zheng, Y.-G.}, +title={Cavitation erosion behavior of a laser clad Co-based alloy on 17-4PH stainless steel}, +journal={Corrosion Science and Protection Technology}, +year={2011}, +volume={23}, +number={3}, +pages={209-213}, +note={cited By 8}, +document_type={Article}, +source={Scopus}, +} + +@ARTICLE{Hattori20091954, +author={Hattori, S. and Mikami, N.}, +title={Cavitation erosion resistance of stellite alloy weld overlays}, +journal={Wear}, +year={2009}, +volume={267}, +number={11}, +pages={1954-1960}, +doi={10.1016/j.wear.2009.05.007}, +note={cited By 68}, +document_type={Article}, +source={Scopus}, +} + +@ARTICLE{Ding200866, +author={Ding, Z.-X. and Wang, Q. and Chen, Z.-H. and Zhang, S.-Y. and Zhao, G.}, +title={Research on cavitation erosion resistance of spraying and fusing co-based and Ni-based coatings}, +journal={Hunan Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Hunan University Natural Sciences}, +year={2008}, +volume={35}, +number={1}, +pages={66-70}, +note={cited By 0}, +document_type={Article}, +source={Scopus}, +} + +@ARTICLE{Feng2006558, +author={Feng, L.-H. and Lei, Y.-C. and Zhao, X.-J.}, +title={Cavitation behavior of a Co-base alloy}, +journal={Corrosion and Protection}, +year={2006}, +volume={27}, +number={11}, +pages={558-560}, +note={cited By 0}, +document_type={Article}, +source={Scopus}, +} + +@ARTICLE{Garzon2005145, +author={Garzón, C.M. and Thomas, H. and Dos Santos, J.F. and Tschiptschin, A.P.}, +title={Cavitation erosion resistance of a high temperature gas nitrided duplex stainless steel in substitute ocean water}, +journal={Wear}, +year={2005}, +volume={259}, +number={1-6}, +pages={145-153}, +doi={10.1016/j.wear.2005.02.005}, +note={cited By 33}, +document_type={Conference Paper}, +source={Scopus}, +} +#+END_SRC + +* Timetable + +** DONE Week 1 +CLOSED: [2024-02-26 Mon 19:05] SCHEDULED: <2024-01-15 Mon> +Introduction to the course +Assessment briefing +Canvas, Turnitin +Citing, Referencing, Plagiarism + +** DONE Week 2 +CLOSED: [2024-02-26 Mon 19:05] SCHEDULED: <2024-01-22 Mon> +Time Management +Why critical analysis + +** DONE Week 3 +CLOSED: [2024-02-26 Mon 19:05] SCHEDULED: <2024-01-29 Mon> +Taking Ownership of Critical thinking in an academic context +What is critical writing? +The “Park” Group exercise + +** DONE Week 4 +CLOSED: [2024-02-26 Mon 19:05] SCHEDULED: <2024-02-05 Mon> + +The “Park” solution – Class discussion +Literature Searching & the Literature Review +The Philosophy and nature of research + +** DONE Week 5 +CLOSED: [2024-02-26 Mon 19:06] SCHEDULED: <2024-02-12 Mon> + +Creating an annotated bibliography to support writing a literature review +Annotated bibliography -– Class discussion + +** DONE Week 7 +CLOSED: [2024-02-26 Mon 19:06] SCHEDULED: <2024-02-26 Mon> + +Data analysis and presentation + +** DONE Week 8 +CLOSED: [2024-03-19 Tue 16:45] SCHEDULED: <2024-03-04 Mon> + +Risk, Health & Safety +Research Methods – Course Portfolio: Background research + +** DONE Week 9 +CLOSED: [2024-03-19 Tue 16:45] SCHEDULED: <2024-03-11 Mon> + +Research Project Management: Planning & Gantt Charts: MS Project Application (Part 1) +Research Project Management: Planning & Gantt Charts: MS Project Application (Part 2) + +* Project Proposal + + +Grade contribution - 30% total weighting +Word count - approx. 1,000 words which include the word count for the work plan + +- [ ] Work Packages + Was a WBS (activities and steps) defined? +- [ ] Resources + Were the resources needed for the project well-defined? + - Were they in place already? + - Was there a statement of the planning needed to put the necessary resources in place? +- [ ] Associated risks + - Were the risks which might affect the success of the project defined? + - Were measures suggested to mitigate these? + + +** Overview +# This part of the proposal is like an "executive summary" or abstract of what the document contains. +# It should be no more than a single page or even less, double-spaced. +# Essentially it is a "map" that shows the territory through which the reader will be led. +# This section should be written last (as summary) after all other sections have been prepared. + +- [ ] Context & Novelty + - How well was the project placed in the context of previous work? + - How well was the novelty of the project expressed? + +** Background +# BACKGROUND AND GENERAL GOALS OF THE THESIS: +# The major body of the document begins with any background that needs to be understood and helps in understanding what is to be done and why. +# It also explains in general narrative terms the main question or questions that will be addressed and describes broadly the research strategy that will be used to bring together the information needed to answer those questions. + +*** Statement of objectives. +# Clearly and concisely, what are the general goals of the thesis. Each thesis may have distinct goals. +# Is your thesis project purely descriptive of a new phenomena? +# Is it empirically testing causal relationships between particular variables of interest? +# Are your providing a critical evaluation of a particular topic or framework? +# Are you providing a new perspective by presenting a new typology? +# Are you creating, implementing, or testing a new research tool? +# Any such missions of the thesis should be clearly stated in this section. + +- [ ] Objectives + - [ ] Were the aims of the project clearly expressed? + Were they specific and measurable? Were they realistic? Were adequate timescales referred to? + - [ ] What is going to be investigated? + - [ ] What is going to be measured? + +*** Significance of the project +# What is the social importance of this thesis. +# That is, how will this thesis aid our collective understanding of emerging media, in terms of theory and real-world application to a particular social domain (e.g., politics, health, entertainment, design). + +- [ ] Expected outcomes + - Was the anticipated result of the project clearly defined? + - Were sensible interim milestones identified? +- [ ] Beneficiaries + - Is it made clear who would benefit from the work carried out in the project? + +** Literature Review +# This section is an initial (not the final) report of what others who have studied the same problem or topic have found or concluded. This review should be selective, and should be limited to information that is relevant to the thesis topic. This section should include formal statement of research questions and/or hypotheses derived from your review of the extant literature. A fuller review should come later as part of the thesis itself, including extensive consideration of prior studies or other writings that focus directly on the issue under investigation in order to show the state of knowledge that already exists. + +- [ ] Context + Has sufficient evidence been presented of the previous work on the subject? +- [ ] Significance + Is the significance of the previous work clearly stated and critically evaluated in terms of its contribution to the subject and its wider impact? +- [ ] Relevance + Are the cited sources and the discussion relating to these relevant to the project? +- [ ] Methodologies + Have sufficient methodologies been explored in the review to place the proposed methodology in its context? +- [ ] Logical progression and argument + Does the review clearly explain and justify the stated aims and objectives and the chosen methodology? +- [ ] Structure of the report + Is the report's structure adequate to usefully convey the important information? +- [ ] Presentation Quality + Does the report meet publication standards in terms of English usage, use of tables and figures to underpin the argument in the text, and general level of presentation and layout? +- [ ] Referencing and bibliography + Are sources adequately and properly referenced in the text and figure/table captions? Is the bibliography adequately formatted following a generally recognized referencing convention? +- [ ] Length + Is the length of the review within the range and appropriate to the material presented (not too many irrelevant words but enough relevant words)? +- [ ] Originality + Is the content of the report the work of the student? + Has the student avoided copying blocks of text or figures verbatim from other sources? + (Marks should be deducted for excessive use of others' published work, even if the use is attributed.) +** Proposed method +# This section should provide a clear description of the methods you will implement for conducting your thesis project. In order to gather information, will you conduct an experiment, a survey, a content analysis, a focus group, or some other means of data collection? This section should specifically describe the following, as applicable to your intended method of inquiry: + +*** Procedure +# What will be the general steps for completing data collection? Here you should describe any all general steps for recruiting participants, conducting an experiment, leading a focus group, distributing surveys, gathering publicly-available data, or otherwise completing your intended means of data collection. + +*** Measures +# If examining the associative or causal relationships between variables, how exactly will you measure or operationalize these variables. + +** Overall structure of the proposed thesis +# In this section you should provide a brief outline of the general structure of your intended thesis. If a typical empirical investigation, this may simply include an introduction, literature review, methods section, results section, and closing discussion. If another format or type of thesis, similarly provide a general outline of the overall structure of the future deliverable. + + +- Abstract + Succinct abstract of less than one page. +- Table of content + The table of content lists all chapters (headings/subheadings) including page number. +- Introduction + Explain why this work is important giving a general introduction to the subject, list the basic knowledge needed and outline the purpose of the report. +- Background and results to date + List relevant work by others, or preliminary results you have achieved with a detailed and accurate explanation and interpretation. Include relevant photographs, figures or tables to illustrate the text. This section should frame the research questions that your subsequent research will address. +- Goal + List the main research question(s) you want to answer. Explain whether your research will provide a definitive answer or simply contribute towards an answer. +- Methodology + Explain the methods and techniques which will be used for your project depending on the subject: field work, laboratory work, modeling technique, interdisciplinary collaboration, data type, data acquisition, infrastructure, software, etc. +- Time Plan 3 for Master’s Project Proposal and Master’s Thesis + Give a detailed time plan. Show what work needs to be done and when it will be completed. Include other responsibilities or obligations. +- Discussion / Conclusion + Explain what is striking/noteworthy about the results. Summarize the state of knowledge and understanding after the completion of your work. Discuss the results and interpretation in light of the validity and accuracy of the data, methods and theories as well as any connections to other people’s work. Explain where your research methodology could fail and what a negative result implies for your research question. +- Acknowledgements + Thank the people who have helped to successfully complete your project, like project partners, tutors, etc. +- Reference & Literature (Bibliography) + List papers and publication you have already cited in your proposal or which you have collected for further reading. The style of each reference follows that of international scientific journals. +- Appendix + Add pictures, tables or other elements which are relevant, but that might distract from the main flow of the proposal. + +** Project Management + +# The students must use Microsoft’s MS Project or a similar application to illustrate how software packages can be used to support the successful planning and management of projects. MS Project Guidelines, Material, and Computer Lab exercises can be accessed on Canvas. +# This is a one-page diagrammatic work plan following the appropriate format of a “Microsoft Office Project Gantt chart view and supplement information in the text (” to present and include: + +- [ ] Title & Headline Info + - [ ] Project Name + - [ ] Anticipated start /finish dates and durations +- [ ] Work-Packages + Are work packages clearly expressed? + Do the work packages in the work plan match those in the project proposal? +- [ ] Timescale + Are the work packages in the right chronological order? + Has sufficient time been allocated to each work package? + - [ ] Activities for Course B81EZ background Research + from January to the end of March + - [ ] Activities for B51MD dissertation execution work + from May to the end of August + - [ ] Realistic break in activities + A break for the Easter holidays and second-semester exams + - [ ] Full push during summer + Full project activities during the summer and final dissertation submission +- [ ] Task Dependencies + Is it clear which work packages must be completed before others can begin? + Have all the necessary dependencies been considered? + Are these effectively illustrated by the plan? +- [ ] Project Milestones and Deliverables + - [ ] Are milestones and deliverables clearly expressed? + - [ ] Do they match those in the project proposal? + - [ ] Are they indicated in a sensible chronological order? +- [ ] Health and Safety / Ethical aspects + - [ ] Were the Health and Safety risks addressed? + - [ ] Were measures suggested to mitigate these? + - [ ] Were ethical considerations addressed if appropriate? + +*** Health and Safety aspects + +Research may generate risks during the exploration of new ideas and processes, especially if changes occur without a review of possible risks. This section is aimed at minimising the risks to the health and safety of the author and other University researchers when engaged in research activities in University premises. + +**** Lone working guidance + +For the purposes of this MSc thesis, lone working is defined as someone who works on their own with no close or direct supervision, especially if they do not have visual or audible communication with someone who can summon assistance in the event of an accident or illness. + +Risk assessments need to be collaboratively discussed with supervisor for: +- low-risk environment such as lone working at an office desk +- high-risk environment such as operating equipment + +Risk assessments need to be communicated to the lab manager for feedback. + +- [ ] Appropriate working environmment + HVAC & Ventilation + Lighting + Harmful chemicals? +- [ ] Welfare facilities and Medical concerns + Are the welfare facilities adequate and accessible? + Are first-aid facilities available? + Is the student medically fit to undertake the work alone? + Is there a requirement for on-going health checks, health monitoring? +- [ ] Contingency plans + Are there contingency plans in place should an alert/alarm be raised by a lone worker and are these plans well known and rehearsed: + - what to do + - who to contact, etc? + - means of communication? mobile phone, Safezone app + +**** Control measures + +- [ ] Elimination or substitution + Can less hazardous materials, equipment or processes be used? +- [ ] Engineering controls + Can risks be mitigated at source using engineering controls such as equipment guards and interlocks? +- [ ] Administrative controls + Can suitable systems of work be designed, specifying what is required in terms of training, rules, procedures and supervision. +- [ ] Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment + What individual protective measures are required, such as personal protective equipment or health surveillance/ + + + +* Standards - ASTM & ISO + +** ISO 4499 - Metallographic determination of microstructure + +ISO 4499-1:2020 +Hardmetals — Metallographic determination of microstructure — Part 1: Photomicrographs and description +ISO 4499-2:2020 +Hardmetals — Metallographic determination of microstructure — Part 2: Measurement of WC grain size + +ISO 4499-3:2016 +Hardmetals — Metallographic determination of microstructure — Part 3: Measurement of microstructural features in Ti (C, N) and WC/cubic carbide based hardmetals + +ISO 4499-4:2016 +Hardmetals — Metallographic determination of microstructure — Part 4: Characterisation of porosity, carbon defects and eta-phase content + + +** Vickers + +id:Sangwal2003511 does great work in explaining the empirical relationships of Vickers hardness on cobalt-based alloys between different stuff. You know how to make this even cooler. Make a paper! + +Would be even cooler if you did one with image measurement of Vickers + + +** NoAuthor2005 - Metallic Materials - Vickers Hardness Test - Part 1: Test Method +:PROPERTIES: +:ID: NoAuthor2005 +:END: + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex +@ARTICLE{NoAuthor2005, +title={Metallic Materials - Vickers Hardness Test - Part 1: Test Method}, +journal={Metallic Materials - Vickers Hardness Test - Part 1: Test Method}, +year={2005}, +note={cited By 580}, +} +#+END_SRC + +** NoAuthor2009 - Method of Test at Ambient Temperature +:PROPERTIES: +:ID: NoAuthor2009 +:END: + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex +@ARTICLE{NoAuthor2009, +title={Method of Test at Ambient Temperature}, +journal={Method of Test at Ambient Temperature}, +year={2009}, +note={cited By 5}, +} +#+END_SRC + +** NoAuthor0000 - ASTM G65-00: Standard Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Using the Dry Sand/rubber Wheel Apparatus +:PROPERTIES: +:ID: NoAuthor0000 +:END: + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex +@ARTICLE{NoAuthor0000, +journal={ASTM G65-00: Standard Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Using the Dry Sand/rubber Wheel Apparatus}, +year={0000}, +note={cited By 3}, +} +#+END_SRC + + + + + + +** NoAuthor2010 - Standard Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Using the Dry Sand/Rubber Wheel Apparatus +:PROPERTIES: +:ID: NoAuthor2010 +:END: + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex +@ARTICLE{NoAuthor2010, +title={Standard Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Using the Dry Sand/Rubber Wheel Apparatus}, +journal={Standard Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Using the Dry Sand/Rubber Wheel Apparatus}, +year={2010}, +note={cited By 243}, +} +#+END_SRC + +** NoAuthor2016 - Standard Test Method for Linearly Reciprocating Ball-on-Flat Sliding Wear +:PROPERTIES: +:ID: NoAuthor2016 +:END: + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex +@ARTICLE{NoAuthor2016, +title={Standard Test Method for Linearly Reciprocating Ball-on-Flat Sliding Wear}, +journal={Standard Test Method for Linearly Reciprocating Ball-on-Flat Sliding Wear}, +year={2016}, +note={cited By 282}, +} +#+END_SRC + + + +* Phase + +Co3W +Co3W3C +Co6W3C +Co + + +Co-W (Cobalt-Tungsten) + + +Blend A +- α-cobalt (FCC) +- Cr7C3 +- Cr23C6 +- Co7W6 +- Co6W6C +- Co3W + +Blend B +- α-cobalt (FCC) +- Cr7C3 +- Cr23C6 +- Co7W6 +- Co6W6C +- Co3W3C +- Co3W + +Blend C +- α-cobalt (FCC) +- Cr7C3 +- Cr23C6 +- Co7W6 +- Co6W6C +- Co3W + + +α-cobalt (FCC) +Cr7C3 +Cr23C6 +Co7W6 +Co6W6C +Co3W3C +Co3W + +id:Gui20171271 +| | Cr | Mo | Co | +| $M_{7}C_{3}$ | | | | +| $MC$ | | | | +| $M_{23}C_{3}$ | | | | +| $M_{6}C_{3}$ | | | | + + + + +* Effects of Indentation Loading Force and Number of Indentations on the MicroHardness Variation for Stellite +* Simulations + +https://github.com/stromatolith/RP_Bubble?tab=readme-ov-file + diff --git a/vickers/vickers.org b/vickers/vickers.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8a6a340 --- /dev/null +++ b/vickers/vickers.org @@ -0,0 +1,1392 @@ +#+TITLE: Vicker's Hardness Testing +#+FILETAGS: Vickers +#+PROPERTY: header-args:bibtex :tangle vickers.tex +#+PROPERTY: header-args:bibtex :exports bibtex + + +Hardness is not a fundamental property of a material but is a measure of the resistance a material exhibits to permanent deformation by penetration of another harder material - the less deformation, the harder the substance \footnote{The relationship between hardness and other properties will be discussed in the following sections}. It is commonly used for quality assurance in industry, particularly to determine the success or failure of a particular heat treatment. + +# One way to drive home the idea that hardness is not a fundamental property is that you can't multiply or divide it by anything else. It does not have a physical meaning, despite being something that feels rather common sense. Might be more useful in a presentation tho + +The resistance to deformation is: +H = F/A + +where F is the test force and A is the indentation surface + + +Microhardness testing is ideal for precise sampling of a small region, for a very thin part, a soft sample, or a material with either hard or soft particles you wish to include or exclude from the field of measurement. +The Knoop and Vickers indenters have different aspect ratios. Knoop indenters are elongated and better suited for more precise measurements of layers or for measurements at specific depths. Vickers indenters are more symmetric and better suited for particle hardness measurements. + + +Vicker's indenter is a straight diamond pyramid (with a square +base) with an angle between opposite faces of 136 degrees. + +This form of indenter form has a special advantage - if we assume that the test force and indentation surface are proportional to each other for a given material's hardness, the Vicker's hardness value is independent of the selected test force. In spite of this regularity, a test force independence occurs in most cases for small indentations, for reasons such as surface tension. + + +* Relevant ASTM standards + +To be able to compare hardness values, the equipment, testing procedures, testing method, and evaluation must correspond to particular standards. The following ASTM standards describe the various hardness testing procedures. See Section 12.4.2 for more standards on hardness. + +Standard Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines E 4 +Standard Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials E 10 +Standard Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness and Rockwell Superficial Hardness of Metallic Materials E 18 +Standard Test Method for Rapid Indentation Hardness Testing of Metallic Materials E 103 +Standard Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Metallic Materials by Portable Hardness Testers E 110 +Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals Relationship Between Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, Rockwell Hardness, Rockwell Superficial Hardness, Knoop Hard-ness and Scleroscope Hardness E 140 +Standard Practice for Scleroscope Hardness Testing of Metallic Materials E 448 +Standard Test Method for Microindentation Hardness of Materials E 384 +Standard Test Method for Vickers Hardness of Metallic Materials E 92 + + + + + + +At Vickers hardness testing E 92 the distance between the center of the indenta- +tion and the specimen edge and between the center of two indentations should be +2.5d. When laminated material is tested, a bond surface shall be considered as an +edge for spacing of indentation calculations. + + + + +As the test force or indentation size, or both, decrease, the influence of the speci- +men surface increases. A carefully smoothed and cleaned surface is sufficient when +macro testing, but when micro testing, the specimen must be metallographically/ +materialographically prepared to remove any disruptive roughness or solidified sur- +face layers. If smoothing and polishing are insufficient, the surface can be electrolyti- +cally or chemically treated to have access to mechanically undisrupted areas. If +individual structural constituents are to be tested, additional phase contrasting, for ex- +ample by means of etching, is necessary. + + + +** NoAuthor2018 - Metallic Materials‐Vickers Hardness Test‐Verification and Calibration of Testing Machines + :PROPERTIES: + :ID: NoAuthor2018 + :END: + + #+BEGIN_SRC bibtex + @ARTICLE{NoAuthor2018, + journal={Metallic Materials‐Vickers Hardness Test‐Verification and Calibration of Testing Machines}, + year={2018}, + note={cited By 13}, + } + #+END_SRC + +* Traditional methods +:PROPERTIES: +:ID: Vickers_ImageAnalysis +:END: + +Traditional simply means through image processing and not through machine learning, not old. + +id:Yao2006950 +id:Ji2009 +id:Coelho2015249 +id:Filho2010 +id:Gadermayr2011 +id:Gadermayr2012 +id:Maier2013 +id:Maier2012123967509 +id:Sugimoto1997696 +id:Zexian2021 +id:Gadermayr2012 +id:Maier2011295 +id:Fedotkin2021357 +id:Polanco2023 +id:Zhao2021 +id:Dominguez-Nicolas2021 +id:Yao2006950 +id:Ji2009 +id:Kang2010337 +id:Filho2010 +id:Gadermayr20127432 +id:Gadermayr2012 +id:Maier2012123967509 +id:Maier2013 +id:Gadermayr2011 +id:Gadermayr2012362 +id:Papari201179 +id:Coelho2015249 +id:Dominguez-Nicolas2018 +id:LimaMoreira2016294 + +** Thresholding & Segmentation +*** Gadermayr20127432 - The impact of unfocused Vickers indentation images on segmentation performance +:PROPERTIES: +:ID: Gadermayr20127432 +:YEAR: 2012 +:END: + + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex + +@ARTICLE{Gadermayr20127432, +author={Gadermayr, M and Maier, A and Uhl, A}, +title={The impact of unfocused Vickers indentation images on segmentation performance}, +journal={Advances in Visual Computing ISVC 2012 Lecture Notes Computer Science}, +year={2012}, +pages={7432}, +note={cited By 1}, +} + +#+END_SRC + +** Otsu197962 - THRESHOLD SELECTION METHOD FROM GRAY-LEVEL HISTOGRAMS. +:PROPERTIES: +:ID: Otsu197962 +:YEAR: 1979 +:END: + + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex +@ARTICLE{Otsu197962, +author={Otsu, Nobuyuki}, +title={THRESHOLD SELECTION METHOD FROM GRAY-LEVEL HISTOGRAMS.}, +journal={IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern}, +year={1979}, +volume={SMC-9}, +number={1}, +pages={62-66}, +doi={10.1109/tsmc.1979.4310076}, +note={cited By 31932}, +} +#+END_SRC +** AreaMap Operator +*** Maier2012123967509 - The AreaMap operator and its application to Vickers hardness testing images +:PROPERTIES: +:ID: Maier2012123967509 +:YEAR: 2012 +:END: + + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex +@ARTICLE{Maier2012123967509, +author={Maier, A and Uhl, A}, +title={The AreaMap operator and its application to Vickers hardness testing images}, +journal={Int. J. Future Gener. Commun. Netw}, +year={2012}, +volume={5}, +pages={123967509}, +note={cited By 1}, +} +#+END_SRC + +*** Maier2013 - Areamap and Gabor filter based Vickers hardness indentation measurement +:PROPERTIES: +:ID: Maier2013 +:YEAR: 2013 +:END: + + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex +@CONFERENCE{Maier2013, +author={Maier, A. and Uhl, A.}, +title={Areamap and Gabor filter based Vickers hardness indentation measurement}, +journal={European Signal Processing Conference}, +year={2013}, +art_number={6811569}, +note={cited By 7}, +} +#+END_SRC + +** Hough Transform and Line-based methods + +https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hough_transform + +id:Macedo2006287 +id:Mendes2003992 + + +*** [#A] Dominguez-Nicolas2021 - Algorithm for automatic detection and measurement of Vickers indentation hardness using image processing +:PROPERTIES: +:ID: Dominguez-Nicolas2021 +:YEAR: 2021 +:END: + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex +@ARTICLE{Dominguez-Nicolas2021, +author={Domínguez-Nicolas, S.M. and Herrera-May, A.L. and García-González, L. and Zamora-Peredo, L. and Hernández-Torres, J. and Martínez-Castillo, J. and Morales-González, E.A. and Cerón-Álvarez, C.A. and Escobar-Pérez, A.}, +title={Algorithm for automatic detection and measurement of Vickers indentation hardness using image processing}, +year={2021}, +journal={Measurement Science and Technology}, +volume={32}, +number={1}, +doi={10.1088/1361-6501/abaa66}, +url={https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85095813483&doi=10.1088%2f1361-6501%2fabaa66&partnerID=40&md5=845343f4d30261586943a8462c79efc2}, +abstract={In this paper, we present a novel algorithm for the automatic detection and measurement of Vickers indentation hardness, using image processing. This algorithm uses image segmentation via binarization, automatically evaluating the mean and extreme gray values by means of standard histogram equalization so as to determine the optimal binarization threshold from each input image. We use a morphological filter and region growing to identify the indentation footprint. Our algorithm determines the four indentation vertices required to calculate diagonal lengths and Vickers hardness number. This algorithm is applied to 230 indentation images of steel-316 and hafnium nitride specimens, obtained using a micro hardness machine. The proposed algorithm can measure the Vickers hardness number of specimens using their indentation images. The algorithm results have a relative error of less than 3% with respect to those obtained through a conventional manual procedure. This algorithm can be used for indentation images with low contrast and irregular indentation edges. © 2020 IOP Publishing Ltd Printed in the UK}, +author_keywords={Algorithm; Image processing; Indentation; Non-destructive testing; Vickers hardness}, +keywords={Edge detection; Elastic moduli; Hafnium compounds; Image segmentation; Microhardness; Vickers hardness; Automatic Detection; Binarization threshold; Hafnium nitrides; Histogram equalizations; Indentation edge; Morphological filters; Vickers hardness numbers; Vickers indentation; Indentation}, +type={Article}, +publication_stage={Final}, +source={Scopus}, +note={Cited by: 7} +} +#+END_SRC + + +id:Yao2006950 +id:Ji2009 +id:Kang2010337 +id:Filho2010 +id:Gadermayr20127432 +id:Gadermayr2012 +id:Maier2012123967509 +id:Maier2013 +id:Gadermayr2011 +id:Gadermayr2012362 +id:Papari201179 +id:Coelho2015249 +id:Dominguez-Nicolas2018 +id:LimaMoreira2016294 + +*** [#A] Dominguez-Nicolas2018 - Indentation Image Analysis for Vickers Hardness Testing +:PROPERTIES: +:ID: Dominguez-Nicolas2018 +:YEAR: 2018 +:END: + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex +@CONFERENCE{Dominguez-Nicolas2018, +author={Dominguez-Nicolas, Saul M. and Wiederhold, Petra}, +title={Indentation Image Analysis for Vickers Hardness Testing}, +year={2018}, +journal={2018 15th International Conference on Electrical Engineering, Computing Science and Automatic Control, CCE 2018}, +doi={10.1109/ICEEE.2018.8533881}, +url={https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85058450690&doi=10.1109%2fICEEE.2018.8533881&partnerID=40&md5=c0246c530ebdd96633f00bcd79c00a05}, +abstract={The paper presents a novel algorithm for detection and measurement of indentations in Vickers hardness testing images, within a specific case of applied research on material quality evaluation based on image processing. The algorithm performs image segmentation by binarization, morphological filtering, and region growing, where the binarization threshold is automatically obtained from the input image. After identification of the rhombus shaped indentation footprint, its four vertices are determined using corner detection, which are used to calculate the diagonal lengths and the Vickers hardness number. The proposed procedure has been tested on 185 images of real data obtained by the micro hardness machine Mitutoyo HM-124, mostly from Steel-316 specimens, but also from Hafnium Nitride. Test images include specular-polished and rough surfaces, specimen with artifacts or imperfections, indentations with deformed or damaged edges, and low contrast images. Ground true diagonal lengths obtained in the conventional manual manner by an expert were compared with the results determined by our method. The proposed method achieves competitive accuracy compared to the best known methods, but it is simpler and hence more efficient. © 2018 IEEE.}, +author_keywords={Indentation image; Indentation vertex; Vickers hardness number; Vickers hardness test}, +keywords={Automation; Edge detection; Elastic moduli; Hafnium compounds; Image segmentation; Microhardness; Process control; Vickers hardness; Vickers hardness testing; Applied research; Binarization threshold; Corner detection; Hafnium nitrides; Low contrast image; Material quality; Morphological filtering; Vickers hardness numbers; Indentation}, +type={Conference paper}, +publication_stage={Final}, +source={Scopus}, +note={Cited by: 9} +} +#+END_SRC + + +*** Gadermayr2012 - Robust algorithm for automated microindentation measurement in Vickers hardness testing + :PROPERTIES: + :ID: Gadermayr2012 + :YEAR: 2012 + :END: + + #+BEGIN_SRC bibtex + @ARTICLE{Gadermayr2012, + author={Gadermayr, M. and Maier, A. and Uhl, A.}, + title={Robust algorithm for automated microindentation measurement in Vickers hardness testing}, + journal={Journal of Electronic Imaging}, + year={2012}, + volume={21}, + number={2}, + doi={10.1117/1.JEI.21.2.021109}, + art_number={021109}, + note={cited By 12}, + } + #+END_SRC + +*** Maier2011295 - Robust automatic indentation localisation and size approximation for Vickers microindentation hardness indentations + :PROPERTIES: + :ID: Maier2011295 + :YEAR: 2011 + :END: + + #+BEGIN_SRC bibtex + @CONFERENCE{Maier2011295, + author={Maier, A. and Uhl, A.}, + title={Robust automatic indentation localisation and size approximation for Vickers microindentation hardness indentations}, + journal={ISPA 2011 - 7th International Symposium on Image and Signal Processing and Analysis}, + year={2011}, + pages={295-300}, + art_number={6046622}, + note={cited By 12}, + } + #+END_SRC + +*** Macedo2006287 - Using Hough transform as an auxiliary technique for Vickers hardness measurement +:PROPERTIES: +:ID: Macedo2006287 +:YEAR: 2006 +:END: + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex +@ARTICLE{Macedo2006287, +author={Macedo, M. and Mendes, V.B. and Conci, A. and Leta, F.R.}, +title={Using hough transform as an auxiliary technique for vickers hardness measurement}, +journal={Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Systems, Signals and Image Processin (IWSSIP'06)}, +year={2006}, +pages={287-290}, +note={cited By 12}, +} +#+END_SRC + +*** Mendes2003992 - Automatic measurement of Brinell and Vickers hardness using computer vision techniques +:PROPERTIES: +:ID: Mendes2003992 +:YEAR: 2003 +:END: + + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex +@ARTICLE{Mendes2003992, +author={Mendes, V. and Leta, F.}, +title={Automatic measurement of Brinell and Vickers hardness using computer vision techniques}, +journal={Proceedings of the XVII IMEKO World Congress}, +year={2003}, +pages={992-995}, +note={cited By 16}, +} +#+END_SRC + +*** Yao2006950 - A hardness measuring method based on Hough fuzzy vertex detection algorithm +:PROPERTIES: +:ID: Yao2006950 +:YEAR: 2006 +:END: + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex +@ARTICLE{Yao2006950, +author={Yao, L. and Fang, C.-H.}, +title={A hardness measuring method based on Hough fuzzy vertex detection algorithm}, +journal={IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics}, +year={2006}, +volume={53}, +number={3}, +pages={950-962}, +doi={10.1109/TIE.2006.874259}, +note={cited By 19}, +} + +#+END_SRC + +*** Papari201179 - Edge and line oriented contour detection: State of the art +:PROPERTIES: +:ID: Papari201179 +:YEAR: 2011 +:END: + + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex +@ARTICLE{Papari201179, +author={Papari, G. and Petkov, N.}, +title={Edge and line oriented contour detection: State of the art}, +journal={Image and Vision Computing}, +year={2011}, +volume={29}, +number={2-3}, +pages={79-103}, +doi={10.1016/j.imavis.2010.08.009}, +note={cited By 310}, +} + +#+END_SRC + +*** Ji2009 - A new method for automatically measurement of Vickers hardness using thick line Hough transform and least square method +:PROPERTIES: +:ID: Ji2009 +:YEAR: 2009 +:END: + + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex +@CONFERENCE{Ji2009, +author={Ji, Y. and Xu, A.}, +title={A new method for automatically measurement of Vickers hardness using thick line Hough transform and least square method}, +journal={Proceedings of the 2009 2nd International Congress on Image and Signal Processing, CISP'09}, +year={2009}, +doi={10.1109/CISP.2009.5305653}, +art_number={5305653}, +note={cited By 21}, +} + +#+END_SRC + +*** Zexian2021 - A Novel coarse-to-fine Localization Algorithm for Automated Vickers Hardness Measurement + :PROPERTIES: + :ID: Zexian2021 + :YEAR: 2021 + :END: + + #+BEGIN_SRC bibtex + @CONFERENCE{Zexian2021, + author={Zexian, L. and Feng, Y.}, + title={A Novel coarse-to-fine Localization Algorithm for Automated Vickers Hardness Measurement}, + journal={Journal of Physics: Conference Series}, + year={2021}, + volume={1996}, + number={1}, + doi={10.1088/1742-6596/1996/1/012001}, + art_number={012001}, + note={cited By 3}, + } + #+END_SRC + +*** Fedotkin2021357 - Automatic Processing of Microhardness Images Using Computer Vision Methods + :PROPERTIES: + :ID: Fedotkin2021357 + :YEAR: 2021 + :END: + + #+BEGIN_SRC bibtex + @ARTICLE{Fedotkin2021357, + author={Fedotkin, A.P. and Laktionov, I.V. and Kravchuk, K.S. and Maslenikov, I.I. and Useinov, A.S.}, + title={Automatic Processing of Microhardness Images Using Computer Vision Methods}, + journal={Instruments and Experimental Techniques}, + year={2021}, + volume={64}, + number={3}, + pages={357-362}, + doi={10.1134/S0020441221030180}, + note={cited By 5}, + } + #+END_SRC + +** Active Contour Detection + +id:Chan2001266 +id:Cohen1991211 +id:Gadermayr20131183 + +*** Chan2001266 - Active contours without edges +:PROPERTIES: +:ID: Chan2001266 +:YEAR: 2001 +:END: + + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex +@ARTICLE{Chan2001266, +author={Chan, T.F. and Vese, L.A.}, +title={Active contours without edges}, +journal={IEEE Transactions on Image Processing}, +year={2001}, +volume={10}, +number={2}, +pages={266-277}, +doi={10.1109/83.902291}, +note={cited By 9291}, +} +#+END_SRC + +*** Cohen1991211 - On active contour models and balloons +:PROPERTIES: +:ID: Cohen1991211 +:YEAR: 1991 +:END: + + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex +@ARTICLE{Cohen1991211, +author={Cohen, L.D.}, +title={On active contour models and balloons}, +journal={CVGIP: Image Understanding}, +year={1991}, +volume={53}, +number={2}, +pages={211-218}, +doi={10.1016/1049-9660(91)90028-N}, +note={cited By 1828}, +} +#+END_SRC + +*** [#A] LimaMoreira2016294 - A novel Vickers hardness measurement technique based on Adaptive Balloon Active Contour Method + :PROPERTIES: + :ID: LimaMoreira2016294 + :YEAR: 2016 + :END: + + #+BEGIN_SRC bibtex + @ARTICLE{LimaMoreira2016294, + author = {Lima Moreira, Francisco Diego and Kleinberg, Maurício Nunes and Arruda, Hemerson Furtado and Costa Freitas, Francisco Nélio and Valente Parente, Marcelo Monteiro and De Albuquerque, Victor Hugo Costa and Rebouças Filho, Pedro Pedrosa}, + title = {A novel Vickers hardness measurement technique based on Adaptive Balloon Active Contour Method}, + year = {2016}, + journal = {Expert Systems with Applications}, + volume = {45}, + pages = {294 – 306}, + doi = {10.1016/j.eswa.2015.09.025}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84946234376&doi=10.1016%2fj.eswa.2015.09.025&partnerID=40&md5=db1918b7a7f7a4e31a52b0837821fa93}, + abstract = {Among the forms of assessment of materials to use in a particular application there is the measuring systems of Vickers hardness. This measurement is performed manually by experts, being very interpretative and subjective, which usually leads to variability of the Vickers hardness value between observers and even for the same observer. The experience of the skilled in measurement will determine if the material can be used for an application or not. There are some works use traditional methods to perform the measurement of Vickers hardness for Digital Image Processing (DIP). This work's main objective has been to propose a new methodology capable of determining the Vickers Hardness testing values from indentation images by using the Adaptive Balloon Active Contour Methods. The results of the hardness measurement using the Adaptive Balloon Active Contour Method (ABACM) were significant compared to other methods, by observing the MSE obtained from the measured Vickers hardness, the value by obtained ABACM method is three times lower than the Region Growing method, and five times lower than Watershed method. In addition, the measurement method was carried out in 1.2 ± 0.3 s. The proposed method stands out for not requiring pre-processing and post-processing steps, because its mathematical formulation is robust to noise in this application. It is worth highlighting que Significantly cam close to the two specialists, Demonstrating que can be used to aid in measuring the Vickers hardness. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, + author_keywords = {Active Contour Method; Adaptive Balloon; Image segmentation; Vickers hardness}, + keywords = {Balloons; Image processing; Image segmentation; Vickers hardness testing; Active contour method; Digital image processing (DIP); Hardness measurement; Mathematical formulation; Measurement methods; Measuring systems; Region growing methods; Vickers hardness measurements; Vickers hardness}, + type = {Article}, + publication_stage = {Final}, + source = {Scopus}, + note = {Cited by: 31} + } + #+END_SRC + +*** [#A] Gadermayr20131183 - Active contours methods with respect to Vickers indentations + :PROPERTIES: + :ID: Gadermayr20131183 + :YEAR: 2013 + :END: + + #+BEGIN_SRC bibtex + @ARTICLE{Gadermayr20131183, + author = {Gadermayr, Michael and Maier, Andreas and Uhl, Andreas}, + title = {Active contours methods with respect to Vickers indentations}, + year = {2013}, + journal = {Machine Vision and Applications}, + volume = {24}, + number = {6}, + pages = {1183 – 1196}, + doi = {10.1007/s00138-012-0478-5}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84880824940&doi=10.1007%2fs00138-012-0478-5&partnerID=40&md5=7eae8fca4224ccd8fffb1e0ba41c7d93}, + abstract = {We investigate different Vickers indentation segmentation methods and especially concentrate on active contours approaches as these techniques are known to be precise state of the art segmentation methods. Particularly, different kinds of level set-based methods which are improvements of the traditional active contours are analyzed. In order to circumvent the initialization problem of active contours, we separate the segmentation process into two stages. For the first stage, we introduce an approach which approximately locates the indentations with a high certainty. The results achieved with this method serve as initializations for the precise active contours (second stage). This two-stage approach delivers highly precise results for most real world indentation images. However, there are images, which are very difficult to segment. To handle even such images, our segmentation method is incorporated with the Shape from Focus approach, by including 3D information. In order to decrease the overall runtime, moreover, a gradual enhancement approach based on unfocused images is introduced. With three different databases, we compare the proposed methods and we show that the segmentation accuracy of these methods is highly competitive compared with other approaches in the literature. © 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.}, + author_keywords = {Active contours; Focus; Shape Prior; Vickers}, + keywords = {Focusing; Indentation; Numerical methods; Active contours; Initialization Problem; Segmentation accuracy; Segmentation methods; Segmentation process; Shape priors; Two-stage approaches; Vickers; Image segmentation}, + type = {Article}, + publication_stage = {Final}, + source = {Scopus}, + note = {Cited by: 10} + } + #+END_SRC + +id:Gadermayr2012 +id:Gadermayr2011 +id:Maier2011295 +id:Nayar1992302 +id:Harada2010492 +id:Osher198812 +id:Cremers2007195 + +*** Osher198812 - Fronts propagating with curvature-dependent speed: Algorithms based on Hamilton-Jacobi formulations +:PROPERTIES: +:ID: Osher198812 +:YEAR: 1988 +:END: + + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex + +@ARTICLE{Osher198812, +author={Osher, S. and Sethian, J.A.}, +title={Fronts propagating with curvature-dependent speed: Algorithms based on Hamilton-Jacobi formulations}, +journal={Journal of Computational Physics}, +year={1988}, +volume={79}, +number={1}, +pages={12-49}, +doi={10.1016/0021-9991(88)90002-2}, +note={cited By 11814}, +} +#+END_SRC + +** Depth/Shape through focus +:PROPERTIES: +:ID: Vickers_ShapeFocus +:END: + +id:Gadermayr2012468 claims that use of Shape-from-Focus information is advantageos in images where traditional methods decrease. + +id:Gadermayr2012149 +id:Gadermayr2012468 +id:Gadermayr20131183 +id:Nayar1992302 +id:Harada2010492 +id:Cremers2007195 +id:Zhao2021 + + + +*** [#A] Gadermayr2012149 - Image segmentation of vickers indentations using shape from focus +:PROPERTIES: +:ID: Gadermayr2012149 +:YEAR: 2012 +:END: + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex +@ARTICLE{Gadermayr2012149, +author={Gadermayr, Michael and Uhl, Andreas}, +title={Image segmentation of vickers indentations using shape from focus}, +year={2012}, +journal={Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics)}, +volume={7324 LNCS}, +number={PART 1}, +pages={149–157}, +doi={10.1007/978-3-642-31295-3_18}, +url={https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84864128731&doi=10.1007%2f978-3-642-31295-3_18&partnerID=40&md5=7adb00f5fd3df6de04ae8cf17e3e478f}, +abstract={To measure the hardness of a material, an indenter is pressed into the material and the deformation is measured. As we focus on Vickers hardness testing, our exercise is to compute the diagonal lengths of a square indentation. We especially investigate if it is possible to reconstruct the shape of the indentation by the use of the Shape-from-Focus method. We show that the shape information alone does not contain enough information for a robust segmentation. However, we incorporate the depth information into an effective existing approach and achieve significantly better results. © 2012 Springer-Verlag.}, +keywords={Image analysis; Image segmentation; Vickers hardness testing; Depth information; Indenters; Robust segmentation; Shape from focus; Shape information; Vickers indentation; Indentation}, +type={Conference paper}, +publication_stage={Final}, +source={Scopus}, +note={Cited by: 2} +} +#+END_SRC + +*** [#A] Gadermayr2012468 - The impact of unfocused Vickers indentation images on the segmentation performance + :PROPERTIES: + :ID: Gadermayr2012468 + :YEAR: 2012 + :END: + + #+BEGIN_SRC bibtex + @ARTICLE{Gadermayr2012468, + author = {Gadermayr, Michael and Maier, Andreas and Uhl, Andreas}, + title = {The impact of unfocused Vickers indentation images on the segmentation performance}, + year = {2012}, + journal = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics)}, + volume = {7432 LNCS}, + number = {PART 2}, + pages = {468 – 478}, + doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-33191-6_46}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84866707751&doi=10.1007%2f978-3-642-33191-6_46&partnerID=40&md5=e296307bc7cb04a2677e812877b0867e}, + abstract = {Whereas common Vickers indentation segmentation algorithms are precise with high quality images, low quality images often cannot be segmented appropriately. We investigate an approach, where unfocused images are segmented. On the one hand, the segmentation accuracy of low quality images can be improved. On the other hand we aim in reducing the overall runtime of the hardness testing method. We introduce one approach based on single unfocused images and one gradual enhancement approach based on image series. © 2012 Springer-Verlag.}, + keywords = {Artificial intelligence; High quality images; Image series; Low qualities; Runtimes; Segmentation accuracy; Segmentation algorithms; Segmentation performance; Vickers indentation; Image segmentation}, + type = {Conference paper}, + publication_stage = {Final}, + source = {Scopus}, + note = {Cited by: 2} + } + #+END_SRC + +*** [#A] Gadermayr2012362 - Dual-resolution active contours segmentation of vickers indentation images with shape prior initialization + :PROPERTIES: + :ID: Gadermayr2012362 + :YEAR: 2012 + :END: + + #+BEGIN_SRC bibtex + @ARTICLE{Gadermayr2012362, + author = {Gadermayr, Michael and Uhl, Andreas}, + title = {Dual-resolution active contours segmentation of vickers indentation images with shape prior initialization}, + year = {2012}, + journal = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics)}, + volume = {7340 LNCS}, + pages = {362 – 369}, + doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-31254-0_41}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84865682634&doi=10.1007%2f978-3-642-31254-0_41&partnerID=40&md5=25ee8d6f32287c4d6d1b1105e04e4a1d}, + abstract = {Vickers microindentation imagery is segmented using the Chan-Vese level-set approach. In order to find a suitable initialization, we propose to apply a Shape-Prior gradient descent approach to a significantly resolution-reduced image. Subsequent local Hough transform leads to a very high accuracy of the overall approach. © 2012 Springer-Verlag.}, + keywords = {Hough transforms; Signal processing; Active contours; Gradient descent; Level set approach; Shape priors; Vickers indentation; Vickers microindentation; Image segmentation}, + type = {Conference paper}, + publication_stage = {Final}, + source = {Scopus}, + note = {Cited by: 4; All Open Access, Bronze Open Access} + } + #+END_SRC + +id:Gadermayr2011 +id:Maier2011295 +id:Ji2009 +id:Yao2006950 +id:Sugimoto1997696 +id:Osher198812 +id:Cremers2007195 + + +id:Macedo2006287 +id:Mendes2003992 + +id:Chan2001266 +id:Cohen1991211 + +*** Nayar1992302 - Shape from focus system +:PROPERTIES: +:ID: Nayar1992302 +:YEAR: 1992 +:END: + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex +@CONFERENCE{Nayar1992302, +author={Nayar, S.K.}, +title={Shape from focus system}, +journal={Proceedings of the IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition}, +year={1992}, +volume={1992-June}, +pages={302-308}, +doi={10.1109/CVPR.1992.223259}, +art_number={223259}, +note={cited By 100}, +} +#+END_SRC + +*** Harada2010492 - Robust method for position measurement of vertex of polyhedron using shape from focus +:PROPERTIES: +:ID: Harada2010492 +:YEAR: 2010 +:END: + + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex +@ARTICLE{Harada2010492, +author={Harada, T.}, +title={Robust method for position measurement of vertex of polyhedron using shape from focus}, +journal={Journal of Advanced Mechanical Design, Systems and Manufacturing}, +year={2010}, +volume={4}, +number={2}, +pages={492-503}, +doi={10.1299/jamdsm.4.492}, +note={cited By 1}, +} +#+END_SRC + +*** Cremers2007195 - A review of statistical approaches to level set segmentation: Integrating color, texture, motion and shape +:PROPERTIES: +:ID: Cremers2007195 +:YEAR: 2007 +:END: + + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex + +@ARTICLE{Cremers2007195, +author={Cremers, D. and Rousson, M. and Deriche, R.}, +title={A review of statistical approaches to level set segmentation: Integrating color, texture, motion and shape}, +journal={International Journal of Computer Vision}, +year={2007}, +volume={72}, +number={2}, +pages={195-215}, +doi={10.1007/s11263-006-8711-1}, +note={cited By 856}, +} +#+END_SRC + + + +*** Zhao2021 - Automatic and Accurate Measurement of Microhardness Profile Based on Image Processing + :PROPERTIES: + :ID: Zhao2021 + :YEAR: 2021 + :END: + + #+BEGIN_SRC bibtex + @ARTICLE{Zhao2021, + author={Zhao, Y.J. and Xu, W.H. and Xi, C.Z. and Liang, D.T. and Li, H.N.}, + title={Automatic and Accurate Measurement of Microhardness Profile Based on Image Processing}, + journal={IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement}, + year={2021}, + volume={70}, + doi={10.1109/TIM.2021.3067191}, + art_number={9381729}, + note={cited By 26}, + } + #+END_SRC + + +*** Focus Assessment + +**** Maier2012 - Efficient focus assessment for a computer vision-based Vickers hardness measurement system +:PROPERTIES: +:ID: Maier2012 +:YEAR: 2012 +:END: + + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex +@ARTICLE{Maier2012, +author={Maier, A. and Niederbrucker, G. and Stenger, S. and Uhl, A.}, +title={Efficient focus assessment for a computer vision-based Vickers hardness measurement system}, +journal={Journal of Electronic Imaging}, +year={2012}, +volume={21}, +number={2}, +doi={10.1117/1.JEI.21.2.021114}, +art_number={021114}, +note={cited By 9}, +} + +#+END_SRC + +** Texture-based +*** [#A] Wang2009624 - Application of fractal dimension and co-occurrence matrices algorithm in material vickers hardness image segmentation + :PROPERTIES: + :ID: Wang2009624 + :YEAR: 2009 + :END: + + #+BEGIN_SRC bibtex + @CONFERENCE{Wang2009624, + author = {Wang, Guitang and Zhu, Jianlin and Cao, Peiliang}, + title = {Application of fractal dimension and co-occurrence matrices algorithm in material vickers hardness image segmentation}, + year = {2009}, + journal = {3rd International Symposium on Intelligent Information Technology Application, IITA 2009}, + volume = {3}, + pages = {624 – 627}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77649306252&doi=10.1109%2fIITA.2009.167&partnerID=40&md5=4849475b47bfd9d8908ace4918e28070}, + abstract = {The algorithm of fractal dimension and co-occurrence matrices is proposed and is applied to material Vickers hardness image segmentation. Based on the characteristics of the indentation images, this article uses texture features to extract the indentation silhouette from the point view of texture segmentation. We adopt fractal dimension and co-occurrence matrix algorithm to describe the texture characteristics of the indentation image, forming a n-dimensional feature vector, introducing EPNSQ to smooth the features. Finally we combine with the k-means clustering algorithm to get texture segmentation result. The experiment demonstrates that in the material Vickers hardness image segmentation the proposed algorithm was significantly effective and robust. © 2009 IEEE.}, + author_keywords = {Co-occurrence matrices; Fractal dimension; K-means clustering; Textural segmentation; Vickers hardness indentation}, + keywords = {Cobalt compounds; Digital image storage; Feature extraction; Fractal dimension; Image segmentation; Information technology; Partial discharges; Textures; Vickers hardness; Vickers hardness testing; Water supply systems; Co-occurrence matrices; Co-occurrence-matrix; K-means clustering; Textural segmentation; Vickers hardness indentation; Clustering algorithms}, + type = {Conference paper}, + publication_stage = {Final}, + source = {Scopus}, + note = {Cited by: 1} + } + #+END_SRC + +*** [#A] Wang2012451 - Unsupervised texture segmentation based on redundant wavelet transform + :PROPERTIES: + :ID: Wang2012451 + :YEAR: 2012 + :END: + + #+BEGIN_SRC bibtex + @ARTICLE{Wang2012451, + author = {Wang, Guitang and Liu, Wenjuan and Wang, Ruihuang and Huang, Xiaowu and Wang, Feng}, + title = {Unsupervised texture segmentation based on redundant wavelet transform}, + year = {2012}, + journal = {Advances in Intelligent and Soft Computing}, + volume = {116 AISC}, + number = {VOL. 1}, + pages = {451 – 456}, + doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-11276-8_59}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84862107805&doi=10.1007%2f978-3-642-11276-8_59&partnerID=40&md5=095db16f45c7e484bf58140a5f052ee5}, + abstract = {The algorithm of Redundant Wavelet Transform (RWT) and laws texture measurement is proposed and applied to image segmentation. Based on the characteristics of the indentation images, this article uses texture features to extract the indentation silhouette from the point view of texture segmentation. We adopt Redundant Wavelet Transform and laws texture measurement algorithm to describe the texture characteristics of the indentation image, forming a n-dimensional feature vector, introducing texture features smoothing algorithm based on quadrant to smooth the features. Finally we combine with the improved k-means clustering algorithm to get texture segmentation result. The experiment demonstrates that in the material Vickers hardness image segmentation the proposed algorithm was significantly effective and robust. © 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.}, + author_keywords = {improved k-means clustering algorithm; laws texture measurement; RWT; Texture segmentation}, + keywords = {Algorithms; Image texture; Textures; Wavelet transforms; Feature vectors; K-Means clustering algorithm; Redundant wavelet transform; RWT; Smoothing algorithms; Texture characteristics; Texture features; Texture measurement; Texture segmentation; Unsupervised texture segmentation; Image segmentation}, + type = {Conference paper}, + publication_stage = {Final}, + source = {Scopus}, + note = {Cited by: 0} + } + #+END_SRC + + +** Misc +*** [#A] Filho2010 - Brinell and Vickers hardness measurement using image processing and analysis techniques + :PROPERTIES: + :ID: Filho2010 + :YEAR: 2010 + :END: + +file:Filho2010.pdf + + #+BEGIN_SRC bibtex + @ARTICLE{Filho2010, + author = {Filho, Pedro Pedrosa Rebouças and Da Silveira Cavalcante, Tarique and De Albuquerque, Victor Hugo C. and Tavares, João Manuel R. S.}, + title = {Brinell and Vickers hardness measurement using image processing and analysis techniques}, + year = {2010}, + journal = {Journal of Testing and Evaluation}, + volume = {38}, + number = {1}, + doi = {10.1520/JTE102220}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77953261780&doi=10.1520%2fJTE102220&partnerID=40&md5=aa15ade4858326835c57be5e43afef81}, + abstract = {Mechanical hardness testing is fundamental in the evaluation of the mechanical properties of metallic materials due to the fact that the hardness values allow one to determine the wear resistance of the material involved, as well as the approximate values of its ductility and flow tension, among a number of other key characteristics. As a result, the main objective of the present work has been the development and analysis of a computational methodology capable of determining the Brinell and Vickers hardness values from hardness indentation images, which are based on image processing and analysis algorithms. In order to validate the methodology that has been developed, comparisons of the results resulting from the consideration of ten indentation image samples obtained through the conventional manual hardness measurement approach and a computational methodology have been carried out. This analysis allows one to conclude that the semi-automatic measurement of Vickers and Brinell hardnesses by the computational approach is easier, faster, and less dependent on the operator's subjectivity. Copyright © 2010 by ASTM International.}, + author_keywords = {Computational system; Computational vision; Histogram binarization; Image segmentation; Indentation images; Manual hardness measurement; Region growing; Testing and evaluation}, + keywords = {Digital image storage; Graphic methods; Image segmentation; Imaging systems; Materials properties; Materials testing; Mathematical operators; Mechanical properties; Vickers hardness; Vickers hardness testing; Wear resistance; Binarizations; Computational system; Computational vision; Hardness measurement; Histogram binarization; Region growing; Testing and evaluation; Measurements}, + type = {Article}, + publication_stage = {Final}, + source = {Scopus}, + note = {Cited by: 37} + } + #+END_SRC + + +*** Gadermayr2011 - Algorithms for microindentation measurement in automated Vickers hardness testing +:PROPERTIES: +:ID: Gadermayr2011 +:YEAR: 2011 +:END: + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex +@CONFERENCE{Gadermayr2011, +author={Gadermayr, M. and Maier, A. and Uhl, A.}, +title={Algorithms for microindentation measurement in automated Vickers hardness testing}, +journal={Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering}, +year={2011}, +volume={8000}, +doi={10.1117/12.890894}, +art_number={80000M}, +note={cited By 14}, +} + +#+END_SRC + +*** Coelho2015249 - Automatic vickers microhardness measurement based on image analysis +:PROPERTIES: +:ID: Coelho2015249 +:YEAR: 2015 +:END: + + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex +@CONFERENCE{Coelho2015249, +author={Coelho, B.N. and Guarda, A. and Faria, G.L. and Menotti, D.}, +title={Automatic vickers microhardness measurement based on image analysis}, +journal={Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Image Processing, Computer Vision, and Pattern Recognition, IPCV 2015}, +year={2015}, +pages={249-255}, +note={cited By 5}, +} +#+END_SRC + +** Polanco2023 - Automatic Method for Vickers Hardness Estimation by Image Processing + :PROPERTIES: + :ID: Polanco2023 + :YEAR: 2023 + :END: + + #+BEGIN_SRC bibtex + @ARTICLE{Polanco2023, + author={Polanco, J.D. and Jacanamejoy-Jamioy, C. and Mambuscay, C.L. and Piamba, J.F. and Forero, M.G.}, + title={Automatic Method for Vickers Hardness Estimation by Image Processing}, + journal={Journal of Imaging}, + year={2023}, + volume={9}, + number={1}, + doi={10.3390/jimaging9010008}, + art_number={8}, + note={cited By 3}, + } + #+END_SRC + +* Propagation of Error +:PROPERTIES: +:ID: Vickers_PropagationOfError +:END: + +id:Gontarski2022 +id:Dijmarescu2020 +id:Elizabeth2019317 + + + +** Gontarski2022 - Weightings on the Propagation of Errors in the Vickers Hardness Parameters + :PROPERTIES: + :ID: Gontarski2022 + :END: + + #+BEGIN_SRC bibtex + @ARTICLE{Gontarski2022, + author={Gontarski, T.L. and Leal, A.P. and Casali, R.M. and Braun, S.E. and Soares, P. and Fujarra, A.L.C. and Mikowski, A.}, + title={Weightings on the Propagation of Errors in the Vickers Hardness Parameters}, + journal={Brazilian Journal of Physics}, + year={2022}, + volume={52}, + number={4}, + doi={10.1007/s13538-022-01110-x}, + art_number={107}, + note={cited By 2}, + } + #+END_SRC + +** Dijmarescu2020 - Design and Development of a Software for the Estimation of the Vickers Hardness Measurement Uncertainty + :PROPERTIES: + :ID: Dijmarescu2020 + :END: + + #+BEGIN_SRC bibtex + @CONFERENCE{Dijmarescu2020, + author={Dijmarescu, M.C. and Dijmarescu, M.R.}, + title={Design and Development of a Software for the Estimation of the Vickers Hardness Measurement Uncertainty}, + journal={IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering}, + year={2020}, + volume={916}, + number={1}, + doi={10.1088/1757-899X/916/1/012026}, + art_number={012026}, + note={cited By 3}, + } + #+END_SRC + +** Elizabeth2019317 - Measurement Uncertainty Evaluation in Vickers Hardness Scale Using Law of Propagation of Uncertainty and Monte Carlo Simulation + :PROPERTIES: + :ID: Elizabeth2019317 + :END: + + #+BEGIN_SRC bibtex + @ARTICLE{Elizabeth2019317, + author={Elizabeth, I. and Kumar, R. and Garg, N. and Asif, M. and Manikandan, R.M. and Girish and Titus, S.S.K.}, + title={Measurement Uncertainty Evaluation in Vickers Hardness Scale Using Law of Propagation of Uncertainty and Monte Carlo Simulation}, + journal={Mapan - Journal of Metrology Society of India}, + year={2019}, + volume={34}, + number={3}, + pages={317-323}, + doi={10.1007/s12647-019-00341-9}, + note={cited By 9}, + } + #+END_SRC + +* Vickers using Machine learning + +** [#A] Li20241 - Lightweight Segmentation Neural Networks for Measuring Vickers Hardness +:PROPERTIES: +:ID: Li20241 +:YEAR: 2024 +:END: + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex +@ARTICLE{Li20241, +author={Li, Zexian and Cai, Chenglin and Yin, Feng and Guan, Wenhui and Fang, Yun}, +title={Lightweight Segmentation Neural Networks for Measuring Vickers Hardness}, +year={2024}, +journal={IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement}, +volume={73}, +pages={1–9}, +doi={10.1109/TIM.2023.3343788}, +url={https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85182355288&doi=10.1109%2fTIM.2023.3343788&partnerID=40&md5=61e46553223ac203e083bfb1caa97d9f}, +abstract={— The automatic measurement algorithm for Vickers hardness indentation has been widely applied. Among these, the neural network-based method has received attention for its excellent segmentation performance. However, high storage space and computation requirements hinder its promotion on edge computing devices. To address this issue, this study proposes two lightweight Vickers indentation segmentation networks: VSNLite4M and VSNLite1M. Compared with previous methods, the proposed networks achieve a reduction of 35.2× in terms of computational cost with up to 38× fewer parameters, while maintaining the same level of segmentation accuracy. © 2023 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.}, +author_keywords={Automatic measurement; hardness testing; image segmentation; neural network; Vicker hardness}, +keywords={Edge computing; Feature extraction; Image segmentation; Job analysis; Vickers hardness; Automatic measurements; Convolutional neural network; Edge computing; Features extraction; Images segmentations; Length measurement; Neural-networks; Task analysis; Vicker hardness; Neural networks}, +type={Article}, +publication_stage={Final}, +source={Scopus}, +note={Cited by: 0} +} +#+END_SRC + +id:Li2021 +id:LimaMoreira2016294 +id:Dominguez-Nicolas2021 +id:Dominguez-Nicolas2018 +id:Gadermayr20131183 +id:Zexian2021 +id:NoAuthor2005 +id:Gadermayr2012 +id:Dijmarescu2020 +id:Elizabeth2019317 +id:Baldner2020265 +id:Maier2011295 +id:Fedotkin2021357 +id:Polanco2023 +id:Zhao2021 +id:Tanaka2018 +id:Tanaka20201345 +id:Chen20221043 +id:Tanaka2019 +id:Cheng2022 +id:Dovale-Farelo2022 +id:Jalilian20213 +id:Cai2023 +# id:Lin20175168 +# id:Qin2020 +# id:Valanarasu2022 +# id:Howard20191314 +# id:Mehta0000 +# id:He2016770 +# id:Sandler20184510 +# id:Srinivas202116514 +# id:Zhou2020680 +# id:He2016630 +# id:Dogan2022 +# id:Liang2020 +# id:Li20194277 +# id:Bloice20194522 +# id:Buslaev2020 +# id:Gontarski2022 +# id:NoAuthor2018 + +** Chen20221043 - Automatic Measurement Algorithm for Brinell Indentations Based on Convolutional Neural Network + :PROPERTIES: + :ID: Chen20221043 + :END: + + #+BEGIN_SRC bibtex + @ARTICLE{Chen20221043, + author={Chen, Y. and Fang, Q. and Tian, H. and Li, S. and Song, Z. and Li, J.}, + title={Automatic Measurement Algorithm for Brinell Indentations Based on Convolutional Neural Network}, + journal={Sensors and Materials}, + year={2022}, + volume={34}, + number={3}, + pages={1043-1056}, + doi={10.18494/SAM3780}, + note={cited By 2}, + } + #+END_SRC + +** Tanaka2019 - Measuring Brinell hardness indentation by using a convolutional neural network + :PROPERTIES: + :ID: Tanaka2019 + :END: + + #+BEGIN_SRC bibtex + @ARTICLE{Tanaka2019, + author={Tanaka, Y. and Seino, Y. and Hattori, K.}, + title={Measuring Brinell hardness indentation by using a convolutional neural network}, + journal={Measurement Science and Technology}, + year={2019}, + volume={30}, + number={6}, + doi={10.1088/1361-6501/ab150f}, + art_number={065012}, + note={cited By 12}, + } + #+END_SRC + +** Cheng2022 - Vickers Hardness Value Test via Multi-Task Learning Convolutional Neural Networks and Image Augmentation + :PROPERTIES: + :ID: Cheng2022 + :END: + + #+BEGIN_SRC bibtex + @ARTICLE{Cheng2022, + author={Cheng, W.-S. and Chen, G.-Y. and Shih, X.-Y. and Elsisi, M. and Tsai, M.-H. and Dai, H.-J.}, + title={Vickers Hardness Value Test via Multi-Task Learning Convolutional Neural Networks and Image Augmentation}, + journal={Applied Sciences (Switzerland)}, + year={2022}, + volume={12}, + number={21}, + doi={10.3390/app122110820}, + art_number={10820}, + note={cited By 12}, + } + #+END_SRC + +** Dovale-Farelo2022 - Vickers hardness prediction from machine learning methods + :PROPERTIES: + :ID: Dovale-Farelo2022 + :END: + + #+BEGIN_SRC bibtex + @ARTICLE{Dovale-Farelo2022, + author={Dovale-Farelo, V. and Tavadze, P. and Lang, L. and Bautista-Hernandez, A. and Romero, A.H.}, + title={Vickers hardness prediction from machine learning methods}, + journal={Scientific Reports}, + year={2022}, + volume={12}, + number={1}, + doi={10.1038/s41598-022-26729-3}, + art_number={22475}, + note={cited By 1}, + } + #+END_SRC + +** Jalilian20213 - Deep Learning Based Automated Vickers Hardness Measurement + :PROPERTIES: + :ID: Jalilian20213 + :END: + + #+BEGIN_SRC bibtex + @ARTICLE{Jalilian20213, + author={Jalilian, E. and Uhl, A.}, + title={Deep Learning Based Automated Vickers Hardness Measurement}, + journal={Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics)}, + year={2021}, + volume={13053 LNCS}, + pages={3-13}, + doi={10.1007/978-3-030-89131-2_1}, + note={cited By 5}, + } + #+END_SRC + +** Cai2023 - Automatic Vickers Hardness Measurement With Neural Network Segmentation + :PROPERTIES: + :ID: Cai2023 + :END: + + #+BEGIN_SRC bibtex + @ARTICLE{Cai2023, + author={Cai, C. and Li, Z. and Yin, F. and Wang, Z. and Chen, Y.}, + title={Automatic Vickers Hardness Measurement With Neural Network Segmentation}, + journal={IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement}, + year={2023}, + volume={72}, + doi={10.1109/TIM.2022.3227986}, + art_number={2501111}, + note={cited By 2}, + } + #+END_SRC + +** [#A] Li2021 - Automated measurement of Vickers hardness using image segmentation with neural networks +:PROPERTIES: +:ID: Li2021 +:YEAR: 2021 +:END: + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex +@ARTICLE{Li2021, + author = {Li, Zexian and Yin, Feng}, + title = {Automated measurement of Vickers hardness using image segmentation with neural networks}, + year = {2021}, + journal = {Measurement: Journal of the International Measurement Confederation}, + volume = {186}, + doi = {10.1016/j.measurement.2021.110200}, + url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85116583257&doi=10.1016%2fj.measurement.2021.110200&partnerID=40&md5=d1a91213d8956e1ded797b0fcf8b722b}, + type = {Article}, + publication_stage = {Final}, + source = {Scopus}, + note = {Cited by: 9} +} +#+END_SRC + + +id:Baldner2020265 +id:Leta2015413 +id:Sugimoto1997696 +id:Maier2012 +id:Gadermayr2012 +id:Maier2011295 +id:Ji2009 +id:Filho2010 +id:Maier2013 +id:Dominguez-Nicolas2021 +id:Gadermayr20131183 +id:LimaMoreira2016294 +id:Tanaka2019 +id:Tanaka2018 +id:Tanaka20201345 +id:Otsu197962 + +** Tanaka2018 - Vickers hardness measurement by using convolutional neural network +:PROPERTIES: +:ID: Tanaka2018 +:YEAR: 2018 +:END: + + #+BEGIN_SRC bibtex + @CONFERENCE{Tanaka2018, + author={Tanaka, Y. and Seino, Y. and Hattori, K.}, + title={Vickers hardness measurement by using convolutional neural network}, + journal={Journal of Physics: Conference Series}, + year={2018}, + volume={1065}, + number={6}, + doi={10.1088/1742-6596/1065/6/062001}, + art_number={062001}, + note={cited By 6}, + } + #+END_SRC + +** Tanaka20201345 - Automated Vickers hardness measurement using convolutional neural networks + :PROPERTIES: + :ID: Tanaka20201345 + :YEAR: 2020 + :END: + + #+BEGIN_SRC bibtex + @ARTICLE{Tanaka20201345, + author={Tanaka, Y. and Seino, Y. and Hattori, K.}, + title={Automated Vickers hardness measurement using convolutional neural networks}, + journal={International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology}, + year={2020}, + volume={109}, + number={5-6}, + pages={1345-1355}, + doi={10.1007/s00170-020-05746-4}, + note={cited By 13}, + } + #+END_SRC + +* Papers that look at the material properties +** Sangwal2003511 - Analysis of the indentation size effect in the microhardness measurement of some cobalt-based alloys +:PROPERTIES: +:ID: Sangwal2003511 +:END: + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex +@ARTICLE{Sangwal2003511, +author={Sangwal, K. and Surowska, B. and Blaziak, P.}, +title={Analysis of the indentation size effect in the microhardness measurement of some cobalt-based alloys}, +journal={Materials Chemistry and Physics}, +year={2003}, +volume={77}, +number={2}, +pages={511-520}, +doi={10.1016/S0254-0584(02)00086-X}, +note={cited By 111}, +} +#+END_SRC + +Great description of Vicker's hardness and how to analyze experimental data. + + + + +:PROPERTIES: +:ID: Vickers_MachineLearning +:END: + +id:Li20241 +id:Tanaka2018 +id:Tanaka20201345 +id:Chen20221043 +id:Tanaka2019 +id:Cheng2022 +id:Dovale-Farelo2022 +id:Jalilian20213 +id:Cai2023 +# id:Lin20175168 +# id:Qin2020 + +** Kang2010337 - Conventional Vickers and true instrumented indentation hardness determined by instrumented indentation tests +:PROPERTIES: +:ID: Kang2010337 +:YEAR: 2010 +:END: + + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex +@ARTICLE{Kang2010337, +author={Kang, S.-K. and Kim, J.-Y. and Park, C.-P. and Kim, H.-U. and Kwon, D.}, +title={Conventional Vickers and true instrumented indentation hardness determined by instrumented indentation tests}, +journal={Journal of Materials Research}, +year={2010}, +volume={25}, +number={2}, +pages={337-343}, +doi={10.1557/jmr.2010.0045}, +note={cited By 48}, +} +#+END_SRC + +* Review papers + +** Sugimoto1997696 - Development of an automatic Vickers hardness testing system using image processing technology +:PROPERTIES: +:ID: Sugimoto1997696 +:YEAR: 1997 +:END: + + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex +@ARTICLE{Sugimoto1997696, +author={Sugimoto, T.}, +title={Development of an automatic vickers hardness testing system using image processing technolog takao sugimoto and tadao kawaguchi}, +journal={IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics}, +year={1997}, +volume={44}, +number={5}, +pages={696-702}, +doi={10.1109/41.633474}, +note={cited By 47}, +} + +#+END_SRC + +** Leta2015413 - Metrology by image: Discussing the accuracy of the results +:PROPERTIES: +:ID: Leta2015413 +:YEAR: 2015 +:END: + +#+BEGIN_SRC bibtex +@ARTICLE{Leta2015413, +author={Leta, F.R. and Gomes, J.F.S. and Costa, P.B. and De O. Baldner, F.}, +title={Metrology by image: Discussing the accuracy of the results}, +journal={Advanced Structured Materials}, +year={2015}, +volume={70}, +pages={413-432}, +doi={10.1007/978-3-319-19443-1_34}, +note={cited By 9}, +} + +#+END_SRC + +** Baldner2020265 - A Review on Computer Vision Applied to Mechanical Tests in Search for Better Accuracy + :PROPERTIES: + :ID: Baldner2020265 + :YEAR: 2020 + :END: + + #+BEGIN_SRC bibtex + @ARTICLE{Baldner2020265, + author={Baldner, F.O. and Costa, P.B. and Gomes, J.F.S. and Leta, F.R.}, + title={A Review on Computer Vision Applied to Mechanical Tests in Search for Better Accuracy}, + journal={Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering}, + year={2020}, + pages={265-281}, + doi={10.1007/978-981-13-9806-3_9}, + note={cited By 8}, + } + #+END_SRC + + + + diff --git a/xrd/xrd.org b/xrd/xrd.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..70307cb --- /dev/null +++ b/xrd/xrd.org @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ + + + +Excellent lectures by Dr Jeffrey C Grossman that describes the ideas behind X-ray really well. + +[[https://youtu.be/AqCz_b7VJK8?si=jPZq8In1ABTT4xnI][MIT 3.091 | 21. X-ray Diffraction Techniques I (Intro to Solid-State Chemistry)]] +[[https://youtu.be/S1kqa_qGmHs?si=b8_KITp6ivQIpCQF][MIT 3.091 | 22. X-ray Diffraction Techniques II (Intro to Solid-State Chemistry)]] + + + +Copper K-α is an x-ray energy frequently used on labscale x-ray instruments. The energy is 8.04 keV, which corresponds to an x-ray wavelength of 1.5406 Å. + +This causes the prefactor in the scattering equation to be: + +k = 2 π λ = 4.0784 Å − 1 {\displaystyle k={\frac {2\pi }{\lambda }}=4.0784\,\mathrm {\AA} ^{-1}} + + + X-Ray Diffraction + +A Practical Approach + +Authors: + + C. Suryanarayana , M. Grant Norton